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{{Infobox temple
{{Infobox temple
| name = Tirumala Venkateswara Temple
| name = Tirumala Venkateswara Temple
తిరుమల వెంకటేశ్వర దేవాలయము
| image = Tirumala gopurams.JPG
| image = Tirumala gopurams.JPG
| image_size =
| image_size =
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| coordinates_region = IN
| coordinates_region = IN
| coordinates_display= title
| coordinates_display= title
| proper_name = Tirumala Venkateswara Devasthanam
| proper_name = Tirumalai Venkateswara Koil
| devanagari =
| devanagari =
| telugu = తిరుమల వెంకటేశ్వర దేవాలయము
| telugu = తిరుమల వెంకటేశ్వర దేవాలయము
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| worship_mode = [[Vaikhanasa]]
| worship_mode = [[Vaikhanasa]]
| important_festivals= [[Brahmotsavam]], [[Vaikunta Ekadasi#In Tirumala|Vaikunta Ekadasi]], [[Ratha Saptami#In Tirumala|Ratha Saptami]]
| important_festivals= [[Brahmotsavam]], [[Vaikunta Ekadasi#In Tirumala|Vaikunta Ekadasi]], [[Ratha Saptami#In Tirumala|Ratha Saptami]]
| architecture = [[Dravidian architecture]]
| architecture = [[Dravidian architecture]] ([[Koil]])
| number_of_temples =
| number_of_temples =
| number_of_monuments=
| number_of_monuments=
| inscriptions =
| inscriptions =
| date_built = Earliest records date to 300 BC (probable)
| date_built = Earliest records date to 300 BC (probable)
| creator = Thondaiman Choza King
| temple_board = [[Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams]]
| temple_board = [[Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams]]
| website = [http://www.tirumala.org/ tirumala.org]
| website = [http://www.tirumala.org/ tirumala.org]
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{{Hinduism small}}
{{Hinduism small}}


'''Tirumala Venkateswara Temple''' ([[Telugu language|Telugu]]: తిరుమల వెంకటేశ్వర దేవాలయము,{{lang-ta|திருமலை திருப்பதி கோவில்}};<ref>[http://books.google.co.in/books?id=_fi1AAAAIAAJ&q=tirupathi+tamil+name&dq=tirupathi+tamil+name&hl=en&sa=X&ei=BFUFT_n6N4G0rAe3nv3YDw&ved=0CFwQ6AEwBA Pg.12, Growth and development of Tirumala-Tirupati as a dimension of Indian civilization, by Thalapaneni Subramanyam Naidu; Publishers:Anthropological Survey of India, Ministry of Human Resource Development, Dept. of Culture, Govt. of India, 1990]</ref><ref>[http://books.google.co.in/books?ei=4FMFT7bhMobWrQe46-DvDw&id=KnXXAAAAMAAJ&dq=tirupati+tirumala+tamil+name&q=tamil+deity#search_anchor Pg VIII, Balaji-Venkateshwara, Lord of Tirumala-Tirupati:an introduction, by Nanditha Krishna; Publishers:Vakils Feffer & Simons. ''The online book source says that ''Tirupathi Balaji is a tamil deity''.]</ref> ) is a [[Hindu temple]] in the hill town of [[Tirumala]], near [[Tirupati (city)|Tirupati]] in the [[Chittoor district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is around {{convert|150|km|mi|abbr=on}} from [[Chennai]], {{convert|500|km|mi|abbr=on}} from [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], and {{convert|250|km|mi|abbr=on}} from [[Bangalore]].
'''Tirumala Venkateswara Temple''' ({{lang-ta|திருமலை திருப்பதி கோவில்}};<ref>[http://books.google.co.in/books?id=_fi1AAAAIAAJ&q=tirupathi+tamil+name&dq=tirupathi+tamil+name&hl=en&sa=X&ei=BFUFT_n6N4G0rAe3nv3YDw&ved=0CFwQ6AEwBA Pg.12, Growth and development of Tirumala-Tirupati as a dimension of Indian civilization, by Thalapaneni Subramanyam Naidu; Publishers:Anthropological Survey of India, Ministry of Human Resource Development, Dept. of Culture, Govt. of India, 1990]</ref><ref>[http://books.google.co.in/books?ei=4FMFT7bhMobWrQe46-DvDw&id=KnXXAAAAMAAJ&dq=tirupati+tirumala+tamil+name&q=tamil+deity#search_anchor Pg VIII, Balaji-Venkateshwara, Lord of Tirumala-Tirupati:an introduction, by Nanditha Krishna; Publishers:Vakils Feffer & Simons. ''The online book source says that ''Tirupathi Balaji is a tamil deity''.]</ref> [[Telugu language|Telugu]]: తిరుమల వెంకటేశ్వర దేవాలయము) is a [[Hindu temple]] in the hill town of [[Tirumala]], near [[Tirupati (city)|Tirupati]] in the [[Chittoor district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]], earlier in [[Madras Presidency]]. It is around {{convert|150|km|mi|abbr=on}} from [[Chennai]], {{convert|500|km|mi|abbr=on}} from [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], and {{convert|250|km|mi|abbr=on}} from [[Bangalore]].


The Tirumala Hill is 853m above sea level and is about {{convert|10.33|sqmi|km2|0}} in area. It comprises seven peaks, representing the seven heads of [[Adisesha]], thus earning the name Seshachalam. The seven peaks are called Seshadri, Neeladri, Garudadri, Anjanadri, Vrushabhadri, Narayanadri, and Venkatadri. The temple is on Venkatadri (also known as Venkatachala or Venkata Hill), the seventh peak, and is also known as the "Temple of Seven Hills". The presiding [[deity]] of the temple is Lord [[Venkateswara]], a form of the [[Hindu]] god [[Vishnu]]. Venkateswara is known by other names: Balaji, Govinda, and Srinivasa.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.tirumala.org/maintemple_about.htm| title=Tirumala Temple| accessdate=2007-09-13}}</ref> The temple lies on the southern banks of Sri Swami Pushkarini, a holy water tank. The temple complex comprises a traditional temple building, with a number of modern queue and pilgrim lodging sites.
The Tirumala Hill is 853m above sea level and is about {{convert|10.33|sqmi|km2|0}} in area. It comprises seven peaks, representing the seven heads of [[Adisesha]], thus earning the name Seshachalam. The seven peaks are called Seshadri, Neeladri, Garudadri, Anjanadri, Vrushabhadri, Narayanadri, and Venkatadri. The temple is on Venkatadri (also known as Venkatachala or Venkata Hill), the seventh peak, and is also known as the "Temple of Seven Hills" (''Saptagiri'' सप्तगिरी in [[Sanskrit]],''Ezhumalai'' ஏழுமலை in [[Tamil language|Tamil]]). The presiding [[deity]] of the temple is Lord [[Venkateswara]], a form of the [[Hindu]] god [[Vishnu]]. Venkateswara is known by other names: Balaji, Govinda, and Srinivasa.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.tirumala.org/maintemple_about.htm| title=Tirumala Temple| accessdate=2007-09-13}}</ref> The temple lies on the southern banks of Sri Swami Pushkarini, a holy water tank. The temple complex comprises a traditional temple building, with a number of modern queue and pilgrim lodging sites.


The temple is the richest pilgrimage center, after the [[Sree Padmanabhaswamy Temple]] in [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]], of any faith (at more than {{INR}} 50,000 [[crore]]<ref>{{cite news| url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-07-04/news/29736041_1_ancient-temple-deity-coins | work=The Times Of India | title=Kerala's Padmanabha Swami Temple richest in the country with treasure worth Rs 1 lakh crore; overtakes Tirupati}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/features/in-pics-who-isrichest-lordthem-all_562331-1.html#art_slide|title=Richest Temples |publisher=moneycontroll.com |date= |accessdate=2011-07-06}}</ref>) and the most-visited place of worship in the world.<ref name="ndtv">{{cite web | url=http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20070026005| title=NDTV Report | accessdate=2007-09-13}}</ref><ref name="CSHindu">{{cite book|last1=Sivaratnam |first1=C|year=1964 |title=An Outline of the Cultural History and Principles of Hinduism |publisher= Stangard Printers|location=Colombo|edition=1|oclc=12240260|url= |doi=|quote=Koneswaram temple. Tiru-Kona-malai, sacred mountain of Kona or Koneser, Iswara or Siva. The date of building the original temple is given as 1580 BCE according to a Tamil poem by Kavi Raja Virothayan translated into English in 1831 by Simon Cassie Chitty ... }}</ref><ref name="HLtoSL">{{cite book |last1=Ramachandran |first1=Nirmala|year=2004 |title=The Hindu legacy to Sri Lanka|journal= |publisher=Stamford Lake (Pvt.) Ltd. 2004 |location=Pannapitiya|volume=|issue= |pages= |oclc=230674424|isbn=9558733970 9789558733974|url= |doi=|quote= Portuguese writer De Queyroz compares Konesvaram to the famous Hindu temples in Rameswaram, [[Ekambareswarar Temple|Kanchipuram]], Tirupatti-Tirumalai, Jagannath and Vaijayanthi and concludes that while these latter temples were well visited by the Hindus, the former had surpassed all the latter temples by the early 1600s}}</ref> The temple is visited by about 50,000 to 100,000 pilgrims daily (30 to 40 million people annually on average), while on special occasions and festivals, like the annual [[Brahmotsavam]], the number of pilgrims shoots up to 500,000, making it the most-visited holy place in the world.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/2003/09/30/stories/2003093003080300.htm | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | title=Ghazal programme at Tirumala temple | date=30 September 2003}}</ref>
The temple is the richest pilgrimage center, after the [[Sree Padmanabhaswamy Temple]] in [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]], of any faith (at more than {{INR}} 50,000 [[crore]]<ref>{{cite news| url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-07-04/news/29736041_1_ancient-temple-deity-coins | work=The Times Of India | title=Kerala's Padmanabha Swami Temple richest in the country with treasure worth Rs 1 lakh crore; overtakes Tirupati}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/features/in-pics-who-isrichest-lordthem-all_562331-1.html#art_slide|title=Richest Temples |publisher=moneycontroll.com |date= |accessdate=2011-07-06}}</ref>) and the most-visited place of worship in the world.<ref name="ndtv">{{cite web | url=http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20070026005| title=NDTV Report | accessdate=2007-09-13}}</ref><ref name="CSHindu">{{cite book|last1=Sivaratnam |first1=C|year=1964 |title=An Outline of the Cultural History and Principles of Hinduism |publisher= Stangard Printers|location=Colombo|edition=1|oclc=12240260|url= |doi=|quote=Koneswaram temple. Tiru-Kona-malai, sacred mountain of Kona or Koneser, Iswara or Siva. The date of building the original temple is given as 1580 BCE according to a Tamil poem by Kavi Raja Virothayan translated into English in 1831 by Simon Cassie Chitty ... }}</ref><ref name="HLtoSL">{{cite book |last1=Ramachandran |first1=Nirmala|year=2004 |title=The Hindu legacy to Sri Lanka|journal= |publisher=Stamford Lake (Pvt.) Ltd. 2004 |location=Pannapitiya|volume=|issue= |pages= |oclc=230674424|isbn=9558733970 9789558733974|url= |doi=|quote= Portuguese writer De Queyroz compares Konesvaram to the famous Hindu temples in Rameswaram, [[Ekambareswarar Temple|Kanchipuram]], Tirupatti-Tirumalai, Jagannath and Vaijayanthi and concludes that while these latter temples were well visited by the Hindus, the former had surpassed all the latter temples by the early 1600s}}</ref> The temple is visited by about 50,000 to 100,000 pilgrims daily (30 to 40 million people annually on average), while on special occasions and festivals, like the annual [[Brahmotsavam]], the number of pilgrims shoots up to 500,000, making it the most-visited holy place in the world.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/2003/09/30/stories/2003093003080300.htm | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | title=Ghazal programme at Tirumala temple | date=30 September 2003}}</ref>


There are several [[Legend of Tirumala|legends]] associated with the manifestation of the Lord in Tirumala. According to one legend, the temple has a [[murti]] (deity) of Lord Venkateswara, which it is believed shall remain here for the entire duration of the present [[Kali Yuga]].
There are several [[Legend of Tirumala|legends]] associated with the manifestation of the Lord in Tirumala. According to one legend, the temple has a [[murti]] (deity) of Lord Venkateswara, which it is believed shall remain here for the entire duration of the present [[Kali Yuga]]. Tirumala has remained a highly frequented pilgrimage site in [[Tamilakam]] throughout most of its history and was a principle temple in the country of [[Tondai Nadu]] before the territory was transferred to [[Andhra Pradesh]] in the 20th century CE<ref>[[A. R. Venkatachalapathy|Venkatachalapathy, A.R]] "[http://www.amazon.com/dp/8185026742 Chennai, Not Madras: Perspectives on the City]" , Marg Publications, Mumbai , ISBN 8185026742 ISBN 978-8185026749 pp. 9–18.</ref>. Almost all the epigraphs of the temple are in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and interspersed with Grantha characters (about 1157). 50 inscriptions are in [[Kannada]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]] by [[Krishnadevaraya]].<ref>http://www.tirumala.org/sapthagiri/122002/epic.htm {{WebCite|url=http://www.webcitation.org/1312942907210923|date=August 10, 2011}}<!--DashBotWC--></ref>

==Etymology==
==Etymology==
Tiru means holy/divine, malai means hills/mountain. Therefore it translates as Holy mountains.
Both the names Tirumalai and Tirupati have roots in Tamil language. Tiru (திரு) means holy/divine, malai (மலை) means hills/mountain. Therefore it translates as Holy mountains. After merger with Andhra Pradesh, the name has been changed to the Telugu derivative Tirumala (తిరుమల). As regards Tirupati, Tiru (திரு) means holy/divine, pati (பதி) means town/city and translates as Holy city.


==History of the temple==
==History of the temple==
===Ancient history===
In the [[Dvapara Yuga]], the hill was known by the name of Sheshachala or Sheshadri. The place was known as Venkatachala for centuries; it is believed that this name was given by [[Lord Brahma]]. Ancient [[ Tamil language|Tamil]] literary works [[Silappatikaram]] and [[Manimekalai]] refer to this place as ''Thiruvengadam''. "Ven" means "sin" and "Kata" means "destroyed or burnt". Therefore the name means that a person who worships there will get cleansed of all sins.

A [[Thondaiman]] ruler of ancient [[Tondai Nadu]] is believed to have first built the temple after visualizing Lord Vishnu in a dream. He built the [[Gopuram]] and the Prakhara, and arranged for regular prayers to be conducted in the temple. Later on, the [[Chola Dynasty]] (300 BC–1279) vastly improved the temple and gave rich endowments.

===Medieval history===
===Medieval history===
The [[Pallavas]] of [[Kanchipuram]] (9th century AD), the Cholas of [[Tanjore]] (10th century), and [[Vijayanagara]] [[pradhan]]s (14th and 15th centuries) were committed devotees of Lord Venkateswara. During the invasion of [[Srirangam]] by [[Malik Kafur]] in 1310-11 AD, the [[Ranga Mandapam]] of the temple served as the shelter for the presiding deity of [[Srirangam]], [[Ranganatha Swamy]]. Later, under the rule of the Vijayanagara emperors, was when the temple gained most of its current wealth and size, with the donation of diamonds and gold.<ref name = 'Tirumalatemple'>{{cite book |author=Dr. N.Ramesan|title=The Tirumala Temple |year=1981 |publisher=Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams|location=Tirumala}}</ref> In 1517 Vijayanagara ruler [[Krishnadevaraya|Sri Krishna Deva Raya]], on one of his many visits to the temple, donated gold and jewels, enabling the [[Vimana]] (inner shrine) roofing to be gilded. Statues of Sri Krishna Deva Raya and his spouse stand in the premises of the temple. After the decline of Vijayanagara Empire, kings from states such as [[Mysore]] and [[Gadwal]] worshiped as pilgrims and gave ornaments and valuables to the temple. [[Maratha]] general [[Raghoji I Bhonsle]] (died 1755) visited the temple and set up a permanent administration for the conduct of worship in the temple.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.tirumala.org/maintemple_history.htm| title=Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams: Temple History|accessdate=2011-07-15}}</ref> There is an idol of Raja Todar Mal who was the revenue minister of Akbar, greeting pilgrims in the premises of the temple.
The [[Pallavas]] of [[Kanchipuram]] (9th century AD), the Cholas of [[Tanjore]] (10th century), and [[Vijayanagara]] [[pradhan]]s (14th and 15th centuries) were committed devotees of Lord Venkateswara. During the invasion of [[Srirangam]] by [[Malik Kafur]] in 1310-11 AD, the [[Ranga Mandapam]] of the temple served as the shelter for the presiding deity of [[Srirangam]], [[Ranganatha Swamy]]. Later, under the rule of the Vijayanagara emperors, was when the temple gained most of its current wealth and size, with the donation of diamonds and gold.<ref name = 'Tirumalatemple'>{{cite book |author=Dr. N.Ramesan|title=The Tirumala Temple |year=1981 |publisher=Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams|location=Tirumala}}</ref> In 1517 Vijayanagara ruler [[Krishnadevaraya|Sri Krishna Deva Raya]], on one of his many visits to the temple, donated gold and jewels, enabling the [[Vimana]] (inner shrine) roofing to be gilded. Statues of Sri Krishna Deva Raya and his spouse stand in the premises of the temple. After the decline of Vijayanagara Empire, kings from states such as [[Mysore]] and [[Gadwal]] worshiped as pilgrims and gave ornaments and valuables to the temple. [[Maratha]] general [[Raghoji I Bhonsle]] (died 1755) visited the temple and set up a permanent administration for the conduct of worship in the temple.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.tirumala.org/maintemple_history.htm| title=Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams: Temple History|accessdate=2011-07-15}}</ref> There is an idol of Raja Todar Mal who was the revenue minister of Akbar, greeting pilgrims in the premises of the temple.
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For worshippers, the deity Venkateswara symbolises [[sattva|goodness]]. When people travel to Tirupati, they chant the [[mantra]] ''Yedu Kondala Vada Venkataramana [[Govinda]] Govinda'' (in [[Telugu language|Telugu]]) or ''Om namo narayanaaya'' or ''Om Sri Venkatesaya Namah'' (in [[Sanskrit]]). Lord Venkateswara is believed by followers to be a very merciful form of Vishnu, being the fulfiller of every wish made to him by the devotees.
For worshippers, the deity Venkateswara symbolises [[sattva|goodness]]. When people travel to Tirupati, they chant the [[mantra]] ''Yedu Kondala Vada Venkataramana [[Govinda]] Govinda'' (in [[Telugu language|Telugu]]) or ''Om namo narayanaaya'' or ''Om Sri Venkatesaya Namah'' (in [[Sanskrit]]). Lord Venkateswara is believed by followers to be a very merciful form of Vishnu, being the fulfiller of every wish made to him by the devotees.


Several composers composed beautiful kirtanas about Lord Venkateswara, the most notable amongst them being [[Tyagaraja]] and [[Annamacharya]], who composed mostly in Telugu. [[Annamacharya]] (1408–1503) was a legendary devotee of Lord Venkateswara and composed songs almost exclusively about the deity.
The Venkateswara Suprabhatam, the morning recital of prayers and songs of awakening, was written by Prathivadhi Bhayankaram Annangaracharya of Kanchipuram and sung by M. S. Subbulakshmi.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2004/07/02/stories/2004070202380400.htm | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | title=Melakartha guide | date=2 July 2004}}</ref> Several composers composed beautiful kirtanas about Lord Venkateswara, the most notable amongst them being [[Tyagaraja]] and [[Annamacharya]], who composed mostly in Telugu. [[Annamacharya]] (1408–1503) was a legendary devotee of Lord Venkateswara and composed songs almost exclusively about the deity.


Lord Vishnu is worshiped in the Temple as per [[Vaikhanasa]] traditions. The ancient texts of the sage [[Marichi]] (the ''Bhagvad Shastram'' and ''Vimanarchana Kalpam'') state that Lord Vishnu here should be worshipped six times a day.
Lord Vishnu is worshiped in the Temple as per [[Vaikhanasa]] traditions. The ancient texts of the sage [[Marichi]] (the ''Bhagvad Shastram'' and ''Vimanarchana Kalpam'') state that Lord Vishnu here should be worshipped six times a day.
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===Prasadam===
===Prasadam===
Laddu is the world famous [[prasadam]] given at Tirumala Temple.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Cities/Patna/Record_sale_of_Tirupati_laddoos/articleshow/2009475.cms | work=The Times of India | title=Record sale of Tirupati laddoos | date=7 May 2007}}</ref> Recently the Trust has taken copy right of Laddu prasaddam, hence, no one can prepare the same Laddu. Many other prasadams are also available including daddojanam (curd rice), pulihora (tamarind rice), vada and chakkera-pongali (sweet pongal), miryala-pongali, Appam, Paayasam, Jilebi, Muruku, Dosa, seera (kesari). Free meals are given daily to the pilgrims. On Thursdays, the Tirupavadai seva occurs, where food items are kept for naivedyam to Lord Srinivasa.
Laddu is the world famous [[prasadam]] given at Tirumala Temple.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Cities/Patna/Record_sale_of_Tirupati_laddoos/articleshow/2009475.cms | work=The Times of India | title=Record sale of Tirupati laddoos | date=7 May 2007}}</ref> Recently the Trust has taken copy right of Laddu prasaddam, hence, no one can prepare the same Laddu. Many other prasadams are also available including daddojanam (curd rice), pulihora (tamarind rice), vada and chakkera-pongali (sweet pongal), miryala-pongali, Appam, Paayasam, Jilebi, Muruku, Dosa, seera (kesari). Free meals are given daily to the pilgrims. On Thursdays, the Tirupavadai seva occurs, where food items are kept for naivedyam to Lord Srinivasa.

====Tirupati Laddu Prasadam and GI controversy====

The grant of [[Geographical Indication]] tag to Tirupati laddu by [[Indian Patent Office]] in 2009 raised many eyebrows, as it paves the way for enhanced commercialization of faith. The patent grant became a controversy soon. [[R S Praveen Raj|R.S. Praveen Raj]], a scientist and IPR expert from Kerala filed a Public Interest Litigation (PIL) in the Supreme Court seeking cancellation of GI tag to Tirupati laddu<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/uncategorized/apex-court-contends-with-lawsuit-on-tirupati-laddoo_100257977.html |title=Apex court contends with lawsuit on Tirupati laddoo |publisher=Thaindian.com |date=2009-10-08 |accessdate=2011-04-04}}</ref> but withdrew the same as a similar public interest petition was filed before the [[Madras High Court]] by another.<ref>[http://www.deccanchronicle.com/chennai/tirupati-laddu-gi-challenged-692 ]{{dead link|date=April 2011}}</ref> Later, Madras High Court dismissed the petition<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/74173/gi-tag-tirupati-laddu-madras.html |title=GI tag for Tirupati laddu: Madras HC dismisses petition |publisher=Deccanherald.com |date=2010-06-08 |accessdate=2011-04-04}}</ref> on the ground that there already existed an alternate and efficacious remedy, in the form of rectification plea before the Registrar of GIs or the Intellectual Property Appellate Board (IPAB). The scientist, who had earlier filed the PIL in Supreme Court, then petitioned IPAB requesting it to initiate an action on its own will (suo motu) for the cancellation of GI status to the Tiruppathi laddu. But IPAB wrote back to him stating that it had no such power to act on its own volition. The scientist was not in a mood to give it up. Of late, he has registered an application with the GI Registry<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2010/10/26/stories/2010102651442100.htm |title=Registry moved for removal of GI tag for 'Tirupati Laddu' |publisher=The Hindu Business Line |date=2010-10-26 |accessdate=2011-04-04}}</ref> seeking removal of the entry pertaining to ‘Tirupati Laddu' from the GI Register.


===Hair tonsuring===
===Hair tonsuring===
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[[Image:TirumalaFunction.jpg|thumb|150px|right|Elephants marching during a festival at Tirumala]]
[[Image:TirumalaFunction.jpg|thumb|150px|right|Elephants marching during a festival at Tirumala]]
The town celebrates most Vaishnava festivals, including [[Vaikunta Ekadasi#In Tirumala|Vaikuntha Ekadasi]], [[Rama Navami]], and [[Janmashtami]] with great splendor, while the [[Brahmotsavam]] celebrated every year during September is the most important festival in Tirumala. The temple receives millions of devotees over the short span of a week. Other major festivals include [[Vasanthotsavam]] (spring festival), conducted in March–April, and [[Rathasapthami#In Tirumala|Rathasapthami]] (Magha Shuddha Saptami), celebrated in February, when Lord Venkateswara's deity is taken on procession around the temple chariots.
The town celebrates most Vaishnava festivals, including [[Vaikunta Ekadasi#In Tirumala|Vaikuntha Ekadasi]], [[Rama Navami]], and [[Janmashtami]] with great splendor, while the [[Brahmotsavam]] celebrated every year during September is the most important festival in Tirumala. The temple receives millions of devotees over the short span of a week. Other major festivals include [[Vasanthotsavam]] (spring festival), conducted in March–April, and [[Rathasapthami#In Tirumala|Rathasapthami]] (Magha Shuddha Saptami), celebrated in February, when Lord Venkateswara's deity is taken on procession around the temple chariots.

==Related Temples==
Tirupati is one of the [[Divya Desams]] a group of 108 holy temples in the [[Vaishnavite]] system. Ancient Hindu kings were extremely devout and patronised the arts. The ancient Vaishnavaites did not want their religion to fade out with time, so the temple at Thirupathi was part of a plan: they built many temples across South India. These temples collectively became known as the Divya Desams. These temples are acclaimed for their historical and architectural significance. Encouraged by the Vaishnavaite saints and scholars, ancient kings built, maintained, and donated large sums of money for the upkeep of these temples. [[Uppiliappan temple]], [[Thiruvanthipuram temple]] Vaishanva Hindu Temple in Cuddalore, and Varagur temple, near [[Kumbakonam]] are considered to be the "divine brothers" of Lord Venkateswara.

Traditionally Kurubas build temples on top of the mountains and worshiped the Almighty.

The Ancient temples in the near vicinity of [[Tirupati]] which were built around the same period as the [[Sri Venkateswara Temple]] ([[Tirumala]]) are listed below. All these temples are built in the same style, the [[Dravidian]] [[Koil]] architecture of the [[Cholas]], with inscriptions on the temple walls in [[Old Tamil]] with its distinctly two-tense style of past and non-past, with differentiation between present-tense and future-tense left to the reader's intuition based on the context of a sentence. All these ancient temples listed below, and many others, along with the [[Tirumala]] temple, form the [[Divyadesam]] group of temples as envisaged by the [[Sri Vaishnava]] saints who patronized them.

# [[Thiruevvul]] ([[Thiruevvul|Veera Raghava Swamy Temple]]), [[Thiruvallur]].
# [[Ramapuram]] ([[Ramapuram Narasimhar|Lakshmi Narasimhar Temple]]), [[Chennai]].
# [[Thiruninravur]] ([[Bakthavatsala Perumal Temple]]), [[Chennai]].
# [[Thiruputkuzhi]] This temple can be seen by the side of the highway midway between [[Chennai]] and [[Vellore]]. It is claimed that this is the site where Lord Rama found the dying [[Jatayu (Ramayana)|Jatayu]], after its battle with [[Ravana]] to rescue [[Sita]].
# [[Thiruneermalai]] ([[Neervanna Perumal Temple]]), [[Thiruneermalai]] village, [[Pallavaram]], [[Chennai]].
# [[Thiruvidandai]] ([[Nithya Kalyana Perumal Temple]]), [[Thiruvidanthai]], [[Chennai]].
# [[Triplicane|Thiruvallikeni]] ([[Parthasarathy Temple]]), [[Mylapore]] (now within the city of [[Chennai]]).
# [[Thirukadalmallai]] (Sthalasayana Perumal Temple), [[Mahabalipuram]].
# [[Thirukkadigai]]/[[Sholingur]], near [[Arakkonam]].


==Nearby temples==
==Nearby temples==
Line 170: Line 195:
* [[Hatheramji]]
* [[Hatheramji]]
* [[Tarigonda Vengamamba]]
* [[Tarigonda Vengamamba]]
* [[Thiru kacchi Nambi]]
* [[Kuruvarthi Nambi]]


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 14:10, 31 January 2012

Tirumala Venkateswara Temple
Religion
AffiliationHinduism
DistrictChittoor
Governing bodyTirumala Tirupati Devasthanams
Location
LocationTirupati
StateAndhra Pradesh
CountryIndia
Architecture
TypeDravidian architecture (Koil)
CreatorThondaiman Choza King
Website
tirumala.org
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Tirumala Venkateswara Temple (Tamil: திருமலை திருப்பதி கோவில்;[1][2] Telugu: తిరుమల వెంకటేశ్వర దేవాలయము) is a Hindu temple in the hill town of Tirumala, near Tirupati in the Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh, earlier in Madras Presidency. It is around 150 km (93 mi) from Chennai, 500 km (310 mi) from Hyderabad, and 250 km (160 mi) from Bangalore.

The Tirumala Hill is 853m above sea level and is about 10.33 square miles (27 km2) in area. It comprises seven peaks, representing the seven heads of Adisesha, thus earning the name Seshachalam. The seven peaks are called Seshadri, Neeladri, Garudadri, Anjanadri, Vrushabhadri, Narayanadri, and Venkatadri. The temple is on Venkatadri (also known as Venkatachala or Venkata Hill), the seventh peak, and is also known as the "Temple of Seven Hills" (Saptagiri सप्तगिरी in Sanskrit,Ezhumalai ஏழுமலை in Tamil). The presiding deity of the temple is Lord Venkateswara, a form of the Hindu god Vishnu. Venkateswara is known by other names: Balaji, Govinda, and Srinivasa.[3] The temple lies on the southern banks of Sri Swami Pushkarini, a holy water tank. The temple complex comprises a traditional temple building, with a number of modern queue and pilgrim lodging sites.

The temple is the richest pilgrimage center, after the Sree Padmanabhaswamy Temple in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, of any faith (at more than ₹ 50,000 crore[4][5]) and the most-visited place of worship in the world.[6][7][8] The temple is visited by about 50,000 to 100,000 pilgrims daily (30 to 40 million people annually on average), while on special occasions and festivals, like the annual Brahmotsavam, the number of pilgrims shoots up to 500,000, making it the most-visited holy place in the world.[9]

There are several legends associated with the manifestation of the Lord in Tirumala. According to one legend, the temple has a murti (deity) of Lord Venkateswara, which it is believed shall remain here for the entire duration of the present Kali Yuga. Tirumala has remained a highly frequented pilgrimage site in Tamilakam throughout most of its history and was a principle temple in the country of Tondai Nadu before the territory was transferred to Andhra Pradesh in the 20th century CE[10]. Almost all the epigraphs of the temple are in Tamil and interspersed with Grantha characters (about 1157). 50 inscriptions are in Kannada and Telugu by Krishnadevaraya.[11]

Etymology

Both the names Tirumalai and Tirupati have roots in Tamil language. Tiru (திரு) means holy/divine, malai (மலை) means hills/mountain. Therefore it translates as Holy mountains. After merger with Andhra Pradesh, the name has been changed to the Telugu derivative Tirumala (తిరుమల). As regards Tirupati, Tiru (திரு) means holy/divine, pati (பதி) means town/city and translates as Holy city.

History of the temple

Ancient history

In the Dvapara Yuga, the hill was known by the name of Sheshachala or Sheshadri. The place was known as Venkatachala for centuries; it is believed that this name was given by Lord Brahma. Ancient Tamil literary works Silappatikaram and Manimekalai refer to this place as Thiruvengadam. "Ven" means "sin" and "Kata" means "destroyed or burnt". Therefore the name means that a person who worships there will get cleansed of all sins.

A Thondaiman ruler of ancient Tondai Nadu is believed to have first built the temple after visualizing Lord Vishnu in a dream. He built the Gopuram and the Prakhara, and arranged for regular prayers to be conducted in the temple. Later on, the Chola Dynasty (300 BC–1279) vastly improved the temple and gave rich endowments.

Medieval history

The Pallavas of Kanchipuram (9th century AD), the Cholas of Tanjore (10th century), and Vijayanagara pradhans (14th and 15th centuries) were committed devotees of Lord Venkateswara. During the invasion of Srirangam by Malik Kafur in 1310-11 AD, the Ranga Mandapam of the temple served as the shelter for the presiding deity of Srirangam, Ranganatha Swamy. Later, under the rule of the Vijayanagara emperors, was when the temple gained most of its current wealth and size, with the donation of diamonds and gold.[12] In 1517 Vijayanagara ruler Sri Krishna Deva Raya, on one of his many visits to the temple, donated gold and jewels, enabling the Vimana (inner shrine) roofing to be gilded. Statues of Sri Krishna Deva Raya and his spouse stand in the premises of the temple. After the decline of Vijayanagara Empire, kings from states such as Mysore and Gadwal worshiped as pilgrims and gave ornaments and valuables to the temple. Maratha general Raghoji I Bhonsle (died 1755) visited the temple and set up a permanent administration for the conduct of worship in the temple.[13] There is an idol of Raja Todar Mal who was the revenue minister of Akbar, greeting pilgrims in the premises of the temple.

Modern history

Main article: Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams
Swami Pushkarni of Tirumala

In 1843, with the coming of the Madras Presidency, the administration of the Sri Venkateswara Temple and a number of shrines was entrusted to Seva Dossji of the Hathiramji Mutt at Tirumala as Vicaranakarta for nearly a century until the Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams (TTD) was established as a result of the TTD Act in 1932 by Madras Presidency. After independence Andhra has been created by removing some districts from Madras Presidency.

TTD is operated by a Board of Trustees that has increased in size from five (1951) to fifteen (1987) through the adoption of Acts. The daily operation and management of TTD is the responsibility of an executive officer who is appointed by the government of Andhra Pradesh.

The temple attracts approximately 75,000 pilgrims every day.[14] The annual budget, estimated at Rs 10 billion in 2008, iferer: http://en.wikipedia.org/wD runs charitable trusts whose funds are derived from the budget and donations from the devotees.[15]

Vimanam

Tirumala Temple and Vaikuntam Queue Complex (semicircular building in the foreground) as seen from Srivari Padalu on Narayanagiri hill

The vimanam is a monumental tower with a golden roof. Its inner temple or vimanam houses the main deity, Lord Sri Venkateswara. The deity stands directly beneath a gilt dome called the Ananda Nilaya Divya Vimana. This exquisitely wrought deity, called the Mulaberam, is believed to be self-manifested, and no human being is known to have installed it in the shrine. The Lord wears a gold crown with a large emerald embedded in the front. On special occasions, he is adorned with a diamond crown. The Lord has a thick double tilaka drawn on his forehead, which screens his eyes. His ears are decorated with golden earrings. His right hand is raised in a fist, which is decorated with a gem-set chakra; the left fist contains a Shankha (conch shell). The front right hand has its fingers pointing to his feet. His front left hand is akimbo. His body is dressed with yellow clothing tied with gold strioldid"

ls. He has a yajnopavita (sacred thread) flowing down crosswise from his left shoulder. He bears Sri Lakshmi Devi on his right chest and Sri Padmavathi Devi on his left chest. His feet are covered with gold frames and decked with gold anklets. A curved gold belt encompasses his legs. The Ananda Nilaya Divya Vimana was covered with gilt copper plates and surmounted with a golden vase in the 13th century, during the reign of the Vijayanagara king Yadava Raya.

Ramanuja

Ramanuja was the architect of Tirupati and the father of the Sri Vaishnava community there. He designed the flower gardens of the temple. He was responsible for managing the worship procedures and other affairs of the Sri Venkateswara temple. His shrine was built around the 13th century. It overlooks the western end of the Tirumamani Mandapam. There are two tall copper images of the Dvarapalas (door guardians) Jaya and Vijaya on either side of the door. The door is covered with gilt plates depicting the Dashavatara of Sri Maha Vishnu. The doorway is directly in line with the Padi Kavali and the Vendi Vakili. It admits pilgrims to the Snapana Mandapam. Suprabhatam is sung in front of this door. The Pandyan emblem of two fish and a hook is carved on the wall next to the entrance. The right hand of the stone image of Ramanuja is held in the gesture of exposition (vyakhyana mudra), and the left hand in the form of boon bestowal (varada hasta) or of holding a book (pustaka hasta). The shrine figures prominently during the festival of Adhyayanotsavam, which is a typical Pancharatra observance. Special worship is conducted in this shrine during Gandhapodi Utsavam and Bhashyakara Utsavam. The presiding deity of Ramanuja is taken in a grand procession to meet Malayappa near the Padi Kavali.

Deities in the temple

  1. Moolavirat or Dhruva Beram — The main stone deity of Lord Venkateshwara is called Dhruva Beram (beram means "deity", and dhruva means "pole star" or "fixed"). The deity is about 8 feet (2.4 m) from the toes to the top of the crown and is considered the main source of energy for the temple.
  2. Kautuka Beram or Bhoga Srinivasa — This is a tiny one-foot (0.3 m) silver deity, which was given to the temple in 614 AD by Pallava Queen Samavai Perindevi, and has never been removed from the temple from the day it was installed. This deity is popularly known as Bhoga Srinivasa, because it enjoys all the Bhoga (worldly pleasures) which the Moolavirat has. This deity sleeps in a golden cot every night and receives Sahasra Kalashabishekam every Wednesday. This deity is always placed near the left foot of Moolavirat and is always connected to the main deity by a holy Sambandha Kroocha. The deity is always faced at an angle of 45 degrees towards the devotees, because it holds a Prayoga ("ready to strike") Chakra.
  3. Snapana Beram or Ugra Srinivasa — This idol of the Lord represents the anger part of Lord Venkateshwara. He remains inside the sanctum sanctorum, and comes out on only one day each year: on Kaishika Dwadasi, before the sunrise. Snapana means "cleansing". The idol is cleansed daily with holy waters, milk, curds, ghee, sandalwood paste, turmeric, and so on.
  4. Utsava Beram — This is the form of the Lord which comes out of the temple to see the devotees. This deity is also called Malayappa, and its consorts are Sridevi and Bhudevi. These three deities were found in a cave called Malayappan Konai in the holy Tirumala Hills. Originally Ugra Srinivasa was the Utsava Beram (the procession deity), and frequently disastrous fires were happening whenever the deity was taken out for processions. People prayed to the Lord for a solution. The Lord appeared in dreams, and ordered the people to find a suitable set of idols hidden in the Holy Tirumala hills for the Utsavar (procession). The hunt began, and the villagers called the idol they found Malayappa, which means "king of the hills". After these idols were brought to the temple, the number of programmes increased to include Nitya Kalyanaotsavam, Sahasra Deepalankara Seva, Arjita Brahmotsavam, Nityaotsvam, Dolotsavam, and others. Jewels worth millions of rupees have been donated as offerings to these idols.
  5. Bali Beram or Koluvu Srinivasa — This silver idol resembles the main deity, and represents the presiding officer for all activities and rituals in the temple. The idol is also called Bali Beram. Koluvu Srinivasa is regarded as the guardian deity of the temple that presides over its financial and economic affairs. Daily offerings are made to the deity, with a presentation of accounts. There are also rituals performed in July each year, at the end of the fiscal year.

Worship

Tirumala Temple entrance

The names ascribed to the main deity are Balaji, Srinivasa, Venkateswara,Edukondalavadu(Lord of seven hills in Telugu) and Venkatachalapathyor Venkataramana. The goddess Sri or Lakshmi (Vishnu's consort) resides on the chest of Venkateswara; thus, he is also known by the epithet "Srinivasa" (the one in whom Sri resides). The goddesses Lakshmi and Padmavathi reside on either side of his chest. The deity is considered the Kali yuga varada, that is, 'the boon-granting Lord of Kali yuga'. (Kali yuga is the fourth and final age of the Hindu cycle of ages). The temple is held in particular reverence by the Vaishnava sect of southern India, known as the Sri Vaishnava.

For worshippers, the deity Venkateswara symbolises goodness. When people travel to Tirupati, they chant the mantra Yedu Kondala Vada Venkataramana Govinda Govinda (in Telugu) or Om namo narayanaaya or Om Sri Venkatesaya Namah (in Sanskrit). Lord Venkateswara is believed by followers to be a very merciful form of Vishnu, being the fulfiller of every wish made to him by the devotees.

The Venkateswara Suprabhatam, the morning recital of prayers and songs of awakening, was written by Prathivadhi Bhayankaram Annangaracharya of Kanchipuram and sung by M. S. Subbulakshmi.[16] Several composers composed beautiful kirtanas about Lord Venkateswara, the most notable amongst them being Tyagaraja and Annamacharya, who composed mostly in Telugu. Annamacharya (1408–1503) was a legendary devotee of Lord Venkateswara and composed songs almost exclusively about the deity.

Lord Vishnu is worshiped in the Temple as per Vaikhanasa traditions. The ancient texts of the sage Marichi (the Bhagvad Shastram and Vimanarchana Kalpam) state that Lord Vishnu here should be worshipped six times a day.

  1. UshaKala Aradhana — worship (or Aradhana) should start and finish before sunrise
  2. Prathakala Aradhana — worship should start after sunrise and finish before noon
  3. Madhyanika Aradhana — worship should start and finish at noon
  4. Aparahana Aradhana — worship should start when the sun starts to descend
  5. SandhyaKala Aradhana — worship should start and finish around the sunset
  6. Ardharatri Aradhana — worship should start after the horizon is completely dark

All the Aradhana is done by hereditary Vaikhanasa priests, who have performed the services for generations. Only these priests have the right to touch and offer services to the Lord. These set of Archakas are called Mirasidars (owners and shareholders of the temple). The four families of the Tirumala Temple which are in this Mirasi are the Gollapalli, Peddintti, Paidipalli, and Tirupathammagari family.

To assist the Archakas in temple work and rituals, Ramanuja established a Jeeyar Mattam, wherein this Mattam would take care of the temple work.

Temple activities

Prasadam

Laddu is the world famous prasadam given at Tirumala Temple.[17] Recently the Trust has taken copy right of Laddu prasaddam, hence, no one can prepare the same Laddu. Many other prasadams are also available including daddojanam (curd rice), pulihora (tamarind rice), vada and chakkera-pongali (sweet pongal), miryala-pongali, Appam, Paayasam, Jilebi, Muruku, Dosa, seera (kesari). Free meals are given daily to the pilgrims. On Thursdays, the Tirupavadai seva occurs, where food items are kept for naivedyam to Lord Srinivasa.

Tirupati Laddu Prasadam and GI controversy

The grant of Geographical Indication tag to Tirupati laddu by Indian Patent Office in 2009 raised many eyebrows, as it paves the way for enhanced commercialization of faith. The patent grant became a controversy soon. R.S. Praveen Raj, a scientist and IPR expert from Kerala filed a Public Interest Litigation (PIL) in the Supreme Court seeking cancellation of GI tag to Tirupati laddu[18] but withdrew the same as a similar public interest petition was filed before the Madras High Court by another.[19] Later, Madras High Court dismissed the petition[20] on the ground that there already existed an alternate and efficacious remedy, in the form of rectification plea before the Registrar of GIs or the Intellectual Property Appellate Board (IPAB). The scientist, who had earlier filed the PIL in Supreme Court, then petitioned IPAB requesting it to initiate an action on its own will (suo motu) for the cancellation of GI status to the Tiruppathi laddu. But IPAB wrote back to him stating that it had no such power to act on its own volition. The scientist was not in a mood to give it up. Of late, he has registered an application with the GI Registry[21] seeking removal of the entry pertaining to ‘Tirupati Laddu' from the GI Register.

Hair tonsuring

Many devotees have their head tonsured as an offer. The daily amount of hair collected is over a ton.[22] The hair thus gathered is sold by the temple organization a few times a year by public auction to international buyers for use as hair extensions and in cosmetics,[23] bringing over $6 million to the temple's treasury.[citation needed][22]

When Lord Balaji was hit on his head by a shepherd, a small portion of his scalp became bald. This is noticed by Neela Devi, a Gandharva princess. She feels "such an attractive face should not have a flaw". Immediately she cuts a portion of her hair and with her magical power she implants it on his scalp. Lord Balaji notices her sacrifice. As hair is a beautiful aspect of the female, he promises her that all his devotees who come to his abode should render their hair to him, and she would be the recipient of all the hair received. Hence it is believed that hair offered by the devotees is accepted by Neela Devi. The hill Neeladri, one among seven hills is named after her.

Hundi (donation pot)

It is believed that Srinivasa had to make arrangements for his wedding. Lord Kubera credited money to the god Venkateshwara (a form of the god Vishnu) for his marriage with Padmavati. Srinivasa sought a loan of one crore and 14 lakh (11,400,000) coins of gold from Kubera and had Viswakarma, the divine architect, create heavenly surroundings in the Seshadri hills. Together, Srinivasa and Padmavathy lived for all eternity while Goddess Lakshmi, understanding the commitments of Lord Vishnu, chose to live in his heart forever. In remembrance of this, devotees go to Tirupati to donate money in Venkateshwara's hundi (donation pot) so that he can pay it back to Kubera. The hundi collections go as high as 22.5 million INR a day.[6] Devotees offer gold as a token of their love for God. The annual gold offering goes as high as 3000 kg.[24]

Thulabharam

One of the most important offering in this temple, is the ‘thulabharam.’ In the Thulabaram ritual, a devotee sits on a pan of a weighing balance and the other pan is filled with materials greater than the weight of the devotee. Devotees usually offer sugar, jaggery, tulsi leaves, banana, gold, coins. This is mostly performed with newborn babies or children.

Arjitha seva (paid services)

Pilgrims can view and participate (in a limited fashion) in the various sevas performed to Dhruva bera (main idol), Bhoga Srinivasa, Sri Malayappa swami and other idols in the temple.

When pilgrims purchase arjitha seva tickets, they get the opportunity to see a seva performed to the Lord, obtain prasadam in the form of vastram (clothes), akshantalu (sacred and blessed rice) and food articles (laddus, vadas, dosas, pongal, rice items) and a darshan of the utsava murti.[25]

The Seven Hills

The seven hills, also called Saptagiri (Telugu: సప్తగిరి)(Tamil:ஸப்தகிரி), represent the Saptarishi (seven sages). They sometimes called the Sapathagiri. Hence the Lord is named Saptagirinivasa. The following are the seven hills:

  • Vrushabhadri (Telugu: వృశభాద్రి)( Tamil:விருஷபாத்ரி)( Kannada:ವೃಶಭಾದ್ರಿ)— Hill of Nandi, the vahana of Lord Shiva)
  • Anjanadri (Telugu: అంజనాద్రి)(Tamil:அஞ்சனாத்ரி) (kannada:ಅಂಜನಾದ್ರಿ)— Hill of Lord Hanuman
  • Neeladri (Telugu: నీలాద్రి)(Tamil:நீலாத்ரி) (kannada:ನೀಲಾದ್ರಿ)— Hill of Neela Devi — It is believed that hair offered by the devotees is accepted by Neela Devi. It is because of boon granted by Lord Venkateswara to Neela Devi.
  • Garudadri (Telugu: గరుడాద్రి)(Tamil: கருடாத்ரி)(kannada: ಗರುಡಾದ್ರಿ) or Garudachalam — Hill of Garuda, the vahana of Lord Vishnu
  • Seshadri (Telugu: శేషాద్రి)(Tamil:ஸேஷாத்ரி) (kannada:ಶೇಷಾದ್ರಿ)or Seshachalam — Hill of Sesha, the dasa of Lord Vishnu
  • Naraynadri (Telugu: నారాయణాద్రి)(Tamil: நாராயணாத்ரி) (kannada:ನಾರಾಯಣಾದ್ರಿ)— Hill of Narada Muni
  • Venkatadri (Telugu: వేంకటాద్రి)(Tamil: வெங்கடாத்ரி)(kannada:ವೆಂಕಟಾದ್ರಿ) — Hill of Lord Venkateswara

Festivals

Elephants marching during a festival at Tirumala

The town celebrates most Vaishnava festivals, including Vaikuntha Ekadasi, Rama Navami, and Janmashtami with great splendor, while the Brahmotsavam celebrated every year during September is the most important festival in Tirumala. The temple receives millions of devotees over the short span of a week. Other major festivals include Vasanthotsavam (spring festival), conducted in March–April, and Rathasapthami (Magha Shuddha Saptami), celebrated in February, when Lord Venkateswara's deity is taken on procession around the temple chariots.

Tirupati is one of the Divya Desams a group of 108 holy temples in the Vaishnavite system. Ancient Hindu kings were extremely devout and patronised the arts. The ancient Vaishnavaites did not want their religion to fade out with time, so the temple at Thirupathi was part of a plan: they built many temples across South India. These temples collectively became known as the Divya Desams. These temples are acclaimed for their historical and architectural significance. Encouraged by the Vaishnavaite saints and scholars, ancient kings built, maintained, and donated large sums of money for the upkeep of these temples. Uppiliappan temple, Thiruvanthipuram temple Vaishanva Hindu Temple in Cuddalore, and Varagur temple, near Kumbakonam are considered to be the "divine brothers" of Lord Venkateswara.

Traditionally Kurubas build temples on top of the mountains and worshiped the Almighty.

The Ancient temples in the near vicinity of Tirupati which were built around the same period as the Sri Venkateswara Temple (Tirumala) are listed below. All these temples are built in the same style, the Dravidian Koil architecture of the Cholas, with inscriptions on the temple walls in Old Tamil with its distinctly two-tense style of past and non-past, with differentiation between present-tense and future-tense left to the reader's intuition based on the context of a sentence. All these ancient temples listed below, and many others, along with the Tirumala temple, form the Divyadesam group of temples as envisaged by the Sri Vaishnava saints who patronized them.

  1. Thiruevvul (Veera Raghava Swamy Temple), Thiruvallur.
  2. Ramapuram (Lakshmi Narasimhar Temple), Chennai.
  3. Thiruninravur (Bakthavatsala Perumal Temple), Chennai.
  4. Thiruputkuzhi This temple can be seen by the side of the highway midway between Chennai and Vellore. It is claimed that this is the site where Lord Rama found the dying Jatayu, after its battle with Ravana to rescue Sita.
  5. Thiruneermalai (Neervanna Perumal Temple), Thiruneermalai village, Pallavaram, Chennai.
  6. Thiruvidandai (Nithya Kalyana Perumal Temple), Thiruvidanthai, Chennai.
  7. Thiruvallikeni (Parthasarathy Temple), Mylapore (now within the city of Chennai).
  8. Thirukadalmallai (Sthalasayana Perumal Temple), Mahabalipuram.
  9. Thirukkadigai/Sholingur, near Arakkonam.

Nearby temples

Srikalahasti Temple is an ancient temple of Lord Shiva situated on the banks of the River Swarnamukhi.The renowned devotee of Lord Shiva, Kannappa, attained salvation here. This temple is 38 kilometres (24 mi) away from Tirupati, and is connected by frequent buses.

Srinivasa Mangapuram is situated 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) from Tirupati.This temple houses Lord Venkateswara, also known as Prasanna Venkateswara or Kalyana Venkateswara. Bus connections are available from Tirupati.

Sri Padmavati Devi Alayam (Alamelu Mangapuram), located 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) south of Tirupati, is an important temple which is visited by every pilgrim who visits Tirupati. It is this temple that houses the spouses of the Lord, Sri Padmavathi Devi (Alamelu Mangamma) and Thayaru. According to the legends, the goddess Padmavathi was born in a tank called Pushakarini at this place. The temples of Sri Krishna Swamy and Sri Sundara Raja Swamy are also inside the complex.

Sri Govinda Raja Swami Temple is located in Tirupati near the railway station. The highlight of the temple is its outer pinnacle (Gaali Gopuram), which is visible from a distance. In addition to a shrine to Sri Govinda Raja Swami, the temple complex also houses the shrines of Andal Ammavaru, Sri Krishna, Sri Ramanuja Thirumangai Alwar, Sri Vedanta Desika, Sri Lakshmi, and Sri Manevala Mahamunlu. The Bramhotsavam of Govinda Raja Swami during the month of Vaisakha (May–June) attracts a large number of devotees every year.

Sri Kodanda Rama Swami Temple is also situated in Tirupati. This temple houses the shrines of Lord Rama, Sita, and Lakshmana. The beautiful idols of this temple are famous. Bramhotsavam in this temple takes place in the month of Falgun (March–April).

Sri Kapileswara Swami Temple is the only temple of Lord Shiva in Tirupati. Pilgrims normally proceed to Tirumala for Darshan after taking a customary dip in the temple tank. Located amidst foothills of Tirumala, the place is also known for its waterfalls.

Sri Kalyana Venkateswara Swami Temple is located at Narayanavanam, according to legends. Lord Venkateswara courted and married goddess Padmavathi Devi here.

Soumyanatha Swami Temple, Soumyanatha Swami is another name and form of Lord Venkateshwara in Nandalur Kadapa District

See also

Prominent Scholars and Devotees of Lord Venkateswara

References

  1. ^ Pg.12, Growth and development of Tirumala-Tirupati as a dimension of Indian civilization, by Thalapaneni Subramanyam Naidu; Publishers:Anthropological Survey of India, Ministry of Human Resource Development, Dept. of Culture, Govt. of India, 1990
  2. ^ Pg VIII, Balaji-Venkateshwara, Lord of Tirumala-Tirupati:an introduction, by Nanditha Krishna; Publishers:Vakils Feffer & Simons. The online book source says that Tirupathi Balaji is a tamil deity.
  3. ^ "Tirumala Temple". Retrieved 2007-09-13.
  4. ^ "Kerala's Padmanabha Swami Temple richest in the country with treasure worth Rs 1 lakh crore; overtakes Tirupati". The Times Of India.
  5. ^ "Richest Temples". moneycontroll.com. Retrieved 2011-07-06.
  6. ^ a b "NDTV Report". Retrieved 2007-09-13.
  7. ^ Sivaratnam, C (1964). An Outline of the Cultural History and Principles of Hinduism (1 ed.). Colombo: Stangard Printers. OCLC 12240260. Koneswaram temple. Tiru-Kona-malai, sacred mountain of Kona or Koneser, Iswara or Siva. The date of building the original temple is given as 1580 BCE according to a Tamil poem by Kavi Raja Virothayan translated into English in 1831 by Simon Cassie Chitty ...
  8. ^ Ramachandran, Nirmala (2004). The Hindu legacy to Sri Lanka. Pannapitiya: Stamford Lake (Pvt.) Ltd. 2004. ISBN 9558733970 9789558733974. OCLC 230674424. Portuguese writer De Queyroz compares Konesvaram to the famous Hindu temples in Rameswaram, Kanchipuram, Tirupatti-Tirumalai, Jagannath and Vaijayanthi and concludes that while these latter temples were well visited by the Hindus, the former had surpassed all the latter temples by the early 1600s {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: length (help)
  9. ^ "Ghazal programme at Tirumala temple". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 30 September 2003.
  10. ^ Venkatachalapathy, A.R "Chennai, Not Madras: Perspectives on the City" , Marg Publications, Mumbai , ISBN 8185026742 ISBN 978-8185026749 pp. 9–18.
  11. ^ http://www.tirumala.org/sapthagiri/122002/epic.htm Template:WebCite
  12. ^ Dr. N.Ramesan (1981). The Tirumala Temple. Tirumala: Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams.
  13. ^ "Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams: Temple History". Retrieved 2011-07-15.
  14. ^ Jatania, Prachi (2 November 2006). "Tirumala, the epicentre of faith". CNN-IBN. Retrieved 2011-07-15.
  15. ^ "Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams: Social Service". Retrieved 2011-07-15.
  16. ^ "Melakartha guide". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 2 July 2004.
  17. ^ "Record sale of Tirupati laddoos". The Times of India. 7 May 2007.
  18. ^ "Apex court contends with lawsuit on Tirupati laddoo". Thaindian.com. 2009-10-08. Retrieved 2011-04-04.
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  20. ^ "GI tag for Tirupati laddu: Madras HC dismisses petition". Deccanherald.com. 2010-06-08. Retrieved 2011-04-04.
  21. ^ "Registry moved for removal of GI tag for 'Tirupati Laddu'". The Hindu Business Line. 2010-10-26. Retrieved 2011-04-04.
  22. ^ a b Saritha Rai (July 14, 2004). "A Religious Tangle Over the Hair of Pious Hindus". The New York Times. Retrieved 26 April 2009.
  23. ^ Der Spiegel: Hindu Locks Keep Human Hair Trade Humming (19/02/2008)
  24. ^ "Times of India – TTD Deposits Gold with SBI". The Times of India. Retrieved 2007-09-13.
  25. ^ The Hindu. Chennai, India. 23 November 2000 http://www.hindu.com/2000/11/23/stories/0223000n.htm. {{cite news}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
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