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Coordinates: 33°43′04.59″N 78°53′48.48″E / 33.7179417°N 78.8968000°E / 33.7179417; 78.8968000
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{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox lake
{{Infobox lake
| name = Pangong lake
| name = Pangong Tso
| image = Pangong Tso 2.jpg
| image = Pangong Tso 2.jpg
| caption =
| caption =
| image_bathymetry =
| image_bathymetry =
| caption_bathymetry =
| caption_bathymetry =
| location = [[Leh district]] ([[Ladakh]], [[India]]),<br/> [[Rutog County]] ([[Tibet Autonomous Region|Tibet]], [[China]])
| location = [[Ladakh]], [[India]] & [[Rutog County]]<ref name="birdislet"/>, [[Ngari Prefecture]], [[Tibet Autonomous Region]], [[China]]
| coords = {{coord|33|42|45|N|78|48|36|E|type:waterbody|display=inline,title}}
| coords = {{coord|33|43|04.59|N|78|53|48.48|E|type:waterbody|display=inline,title}}
| type = [[Soda lake]]<br/>[[dimictic lake]] (east basin)<ref>Wang, M., Hou, J. and Lei, Y., 2014. Classification of Tibetan lakes based on variations in seasonal lake water temperature. Chinese Science Bulletin, 59(34): 4847-4855.</ref><br/>cold monomictic lake (west basin){{cn|date=July 2019}}
| type = [[Soda lake]]<br/>[[dimictic lake]] (east basin)<ref>Wang, M., Hou, J. and Lei, Y., 2014. Classification of Tibetan lakes based on variations in seasonal lake water temperature. Chinese Science Bulletin, 59(34): 4847-4855.</ref><br/>cold monomictic lake (west basin){{cn|date=July 2019}}
| inflow =
| inflow =
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| residence_time =
| residence_time =
| shore =
| shore =
| elevation = {{convert|4225|m}}{{sfnp|Dortch et al., Catastrophic partial drainage of Pangong Tso|2011|p=111}}
| elevation = {{convert|4250|m}}
| islands =
| islands =
| cities =
| cities =
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|zwpy = Como Nganglharingbo
|zwpy = Como Nganglharingbo
}}
}}
'''Pangong Tso''' or '''Pangong Lake''' ({{bo|t=སྤང་གོང་མཚོ}}<ref name="eki">
'''Pangong Tso''' or '''Pangong Lake''' ([[Urdu]]: {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|پینگانگ جھیل}}}} ; {{bo|t=སྤང་གོང་མཚོ}}<ref name="eki">{{Cite web
| title = Ngari prefecture
{{Cite web |title=Ngari prefecture |url=https://www.eki.ee/knab/valik/cn54ng.htm |work=Geographical names of Tibet AR (China) |publisher=Institute of the Estonian Language |date=2018-06-03 |access-date=9 January 2020}}
| url = https://www.eki.ee/knab/valik/cn54ng.htm
</ref>; [[Hindi]]: पांगोंग त्सो; {{zh|s=班公错}}) is an [[endorheic]] [[lake]] in the [[Himalayas]] situated at an elevation of {{convert|4225|m|abbr=on}}. It is {{convert|134|km|abbr=on}} long and extends from [[India]] to the [[Tibet Autonomous Region|Tibetan Autonomous Region]], [[China]]. Approximately 60% of the length of the lake lies within the Tibetan Autonomous Region. The lake is {{convert|5|km|abbr=on}} wide at its broadest point. All together it covers 604&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>. During winter the lake freezes completely, despite being [[saline water]]. It is not a part of the [[Indus river]] basin area and geographically a separate landlocked river basin.<ref>
| work = Geographical names of Tibet AR (China)
{{cite web |title= River basins with Major and medium dams & barrages location map in India, WRIS |url= http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpapp.html?show=JI00410/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025619/http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpapp.html?show=JI00410%2F |archive-date= 4 March 2016 |url-status= dead }}
| publisher = Institute of the Estonian Language
</ref>
| date = 2018-06-03
| access-date = 9 January 2020
}}</ref>; {{zh|s=班公错}}) is an [[endorheic]] [[lake]] in the [[Himalayas]] situated at a height of about {{convert|4350|m|abbr=on}}. It is {{convert|134|km|abbr=on}} long and extends from [[Princely states in India|Indian]] administered disputed region of [[Kashmir conflict|Kashmir]] to the [[Tibet Autonomous Region|Tibetan Autonomous Region]], [[China]]. Approximately 60% of the length of the lake lies within the Tibetan Autonomous Region. The lake is {{convert|5|km|abbr=on}} wide at its broadest point. All together it covers 604&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>. During winter the lake freezes completely, despite being [[saline water]]. Though it may not be considered a part of the [[Indus river]] basin area but has a relation with it geographically and located in a landlocked area.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpapp.html?show=JI00410/ |title= River basins with Major and medium dams & barrages location map in India, WRIS |accessdate= 10 May 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025619/http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpapp.html?show=JI00410%2F |archive-date= 4 March 2016 |url-status= dead }}</ref>


The lake is in the process of being identified under the [[Ramsar Convention]] as a [[wetland]] of international importance. This will be the first trans-boundary wetland in South Asia under the convention.
The lake is in the process of being identified under the [[Ramsar Convention]] as a [[wetland]] of international importance. This will be the first trans-boundary wetland in South Asia under the convention.


== Names ==
== Names ==
Historically, the lake is viewed as being made up five sublakes, which are connected through narrow water channels. The name ''Pangong Tso'' only applied to the western most lake that is mostly in Ladakh. The main lake on the Tibetan side is called '''Tso Nyak''' (the "middle lake"). It is followed by two small lakes called '''Rum Tso'''. The last lake near Rutog is called '''Nyak Tso''' again.<ref name="HedinDahlgren1907">{{cite book |author=Sven Anders Hedin |title=Scientific Results of a Journey in Central Asia 1899-1902: Central and West Tibet |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4sM_AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA521 |year=1907 |publisher=Lithographic institute of the General staff of the Swedish army |page=521 |quote=From Noh to Bal Rawling followed the same route that I did along the northern shore of the Tso-ngombo, which he calls the Tso Mo Gualari, dividing it into the sections: Tso Nyak, the twin lakes Rum Tso and Nyak Tso. He says that it consists of a string of five lakes 120 m. in length, the four most southern of which are fresh, and Pangong, the most northerly, salt. They are joined together by channels about 60 feet in width and 15 feet deep, the current running at nearly 1½ mile an hour.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Routes in Asia: Routes in the territories of the Maharaja of Jummoo and Kashmir, and adjacent countries |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=chlg4U-SaQ4C&pg=PA31 |year=1878 |publisher=Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing |pages=31–33 |quote=Only the lower lake (the Pangong Tso proper) lies in Ladak, the middle (Tso Nyak) and upper lakes being in Rudok territory. ... The waters of the western end are much more salt than those of the eastern end near Ot. in the stream connecting the Pangong Tso with Nyak Tso the water becomes drinkable, and rich grass is found on the banks.}}</ref> The whole lake group was and is still often referred to as '''Tsomo Nganglha Ringpo''' ({{bo|t=མཚོ་མོ་ངང་ལྷ་རིང་པོ}}<ref name="eki"/>) in Tibetan.


Historically, the lake was treated as a string of five smaller lakes with channels connecting them, the name ''Pangong Tso'' only applied to the western most lake that is mostly in Ladakh. From west to east, these lakes were each referred to as -- '''Pangong Tso''', '''Tso Nyak''', the twin lakes of '''Rum Tso''', and '''Nyak Tso'''.<ref name="HedinDahlgren1907">{{cite book|author=Sven Anders Hedin|title=Scientific Results of a Journey in Central Asia 1899-1902: Central and West Tibet|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4sM_AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA521|year=1907|publisher=Lithographic institute of the General staff of the Swedish army|page=521|quote=From Noh to Bal Rawling followed the same route that I did along the northern shore of the Tso-ngombo, which he calls the Tso Mo Gualari, dividing it into the sections ›Tso Nyak, the twin lakes Rum Tso and Nyak Tso.› He says that it consists of a string of five lakes 120 m. in length, the four most southern of which are fresh, and Pangong, the most northerly, salt. They are joined together by channels about 60 feet in width and 15 feet deep, the current running at nearly 1½ mile an hour.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Routes in Asia: Routes in the territories of the Maharaja of Jummoo and Kashmir, and adjacent countries|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=chlg4U-SaQ4C&pg=PA31|year=1878|publisher=Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing|pages=31–33|quote=Only the lower lake (the Pangong Tso proper) lies in Ladak, the middle (Tso Nyak) and upper lakes being in Rudok territory. ... The waters of the western end are much more salt than those of the eastern end near Ot. in the stream connecting the Pangong Tso with Nyak Tso the water becomes drinkable, and rich grass is found on the banks.}}</ref> The whole lake group was and is still often referred to as '''Tsomo Nganglha Ringpo''' ({{bo|t=མཚོ་མོ་ངང་ལྷ་རིང་པོ}}<ref name="eki"/>) in Tibetan.
There are different interpretations on the meanings of both ''Pangong Tso'' and ''Tsomo Nganglha Ringpo''. The Ladakh government website indicates "Pangong Tso" is Tibetan meaning "high grassland lake",<ref>
{{Cite web |title=Pangong Lake |publisher=Union Territory of Ladakh |date=2019-10-29 |access-date=9 January 2020 |url=https://ladakh.nic.in/places-centres/pangong-lake/ |quote=Pangong Lake, one of the most famous lakes in Leh Ladakh, derives its name from the Tibetan word, “Pangong Tso”, which means “high grassland lake”.
}}
</ref> however [[Travel literature|travel books]] from decades back say Pangong means "hollow".<ref name="CoxallGreenway1996">
{{cite book |author1=Michelle Coxall |author2=Paul Greenway |title=Indian Himalaya: a Lonely Planet travel survival kit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NxMwAQAAIAAJ |date=1 September 1996 |publisher=Lonely Planet |isbn=978-0-86442-413-6 |quote= The salty Pangong Tso - Pangong means 'hollow' - is the highest lake in Ladakh at about 4300m, and is flanked by massive peaks over 6500m high.}}
</ref><ref name="Rindani2016">
{{cite book |author=Kirit Rindani |title=Indian Himalaya: Story of a 100 Visits |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nHZ5CwAAQBAJ&pg=PT80 |date=7 January 2016 |publisher=Partridge Publishing India |isbn=978-1-4828-5886-0 |page=80 |quote=The word Pangong means 'extensive concavity' which probably explains its size.}}
</ref> ''Tsomo Nganglha Ringpo'' is Tibetan that is interpreted to mean various different but similar meanings -- "long, narrow, enchanted lake" by Chinese media sources,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pangong Tso Lake in Tibet |work=China Daily |date=2012-07-17 |access-date=9 January 2020 |url=https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/travel/2012-07/17/content_15589533.htm |quote=Pangong Tso Lake is a trans-border lake extending from the Ali prefecture of China's Tibet autonomous region to India. About 155 kilometers in length, the geographic features of the lake are indicated in the name which in Tibetan means "long, narrow, enchanted lake".}}
</ref> "female narrow very long lake" by early European explorers,<ref name="Trotter1877">
{{cite journal |last1=Trotter |first1=H. |title=Account of the Pundit's Journey in Great Tibet from Leh in Ladakh to Lhasa, and of His Return to India Via Assam |journal=Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London |volume=47 |year=1877 |pages=86 |issn=02666235 |doi=10.2307/1798740 |jstor=1798740 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1449388 |quote=the Pangong, but better known to the Tibetans as the Chomo Gna Laring Cho, which, being literally interpreted, means "Female narrow very long lake."}}
</ref> and "long-necked swan lake" by other modern sources.<ref>
{{Cite web |title=Pangong Tso Lake in the Northern Tibet |publisher=Kangba TV |date=2017-03-06 |url=http://en.kangbatv.com/ly/jdjs/201703/t20170306_3312250.html |quote=Pangong Tso Lake, at an altitude of 4,200 meters, is also called Tsomo Nganglha Ringpo Lake, which means “a swan with a long neck” in Tibetan. }}
</ref><ref name="tibet_vista">
{{Cite web |title=Pangong Lake |publisher=Tibet Vista (Tibettravel.org)
|date=|access-date=9 January 2020 |url=https://www.tibettravel.org/tibet-travel-guide/pangong-tso.html
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150428050311/http://www.tibettravel.org/tibet-travel-guide/pangong-tso.html |archive-date=2015-04-28 |quote=In the Tibetan language, this lake is called “Cuomu Angla Renbo Tso”, which means “Long-Necked Crane Lake”.}}
</ref> The lake has also been referred to as '''Pan-kung Hu'''.


There are different interpretations on the meanings of both ''Pangong Tso'' and ''Tsomo Nganglha Ringpo''. The Ladakh government website indicates "Pangong Tso" is Tibetan meaning "high grassland lake",<ref>{{Cite web
== Flora and fauna ==
| title = Pangong Lake
| author =
| publisher = Union Territory of Ladakh
| date = 2019-10-29
| access-date = 9 January 2020
| url = https://ladakh.nic.in/places-centres/pangong-lake/
| quote = Pangong Lake, one of the most famous lakes in Leh Ladakh, derives its name from the Tibetan word, “Pangong Tso”, which means “high grassland lake”.
}}</ref> however [[Travel literature|travel books]] from decades back say Pangong means "hollow".<ref name="CoxallGreenway1996">{{cite book|author1=Michelle Coxall|author2=Paul Greenway|title=Indian Himalaya: a Lonely Planet travel survival kit|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NxMwAQAAIAAJ|date=1 September 1996|publisher=Lonely Planet|isbn=978-0-86442-413-6|quote= The salty Pangong Tso - Pangong means 'hollow' - is the highest lake in Ladakh at about 4300m, and is flanked by massive peaks over 6500m high.}}</ref><ref name="Rindani2016">{{cite book|author=Kirit Rindani|title=Indian Himalaya: Story of a 100 Visits|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nHZ5CwAAQBAJ&pg=PT80|date=7 January 2016|publisher=Partridge Publishing India|isbn=978-1-4828-5886-0|page=80|quote=The word Pangong means 'extensive concavity' which probably explains its size.}}</ref> ''Tsomo Nganglha Ringpo'' is Tibetan that is interpreted to mean various different but similar meanings -- "long, narrow, enchanted lake" by Chinese media sources,<ref>{{Cite web
| title = Pangong Tso Lake in Tibet
| author =
| work = China Daily
| date = 2012-07-17
| access-date = 9 January 2020
| url = https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/travel/2012-07/17/content_15589533.htm
| language =
| quote = Pangong Tso Lake is a trans-border lake extending from the Ali prefecture of China's Tibet autonomous region to India. About 155 kilometers in length, the geographic features of the lake are indicated in the name which in Tibetan means "long, narrow, enchanted lake".}}</ref> "female narrow very long lake" by early European explorers,<ref name="Trotter1877">{{cite journal|last1=Trotter|first1=H.|title=Account of the Pundit's Journey in Great Tibet from Leh in Ladakh to Lhasa, and of His Return to India Via Assam|journal=Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London|volume=47|year=1877|pages=86|issn=02666235|doi=10.2307/1798740|jstor=1798740|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1449388|quote=the Pangong, but better known to the Tibetans as the Chomo Gna Laring Cho, which, being literally interpreted, means "Female narrow very long lake."}}</ref> and "long-necked swan lake" by other modern sources.<ref>{{Cite web
| title = Pangong Tso Lake in the Northern Tibet
| author =
| publisher = Kangba TV
| date = 2017-03-06
| access-date = 9 January 2020
| url = http://en.kangbatv.com/ly/jdjs/201703/t20170306_3312250.html
| language =
| quote = Pangong Tso Lake, at an altitude of 4,200 meters, is also called Tsomo Nganglha Ringpo Lake, which means “a swan with a long neck” in Tibetan.
}}</ref><ref name="tibet_vista">{{Cite web
| title = Pangong Lake
| author =
| publisher = Tibet Vista (Tibettravel.org)
| date =
| access-date = 9 January 2020
| url = https://www.tibettravel.org/tibet-travel-guide/pangong-tso.html
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150428050311/http://www.tibettravel.org/tibet-travel-guide/pangong-tso.html
| archive-date = 2015-04-28
| quote = In the Tibetan language, this lake is called “Cuomu Angla Renbo Tso”, which means “Long-Necked Crane Lake”.
}}</ref> The lake has also been referred to as '''Pan-kung Hu'''.

==Flora, fauna and geography==
The eastern part of the lake is fresh, with the content of [[total dissolved solids]] at 0.68 g/L, while the western part of the lake is saline, with the salinity at 11.02 g/L.<ref>{{cite web |title=班公错 |url=http://www.tibetol.cn/html/2013/hp_0415/487.html |language=Chinese}}</ref> The [[brackish water]]<ref name="Pant" /> of the lake has very low micro-vegetation. Guides report that there are no fish or other aquatic life on the Indian side of the lake, except for some small [[crustacean]]s. On the other hand, visitors see numerous ducks and gulls over and on the lake surface. There are some species of scrub and perennial herbs that grow in the marshes around the lake.
The eastern part of the lake is fresh, with the content of [[total dissolved solids]] at 0.68 g/L, while the western part of the lake is saline, with the salinity at 11.02 g/L.<ref>{{cite web |title=班公错 |url=http://www.tibetol.cn/html/2013/hp_0415/487.html |language=Chinese}}</ref> The [[brackish water]]<ref name="Pant" /> of the lake has very low micro-vegetation. Guides report that there are no fish or other aquatic life on the Indian side of the lake, except for some small [[crustacean]]s. On the other hand, visitors see numerous ducks and gulls over and on the lake surface. There are some species of scrub and perennial herbs that grow in the marshes around the lake.


The lake acts as an important breeding ground for a variety of birds including a number of migratory birds. During summer, the [[Bar-headed goose]] and [[Brahmini ducks]] are commonly seen here.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Khan |first=Asif |date=2016 |title=Ladakh: The Land Beyond |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B7UUVmCgCiGATFFhcGJqdkg3S28/view?usp=sharing |journal=Buceros |volume=Vol.21, Issue 3 |pages=6–15 |via=}}</ref> The region around the lake supports a number of species of wildlife including the [[kiang]] and the [[marmot]]. The lake hosts large quantities of fish, especially ''[[False_osman |Schizopygopsis stoliczkai]]''<ref>
The lake acts as an important breeding ground for a variety of birds including a number of migratory birds. During summer, the [[Bar-headed goose]] and [[Brahmini ducks]] are commonly seen here.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Khan|first=Asif|date=2016|title=Ladakh: The Land Beyond|url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B7UUVmCgCiGATFFhcGJqdkg3S28/view?usp=sharing|journal=Buceros|volume=Vol.21, Issue 3|pages=6–15|via=}}</ref> The region around the lake supports a number of species of wildlife including the [[kiang]] and the [[marmot]]. The lake hosts large quantities of fish, especially ''[[False_osman|Schizopygopsis stoliczkai]]''<ref>{{cite web |title=Schizopygopsis stoliczkae |url=http://www.bioinfo.cn/db05/BjdwSpecies.php?action=view&id=6256 |website=China Animal Scientific Database |accessdate=22 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305004532/http://www.bioinfo.cn/db05/BjdwSpecies.php?action=view&id=6256 |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and ''[[Kunar snowtrout|Racoma labiata]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Racoma labiata |url=http://www.bioinfo.cn/db05/BjdwSpecies.php?action=view&id=6226 |website=China Animal Scientific Database |accessdate=22 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015534/http://www.bioinfo.cn/db05/BjdwSpecies.php?action=view&id=6226 |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
{{cite web |title=Schizopygopsis stoliczkae |url=http://www.bioinfo.cn/db05/BjdwSpecies.php?action=view&id=6256 |website=China Animal Scientific Database |accessdate=22 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305004532/http://www.bioinfo.cn/db05/BjdwSpecies.php?action=view&id=6256 |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead}}
</ref> and ''[[Kunar snowtrout|Racoma labiata]]''.<ref>
{{cite web |title=Racoma labiata |url=http://www.bioinfo.cn/db05/BjdwSpecies.php?action=view&id=6226 |website=China Animal Scientific Database |accessdate=22 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015534/http://www.bioinfo.cn/db05/BjdwSpecies.php?action=view&id=6226 |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}
</ref>


Formerly, Pangong Tso had an outlet to [[Shyok River]], a tributary of the [[Indus River]], but it was closed off due to natural damming. Two streams feed the lake from the Indian side, forming marshes and wetlands at the edges.<ref name="Gujja">
Formerly, Pangong Tso had an outlet to [[Shyok River]], a tributary of [[Indus River]], but it was closed off due to natural damming. Two streams feed the lake from the Indian side, forming marshes and wetlands at the edges.<ref name="Gujja">{{cite journal
{{cite journal |author1=Biksham Gujja |author2=Archana Chatterjee |author3=Parikshit Gautam |author4=Pankaj Chandan |last-author-amp=yes |date=August 2003 |title=Wetlands and Lakes at the Top of the World |journal=Mountain Research and Development |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=219–221 |publisher=[[International Mountain Society]] |location=Bern, Switzerland |issn=1994-7151 |doi=10.1659/0276-4741(2003)023[0219:WALATT]2.0.CO;2}}
| author1 = Biksham Gujja |author2 = Archana Chatterjee |author3 = Parikshit Gautam |author4 = Pankaj Chandan |last-author-amp = yes |date = August 2003
| title = Wetlands and Lakes at the Top of the World
| journal = Mountain Research and Development
| volume = 23
| issue = 3
| pages = 219–221
| publisher = [[International Mountain Society]]
| location = Bern, Switzerland
| issn = 1994-7151
| doi = 10.1659/0276-4741(2003)023[0219:WALATT]2.0.CO;2
</ref> Strand lines above current lake level reveal a {{Convert|5|m|abbr=on}} thick layer of mud and laminated sand, suggesting the lake has shrunken recently in geological scale.<ref name="Pant">
}}</ref> Strand lines above current lake level reveal a {{Convert|5|m|abbr=on}} thick layer of mud and laminated sand, suggesting the lake has shrunken recently in geological scale.<ref name="Pant">{{cite journal
{{cite journal |author1=R. K. Pant |author2=N. R. Phadtare |author3=L. S. Chamyal |author4=Navin Juyal |date=June 2005 |title=Quaternary deposits in Ladakh and Karakoram Himalaya: A treasure trove of the palaeoclimate records |url=https://www.academia.edu/26184431 |accessdate=29 January 2019}}
| author1 = R. K. Pant |author2 = N. R. Phadtare |author3 = L. S. Chamyal |author4 = Navin Juyal |date = June 2005
| title = Quaternary deposits in Ladakh and Karakoram Himalaya: A treasure trove of the palaeoclimate records
| url = https://www.academia.edu/26184431
| format = PDF
| accessdate = 29 January 2019
</ref>
}}</ref>
On the Indian side, no fish have been observed, however in the stream coming from South-eastern side (Cheshul nalla), three fish species (''Schizopygopsis stoliczkae'', ''[[Tibetan stone loach]]'' and ''[[Triplophysa gracilis]]'') have been reported (Bhat et al., 2011). The low biodiversity has been reported as being due to high salinity and harsh environmental conditions (Bhat et al., 2011).
On the Indian side, no fish have been observed, however in the stream coming from South-eastern side (Cheshul nalla), three fish species (''Schizopygopsis stoliczkae'', ''[[Tibetan stone loach]]'' and ''[[Triplophysa gracilis]]'') have been reported (Bhat et al., 2011). The low biodiversity has been reported as being due to high salinity and harsh environmental conditions (Bhat et al., 2011).


Bird Islet is the most famous island in Pangong Tso.<ref name="birdislet">{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/dreamsofsnowland0000chen/ |title=Dreams of Snow Land |via=[[Internet Archive]] |date=2005 |isbn=7-119-03883-4 |publisher=[[Foreign Languages Press]] |location=Beijing |url-access=registration |pages=[https://archive.org/details/dreamsofsnowland0000chen/page/273 273]-[https://archive.org/details/dreamsofsnowland0000chen/page/275 275]}}</ref>
Bird Islet is the most famous island in Pangong Tso.<ref name="birdislet">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/dreamsofsnowland0000chen/|title=Dreams of Snow Land|via=[[Internet Archive]]|date=2005|ISBN=7-119-03883-4|publisher=[[Foreign Languages Press]]|location=Beijing|url-access=registration|pages=[https://archive.org/details/dreamsofsnowland0000chen/page/273 273]-[https://archive.org/details/dreamsofsnowland0000chen/page/275 275]}}</ref>


==Climate==
==Climate==

{{Weather box |width=auto
{{Weather box|width=auto
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|metric first=y
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==Access==
==Access==
[[File:Frozen, Pangong Tso.jpg|thumb|Frozen, Pangong Tso]]
[[File:Frozen, Pangong Tso.jpg|thumb|Frozen, Pangong Tso]]
[[File:Aksai Chin Sino-Indian border map.png|thumb|Map including Pangong Tso]]
An [[Inner Line Permit]] is required to visit the lake as it lies on the Sino-Indian [[Line of Actual Control]]. While Indian nationals can obtain individual permits, others must have group permits (with a minimum of three persons) accompanied by an accredited guide; the tourist office in Leh issues the permits for a small fee. For security reasons, India does not permit boating.
[[File:Txu-oclc-6654394-ni-44-3rd-ed.jpg|thumb|left|Map including Pangong Tso ([[Army Map Service|AMS]], 1950)]]

[[China National Highway 219]] passes by the eastern end of Pangong Tso. The lake can be accessed by driving 12 km from [[Rutog Town|Rutog]] or 130 km from [[Shiquanhe]]. Tourists can rent a boat on the lake, but landing on islands is not allowed for protecting the breeding ground of the birds. There are several restaurants along the shore.<ref>
{{cite news |last1=黄慧英 |title=一措再措 邂逅高原湖泊的绝美 |url=http://www.tibet.cn/cn/travel/201807/t20180704_6029034.html |accessdate=22 September 2018 |publisher=tibet.cn |date=4 August 2018 |language=Chinese}}
</ref>
{{multiple image
{{multiple image
|align = left
| align = left
|width = 225
| width = 225
|image1 = Ladakh-Garhwal-1863.jpg
| image1 = Map India and Pakistan 1-250,000 Tile NI 44-9 Pangong Tso.jpg
|alt1 =
| alt1 =
| caption1 = Map including Pangong Tso ([[Army Map Service|AMS]], 1954){{efn|name=delin|From map: "THE DELINEATION OF INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARIES ON THIS MAP MUST NOT BE CONSIDERED AUTHORITATIVE"}}
|caption1 = Edward Weller map of Ladakh and Garhwal, 1863
|image2 = Map India and Pakistan 1-250,000 Tile NI 44-9 Pangong Tso.jpg
| image2 = Ni-44-9-chushul-china-india.pdf
|alt2 =
| alt2 =
|caption2 = Map including Pangong Tso ([[Army Map Service|AMS]], 1954){{efn|name=delin|From map: "THE DELINEATION OF INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARIES ON THIS MAP MUST NOT BE CONSIDERED AUTHORITATIVE"}}
| caption2 = Map including Pangong Tso / Bangong Co ([[Defense Mapping Agency|DMA]], 1992))
|image3 = Ni-44-9-chushul-china-india.pdf
|alt3 =
|caption3 = Map including Pangong Tso / Bangong Co ([[Defense Mapping Agency|DMA]], 1992))
}}
}}
An [[Inner Line Permit]] is required to visit the lake as it lies on the Sino-Indian [[Line of Actual Control]]. While Indian nationals can obtain individual permits, others must have group permits (with a minimum of three persons) accompanied by an accredited guide; the tourist office in Leh issues the permits for a small fee. For security reasons, India does not permit boating.
{{clear}}

[[China National Highway 219]] passes by the eastern end of Pangong Tso. The lake can be accessed by driving 12 km from [[Rutog Town|Rutog]] or 130 km from [[Shiquanhe]]. Tourists can rent a boat on the lake, but landing on islands is not allowed for protecting the breeding ground of the birds. There are several restaurants along the shore.<ref>{{cite news |last1=黄慧英 |title=一措再措 邂逅高原湖泊的绝美 |url=http://www.tibet.cn/cn/travel/201807/t20180704_6029034.html |accessdate=22 September 2018 |publisher=tibet.cn |date=4 August 2018 |language=Chinese}}</ref>


==Sino-Indian border dispute==
==Sino-Indian border dispute==
{{main|Sino-Indian border dispute}}
{{main|Sino-Indian border dispute}}
Pangong Tso is in disputed territory. The [[Line of Actual Control]] passes through the lake. A section of the lake approximately 20&nbsp;km east from the Line of Actual Control is controlled by China but claimed by India. The eastern end of the lake is in [[Tibet]]. After the mid-19th century, Pangong Tso was at the southern end of [[Origins of the Sino-Indian border dispute#The Johnson Line|Johnson Line]], an early attempt at demarcation between India and China in the [[Aksai Chin]] region.


The [[Khurnak Fort]] lies on the northern bank of the lake, halfway of Pangong Tso.<ref name="Negi">{{cite book |title= Himalayan Rivers, Lakes and Glaciers |last= Negi |first= S.S. |date=1 April 2002|publisher= Indus Publishing Company |location= India |isbn= 978-8185182612|page= 152 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=5YtUShKY8zcC&pg=PA152 |accessdate=2009-09-12}}</ref> The Chinese has controlled the Khurnak Fort area since 1952.<ref name="Guruswamy">{{cite book |title= Emerging Trends in India-China Relations |last= Guruswamy |first= Mohan |date=January 2006 |publisher= Hope India Publications |location= India |isbn= 9788178711010 |page= 223 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=trAb0KxP_ocC&pg=PA223 |accessdate=2009-09-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://cpasindia.org/articles/mg-05-11-21-sino-india-relations.html |title=No longer a Great Game |author=Mohan Guruswamy |publisher=Centre for Policy Alternatives, India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071016155722/http://cpasindia.org/articles/mg-05-11-21-sino-india-relations.html |archive-date=16 October 2007}}</ref>{{unreliable source?|date=October 2019|reason=See [[Talk:Sino-Indian War#Sources]]}} To the south is the smaller [[Spanggur Tso]] lake.
{{OSM Location map
| coord = {{coord|33.7346|78.7641}} <!-- Map center -->
| float = right
| zoom = 12
| width = 400
| height = 200
| caption = <center>Northern shore of the Pangong Lake<ref name="Pangong border">
{{citation |editor=India, Ministry of External Affairs |title=Report of the Officials of the Governments of India and the People's Republic of China on the Boundary Question |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AP4ruQEACAAJ |year=1962 |publisher=Government of India Press}}, [http://www.archieve.claudearpi.net/maintenance/uploaded_pics/ORC_01-32_Part1.pdf Chinese Report, Part 1], pp.&nbsp;4–5<br/>
The location and terrain features of this traditional customary boundary line are now described as follows in three sectors, western, middle and eastern. ... From Ane Pass southwards, the boundary line runs along the mountain ridge and passes through peak 6,127 (approximately 78° 46' E, 38° 50' N) [''sic''] and then southwards to the northern bank of the Pangong Lake' (approximately '''78° 49' E, 33° 44' N'''). It crosses this lake and reaches its southern bank at approximately '''78° 43' E, 33° 40' N'''. Then it goes in a south-easterly direction along the watershed dividing the Tongada River and the streams flowing into the Spanggur Lake until it reaches Mount Sajum.
</ref><br/>with "fingers" – mountain spurs jutting into the lake<ref name="Panag fingers">Lt Gen H. S. Panag, [https://theprint.in/opinion/indias-fingers-have-come-under-chinese-boots-denial-wont-help-us/435145/ India’s Fingers have come under Chinese boots. Denial won’t help us], The Print, 4 June 2020.</ref></center>
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| shape8 = n-circle
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<!-- Chinese border point -->
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| label9 = Tradtional customary |labela9 = boundary of China |labelb9 = declared 1960
| label-size9 = 10
| label-color9 = black
| label-pos9 = bottom |label-offset-x9 = 0 |label-offset-y9 = 0
| mark-title9 = Chinese border point
| mark-image9 =
| mark-description9 = Declared in the ''Report of the Governments of India and the People's Republic of China on the Boundary Question'', 1960
<!-- Indian border post -->
| mark-coord10 = {{coord|33.7406|78.7507}}
| mark10 = Red pog.svg
| mark-size10 = 4
| label10 = Indian post
| label-size10 = 10
| label-color10 = gray
| label-pos10 = top |label-offset-x10 = -14 |label-offset-y10 = 0
| mark-title10 = [[Indo-Tibetan Border Police|ITBP]] post
| mark-image10 =
| mark-description10 = Major [[Dhan Singh Thapa]] post
<!-- Indian border post -->
| mark-coord11 = {{coord|33.74039|78.87653}}
| mark11 = Red pog.svg
| mark-size11 = 4
| label11 = Chinese post at Sirijap
| label-size11 = 10
| label-color11 = gray
| label-pos11 = top |label-offset-x11 = -14 |label-offset-y11 = 0
| mark-title11 = Chinese post at Sirijap
| mark-image11 =
| mark-description11 =
<!-- Sirijap -->
| mark-coord12 = {{coord|33.74|78.8312}} <!-- 33.743|78.8269 -->
| mark12 = Red pog.svg
| mark-size12 = 8
| label12 = Sirijap
| shape12 =
| shape-color12 = hard red
| shape-outline12 = hard red
| label-size12 = 10
| label-color12 = gray
| label-pos12 = top |label-offset-x12 = -14 |label-offset-y12 = 0
| mark-title12 = Sirijap
| mark-image12 =
| mark-description12 = Valley between fingers
<!-- Khurnak Fort -->
| mark-coord13 = {{coord|33.7666610|78.9877208}}
| mark13 = Red pog.svg
| mark-size13 = 4
| label13 = Khurnak Fort
| label-size13 = 10
| label-color13 = gray
| label-pos13 = bottom |label-offset-x13 = 0 |label-offset-y13 = 0
| mark-title13 = [[Khurnak Fort]]
| mark-image13 =
| mark-description13 = Ruined fort that serves as a landmark; Possible Chinese post here
<!-- Chinese border point -->
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| shape-color17 = yellow
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| label-size17 = 10
| label-color17 = black
| label-pos17 = bottom |label-offset-x17 = 0 |label-offset-y17 = 0
| mark-title17 = Chinese border point
| mark-image17 =
| mark-description17 = Declared in the ''Report of the Governments of India and the People's Republic of China on the Boundary Question'', 1960
<!-- Merak -->
| mark-coord18 = {{coord|33.8002441|78.5905698}}
| mark18 = Red pog.svg
| mark-size18 = 4
| label18 = Merak
| label-size18 = 12
| label-color18 = gray
| label-pos18 = left |label-offset-x18 = 0 |label-offset-y18 = 0
| mark-title18 = Merak
| mark-image18 =
| mark-description18 =
<!-- Spangmik -->
| mark-coord19 = {{coord|33.9076911|78.4573431}}
| mark19 = Red pog.svg
| mark-size19 = 4
| label19 = Spangmik
| label-size19 = 12
| label-color19 = gray
| label-pos19 = left |label-offset-x19 = 0 |label-offset-y19 = 0
| mark-title19 = Spangmik
| mark-image19 =
| mark-description19 =
<!-- Miscellaneous -->
<!-- Changlung Lungpa -->
| mark-coord20 = {{coord|33.8053|78.9769}}
| mark20 = AS-rzeka-icon.svg
| mark-size20 = 0
| label20 = Changlung |labela20 = Lungpa
| label-size20 = 10
| label-color20 = hard blue
| label-pos20 = right |label-offset-x20 = 0 |label-offset-y20 = -5
| mark-title20 = Changlung Lungpa
| mark-image20 =
| mark-description20 = The Indian claim lines runs in this valley
<!-- Ane La-->
| mark-coord24 = {{coord|33.9703158|78.7388067}}
| mark24 = Mountain pass 12x12 4.svg
| mark-size24 = 10
| shape24 =
| shape-color24 = yellow
| shape-outline24 = yellow
| label24 = Ane La |labela24 = Boundary of China |labelb24 = declared 1960
| label-size24 = 10
| label-color24 = black
| label-pos24 = right |label-offset-x24 = 2 |label-offset-y24 = -10
| mark-title24 = Chinese border point
| mark-image24 =
| mark-description24 = Declared in the ''Report of the Governments of India and the People's Republic of China on the Boundary Question'', 1960
<!-- Chinese border point near Ane La-->
| mark-coord25 = {{coord|33|50|N|78|46|E}}
| mark25 = Pin location context.svg
| mark-size25 = 14
| shape25 =
| shape-color25 = yellow
| shape-outline25 = yellow
| label25 = Tradtional customary |labela25 = boundary of China |labelb25 = declared 1960
| label-size25 = 10
| label-color25 = black
| label-pos25 = right |label-offset-x25 = 4 |label-offset-y25 = -10
| mark-title25 = Chinese border point
| mark-image25 =
| mark-description25 = Declared in the ''Report of the Governments of India and the People's Republic of China on the Boundary Question'', 1960
}}
Pangong Tso is in disputed territory. The [[Line of Actual Control]] passes through the lake. A section of the lake approximately 20&nbsp;km east from the Line of Actual Control is controlled by China but claimed by India. The eastern end of the lake is in [[Tibet]], China. After the mid-19th century, Pangong Tso was at the southern end of [[Origins of the Sino-Indian border dispute#The Johnson Line|Johnson Line]], an early attempt at demarcation between India and China in the [[Aksai Chin]] region.


On 20 October 1962, Pangong Tso saw military action during the [[Sino-Indian War]], successful for the Communist [[People's Liberation Army]].<ref name="Burkitt">{{Cite book
The [[Khurnak Fort]] lies on the northern bank of the lake, halfway of Pangong Tso.<ref name="Negi">
| last1 = Burkitt | first1 = Laurie
{{cite book |title= Himalayan Rivers, Lakes and Glaciers |last= Negi |first= S.S. |date=1 April 2002 |publisher= Indus Publishing Company |location= India |isbn= 978-8185182612|page= 152 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=5YtUShKY8zcC&pg=PA152 |accessdate=2009-09-12}}
| last2 = Scobell | first2 = Andrew
</ref> The Chinese has controlled the Khurnak Fort area since 1952.<ref name="Guruswamy">
| last3 = Wortzel | first3 = Larry M.
{{cite book |title= Emerging Trends in India-China Relations |last= Guruswamy |first= Mohan |date=January 2006 |publisher= Hope India Publications |location= India |isbn= 9788178711010 |page= 223 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=trAb0KxP_ocC&pg=PA223 |accessdate=2009-09-12}}
| title = The Lessons of History: The Chinese People's Liberation Army at 75
</ref><ref>
| publisher = [[Strategic Studies Institute]]
{{cite web |url=http://cpasindia.org/articles/mg-05-11-21-sino-india-relations.html |title=No longer a Great Game |author=Mohan Guruswamy |publisher=Centre for Policy Alternatives, India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071016155722/http://cpasindia.org/articles/mg-05-11-21-sino-india-relations.html |archive-date=16 October 2007}}
| pages = 340–341
</ref>{{unreliable source?|date=October 2019|reason=See [[Talk:Sino-Indian War#Sources]]}} To the south is the smaller [[Spanggur Tso]] lake.
| date = July 2003
| isbn = 1-58487-126-1
| url = http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/PUB52.pdf
}}</ref>


On 20 October 1962, Pangong Tso saw military action during the [[Sino-Indian War]], successful for the Communist [[People's Liberation Army]].<ref name="Burkitt">
Pangong Tso is still a delicate border point along the Line of Actual Control.<ref name="Pubby">{{cite web
|url= http://www.indianexpress.com/news/pangong-lake-is-border-flashpoint-between-india-and-china/370135/0
{{Cite book |last1=Burkitt |first1=Laurie |last2=Scobell |first2=Andrew |last3=Wortzel |first3=Larry M. |title=The Lessons of History: The Chinese People's Liberation Army at 75 |publisher=[[Strategic Studies Institute]] |pages=340–341 |date=July 2003 |isbn=1-58487-126-1 |url=http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/PUB52.pdf}}
|author= Manu Pubby
</ref>
|publisher= The Indian Express Limited
|location= New Delhi, India
|title= Pangong Lake is border flashpoint between India and China
|accessdate = 2009-06-24}}</ref><ref name="Shahin">{{cite web
|author=Sultan Shahin
|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/EH01Df02.html
|title=Vajpayee claps with one hand on border dispute
|accessdate=2009-06-24}}</ref> Incursions from the Chinese side are common.<ref name="Holslag">{{cite journal
|author = Jonathan Holslag
|title = China, India and the Military Security Dilemma, Vol 3(5)
|publisher = Brussels Institute of Contemporary China Studies (BICCS)
|year = 2008
|url = http://www.vub.ac.be/biccs/documents/APaper_BICCS_2008_China%20India%20Security%20Dilemma.pdf
|accessdate = 2009-06-24
|url-status = dead
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110606004107/http://www.vub.ac.be/biccs/documents/APaper_BICCS_2008_China%20India%20Security%20Dilemma.pdf
|archivedate = 6 June 2011
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref>


In August 2017, Indian and Chinese forces near Pangong Tso threw rocks at each other.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ntdtv.com.tw/b5/20200511/video/270351.html?中共與印度邊境衝突！150士兵互毆10多人掛彩|script-title=zh:中共與印度邊境衝突！150士兵互毆10多人掛彩|language=zh-hant|date=11 May 2020|accessdate=16 May 2020|website=[[New Tang Dynasty Television]]}}</ref><ref name="hket"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/india-china-conflict-in-ladakh-the-importance-of-the-pangong-tso-lake-6419377/|title=India-China conflict in Ladakh: The importance of the Pangong Tso lake|date=20 May 2020|accessdate=21 May 2020|website=[[The Indian Express]]|author=Sushant Singh}}</ref>
Pangong Tso is still a delicate border point along the Line of Actual Control.<ref name="Pubby">
{{cite news |author=Manu Pubby |newspaper=The Indian Express
|title= Pangong Lake is border flashpoint between India and China |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/pangong-lake-is-border-flashpoint-between-india-and-china/370135/0 |accessdate=2009-06-24}}
</ref><ref name="Shahin">
{{cite web |author=Sultan Shahin |url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/EH01Df02.html |title=Vajpayee claps with one hand on border dispute |accessdate=2009-06-24}}
</ref> Incursions from the Chinese side are common.<ref name="Holslag">
{{cite journal |author=Jonathan Holslag |title=China, India and the Military Security Dilemma, Vol 3(5) |publisher=Brussels Institute of Contemporary China Studies (BICCS) |year=2008 |url=http://www.vub.ac.be/biccs/documents/APaper_BICCS_2008_China%20India%20Security%20Dilemma.pdf |accessdate=2009-06-24 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606004107/http://www.vub.ac.be/biccs/documents/APaper_BICCS_2008_China%20India%20Security%20Dilemma.pdf |archivedate=6 June 2011}}
</ref>


On September 11, 2019, [[People's Liberation Army]] troops confronted Indian troops on the northern bank of Pangong Lake.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/indian-chinese-troops-face-off-in-ladakh-month-ahead-of-modi-xi-jinping-summit-2305615.html|title=Indian, Chinese Troops Face-off in Ladakh Ahead of Modi-Xi Summit, Army Says Tension De-escalated|date=12 September 2019|accessdate=12 May 2020|website=[[CNN-News18]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rti.org.tw/news/view/id/2054821|script-title=zh:中國在西藏地區軍演頻繁 牽動中印未來危機應對|date=10 March 2020|accessdate=16 May 2020|language=zh-tw|editor=Chang Ya-Han {{lang|zh-tw|張雅涵}}|website=[[Radio Taiwan International]]}}</ref>
In August 2017, Indian and Chinese forces near Pangong Tso threw rocks at each other.<ref>
{{cite web |url=https://www.ntdtv.com.tw/b5/20200511/video/270351.html?中共與印度邊境衝突！150士兵互毆10多人掛彩 |script-title=zh:中共與印度邊境衝突！150士兵互毆10多人掛彩 |language=zh-hant |date=11 May 2020 |accessdate=16 May 2020 |website=[[New Tang Dynasty Television]]}}
</ref><ref name="hket"/><ref>
{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/india-china-conflict-in-ladakh-the-importance-of-the-pangong-tso-lake-6419377/ |title=India-China conflict in Ladakh: The importance of the Pangong Tso lake |date=20 May 2020 |accessdate=21 May 2020 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |author=Sushant Singh}}
</ref>


On May 5-6, 2020, there was a face-off between about 250 Indian and Chinese troops near Pangong Tso lake.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/indian-chinese-troops-face-off-in-eastern-ladakh-sikkim/article31548893.ece|title=Indian, Chinese troops face off in Eastern Ladakh, Sikkim|website=[[The Hindu]]|author=Dinakar Peri|date=10 May 2020|accessdate=13 May 2020}}</ref><ref name="hket">{{cite web|url=https://china.hket.com/article/2639292/中印邊境再爆衝突%20%20150士兵毆鬥釀12傷|script-title=zh:中印邊境再爆衝突 150士兵毆鬥釀12傷|language=zh-hant|date=11 May 2020|accessdate=16 May 2020|website=[[Hong Kong Economic Times]]|author={{lang|zh-hant|費風}}|quote={{lang|zh-hant|消息指，第一起事件發生於5月5日至6日，在中印邊境的班公錯湖（Pangong Tso ）地區，當時解放軍的「侵略性巡邏」（aggressive patrolling）被印度軍方阻攔。「結果發生了混亂，雙方都有一些士兵受傷。」{...}2017年8月，兩國軍隊曾於拉達克地區班公湖附近爆發衝突，當時雙方擲石攻擊對方，雙方均有人受傷，最終兩軍在半小時後退回各自據點。}}}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/chinese-military-bolsters-troops-in-aksai-chin-region-in-sino-india-border-report/articleshow/75810930.cms|title=Chinese military bolsters troops in Aksai Chin region in Sino-India border: Report|date=19 May 2020|accessdate=19 May 2020|website=[[The Economic Times]]|quote=On May 5, around 250 Indian and Chinese army personnel clashed in Pangong Tso lake area in Eastern Ladakh.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3940166|title=Chinese, Indian troops engage in border conflicts|date=25 May 2020|accessdate=26 May 2020|website=[[Taiwan News]]}}</ref> 11 Indian and Chinese soldiers were injured.<ref>[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/05/tense-india-china-standoff-himalayan-border-escalate-200527120501581.html 'All-out combat' feared as India, China engage in border standoff]</ref>
On September 11, 2019, [[People's Liberation Army]] troops confronted Indian troops on the northern bank of Pangong Lake.<ref>
{{cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/indian-chinese-troops-face-off-in-ladakh-month-ahead-of-modi-xi-jinping-summit-2305615.html |title=Indian, Chinese Troops Face-off in Ladakh Ahead of Modi-Xi Summit, Army Says Tension De-escalated |date=12 September 2019 |accessdate=12 May 2020 |website=[[CNN-News18]]}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite web |url=https://www.rti.org.tw/news/view/id/2054821 |script-title=zh:中國在西藏地區軍演頻繁 牽動中印未來危機應對 |date=10 March 2020 |accessdate=16 May 2020 |language=zh-tw |editor=Chang Ya-Han {{lang |zh-tw |張雅涵}} |website=[[Radio Taiwan International]]}}
</ref>


==Plastic Pollution==
On May 5-6, 2020, there was a face-off between about 250 Indian and Chinese troops near Pangong Tso lake.<ref>
As tourism grows in Ladakh and Pangong Lake, the ecologically fragile area is getting swamped with trash.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/article/884169/in-photos-as-tourism-grows-so-does-trash-in-ladakhs-pangong-lake|title=As tourism grows, so does trash in Ladakh's Pangong Lake}}</ref> Authorities are trying to put a mechanism in place to manage the waste generated by restaurants, hotels, and camping sites. Tourists often dump disposable water bottles and food packets right at the periphery of the lake and even inside. This is posing a big threat to this glacial lake.
{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/indian-chinese-troops-face-off-in-eastern-ladakh-sikkim/article31548893.ece |title=Indian, Chinese troops face off in Eastern Ladakh, Sikkim |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |author=Dinakar Peri |date=10 May 2020 |accessdate=13 May 2020}}
</ref><ref name="hket">
{{cite web |url=https://china.hket.com/article/2639292/中印邊境再爆衝突%20%20150士兵毆鬥釀12傷 |script-title=zh:中印邊境再爆衝突 150士兵毆鬥釀12傷 |language=zh-hant |date=11 May 2020 |accessdate=16 May 2020 |website=[[Hong Kong Economic Times]] |author={{lang |zh-hant |費風}} |quote={{lang |zh-hant |消息指，第一起事件發生於5月5日至6日，在中印邊境的班公錯湖（Pangong Tso ）地區，當時解放軍的「侵略性巡邏」（aggressive patrolling）被印度軍方阻攔。「結果發生了混亂，雙方都有一些士兵受傷。」{...}2017年8月，兩國軍隊曾於拉達克地區班公湖附近爆發衝突，當時雙方擲石攻擊對方，雙方均有人受傷，最終兩軍在半小時後退回各自據點。}}}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/chinese-military-bolsters-troops-in-aksai-chin-region-in-sino-india-border-report/articleshow/75810930.cms |title=Chinese military bolsters troops in Aksai Chin region in Sino-India border: Report |date=19 May 2020 |accessdate=19 May 2020 |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |quote=On May 5, around 250 Indian and Chinese army personnel clashed in Pangong Tso lake area in Eastern Ladakh.}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite web |url=https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3940166 |title=Chinese, Indian troops engage in border conflicts |date=25 May 2020 |accessdate=26 May 2020 |website=[[Taiwan News]]}}
</ref> Four Indian and seven Chinese soldiers were injured.<ref>
[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/05/tense-india-china-standoff-himalayan-border-escalate-200527120501581.html 'All-out combat' feared as India, China engage in border standoff]
</ref>

==Pollution==
As tourism grows in Ladakh and Pangong Lake, the ecologically fragile area is getting swamped with trash.<ref>
{{cite web |url=https://scroll.in/article/884169/in-photos-as-tourism-grows-so-does-trash-in-ladakhs-pangong-lake |title=As tourism grows, so does trash in Ladakh's Pangong Lake}}
</ref> Authorities are trying to put a mechanism in place to manage the waste generated by restaurants, hotels, and camping sites. Tourists often dump disposable water bottles and food packets right at the periphery of the lake and even inside. This is posing a big threat to this glacial lake.
<gallery class="center">
<gallery class="center">
File:Plastic Bottle Waste at Pangong Lake.jpg |Tourists dump plastic bottles at Pangong Lake
File:Plastic Bottle Waste at Pangong Lake.jpg|Tourists dump plastic bottles at Pangong Lake
File:Plastic Bottle in Pangong Waters.jpg |Plastic bottles at Pangong Lake
File:Plastic Bottle in Pangong Waters.jpg|Plastic bottles at Pangong Lake
File:Plastic bottle in Pangong Lake.jpg |Plastic bottle dumped in Pangong Lake
File:Plastic bottle in Pangong Lake.jpg|Plastic bottle dumped in Pangong Lake
</gallery>
</gallery>


==In film==
==In film==

*Indian filmmaker [[Mani Ratnam]]'s ''[[Dil Se..]]'' (1998) in the song "Satrangi Re" starring Shah Rukh Khan & Manisha Koirala.
*Indian filmmaker [[Mani Ratnam]]'s ''[[Dil Se..]]'' (1998) in the song "Satrangi Re" starring Shah Rukh Khan & Manisha Koirala.
*Featured as a filming location in ''[[The Fall (2006 film) |The Fall]]'' (2006).
*Featured as a filming location in ''[[The Fall (2006 film)|The Fall]]'' (2006).
*Some parts of the 2008 film, ''[[Heroes (2008 film) |Heroes]]'' (2008).
*Some parts of the 2008 film, ''[[Heroes (2008 film)|Heroes]]'' (2008).
*Climax scene of the 2009 film, ''[[3 Idiots]]''.
*Climax scene of the 2009 film, ''[[3 Idiots]]''.
*Parts of the 2012 film ''[[Jab Tak Hai Jaan]]'', in particular, ''[[Anushka Sharma]]'''s bikini scene were shot here. This was Actor [[Shah Rukh Khan]]'s second film recorded here.
*Parts of the 2012 film ''[[Jab Tak Hai Jaan]]'', in particular, ''[[Anushka Sharma]]'''s bikini scene were shot here. This was Actor [[Shah Rukh Khan]]'s second film recorded here.
* [[Divya Khosla Kumar]] 2016 Hindi film ''[[Sanam Re]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/BT-Exclusive-First-look-of-Divya-Khosla-Kumars-Sanam-Re/articleshow/47769737.cms |title=BT Exclusive: First look of Divya Khosla Kumar's 'Sanam Re'}}</ref>
* [[Divya Khosla Kumar]] 2016 Hindi film ''[[Sanam Re]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/BT-Exclusive-First-look-of-Divya-Khosla-Kumars-Sanam-Re/articleshow/47769737.cms|title=BT Exclusive: First look of Divya Khosla Kumar's 'Sanam Re'}}</ref>
*Surra Surra song from ''[[Shakti (2011 film) |Shakti]]'' (2011).
*Surra Surra song from ''[[Shakti (2011 film)|Shakti]]'' (2011).
*Subah Hogee song from ''[[Waqt: The Race Against Time]]''.
*Subah Hogee song from ''[[Waqt: The Race Against Time]]''.
*Pyar Ke Silsile song from Na Jaane Kabse (2011).
*Pyar Ke Silsile song from Na Jaane Kabse (2011).
*Dil Tera Ho Gaya song from ''[[Taur Mittran Di]]''.
*Dil Tera Ho Gaya song from ''[[Taur Mittran Di]]''.
* Dil Haara song from ''[[Tashan (film) |Tashan]]'' starring Saif Ali Khan & Kareena Kapoor
* Dil Haara song from ''[[Tashan (film)|Tashan]]'' starring Saif Ali Khan & Kareena Kapoor
*Banjarey song from the movie ''[[Fugly (film) |Fugly]]''
*Banjarey song from the movie ''[[Fugly (film)|Fugly]]''
*Bhelpuri song from [[Aagadu]] starring [[Mahesh Babu]] & [[Tamannaah]]
*Bhelpuri song from [[Aagadu]] starring [[Mahesh Babu]] & [[Tamannaah]]
*Enna Aachu song in the 2011 Tamil movie ''[[Vedi (film) |Vedi]]''
*Enna Aachu song in the 2011 Tamil movie ''[[Vedi (film)|Vedi]]''


==Gallery==
==Gallery==
Line 485: Line 304:


==See also==
==See also==
*[[Aksai Chin]]
*[[Tso Moriri]]
*[[Chumar]]
*[[Chepzi]]
*[[Rudok]]
*[[National Large Solar Telescope]], one of the world largest [[List of solar telescopes|solar telescope]] proposed to be built near Pangong Tso
*[[Soda lake]]
*[[Soda lake]]
*[[Aksai Chin]] and [[List of locations in Aksai Chin|its locations]]
*[[List of locations in Aksai Chin]]
*[[Sirijap]]
*[[Sirijap]]
*[[Khurnak Fort]]
*[[Changtang]]
*[[Rudok]]
*[[National Large Solar Telescope]], one of the world largest [[List of solar telescopes|solar telescope]] proposed to be built near Pangong Tso
*[[Spanggur Tso]]
*[[Tso Moriri]]


==Notes==
==Notes==
Line 499: Line 320:
==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{citation |last=Cunningham |first=Alexander |title=Ladak: Physical, Statistical, Historical |publisher=Wm. H. Allen and Co |location=London |year=1854 |url=https://archive.org/details/ladakphysicalsta00cunnrich |via=archive.org |ref={{sfnref|Cunningham, Ladak|1854}}}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Dortch |first1=Jason M. |last2=Owen |first2=Lewis A. |last3=Caffee |first3=Marc W. |last4=Kamp |first4=Ulrich |title=Catastrophic partial drainage of Pangong Tso, northern India and Tibet |journal=Geomorphology |volume=125 |issue=1 |year=2011 |pages=109–121 |issn=0169555X |doi=10.1016/j.geomorph.2010.08.017 |ref={{sfnref|Dortch et al., Catastrophic partial drainage of Pangong Tso|2011}}}}
* {{citation |last=Godwin-Austen |first=H. H. |title=Notes on the Pangong Lake District of Ladakh, from a Journal made during a Survey in 1863 |journal=The Journal of the Royal Geographic Society of London |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1lwMAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA351 |year=1867 |publisher=J. Murray |location=London |pp=343–363 |JSTOR=1798534 |ref={{sfnref|Godwin-Austen, Notes on the Pangong Lake District|1867}}}}
* {{citation |first=Ellsworth |last=Huntington |title=Pangong: A Glacial Lake in the Tibetan Plateau |journal=The Journal of Geology |publisher=University of Chicago |volume=14 |number=7 |year=1906 |pp=599–617 |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/pdfplus/10.1086/621337 |ref={{sfnref|Huntington|1906}}}}
* {{citation |last=Strachey |first=Henry |title=Physical Geography of Western Tibet |publisher=William Clows and Sons |location=London |date=1854 |url=https://archive.org/details/physicalgeograp00stragoog |via=archive.org |ref={{sfnref|Strachey, Physical Geography of Western Tibet|1854}}}}


==Further reading==
==Further reading==
* {{cite journal |last1=Streule |first1=M.J. |last2=Phillips |first2=R.J. |last3=Searle |first3=M.P. |last4=Waters |first4=D.J. |last5=Horstwood |first5=M.S.A. |title=Evolution and chronology of the Pangong Metamorphic Complex adjacent to the Karakoram Fault, Ladakh: constraints from thermobarometry, metamorphic modelling and U–Pb geochronology |journal=Journal of the Geological Society |volume=166 |issue=5 |year=2009 |pages=919–932 |issn=0016-7649 |doi=10.1144/0016-76492008-117}}
* [[:File:SINO-INDIAN BORDER DEFENSES CHUSHUL AREA CIA-RDP89B00569R000200120051-4.pdf|SINO-INDIAN BORDER DEFENSES CHUSHUL AREA]] (CIA, 1963)
* [[:File:SINO-INDIAN BORDER DEFENSES CHUSHUL AREA CIA-RDP89B00569R000200120051-4.pdf|SINO-INDIAN BORDER DEFENSES CHUSHUL AREA]] (CIA, 1963)


Revision as of 04:31, 5 July 2020

Pangong Tso
Pangong Tso is located in Asia
Pangong Tso
Pangong Tso
Pangong Tso is located in Ladakh
Pangong Tso
Pangong Tso
Pangong Tso is located in Tibet
Pangong Tso
Pangong Tso
LocationLadakh, India & Rutog County[1], Ngari Prefecture, Tibet Autonomous Region, China
Coordinates33°43′04.59″N 78°53′48.48″E / 33.7179417°N 78.8968000°E / 33.7179417; 78.8968000
TypeSoda lake
dimictic lake (east basin)[2]
cold monomictic lake (west basin)[citation needed]
Basin countriesIndia
Max. length134 km (83 mi)
Max. width5 km (3.1 mi)
Surface areaapprox. 700 km2 (270 sq mi)
Max. depth328 ft. (100 m)
Surface elevation4,250 metres (13,940 ft)
Frozenduring winter
Pangong Tso
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese班公錯
Simplified Chinese班公错
Tibetan name
Tibetanསྤང་གོང་མཚོ
Tsomo Nganglha Ringpo
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese錯木昂拉仁波
Simplified Chinese錯木昂拉仁波
Alternative Chinese name
Simplified Chinese哥木克哥那喇令错
Tibetan name
Tibetanམཚོ་མོ་ངང་ལྷ་རིང་པོ

Pangong Tso or Pangong Lake (Urdu: پینگانگ جھیل ; Tibetan: སྤང་གོང་མཚོ[3]; Chinese: 班公错) is an endorheic lake in the Himalayas situated at a height of about 4,350 m (14,270 ft). It is 134 km (83 mi) long and extends from Indian administered disputed region of Kashmir to the Tibetan Autonomous Region, China. Approximately 60% of the length of the lake lies within the Tibetan Autonomous Region. The lake is 5 km (3.1 mi) wide at its broadest point. All together it covers 604 km2. During winter the lake freezes completely, despite being saline water. Though it may not be considered a part of the Indus river basin area but has a relation with it geographically and located in a landlocked area.[4]

The lake is in the process of being identified under the Ramsar Convention as a wetland of international importance. This will be the first trans-boundary wetland in South Asia under the convention.

Names

Historically, the lake was treated as a string of five smaller lakes with channels connecting them, the name Pangong Tso only applied to the western most lake that is mostly in Ladakh. From west to east, these lakes were each referred to as -- Pangong Tso, Tso Nyak, the twin lakes of Rum Tso, and Nyak Tso.[5][6] The whole lake group was and is still often referred to as Tsomo Nganglha Ringpo (Tibetan: མཚོ་མོ་ངང་ལྷ་རིང་པོ[3]) in Tibetan.

There are different interpretations on the meanings of both Pangong Tso and Tsomo Nganglha Ringpo. The Ladakh government website indicates "Pangong Tso" is Tibetan meaning "high grassland lake",[7] however travel books from decades back say Pangong means "hollow".[8][9] Tsomo Nganglha Ringpo is Tibetan that is interpreted to mean various different but similar meanings -- "long, narrow, enchanted lake" by Chinese media sources,[10] "female narrow very long lake" by early European explorers,[11] and "long-necked swan lake" by other modern sources.[12][13] The lake has also been referred to as Pan-kung Hu.

Flora, fauna and geography

The eastern part of the lake is fresh, with the content of total dissolved solids at 0.68 g/L, while the western part of the lake is saline, with the salinity at 11.02 g/L.[14] The brackish water[15] of the lake has very low micro-vegetation. Guides report that there are no fish or other aquatic life on the Indian side of the lake, except for some small crustaceans. On the other hand, visitors see numerous ducks and gulls over and on the lake surface. There are some species of scrub and perennial herbs that grow in the marshes around the lake.

The lake acts as an important breeding ground for a variety of birds including a number of migratory birds. During summer, the Bar-headed goose and Brahmini ducks are commonly seen here.[16] The region around the lake supports a number of species of wildlife including the kiang and the marmot. The lake hosts large quantities of fish, especially Schizopygopsis stoliczkai[17] and Racoma labiata.[18]

Formerly, Pangong Tso had an outlet to Shyok River, a tributary of Indus River, but it was closed off due to natural damming. Two streams feed the lake from the Indian side, forming marshes and wetlands at the edges.[19] Strand lines above current lake level reveal a 5 m (16 ft) thick layer of mud and laminated sand, suggesting the lake has shrunken recently in geological scale.[15] On the Indian side, no fish have been observed, however in the stream coming from South-eastern side (Cheshul nalla), three fish species (Schizopygopsis stoliczkae, Tibetan stone loach and Triplophysa gracilis) have been reported (Bhat et al., 2011). The low biodiversity has been reported as being due to high salinity and harsh environmental conditions (Bhat et al., 2011).

Bird Islet is the most famous island in Pangong Tso.[1]

Climate

Climate data for Pangong Tso
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −5.9
(21.4) 		−3.7
(25.3) 		0.9
(33.6) 		6.9
(44.4) 		11.6
(52.9) 		17.4
(63.3) 		20.5
(68.9) 		19.7
(67.5) 		15.5
(59.9) 		7.9
(46.2) 		1.5
(34.7) 		−3.3
(26.1) 		7.4
(45.4)
Daily mean °C (°F) −13.3
(8.1) 		−10.8
(12.6) 		−6.0
(21.2) 		−0.5
(31.1) 		3.8
(38.8) 		9.5
(49.1) 		13.1
(55.6) 		12.7
(54.9) 		7.8
(46.0) 		−0.3
(31.5) 		−6.8
(19.8) 		−11.3
(11.7) 		−0.2
(31.7)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −20.6
(−5.1) 		−17.9
(−0.2) 		−12.8
(9.0) 		−7.8
(18.0) 		−3.9
(25.0) 		1.6
(34.9) 		5.8
(42.4) 		5.7
(42.3) 		0.2
(32.4) 		−8.5
(16.7) 		−15.1
(4.8) 		−19.3
(−2.7) 		−7.7
(18.1)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 4
(0.2) 		2
(0.1) 		3
(0.1) 		3
(0.1) 		4
(0.2) 		2
(0.1) 		11
(0.4) 		15
(0.6) 		4
(0.2) 		2
(0.1) 		2
(0.1) 		3
(0.1) 		55
(2.3)
Source: Climate-Data.org

Access

Frozen, Pangong Tso
Map including Pangong Tso
Map including Pangong Tso (AMS, 1950)
Map including Pangong Tso (AMS, 1954)[a]
Map including Pangong Tso / Bangong Co (DMA, 1992))

An Inner Line Permit is required to visit the lake as it lies on the Sino-Indian Line of Actual Control. While Indian nationals can obtain individual permits, others must have group permits (with a minimum of three persons) accompanied by an accredited guide; the tourist office in Leh issues the permits for a small fee. For security reasons, India does not permit boating.

China National Highway 219 passes by the eastern end of Pangong Tso. The lake can be accessed by driving 12 km from Rutog or 130 km from Shiquanhe. Tourists can rent a boat on the lake, but landing on islands is not allowed for protecting the breeding ground of the birds. There are several restaurants along the shore.[20]

Sino-Indian border dispute

Main article: Sino-Indian border dispute

Pangong Tso is in disputed territory. The Line of Actual Control passes through the lake. A section of the lake approximately 20 km east from the Line of Actual Control is controlled by China but claimed by India. The eastern end of the lake is in Tibet. After the mid-19th century, Pangong Tso was at the southern end of Johnson Line, an early attempt at demarcation between India and China in the Aksai Chin region.

The Khurnak Fort lies on the northern bank of the lake, halfway of Pangong Tso.[21] The Chinese has controlled the Khurnak Fort area since 1952.[22][23][unreliable source?] To the south is the smaller Spanggur Tso lake.

On 20 October 1962, Pangong Tso saw military action during the Sino-Indian War, successful for the Communist People's Liberation Army.[24]

Pangong Tso is still a delicate border point along the Line of Actual Control.[25][26] Incursions from the Chinese side are common.[27]

In August 2017, Indian and Chinese forces near Pangong Tso threw rocks at each other.[28][29][30]

On September 11, 2019, People's Liberation Army troops confronted Indian troops on the northern bank of Pangong Lake.[31][32]

On May 5-6, 2020, there was a face-off between about 250 Indian and Chinese troops near Pangong Tso lake.[33][29][34][35] 11 Indian and Chinese soldiers were injured.[36]

Plastic Pollution

As tourism grows in Ladakh and Pangong Lake, the ecologically fragile area is getting swamped with trash.[37] Authorities are trying to put a mechanism in place to manage the waste generated by restaurants, hotels, and camping sites. Tourists often dump disposable water bottles and food packets right at the periphery of the lake and even inside. This is posing a big threat to this glacial lake.

  • Tourists dump plastic bottles at Pangong Lake
    Tourists dump plastic bottles at Pangong Lake
  • Plastic bottles at Pangong Lake
    Plastic bottles at Pangong Lake
  • Plastic bottle dumped in Pangong Lake
    Plastic bottle dumped in Pangong Lake

In film

Gallery

Pangong Tso
  • Pangong Lake Transparent Water & Pebbles
    Pangong Lake Transparent Water & Pebbles
  • View of Pangong Tso from west side with beautiful Yak
    View of Pangong Tso from west side with beautiful Yak
  • Pangong Tso Blue water
    Pangong Tso Blue water
  • Pangong lake on 21 July 2018
    Pangong lake on 21 July 2018
  • The lake during summer
    The lake during summer
  • Ducks as seen in the Lake
    Ducks as seen in the Lake
  • The lake during summer
    The lake during summer
  • Road to Pangong Tso
    Road to Pangong Tso
  • Road to Pangong Tso
    Road to Pangong Tso
  • Pangong Tso in April
    Pangong Tso in April
  • pangong Tso wide
    pangong Tso wide
  • Pangong Tso brackish water
    Pangong Tso brackish water
  • Pangong Tso
    Pangong Tso
  • Hills on the south-west bank of Pangong Tso
    Hills on the south-west bank of Pangong Tso

See also

Notes

  1. ^ From map: "THE DELINEATION OF INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARIES ON THIS MAP MUST NOT BE CONSIDERED AUTHORITATIVE"

References

  1. ^ a b Dreams of Snow Land. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press. 2005. pp. 273-275. ISBN 7-119-03883-4 – via Internet Archive.
  2. ^ Wang, M., Hou, J. and Lei, Y., 2014. Classification of Tibetan lakes based on variations in seasonal lake water temperature. Chinese Science Bulletin, 59(34): 4847-4855.
  3. ^ a b "Ngari prefecture". Geographical names of Tibet AR (China). Institute of the Estonian Language. 3 June 2018. Retrieved 9 January 2020.
  4. ^ "River basins with Major and medium dams & barrages location map in India, WRIS". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 10 May 2014.
  5. ^ Sven Anders Hedin (1907). Scientific Results of a Journey in Central Asia 1899-1902: Central and West Tibet. Lithographic institute of the General staff of the Swedish army. p. 521. From Noh to Bal Rawling followed the same route that I did along the northern shore of the Tso-ngombo, which he calls the Tso Mo Gualari, dividing it into the sections ›Tso Nyak, the twin lakes Rum Tso and Nyak Tso.› He says that it consists of a string of five lakes 120 m. in length, the four most southern of which are fresh, and Pangong, the most northerly, salt. They are joined together by channels about 60 feet in width and 15 feet deep, the current running at nearly 1½ mile an hour.
  6. ^ Routes in Asia: Routes in the territories of the Maharaja of Jummoo and Kashmir, and adjacent countries. Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing. 1878. pp. 31–33. Only the lower lake (the Pangong Tso proper) lies in Ladak, the middle (Tso Nyak) and upper lakes being in Rudok territory. ... The waters of the western end are much more salt than those of the eastern end near Ot. in the stream connecting the Pangong Tso with Nyak Tso the water becomes drinkable, and rich grass is found on the banks.
  7. ^ "Pangong Lake". Union Territory of Ladakh. 29 October 2019. Retrieved 9 January 2020. Pangong Lake, one of the most famous lakes in Leh Ladakh, derives its name from the Tibetan word, "Pangong Tso", which means "high grassland lake".
  8. ^ Michelle Coxall; Paul Greenway (1 September 1996). Indian Himalaya: a Lonely Planet travel survival kit. Lonely Planet. ISBN 978-0-86442-413-6. The salty Pangong Tso - Pangong means 'hollow' - is the highest lake in Ladakh at about 4300m, and is flanked by massive peaks over 6500m high.
  9. ^ Kirit Rindani (7 January 2016). Indian Himalaya: Story of a 100 Visits. Partridge Publishing India. p. 80. ISBN 978-1-4828-5886-0. The word Pangong means 'extensive concavity' which probably explains its size.
  10. ^ "Pangong Tso Lake in Tibet". China Daily. 17 July 2012. Retrieved 9 January 2020. Pangong Tso Lake is a trans-border lake extending from the Ali prefecture of China's Tibet autonomous region to India. About 155 kilometers in length, the geographic features of the lake are indicated in the name which in Tibetan means "long, narrow, enchanted lake".
  11. ^ Trotter, H. (1877). "Account of the Pundit's Journey in Great Tibet from Leh in Ladakh to Lhasa, and of His Return to India Via Assam". Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London. 47: 86. doi:10.2307/1798740. ISSN 0266-6235. JSTOR 1798740. the Pangong, but better known to the Tibetans as the Chomo Gna Laring Cho, which, being literally interpreted, means "Female narrow very long lake."
  12. ^ "Pangong Tso Lake in the Northern Tibet". Kangba TV. 6 March 2017. Retrieved 9 January 2020. Pangong Tso Lake, at an altitude of 4,200 meters, is also called Tsomo Nganglha Ringpo Lake, which means "a swan with a long neck" in Tibetan.
  13. ^ "Pangong Lake". Tibet Vista (Tibettravel.org). Archived from the original on 28 April 2015. Retrieved 9 January 2020. In the Tibetan language, this lake is called "Cuomu Angla Renbo Tso", which means "Long-Necked Crane Lake".
  14. ^ "班公错" (in Chinese).
  15. ^ a b R. K. Pant; N. R. Phadtare; L. S. Chamyal; Navin Juyal (June 2005). "Quaternary deposits in Ladakh and Karakoram Himalaya: A treasure trove of the palaeoclimate records" (PDF). Retrieved 29 January 2019. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  16. ^ Khan, Asif (2016). "Ladakh: The Land Beyond". Buceros. Vol.21, Issue 3: 6–15. {{cite journal}}: |volume= has extra text (help)
  17. ^ "Schizopygopsis stoliczkae". China Animal Scientific Database. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 22 September 2018.
  18. ^ "Racoma labiata". China Animal Scientific Database. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 22 September 2018.
  19. ^ Biksham Gujja; Archana Chatterjee; Parikshit Gautam; Pankaj Chandan (August 2003). "Wetlands and Lakes at the Top of the World". Mountain Research and Development. 23 (3). Bern, Switzerland: International Mountain Society: 219–221. doi:10.1659/0276-4741(2003)023[0219:WALATT]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 1994-7151. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |last-author-amp= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
  20. ^ 黄慧英 (4 August 2018). "一措再措 邂逅高原湖泊的绝美" (in Chinese). tibet.cn. Retrieved 22 September 2018.
  21. ^ Negi, S.S. (1 April 2002). Himalayan Rivers, Lakes and Glaciers. India: Indus Publishing Company. p. 152. ISBN 978-8185182612. Retrieved 12 September 2009.
  22. ^ Guruswamy, Mohan (January 2006). Emerging Trends in India-China Relations. India: Hope India Publications. p. 223. ISBN 9788178711010. Retrieved 12 September 2009.
  23. ^ Mohan Guruswamy. "No longer a Great Game". Centre for Policy Alternatives, India. Archived from the original on 16 October 2007.
  24. ^ Burkitt, Laurie; Scobell, Andrew; Wortzel, Larry M. (July 2003). The Lessons of History: The Chinese People's Liberation Army at 75 (PDF). Strategic Studies Institute. pp. 340–341. ISBN 1-58487-126-1.
  25. ^ Manu Pubby. "Pangong Lake is border flashpoint between India and China". New Delhi, India: The Indian Express Limited. Retrieved 24 June 2009.
  26. ^ Sultan Shahin. "Vajpayee claps with one hand on border dispute". Retrieved 24 June 2009.
  27. ^ Jonathan Holslag (2008). "China, India and the Military Security Dilemma, Vol 3(5)" (PDF). Brussels Institute of Contemporary China Studies (BICCS). Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 June 2011. Retrieved 24 June 2009. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  28. ^ 中共與印度邊境衝突！150士兵互毆10多人掛彩. New Tang Dynasty Television (in Traditional Chinese). 11 May 2020. Retrieved 16 May 2020.
  29. ^ a b 費風 (11 May 2020). 中印邊境再爆衝突 150士兵毆鬥釀12傷. Hong Kong Economic Times (in Traditional Chinese). Retrieved 16 May 2020. 消息指，第一起事件發生於5月5日至6日，在中印邊境的班公錯湖（Pangong Tso ）地區，當時解放軍的「侵略性巡邏」（aggressive patrolling）被印度軍方阻攔。「結果發生了混亂，雙方都有一些士兵受傷。」{...}2017年8月，兩國軍隊曾於拉達克地區班公湖附近爆發衝突，當時雙方擲石攻擊對方，雙方均有人受傷，最終兩軍在半小時後退回各自據點。
  30. ^ Sushant Singh (20 May 2020). "India-China conflict in Ladakh: The importance of the Pangong Tso lake". The Indian Express. Retrieved 21 May 2020.
  31. ^ "Indian, Chinese Troops Face-off in Ladakh Ahead of Modi-Xi Summit, Army Says Tension De-escalated". CNN-News18. 12 September 2019. Retrieved 12 May 2020.
  32. ^ Chang Ya-Han 張雅涵, ed. (10 March 2020). 中國在西藏地區軍演頻繁 牽動中印未來危機應對. Radio Taiwan International (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Retrieved 16 May 2020.
  33. ^ Dinakar Peri (10 May 2020). "Indian, Chinese troops face off in Eastern Ladakh, Sikkim". The Hindu. Retrieved 13 May 2020.
  34. ^ "Chinese military bolsters troops in Aksai Chin region in Sino-India border: Report". The Economic Times. 19 May 2020. Retrieved 19 May 2020. On May 5, around 250 Indian and Chinese army personnel clashed in Pangong Tso lake area in Eastern Ladakh.
  35. ^ "Chinese, Indian troops engage in border conflicts". Taiwan News. 25 May 2020. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
  36. ^ 'All-out combat' feared as India, China engage in border standoff
  37. ^ "As tourism grows, so does trash in Ladakh's Pangong Lake".
  38. ^ "BT Exclusive: First look of Divya Khosla Kumar's 'Sanam Re'".

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