List of African-American United States representatives
The United States House of Representatives has had 153 elected African-American members, of whom 147 have been representatives from U.S. states and 6 have been delegates from U.S. territories and the District of Columbia.[1] The House of Representatives is the lower house of the bicameral United States Congress, which is the legislative branch of the federal government of the United States.
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the term "African American" includes all individuals who identify with one or more nationalities or ethnic groups originating in any of the black racial groups of Africa.[2] The term is generally used for Americans with at least partial ancestry in any of the original peoples of sub-Saharan Africa. During the founding of the federal government, African Americans were consigned to a status of second-class citizenship or enslaved.[3] No African American served in federal elective office before the ratification in 1870 of the Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The Fifteenth Amendment prohibits the federal and state governments from denying any citizen the right to vote because of that citizen's race, color, or previous condition of servitude.
Joseph Rainey was the first African-American representative to be seated in the U.S. House. He served South Carolina's 1st congressional district beginning in 1870 during the Reconstruction era following the American Civil War. The first African-American woman to serve as a representative was Shirley Chisholm from New York's 12th congressional district in 1969 during the Civil Rights Movement.
Many African-American members of the House of Representatives serve majority-minority districts.[4] Some of these congressional districts are gerrymandered, limiting serious challenges to their re-election, and limiting their abilities to represent a larger, more diverse constituency.[4] The Voting Rights Act of 1965 includes restrictions on the ability of States to diminish minority representation during redistricting. In the elections of 2016 and 2018 an increasing number of non-majority minority districts have elected racial minority Representatives.
Overall, 30 of the 50 U.S. states, plus the U.S. Virgin Islands and the District of Columbia, have elected an African American to represent them in the U.S. House of Representatives, with Washington being the most recent to elect their first (in 2020); out of these, 21 states, plus the U.S. Virgin Islands and the District of Columbia, have elected an African-American woman to represent them in the U.S. House. Illinois's 1st congressional district has the longest continuous streak of electing African-American representatives, a tendency which has occurred since 1929 to the present. There currently are 55 African-American representatives and two African-American delegates in the United States House of Representatives, representing 27 states, plus the U.S. Virgin Islands and the District of Columbia. Most are members of the Congressional Black Caucus.
Reconstruction and early Post-Reconstruction era, 1870–1887
(Note: Representatives are organized first in chronological order according to their first term in office, then second in alphabetical order according to their surname.)
- Political Party
Representative | Congressional district | Took office | Left office | Party | Congress | Former slave? | Note | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
rowspan=3 style="background: Template:Republican Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Joseph Rainey (1832–1887) |
South Carolina's 1st | December 12, 1870 | March 3, 1879 | Republican | 41st (1869–1871) |
Yes | Elected to fill vacancy caused by resignation of Benjamin Whittemore. Lost office during reelection. First African American to serve in the United States House of Representatives and the first to serve in Congress from South Carolina.[5][5] | |
THRU | |||||||||
45th (1877–1879) | |||||||||
style="background: Template:Republican Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Jefferson F. Long (1836–1901) |
Georgia's 4th | January 16, 1871 | March 3, 1871 | Republican | 41st (1869–1871) |
Yes | Elected to fill vacancy caused by the House of Representatives denial to seat Samuel F. Gove.[6] He retired from office.[6] First African American to serve in Congress from Georgia.[6] | |
style="background: Template:Republican Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Robert C. De Large (1842–1874) |
South Carolina's 2nd | March 4, 1871 | January 24, 1873 | Republican | 42nd (1871–1873) |
No | Unseated in 1873 by a contested election that involved Christopher C. Bowen, the previous seat holder.[7] The seat remained vacant until March 1873.[8][8] | |
rowspan=2 style="background: Template:Republican Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Robert B. Elliott (1842–1884) |
South Carolina's 3rd | March 4, 1871 | November 1, 1874 | Republican | 42nd (1871–1873) |
No | Resigned from office. Elected in November 1874 to the South Carolina House of Representatives.[9] | |
43rd (1873–1875) | |||||||||
style="background: Template:Republican Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Benjamin S. Turner (1825–1894) |
Alabama's 1st | March 4, 1871 | March 3, 1873 | Republican | 42nd (1871–1873) |
Yes | Lost office during reelection. First African American to serve in Congress from Alabama.[10] | |
rowspan=3 style="background: Template:Republican Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Josiah T. Walls (1842–1905) |
Florida's at-large | March 4, 1871 | January 29, 1873 | Republican | 42nd (1871–1873) |
Yes | Removed from office in 1873 and 1876 due to contested elections that involved Silas L. Niblack[11] and Jesse Finley,[12] respectively. First African American to serve in Congress from Florida.[13] | |
March 4, 1873 | March 3, 1875 | 43rd (1873–1875) | |||||||
Florida's 2nd | March 4, 1875 | April 19, 1876 | 44th (1875–1877) | ||||||
rowspan=2 style="background: Template:Republican Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Richard H. Cain (1825–1887) |
South Carolina's at-large | March 4, 1873 | March 3, 1875 | Republican | 43rd (1873–1875) |
No | Retired from office.[14] | |
South Carolina's 2nd | March 4, 1877 | March 3, 1879 | 45th (1877–1879) | ||||||
rowspan=3 style="background: Template:Republican Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | John R. Lynch (1847–1939) |
Mississippi's 6th | March 4, 1873 | March 3, 1877 | Republican | 43rd (1873–1875) |
Yes | Seated in Congress after contested election that involved James Chalmers in 1882.[15] Lost office during reelection in 1883. First African American to serve in the United States House of Representatives from Mississippi. Youngest member of the 43rd United States Congress at age 26.[16] | |
44th (1875–1877) | |||||||||
April 29, 1882 | March 3, 1883 | 47th (1881–1883) | |||||||
style="background: Template:Republican Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Alonzo J. Ransier (1834–1882) |
South Carolina's 2nd | March 3, 1873 | March 3, 1875 | Republican | 43rd (1873–1875) |
No | Retired from office. Former Lieutenant Governor of South Carolina.[17] | |
style="background: Template:Republican Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | James T. Rapier (1837–1883) |
Alabama's 2nd | March 4, 1873 | March 3, 1875 | Republican | 43rd (1873–1875) |
No | Lost office during reelection.[18] | |
style="background: Template:Republican Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Jeremiah Haralson (1846–1916) |
Alabama's 1st | March 4, 1875 | March 3, 1877 | Republican | 44th (1875–1877) |
Yes | Lost office during reelection.[19] | |
style="background: Template:Republican Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | John Adams Hyman (1840–1891) |
North Carolina's 2nd | March 4, 1875 | March 3, 1877 | Republican | 44th (1875–1877) |
Yes | Lost office during re-nomination. First African American to serve in Congress from North Carolina.[20] | |
style="background: Template:Republican Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Charles E. Nash (1844–1913) |
Louisiana's 6th | March 4, 1875 | March 3, 1877 | Republican | 44th (1875–1877) |
No | Lost office during reelection. First African American to serve in Congress from Louisiana.[21] | |
rowspan=5 style="background: Template:Republican Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Robert Smalls (1839–1915) |
South Carolina's 5th | March 4, 1875 | March 3, 1879 | Republican | 44th (1875–1877) |
Yes | Seated in Congress after contested election that involved George Tillman in 1882.[22] Elected in 1884 to fill vacancy caused by death of Edmund Mackey. Lost reelection and retired from office in final term.[23] | |
45th (1877–1879) | |||||||||
July 19, 1882 | March 3, 1883 | 47th (1881–1883) | |||||||
South Carolina's 7th | March 18, 1884 | March 3, 1887 | 48th (1883–1885) | ||||||
49th (1885–1887) | |||||||||
rowspan=2 style="background: Template:Republican Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | James E. O'Hara (1844–1905) |
North Carolina's 2nd | March 4, 1883 | March 3, 1887 | Republican | 48th (1883–1885) |
No | Lost office during reelection.[24][24] | |
49th (1885–1887) |
Late Post-Reconstruction, Populist, and early Jim Crow era, 1887–1929
(Note: Representatives are organized first in chronological order according to their first term in office, then second in alphabetical order according to their surname.)
- Political Party
Representative | Congressional district | Took office | Left office | Party | Congress | Former slave? | Note | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
rowspan=2 style="background: Template:Republican Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Henry P. Cheatham (1857–1935) |
North Carolina's 2nd | March 4, 1889 | March 3, 1893 | Republican | 51st (1889–1891) |
Yes | Lost office during reelection. Brother-in-law of George Henry White.[25] | |
52nd (1891–1893) | |||||||||
style="background: Template:Republican Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | John Mercer Langston (1829–1897) |
Virginia's 4th | September 23, 1890 | March 3, 1891 | Republican | 51st (1889–1891) |
No | Seated in Congress after the contested election that involved Edward Venable in September 1890.[26] Lost office during reelection. First African American to serve in Congress from Virginia.[27] | |
style="background: Template:Republican Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Thomas E. Miller (1849–1938) |
South Carolina's 7th | September 24, 1890 | March 3, 1891 | Republican | 51st (1889–1891) |
No | Seated in Congress after contested election that involved William Elliott in September 1890.[28] Lost office during reelection in final term.[29] | |
rowspan=2 style="background: Template:Republican Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | George W. Murray (1853–1926) |
South Carolina's 7th | March 4, 1893 | March 3, 1895 | Republican | 53rd (1893–1895) |
Yes | Seated in Congress after contested election that involved William Elliott in June 1896.[30] Lost office during reelection. Distant relative of Jim Clyburn.[31] | |
South Carolina's 1st | June 4, 1896 | March 3, 1897 | 54th (1895–1897) | ||||||
rowspan=2 style="background: Template:Republican Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | George Henry White (1852–1918) |
North Carolina's 2nd | March 4, 1897 | March 3, 1901 | Republican | 55th (1897–1899) |
Yes | Retired from office. Brother-in-law of Henry P. Cheatham. The last African American to serve in Congress from a Southern state until Barbara Jordan from Texas and Andrew Young from Georgia in 1973.[32] | |
56th (1899–1901) |
Late Jim Crow and Civil Rights era, 1929–1970
(Note: Representatives are organized first in chronological order according to their first term in office, then second in alphabetical order according to their surname.)
- Political Parties
Representative | Congressional district | Took office | Left office | Party | Congress | Note | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
rowspan=3 style="background: Template:Republican Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Oscar Stanton De Priest (1871–1951) |
Illinois's 1st | March 4, 1929 | January 3, 1935 | Republican | 71st (1929–1931) |
Lost office during reelection to Arthur W. Mitchell. First African American to serve in Congress from Illinois and the first to serve from outside the southern states.[33] | |
72nd (1931–1933) | ||||||||
73rd (1933–1935) | ||||||||
rowspan=3 style="background: Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Arthur W. Mitchell (1883–1968) |
Illinois's 1st | January 3, 1935 | January 3, 1943 | Democratic | 74th (1935–1937) |
Retired from office. First African American to be elected to Congress as a member of the Democratic party.[34] | |
THRU | ||||||||
77th (1941–1943) | ||||||||
rowspan=3 style="background: Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | William L. Dawson (1886–1970) |
Illinois's 1st | January 3, 1943 | November 9, 1970 | Democratic | 78th (1943–1945) |
Died while in office.[35] | |
THRU | ||||||||
91st (1969–1971) | ||||||||
rowspan=11 style="background: Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Adam Clayton Powell Jr. (1908–1972) |
New York's 22nd | January 3, 1945 | January 3, 1953 | Democratic | 79th (1945–1947) |
Excluded from membership in the 90th United States Congress in February 1967. Reelected to fill vacancy caused by exclusion from membership, but did not take oath of office. Lost office during renomination. First African American to serve in Congress from New York.[36][36] | |
THRU | ||||||||
82nd (1951–1953) | ||||||||
New York's 16th | January 3, 1953 | January 3, 1963 | 83rd (1953–1955) | |||||
THRU | ||||||||
87th (1961–1963) | ||||||||
New York's 18th | January 3, 1963 | February 28, 1967 | 88th (1963–1965) | |||||
89th (1965–1967) | ||||||||
90th (1967–1969) | ||||||||
April 11, 1967 | January 3, 1971 | |||||||
91st (1969–1971) | ||||||||
rowspan=3 style="background: Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Charles Diggs (1922–1998) |
Michigan's 13th | January 3, 1955 | June 3, 1980 | Democratic | 84th (1955–1957) |
Censured, resigned and jailed for three years for mail fraud. First African American to serve in Congress from Michigan. The first person to serve as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 91st United States Congress during the first session.[37] | |
THRU | ||||||||
96th (1979–1981) | ||||||||
rowspan=6 style="background: Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Robert N. C. Nix Sr. (1898–1987) |
Pennsylvania's 4th | June 4, 1958 | January 3, 1963 | Democratic | 85th (1957–1959) |
Elected to fill vacancy caused by the resignation of Earl Chudoff in 1958. Lost office during renomination. First African American to serve in Congress from Pennsylvania.[38] | |
THRU | ||||||||
87th (1961–1963) | ||||||||
Pennsylvania's 2nd | January 3, 1963 | January 3, 1979 | 88th (1963–1965) | |||||
THRU | ||||||||
95th (1977–1979) | ||||||||
rowspan=6 style="background: Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Augustus F. Hawkins (1907–2007) |
California's 21st | January 3, 1963 | January 3, 1975 | Democratic | 88th (1963–1965) |
Retired from office. First African American to serve in Congress from California.[39] | |
THRU | ||||||||
93rd (1973–1975) | ||||||||
California's 29th | January 3, 1975 | January 3, 1991 | 94th (1975–1977) | |||||
THRU | ||||||||
101st (1989–1991) | ||||||||
rowspan=9 style="background: Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | John Conyers (1929–2019) |
Michigan's 1st | January 3, 1965 | January 3, 1993 | Democratic | 89th (1965–1967) |
Resigned after being accused of sexual harassment. First African American to become Dean of the United States House of Representatives.[40] | |
THRU | ||||||||
102nd (1991–1993) | ||||||||
Michigan's 14th | January 3, 1993 | January 3, 2013 | 103rd (1993–1995) | |||||
THRU | ||||||||
112th (2011–2013) | ||||||||
Michigan's 13th | January 3, 2013 | December 5, 2017 | 113th (2013–2015) | |||||
THRU | ||||||||
115th (2017–2019) | ||||||||
rowspan=3 style="background: Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Shirley Chisholm (1924–2005) |
New York's 12th | January 3, 1969 | January 3, 1983 | Democratic | 91st (1969–1971) |
Retired from office. First African-American woman to serve in Congress and the first African-American woman to run as a presidential candidate in 1972.[41] | |
THRU | ||||||||
97th (1981–1983) | ||||||||
rowspan=3 style="background: Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Bill Clay (born 1931) |
Missouri's 1st | January 3, 1969 | January 3, 2001 | Democratic | 91st (1969–1971) |
Retired from office. His son, Lacy Clay, succeeded him in office. First African American to serve in Congress from Missouri.[42] | |
THRU | ||||||||
106th (1999–2001) | ||||||||
rowspan=6 style="background: Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Louis Stokes (1925–2015) |
Ohio's 21st | January 3, 1969 | January 3, 1993 | Democratic | 91st (1969–1971) |
Retired from office. First African American to serve in Congress from Ohio. Served as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 92nd United States Congress during the second session and in the 93rd United States Congress during the first session.[43] | |
THRU | ||||||||
102nd (1991–1993) | ||||||||
Ohio's 11th | January 3, 1993 | January 3, 1999 | 103rd (1993–1995) | |||||
THRU | ||||||||
105th (1997–1999) | ||||||||
rowspan=2 style="background: Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | George W. Collins (1925–1972) |
Illinois's 6th | November 3, 1970 | December 8, 1972 | Democratic | 91st (1969–1971) |
Elected to Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Daniel Ronan. Died while in office and his wife, Cardiss Collins, filled the vacancy caused by his death.[44] | |
92nd (1971–1973) |
Modern era, 1971–present
House of Representative members
(Note: Representatives are organized first in chronological order according to their first term in office, then second in alphabetical order according to their surname.)
- Political Parties
Representative | Congressional district | Took office | Left office | Party | Congress | Note | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
rowspan=8 style="background: Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Ron Dellums (1935–2018) |
California's 7th | January 3, 1971 | January 3, 1975 | Democratic | 92nd (1971–1973) |
Resigned from office. Served as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 101st United States Congress.[45] | |
93rd (1973–1975) | ||||||||
California's 8th | January 3, 1975 | January 3, 1993 | 94th (1975–1977) | |||||
THRU | ||||||||
102nd (1991–1993) | ||||||||
California's 9th | January 3, 1993 | February 6, 1998 | 103rd (1993–1995) | |||||
THRU | ||||||||
105th (1997–1999) | ||||||||
rowspan=3 style="background: Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Ralph Metcalfe (1910–1978) |
Illinois's 1st | January 3, 1971 | October 10, 1978 | Democratic | 92nd (1971–1973) |
Died while in office.[46] | |
THRU | ||||||||
95th (1977–1979) | ||||||||
rowspan=3 style="background: Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Parren Mitchell (1922–2007) |
Maryland's 7th | January 3, 1971 | January 3, 1987 | Democratic | 92nd (1971–1973) |
Retired from office to run unsuccessfully as Lieutenant Governor of Maryland. First African American to serve in Congress from Maryland. Served as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 95th United States Congress.[47] | |
THRU | ||||||||
99th (1985–1987) | ||||||||
rowspan=12 style="background: Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Charles Rangel (born 1930) |
New York's 18th | January 3, 1971 | January 3, 1973 | Democratic | 92nd (1971–1973) |
Retired from office. Served as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 93rd United States Congress during the second session and in the 94th United States Congress during the first session.[48] | |
New York's 19th | January 3, 1973 | January 3, 1983 | 93rd (1973–1975) | |||||
THRU | ||||||||
97th (1981–1983) | ||||||||
New York's 16th | January 3, 1983 | January 3, 1993 | 98th (1983–1985) | |||||
THRU | ||||||||
102nd (1991–1993) | ||||||||
New York's 15th | January 3, 1993 | January 3, 2013 | 103rd (1993–1995) | |||||
THRU | ||||||||
112th (2011–2013) | ||||||||
New York's 13th | January 3, 2013 | January 3, 2017 | 113th (2013–2015) | |||||
114th (2015–2017) | ||||||||
rowspan=3 style="background: Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Yvonne Brathwaite Burke (born 1932) |
California's 37th | January 3, 1973 | January 3, 1975 | Democratic | 93rd (1973–1975) |
Retired from office to run unsuccessfully as Attorney General of California. First woman to serve as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 94th United States Congress during the second session.[49] | |
California's 28th | January 3, 1975 | January 3, 1979 | 94th (1975–1977) | |||||
95th (1977–1979) | ||||||||
rowspan=3 style="background: Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Barbara Jordan (1936–1996) |
Texas's 18th | January 3, 1973 | January 3, 1979 | Democratic | 93rd (1973–1975) |
Retired from office. First African American to serve in Congress from Texas. Along with Andrew Young from Georgia, the first African American to serve in Congress from a Southern state since George Henry White from North Carolina in 1901.[50] | |
94th (1975–1977) | ||||||||
95th (1977–1979) | ||||||||
rowspan=3 style="background: Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Andrew Young (born 1932) |
Georgia's 5th | January 3, 1973 | January 29, 1977 | Democratic | 93rd (1973–1975) |
Resigned to become the United States Ambassador to the United Nations. Along with Barbara Jordan from Texas, the first African American to serve in Congress from a Southern state since George Henry White from North Carolina in 1901.[51] | |
94th (1975–1977) | ||||||||
95th (1977–1979) | ||||||||
rowspan=3 style="background: Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Cardiss Collins (1931–2013) |
Illinois's 7th | June 5, 1973 | January 3, 1997 | Democratic | 93rd (1973–1975) |
Elected to fill vacancy caused by the death of her husband, George W. Collins. Retired from office. Served as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 96th United States Congress.[52] | |
THRU | ||||||||
104th (1995–1997) | ||||||||
rowspan=6 style="background: Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Harold Ford Sr. (born 1945) |
Tennessee's 8th | January 3, 1975 | January 3, 1983 | Democratic | 94th (1975–1977) |
Retired from office. His son, Harold Ford Jr. succeeded him in office. First African American to serve in Congress from Tennessee.[53] | |
THRU | ||||||||
97th (1981–1983) | ||||||||
Tennessee's 9th | January 3, 1983 | January 3, 1997 | 98th (1983–1985) | |||||
THRU | ||||||||
104th (1995–1997) | ||||||||
rowspan=6 style="background: Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Julian Dixon (1934–2000) |
California's 28th | January 3, 1979 | January 3, 1993 | Democratic | 96th (1979–1981) |
Reelected to the 107th United States Congress, but died before the commencement of the Congress. Served as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 98th United States Congress.[54] | |
THRU | ||||||||
102nd (1991–1993) | ||||||||
California's 32nd | January 3, 1993 | December 8, 2000 | 103rd (1993–1995) | |||||
THRU | ||||||||
106th (1999–2001) | ||||||||
rowspan=3 style="background: Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | William H. Gray III (1941–2013) |
Pennsylvania's 2nd | January 3, 1979 | September 11, 1991 | Democratic | 96th (1979–1981) |
Resigned to become President of the United Negro College Fund. Served as chair for the House Democratic Caucus during the 101st United States Congress and House Democratic Whip during the 102nd United States Congress.[55] | |
THRU | ||||||||
102nd (1991–1993) | ||||||||
rowspan=3 style="background: Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Mickey Leland (1944–1989) |
Texas's 18th | January 3, 1979 | August 7, 1989 | Democratic | 96th (1979–1981) |
Died while in office. Served as chair for the Congressional Black Caucus in the 99th United States Congress.[56] | |
THRU | ||||||||
101st (1989–1991) | ||||||||
style="background: Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Bennett Stewart (1912–1988) |
Illinois's 1st | January 3, 1979 | January 3, 1981 | Democratic | 96th (1979–1981) |
Lost office during renomination.[57] | |
rowspan=3 style="background: Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | George Crockett Jr. (1909–1997) |
Michigan's 13th | November 4, 1980 | January 3, 1991 | Democratic | 96th (1979–1981) |
Elected to fill vacancy caused by the resignation of Charles Diggs. Retired from office.[58] | |
THRU | ||||||||
101st (1989–1991) | ||||||||
rowspan=3 style="background: Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Mervyn Dymally (1926–2012) |
California's 31st | January 3, 1981 | January 3, 1993 | Democratic | 97th (1981–1983) |
Retired from office. Served as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 100th United States Congress.[59] | |
THRU | ||||||||
102nd (1991–1993) | ||||||||
rowspan=3 style="background: Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Gus Savage (1925–2015) |
Illinois's 2nd | January 3, 1981 | January 3, 1993 | Democratic | 97th (1981–1983) |
Lost office during renomination.[60] | |
THRU | ||||||||
102nd (1991–1993) | ||||||||
rowspan=2 style="background: Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Harold Washington (1922–1987) |
Illinois's 1st | January 3, 1981 | April 30, 1983 | Democratic | 97th (1981–1983) |
Resigned to become Mayor of Chicago.[61] | |
98th (1983–1985) | ||||||||
rowspan=2 style="background: Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Katie Hall (1938–2012) |
Indiana's 1st | November 2, 1982 | January 3, 1985 | Democratic | 97th (1981–1983) |
Lost office during renomination. Elected to Congress to fill vacancy caused by the death of Adam Benjamin Jr. First African American to serve in Congress from Indiana.[62] | |
98th (1983–1985) | ||||||||
rowspan=6 style="background: Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Major Owens (1936–2013) |
New York's 12th | January 3, 1983 | January 3, 1993 | Democratic | 98th (1983–1985) |
Retired from office.[63] | |
THRU | ||||||||
102nd (1991–1993) | ||||||||
New York's 11th | January 3, 1993 | January 3, 2007 | 103rd (1993–1995) | |||||
THRU | ||||||||
109th (2005–2007) | ||||||||
rowspan=6 style="background: Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Edolphus Towns (born 1934) |
New York's 11th | January 3, 1983 | January 3, 1993 | Democratic | 98th (1983–1985) |
Retired from office. Served as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 102nd United States Congress.[64] | |
THRU | ||||||||
102nd (1991–1993) | ||||||||
New York's 10th | January 3, 1993 | January 3, 2013 | 103rd (1993–1995) | |||||
THRU | ||||||||
112th (2011–2013) | ||||||||
rowspan=3 style="background: Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Alan Wheat (born 1951) |
Missouri's 5th | January 3, 1983 | January 3, 1995 | Democratic | 98th (1983–1985) |
Retired from office to run unsuccessfully for the United States Senate seat in Missouri.[65] | |
THRU | ||||||||
103rd (1993–1995) | ||||||||
rowspan=3 style="background: Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Charles Hayes (1918–1997) |
Illinois's 1st | August 23, 1983 | January 3, 1993 | Democratic | 98th (1983–1985) |
Lost office during renomination. Elected to fill vacancy caused by resignation of Harold Washington.[66] | |
THRU | ||||||||
102nd (1991–1993) | ||||||||
style="background: Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Alton Waldon (born 1936) |
New York's 6th | June 10, 1986 | January 3, 1987 | Democratic | 99th (1985–1987) |
Lost office during renomination. Elected to Congress to fill vacancy caused by the death of Joseph Addabbo.[67] | |
rowspan=3 style="background: Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Mike Espy (born 1953) |
Mississippi's 2nd | January 3, 1987 | January 22, 1993 | Democratic | 100th (1987–1989) |
Resigned to become the United States Secretary of Agriculture.[68] | |
THRU | ||||||||
103rd (1993–1995) | ||||||||
rowspan=3 style="background: Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Floyd Flake (born 1945) |
New York's 6th | January 3, 1987 | November 17, 1997 | Democratic | 100th (1987–1989) |
Resigned to become a pastor at the Allen African Methodist Episcopal Church.[69] | |
THRU | ||||||||
105th (1997–1999) | ||||||||
rowspan=3 style="background: Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | John Lewis (1940–2020) |
Georgia's 5th | January 3, 1987 | July 17, 2020 | Democratic | 100th (1987–1989) |
Died while in office. Served as Democratic chief whip in the 102nd through 109th Congresses. Also, served as the Democratic Senior Chief Deputy Whip in the 110th through 112th Congresses.[70] | |
THRU | ||||||||
116th (2019–2021) | ||||||||
rowspan=5 style="background: Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Kweisi Mfume (born 1948) |
Maryland's 7th | January 3, 1987 | February 15, 1996 | Democratic | 100th (1987–1989) |
Resigned to become Executive Director of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). Served as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 103rd United States Congress. Also, served as co-chair of the Democratic Policy Committee in the 104th United States Congress. Subsequently elected to fill vacancy caused by death of Elijah Cummings.[71] | |
THRU | ||||||||
104th (1995–1997) | ||||||||
May 5, 2020 | Incumbent | 116th (2019–2021) | ||||||
117th (2021–2023) | ||||||||
rowspan=3 style="background: Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Donald M. Payne (1934–2012) |
New Jersey's 10th | January 3, 1989 | March 6, 2012 | Democratic | 101st (1989–1991) |
Died while in office. His son, Donald Payne Jr., succeeded him in office. First African American to serve in Congress from New Jersey. Served as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 104th United States Congress.[72] | |
THRU | ||||||||
112th (2011–2013) | ||||||||
rowspan=3 style="background: Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Craig Washington (born 1941) |
Texas's 18th | December 9, 1989 | January 3, 1995 | Democratic | 101st (1989–1991) |
Lost office during renomination. Elected to office to fill vacancy caused by death of Mickey Leland.[73] | |
102nd (1991–1993) | ||||||||
103rd (1993–1995) | ||||||||
rowspan=3 style="background: Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Barbara-Rose Collins (born 1939) |
Michigan's 13th | January 3, 1991 | January 3, 1993 | Democratic | 102nd (1991–1993) |
Lost office during renomination.[74] | |
Michigan's 15th | January 3, 1993 | January 3, 1997 | 103rd (1993–1995) | |||||
104th (1995–1997) | ||||||||
rowspan=3 style="background: Template:Republican Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Gary Franks (born 1953) |
Connecticut's 5th | January 3, 1991 | January 3, 1997 | Republican | 102nd (1991–1993) |
Lost office during reelection. First African American to serve in Congress from Connecticut.[75] | |
103rd (1993–1995) | ||||||||
104th (1995–1997) | ||||||||
rowspan=3 style="background: Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | William J. Jefferson (born 1947) |
Louisiana's 2nd | January 3, 1991 | January 3, 2009 | Democratic | 102nd (1991–1993) |
Lost office during reelection. Sentenced to 13 years for bribery after a corruption investigation.[76] | |
THRU | ||||||||
110th (2007–2009) | ||||||||
rowspan=7 style="background: Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Maxine Waters (born 1938) |
California's 29th | January 3, 1991 | January 3, 1993 | Democratic | 102nd (1991–1993) |
Served as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 105th United States Congress. Served as vice chair of the Democratic Steering Committee in the 105th through 108th Congresses. Served as Democratic chief deputy whip in the 106th through 112th Congresses.[77] | |
California's 35th | January 3, 1993 | January 3, 2013 | 103rd (1993–1995) | |||||
THRU | ||||||||
112th (2011–2013) | ||||||||
California's 43rd | January 3, 2013 | Incumbent | 113th (2013–2015) | |||||
THRU | ||||||||
117th (2021–2023) | ||||||||
rowspan=2 style="background: Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Lucien Blackwell (1931–2003) |
Pennsylvania's 2nd | November 5, 1991 | January 3, 1995 | Democratic | 102nd (1991–1993) |
Lost office during renomination. Elected to fill vacancy caused by the resignation of William H. Gray.[78] | |
103rd (1993–1995) | ||||||||
rowspan=3 style="background: Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Eva Clayton (born 1934) |
North Carolina's 1st | November 3, 1992 | January 3, 2003 | Democratic | 102nd (1991–1993) |
Retired from office. Elected to fill vacancy caused by death of Walter B. Jones Sr.. Served as co-chair of the Democratic Policy Committee in the 104th United States Congress.[79] | |
THRU | ||||||||
107th (2001–2003) | ||||||||
rowspan=3 style="background: Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Sanford Bishop (born 1947) |
Georgia's 2nd | January 3, 1993 | Incumbent | Democratic | 103rd (1993–1995) |
[80] | |
THRU | ||||||||
117th (2021–2023) | ||||||||
rowspan=5 style="background: Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Corrine Brown (born 1946) |
Florida's 3rd | January 3, 1993 | January 3, 2013 | Democratic | 103rd (1993–1995) |
Lost office during renomination. Later convicted of fraud and tax evasion.[81] | |
THRU | ||||||||
112th (2011–2013) | ||||||||
Florida's 5th | January 3, 2013 | January 3, 2017 | 113th (2013–2015) | |||||
114th (2015–2017) | ||||||||
rowspan=3 style="background: Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Jim Clyburn (born 1940) |
South Carolina's 6th | January 3, 1993 | Incumbent | Democratic | 103rd (1993–1995) |
Served as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 106th United States Congress. Served as vice chair of the House Democratic Caucus in the 108th through 109th Congresses. Served as House majority whip in the 110th through 111th Congresses. Served as the Assistant Democratic Leader in the 112th United States Congress. Distant relative of George W. Murray.[82] | |
THRU | ||||||||
117th (2021–2023) | ||||||||
rowspan=2 style="background: Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Cleo Fields (born 1962) |
Louisiana's 4th | January 3, 1993 | January 3, 1997 | Democratic | 103rd (1993–1995) |
Retired from office. Youngest member of the 103rd United States Congress at age 30.[83] | |
104th (1995–1997) | ||||||||
rowspan=6 style="background: Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Alcee Hastings (born 1936) |
Florida's 23rd | January 3, 1993 | January 3, 2013 | Democratic | 103rd (1993–1995) |
[84] | |
THRU | ||||||||
112th (2011–2013) | ||||||||
Florida's 20th | January 3, 2013 | Incumbent | 113th (2013–2015) | |||||
THRU | ||||||||
117th (2021–2023) | ||||||||
rowspan=3 style="background: Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Earl Hilliard (born 1942) |
Alabama's 7th | January 3, 1993 | January 3, 2003 | Democratic | 103rd (1993–1995) |
Lost office during renomination.[85] | |
THRU | ||||||||
107th (2001–2003) | ||||||||
rowspan=3 style="background: Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Eddie Bernice Johnson (born 1935) |
Texas's 30th | January 3, 1993 | Incumbent | Democratic | 103rd (1993–1995) |
Served as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 107th United States Congress.[86] | |
THRU | ||||||||
117th (2021–2023) | ||||||||
rowspan=6 style="background: Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Cynthia McKinney (born 1955) |
Georgia's 11th | January 3, 1993 | January 3, 1997 | Democratic | 103rd (1993–1995) |
Lost office during renomination for the 2003 and 2007 terms.[87] | |
104th (1995–1997) | ||||||||
Georgia's 4th | January 3, 1997 | January 3, 2003 | 105th (1997–1999) | |||||
THRU | ||||||||
107th (2001–2003) | ||||||||
January 3, 2005 | January 3, 2007 | 109th (2005–2007) | ||||||
rowspan=3 style="background: Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Carrie Meek (born 1926) |
Florida's 17th | January 3, 1993 | January 3, 2003 | Democratic | 103rd (1993–1995) |
Retired from office. Her son, Kendrick Meek, succeeded her in office.[88] | |
THRU | ||||||||
107th (2001–2003) | ||||||||
rowspan=2 style="background: Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Mel Reynolds (born 1952) |
Illinois's 2nd | January 3, 1993 | October 1, 1995 | Democratic | 103rd (1993–1995) |
Resigned after being convicted on 12 counts of sexual assault, obstruction of justice and solicitation of child pornography and being sentenced to five years in prison.[89] | |
104th (1995–1997) | ||||||||
rowspan=3 style="background: Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Bobby Rush (born 1946) |
Illinois's 1st | January 3, 1993 | Incumbent | Democratic | 103rd (1993–1995) |
[90] | |
THRU | ||||||||
117th (2021–2023) | ||||||||
rowspan=3 style="background: Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Bobby Scott (born 1947) |
Virginia's 3rd | January 3, 1993 | Incumbent | Democratic | 103rd (1993–1995) |
[91] | |
THRU | ||||||||
117th (2021–2023) | ||||||||
rowspan=2 style="background: Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Walter R. Tucker III (born 1957) |
California's 37th | January 3, 1993 | December 15, 1995 | Democratic | 103rd (1993–1995) |
Resigned due to scandals involving accepting and demanding bribes while mayor of Compton. Tucker was sentenced to 27 months in prison for extortion and tax evasion.[92] | |
104th (1995–1997) | ||||||||
rowspan=3 style="background: Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Mel Watt (born 1945) |
North Carolina's 12th | January 3, 1993 | January 6, 2014 | Democratic | 103rd (1993–1995) |
Resigned to become Director of the Federal Housing Finance Agency. Served as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 109th United States Congress.[93] | |
THRU | ||||||||
113th (2013–2015) | ||||||||
rowspan=3 style="background: Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Albert Wynn (born 1951) |
Maryland's 4th | January 3, 1993 | May 31, 2008 | Democratic | 103rd (1993–1995) |
Resigned following loss of renomination.[94] | |
THRU | ||||||||
110th (2007–2009) | ||||||||
rowspan=3 style="background: Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Bennie Thompson (born 1948) |
Mississippi's 2nd | April 13, 1993 | Incumbent | Democratic | 103rd (1993–1995) |
Elected to fill vacancy caused by resignation of Mike Espy.[95] | |
THRU | ||||||||
117th (2021–2023) | ||||||||
rowspan=3 style="background: Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Chaka Fattah (born 1956) |
Pennsylvania's 2nd | January 3, 1995 | June 23, 2016 | Democratic | 104th (1995–1997) |
Resigned following loss of renomination and convictions for racketeering, fraud, and money laundering.[96] | |
THRU | ||||||||
114th (2015–2017) | ||||||||
rowspan=3 style="background: Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Sheila Jackson Lee (born 1950) |
Texas's 18th | January 3, 1995 | Incumbent | Democratic | 104th (1995–1997) |
[97] | |
THRU | ||||||||
117th (2021–2023) | ||||||||
rowspan=3 style="background: Template:Republican Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | J. C. Watts (born 1957) |
Oklahoma's 4th | January 3, 1995 | January 3, 2003 | Republican | 104th (1995–1997) |
Retired from office. First African American to serve in Congress from Oklahoma. Served as chair of the House Republican Conference in the 106th through 107th Congresses.[98] | |
THRU | ||||||||
107th (2001–2003) | ||||||||
rowspan=3 style="background: Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Jesse Jackson Jr. (born 1965) |
Illinois's 2nd | December 12, 1995 | November 21, 2012 | Democratic | 104th (1995–1997) |
Resigned, citing mental and physical health problems, but acknowledging that he was under two separate investigations by the House Ethics Committee and the FBI. Jackson pleaded guilty on February 20, 2013 to one count of wire and mail fraud. He was sentenced to 30 months in federal prison. Elected to fill vacancy caused by resignation of Mel Reynolds.[99] | |
THRU | ||||||||
112th (2011–2013) | ||||||||
rowspan=3 style="background: Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Juanita Millender-McDonald (1938–2007) |
California's 37th | March 26, 1996 | April 22, 2007 | Democratic | 104th (1995–1997) |
Died while in office. Elected to fill vacancy caused by resignation of Walter Tucker.[100] | |
THRU | ||||||||
110th (2007–2009) | ||||||||
rowspan=3 style="background: Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Elijah Cummings (1951–2019) |
Maryland's 7th | April 16, 1996 | October 17, 2019 | Democratic | 104th (1995–1997) |
Died while in office. Elected to fill vacancy caused by resignation of Kweisi Mfume. Served as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 108th United States Congress.[101] | |
THRU | ||||||||
116th (2019–2021) | ||||||||
rowspan=6 style="background: Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Julia Carson (1938–2007) |
Indiana's 10th | January 3, 1997 | January 3, 2003 | Democratic | 105th (1997–1999) |
Died while in office and her grandson, André Carson, filled the vacancy caused by her death.[102] | |
THRU | ||||||||
107th (2001–2003) | ||||||||
Indiana's 7th | January 3, 2003 | December 15, 2007 | 108th (2003–2005) | |||||
THRU | ||||||||
110th (2007–2009) | ||||||||
rowspan=3 style="background: Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Danny K. Davis (born 1941) |
Illinois's 7th | January 3, 1997 | Incumbent | Democratic | 105th (1997–1999) |
[103] | |
THRU | ||||||||
117th (2021–2023) | ||||||||
rowspan=3 style="background: Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Harold Ford Jr. (born 1970) |
Tennessee's 9th | January 3, 1997 | January 3, 2007 | Democratic | 105th (1997–1999) |
Retired from office to run unsuccessfully for the United States Senate from Tennessee. Succeeded his father, Harold Ford Sr., in office. Youngest member of the 105th United States Congress at age 26.[104] | |
THRU | ||||||||
109th (2005–2007) | ||||||||
rowspan=6 style="background: Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Carolyn Cheeks Kilpatrick (born 1945) |
Michigan's 15th | January 3, 1997 | January 3, 2003 | Democratic | 105th (1997–1999) |
Lost office during renomination. Served as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 110th United States Congress.[105] | |
THRU | ||||||||
107th (2001–2003) | ||||||||
Michigan's 13th | January 3, 2003 | January 3, 2011 | 108th (2003–2005) | |||||
THRU | ||||||||
111th (2009–2011) | ||||||||
rowspan=6 style="background: Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Gregory Meeks (born 1953) |
New York's 6th | February 3, 1998 | January 3, 2013 | Democratic | 105th (1997–1999) |
Elected to fill vacancy caused by resignation of Floyd H. Flake.[106] | |
THRU | ||||||||
112th (2011–2013) | ||||||||
New York's 5th | January 3, 2013 | Incumbent | 113th (2013–2015) | |||||
THRU | ||||||||
117th (2021–2023) | ||||||||
rowspan=6 style="background: Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Barbara Lee (born 1946) |
California's 9th | April 7, 1998 | January 3, 2013 | Democratic | 105th (1997–1999) |
Elected to fill vacancy caused by resignation of Ron Dellums. Served as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 111th United States Congress.[107] | |
THRU | ||||||||
112th (2011–2013) | ||||||||
California's 13th | January 3, 2013 | Incumbent | 113th (2013–2015) | |||||
THRU | ||||||||
117th (2021–2023) | ||||||||
rowspan=3 style="background: Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Stephanie Tubbs Jones (1949–2008) |
Ohio's 11th | January 3, 1999 | August 20, 2008 | Democratic | 106th (1999–2001) |
Died while in office.[108] | |
THRU | ||||||||
110th (2007–2009) | ||||||||
rowspan=3 style="background: Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Lacy Clay (born 1956) |
Missouri's 1st | January 3, 2001 | January 3, 2021 | Democratic | 107th (2001–2003) |
Lost renomination. Succeeded his father, Bill Clay, in office.[109] | |
THRU | ||||||||
116th (2019–2021) | ||||||||
rowspan=4 style="background: Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Diane Watson (born 1933) |
California's 32nd | June 5, 2001 | January 3, 2003 | Democratic | 107th (2001–2003) |
Retired from office. Elected to fill vacancy caused by death of Julian C. Dixon.[110] | |
California's 33rd | January 3, 2003 | January 3, 2011 | 108th (2003–2005) | |||||
THRU | ||||||||
111th (2009–2011) | ||||||||
style="background: Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Frank Ballance (1942–2019) |
North Carolina's 1st | January 3, 2003 | June 11, 2004 | Democratic | 108th (2003–2005) |
Resigned and was sentenced to four years in prison, two years supervised release, and fined $10,000, for mail fraud and money laundering.[111] | |
rowspan=3 style="background: Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Artur Davis (born 1967) |
Alabama's 7th | January 3, 2003 | January 3, 2011 | Democratic | 108th (2003–2005) |
Retired from office to run unsuccessfully for Governor of Alabama. Became a member of the Republican Party in 2012.[112] | |
THRU | ||||||||
111th (2009–2011) | ||||||||
style="background: Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Denise Majette (born 1955) |
Georgia's 4th | January 3, 2003 | January 3, 2005 | Democratic | 108th (2003–2005) |
Retired from office to run unsuccessfully for the United States Senate from Georgia.[113] | |
rowspan=3 style="background: Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Kendrick Meek (born 1966) |
Florida's 17th | January 3, 2003 | January 3, 2011 | Democratic | 108th (2003–2005) |
Retired from office to run unsuccessfully for the United States Senate from Florida. Succeeded his mother, Carrie P. Meek, in office.[114] | |
THRU | ||||||||
111th (2009–2011) | ||||||||
rowspan=3 style="background: Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | David Scott (born 1945) |
Georgia's 13th | January 3, 2003 | Incumbent | Democratic | 108th (2003–2005) |
[115] | |
THRU | ||||||||
117th (2021–2023) | ||||||||
rowspan=3 style="background: Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | G. K. Butterfield (born 1947) |
North Carolina's 1st | July 20, 2004 | Incumbent | Democratic | 108th (2003–2005) |
Elected to fill vacancy caused by the resignation of Frank Ballance. Served as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 114th United States Congress.[116] | |
THRU | ||||||||
117th (2021–2023) | ||||||||
rowspan=3 style="background: Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Emanuel Cleaver (born 1944) |
Missouri's 5th | January 3, 2005 | Incumbent | Democratic | 109th (2005–2007) |
Served as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 112th United States Congress.[117] | |
THRU | ||||||||
117th (2021–2023) | ||||||||
rowspan=3 style="background: Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Al Green (born 1947) |
Texas's 9th | January 3, 2005 | Incumbent | Democratic | 109th (2005–2007) |
[118] | |
THRU | ||||||||
117th (2021–2023) | ||||||||
rowspan=3 style="background: Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Gwen Moore (born 1951) |
Wisconsin's 4th | January 3, 2005 | Incumbent | Democratic | 109th (2005–2007) |
First African American to serve in Congress from Wisconsin.[119] | |
THRU | ||||||||
117th (2021–2023) | ||||||||
rowspan=6 style="background: Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Yvette Clarke (born 1964) |
New York's 11th | January 3, 2007 | January 3, 2013 | Democratic | 110th (2007–2009) |
[120] | |
THRU | ||||||||
112th (2011–2013) | ||||||||
New York's 9th | January 3, 2013 | Incumbent | 113th (2013–2015) | |||||
THRU | ||||||||
117th (2021–2023) | ||||||||
rowspan=3 style="background: Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Keith Ellison (born 1963) |
Minnesota's 5th | January 3, 2007 | January 3, 2019 | Democratic | 110th (2007–2009) |
Retired from office to run successfully for Attorney General of Minnesota. First African American to serve in Congress from Minnesota and the first Muslim to serve in Congress.[121] | |
THRU | ||||||||
115th (2017–2019) | ||||||||
rowspan=3 style="background: Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Hank Johnson (born 1954) |
Georgia's 4th | January 3, 2007 | Incumbent | Democratic | 110th (2007–2009) |
[122] | |
THRU | ||||||||
117th (2021–2023) | ||||||||
rowspan=3 style="background: Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Laura Richardson (born 1962) |
California's 37th | August 21, 2007 | January 3, 2013 | Democratic | 110th (2007–2009) |
Elected to fill vacancy caused by death of Juanita Millender-McDonald. In 2012 was reprimanded due to use of Congressional office staff in 2010 House election campaign. Lost office during reelection.[123] | |
111th (2009–2011) | ||||||||
112th (2011–2013) | ||||||||
rowspan=3 style="background: Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | André Carson (born 1974) |
Indiana's 7th | March 11, 2008 | Incumbent | Democratic | 110th (2007–2009) |
Elected to fill vacancy caused by the death of his grandmother, Julia Carson.[124] | |
THRU | ||||||||
117th (2021–2023) | ||||||||
rowspan=3 style="background: Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Donna Edwards (born 1958) |
Maryland's 4th | June 17, 2008 | January 3, 2017 | Democratic | 110th (2007–2009) |
Retired from office to run unsuccessfully for the United States Senate from Maryland. Elected to fill vacancy caused by resignation of Albert Wynn.[125] | |
THRU | ||||||||
114th (2015–2017) | ||||||||
rowspan=3 style="background: Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Marcia Fudge (born 1952) |
Ohio's 11th | November 18, 2008 | March 10, 2021 | Democratic | 110th (2007–2009) |
Resigned to become Secretary of Housing and Urban Development. Elected to fill vacancy caused by death of Stephanie Tubbs Jones. Served as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 113th United States Congress.[126] | |
THRU | ||||||||
117th (2021–2023) | ||||||||
rowspan=4 style="background: Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Karen Bass (born 1953) |
California's 33rd | January 3, 2011 | January 3, 2013 | Democratic | 112th (2011–2013) |
[127] | |
California's 37th | January 3, 2013 | Incumbent | 113th (2013–2015) | |||||
THRU | ||||||||
117th (2021–2023) | ||||||||
style="background: Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Hansen Clarke (born 1957) |
Michigan's 13th | January 3, 2011 | January 3, 2013 | Democratic | 112th (2011–2013) |
Lost office during renomination.[128] | |
rowspan=3 style="background: Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Cedric Richmond (born 1973) |
Louisiana's 2nd | January 3, 2011 | January 15, 2021 | Democratic | 112th (2011–2013) |
Resigned to become Senior Advisor to the President and Director of the Office of Public Engagement. Served as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 115th United States Congress.[129] | |
THRU | ||||||||
117th (2021–2023) | ||||||||
style="background: Template:Republican Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Tim Scott (born 1965) |
South Carolina's 1st | January 3, 2011 | January 2, 2013 | Republican | 112th (2011–2013) |
Appointed to Senate by South Carolina Governor Nikki Haley to replace Jim DeMint. Served as Republican assistant majority whip in the 112th United States Congress. First African American to serve in both chambers of the United States Congress.[130] | |
rowspan=3 style="background: Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Terri Sewell (born 1965) |
Alabama's 7th | January 3, 2011 | Incumbent | Democratic | 112th (2011–2013) |
Served as Democratic senior whip in the 112th United States Congress.[131] | |
THRU | ||||||||
117th (2021–2023) | ||||||||
style="background: Template:Republican Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Allen West (born 1961) |
Florida's 22nd | January 3, 2011 | January 3, 2013 | Republican | 112th (2011–2013) |
Lost office during reelection.[132] | |
rowspan=4 style="background: Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Frederica Wilson (born 1942) |
Florida's 17th | January 3, 2011 | January 3, 2013 | Democratic | 112th (2011–2013) |
[133] | |
Florida's 24th | January 3, 2013 | Incumbent | 113th (2013–2015) | |||||
THRU | ||||||||
117th (2021–2023) | ||||||||
rowspan=3 style="background: Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Donald Payne Jr. (born 1958) |
New Jersey's 10th | November 6, 2012 | Incumbent | Democratic | 112th (2011–2013) |
Elected to fill vacancy caused by the death of his father, Donald M. Payne.[134] | |
THRU | ||||||||
117th (2021–2023) | ||||||||
rowspan=3 style="background: Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Joyce Beatty (born 1950) |
Ohio's 3rd | January 3, 2013 | Incumbent | Democratic | 113th (2013–2015) |
[135] | |
THRU | ||||||||
117th (2021–2023) | ||||||||
rowspan=3 style="background: Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Steven Horsford (born 1973) |
Nevada's 4th | January 3, 2013 | January 3, 2015 | Democratic | 113th (2013–2015) |
Lost office during reelection. First African American to serve in Congress from Nevada.[136] | |
January 3, 2019 | Incumbent | 116th (2019–2021) | ||||||
117th (2021–2023) | ||||||||
rowspan=3 style="background: Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Hakeem Jeffries (born 1970) |
New York's 8th | January 3, 2013 | Incumbent | Democratic | 113th (2013–2015) |
[137] | |
THRU | ||||||||
117th (2021–2023) | ||||||||
rowspan=3 style="background: Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Marc Veasey (born 1971) |
Texas's 33rd | January 3, 2013 | Incumbent | Democratic | 113th (2013–2015) |
[138] | |
THRU | ||||||||
117th (2021–2023) | ||||||||
rowspan=3 style="background: Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Robin Kelly (born 1956) |
Illinois's 2nd | April 9, 2013 | Incumbent | Democratic | 113th (2013–2015) |
Elected to fill vacancy caused by the resignation of Jesse Jackson Jr.[139] | |
THRU | ||||||||
117th (2021–2023) | ||||||||
rowspan=3 style="background: Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Alma Adams (born 1946) |
North Carolina's 12th | November 12, 2014 | Incumbent | Democratic | 113th (2013–2015) |
Elected to fill vacancy caused by the resignation of Mel Watt.[140] | |
THRU | ||||||||
117th (2021–2023) | ||||||||
rowspan=3 style="background: Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Bonnie Watson Coleman (born 1945) |
New Jersey's 12th | January 3, 2015 | Incumbent | Democratic | 114th (2015–2017) |
[141] | |
THRU | ||||||||
117th (2021–2023) | ||||||||
rowspan=3 style="background: Template:Republican Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Will Hurd (born 1977) |
Texas's 23rd | January 3, 2015 | January 3, 2021 | Republican | 114th (2015–2017) |
Retired from office.[142] | |
115th (2017–2019) | ||||||||
116th (2019–2021) | ||||||||
rowspan=3 style="background: Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Brenda Lawrence (born 1954) |
Michigan's 14th | January 3, 2015 | Incumbent | Democratic | 114th (2015–2017) |
[143] | |
THRU | ||||||||
117th (2021–2023) | ||||||||
rowspan=2 style="background: Template:Republican Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Mia Love (born 1975) |
Utah's 4th | January 3, 2015 | January 3, 2019 | Republican | 114th (2015–2017) |
Lost office during reelection. First female African-American Republican to serve in Congress, first African American to serve in Congress from Utah and first Haitian American to serve in Congress.[144] | |
115th (2017–2019) | ||||||||
rowspan=3 style="background: Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Dwight Evans (born 1954) |
Pennsylvania's 2nd | November 8, 2016 | Incumbent | Democratic | 114th (2015–2017) |
Elected to fill vacancy caused by the resignation of Chaka Fattah.[145] | |
THRU | ||||||||
117th (2021–2023) | ||||||||
rowspan=3 style="background: Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Anthony G. Brown (born 1961) |
Maryland's 4th | January 3, 2017 | Incumbent | Democratic | 115th (2017–2019) |
[146] | |
116th (2019–2021) | ||||||||
117th (2021–2023) | ||||||||
rowspan=3 style="background: Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Val Demings (born 1957) |
Florida's 10th | January 3, 2017 | Incumbent | Democratic | 115th (2017–2019) |
[147] | |
116th (2019–2021) | ||||||||
117th (2021–2023) | ||||||||
rowspan=3 style="background: Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Al Lawson (born 1948) |
Florida's 5th | January 3, 2017 | Incumbent | Democratic | 115th (2017–2019) |
[148] | |
116th (2019–2021) | ||||||||
117th (2021–2023) | ||||||||
rowspan=3 style="background: Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Donald McEachin (born 1961) |
Virginia's 4th | January 3, 2017 | Incumbent | Democratic | 115th (2017–2019) |
[149] | |
116th (2019–2021) | ||||||||
117th (2021–2023) | ||||||||
rowspan=3 style="background: Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Lisa Blunt Rochester (born 1962) |
Delaware's at-large | January 3, 2017 | Incumbent | Democratic | 115th (2017–2019) |
First African American to serve in Congress from Delaware.[150][151] | |
116th (2019–2021) | ||||||||
117th (2021–2023) | ||||||||
style="background: Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Brenda Jones (born 1959) |
Michigan's 13th | November 29, 2018 | January 3, 2019 | Democratic | 115th (2017–2019) |
Elected to fill vacancy caused by resignation of John Conyers.[152] | |
rowspan=2 style="background: Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Colin Allred (born 1983) |
Texas's 32nd | January 3, 2019 | Incumbent | Democratic | 116th (2019–2021) |
[153] | |
117th (2021–2023) | ||||||||
rowspan=2 style="background: Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Antonio Delgado (born 1977) |
New York's 19th | January 3, 2019 | Incumbent | Democratic | 116th (2019–2021) |
[154] | |
117th (2021–2023) | ||||||||
rowspan=2 style="background: Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Jahana Hayes (born 1973) |
Connecticut's 5th | January 3, 2019 | Incumbent | Democratic | 116th (2019–2021) |
First African-American woman to serve in Congress from Connecticut.[155] | |
117th (2021–2023) | ||||||||
rowspan=2 style="background: Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Lucy McBath (born 1960) |
Georgia's 6th | January 3, 2019 | Incumbent | Democratic | 116th (2019–2021) |
[156] | |
117th (2021–2023) | ||||||||
rowspan=2 style="background: Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Joe Neguse (born 1984) |
Colorado's 2nd | January 3, 2019 | Incumbent | Democratic | 116th (2019–2021) |
First African American to serve in Congress from Colorado and first Eritrean American to serve in Congress.[157][158] | |
117th (2021–2023) | ||||||||
rowspan=2 style="background: Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Ilhan Omar (born 1981) |
Minnesota's 5th | January 3, 2019 | Incumbent | Democratic | 116th (2019–2021) |
First Somali-American to serve in Congress. Along with Rashida Tlaib, the first Muslim-American woman to serve in Congress.[159] | |
117th (2021–2023) | ||||||||
rowspan=2 style="background: Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Ayanna Pressley (born 1974) |
Massachusetts's 7th | January 3, 2019 | Incumbent | Democratic | 116th (2019–2021) |
First African-American woman to serve in Congress from Massachusetts.[160] | |
117th (2021–2023) | ||||||||
rowspan=2 style="background: Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Lauren Underwood (born 1986) |
Illinois's 14th | January 3, 2019 | Incumbent | Democratic | 116th (2019–2021) |
[161] | |
117th (2021–2023) | ||||||||
style="background: Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Kwanza Hall (born 1971) |
Georgia's 5th | December 3, 2020 | January 3, 2021 | Democratic | 116th (2019–2021) |
Elected to fill vacancy caused by the death of John Lewis, for a term that ended at the conclusion of the 116th United States Congress on January 3, 2021.[162] | |
style="background: Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Jamaal Bowman (born 1976) |
New York's 16th | January 3, 2021 | Incumbent | Democratic | 117th (2021–2023) |
[163] | |
style="background: Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Cori Bush (born 1976) |
Missouri's 1st | January 3, 2021 | Incumbent | Democratic | 117th (2021–2023) |
[164] | |
style="background: Template:Republican Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Byron Donalds (born 1978) |
Florida's 19th | January 3, 2021 | Incumbent | Republican | 117th (2021–2023) |
[165] | |
style="background: Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Mondaire Jones (born 1987) |
New York's 17th | January 3, 2021 | Incumbent | Democratic | 117th (2021–2023) |
[166] | |
style="background: Template:Republican Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Burgess Owens (born 1951) |
Utah's 4th | January 3, 2021 | Incumbent | Republican | 117th (2021–2023) |
[167] | |
style="background: Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Marilyn Strickland (born 1962) |
Washington's 10th | January 3, 2021 | Incumbent | Democratic | 117th (2021–2023) |
First African American to serve in Congress from Washington.[168] | |
style="background: Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Ritchie Torres (born 1988) |
New York's 15th | January 3, 2021 | Incumbent | Democratic | 117th (2021–2023) |
[169][170] | |
style="background: Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Nikema Williams (born 1978) |
Georgia's 5th | January 3, 2021 | Incumbent | Democratic | 117th (2021–2023) |
[171] |
House delegates (non-voting members)
(Note: Delegates are organized first in chronological order according to their first term in office, then second in alphabetical order according to their surname.)
- Political Parties
Democratic Republican Independent
Delegate | Congressional district | Took office | Left office | Party | Congress | Note | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
rowspan=3 style="background: Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Walter Fauntroy (born 1933) |
District of Columbia's at-large | March 23, 1971 | January 3, 1991 | Democratic | 92nd (1971–1973) |
Retired from office to run unsuccessfully for Mayor of the District of Columbia. First African American to serve as a delegate for the District of Columbia. Elected to serve in Congress after the District of Columbia was authorized to elect a Delegate by the District of Columbia Delegate Act of 1970. Served as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 97th United States Congress.[172] | |
THRU | ||||||||
101st (1989–1991) | ||||||||
style="background: Template:Republican Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Melvin H. Evans (1917–1984) |
Virgin Islands' at-large | January 3, 1979 | January 3, 1981 | Republican | 96th (1979–1981) |
Lost office during reelection. First African American to serve in Congress from the Virgin Islands.[173] | |
rowspan=3 style="background: Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Eleanor Holmes Norton (born 1937) |
District of Columbia's at-large | January 3, 1991 | Incumbent | Democratic | 102nd (1991–1993) |
[174] | |
THRU | ||||||||
117th (2021–2023) | ||||||||
style="background: Template:Independent Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Victor O. Frazer (born 1943) |
Virgin Islands' at-large | January 3, 1995 | January 3, 1997 | Independent | 104th (1995–1997) |
Lost office during reelection.[175] | |
rowspan=3 style="background: Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Donna Christian-Christensen (born 1945) |
Virgin Islands' at-large | January 3, 1997 | January 3, 2015 | Democratic | 105th (1997–1999) |
Retired from office to run unsuccessfully for Governor of Virgin Islands. First woman elected to serve in Congress from the Virgin Islands.[176] | |
THRU | ||||||||
113th (2013–2015) | ||||||||
rowspan=3 style="background: Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | Stacey Plaskett (born 1966) |
Virgin Islands' at-large | January 3, 2015 | Incumbent | Democratic | 114th (2015–2017) |
[177] | |
THRU | ||||||||
117th (2021–2023) |
African Americans elected to the House of Representatives, but not seated
- Political Party
Representative–elect | Congressional district | Took office | Left office | Party | Congress | Former slave? | Note | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
style="background: Template:Republican Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | John Willis Menard (1838–1893) |
Louisiana's 2nd | Elected in 1868, but denied seat | Republican | 41st (1869–1871) |
No | Elected to fill vacancy caused by death of James Mann. Denied seat due to a contested election that involved Caleb S. Hunt, but was permitted to address the House while in session.[178] First African American elected to Congress, but denied seat.[179] | ||
style="background: Template:Republican Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | P. B. S. Pinchback (1837–1921) |
Louisiana's at-large | Elected in 1872, but denied seat | Republican | 43rd (1873–1875) |
No | Denied seat due to a contested election that involved George A. Sheridan.[180][181] |
See also
Federal government
- African Americans in the United States Congress
- List of African-American United States Cabinet Secretaries
State and local government
- African-American officeholders in the United States, 1789–1866
- List of African-American U.S. state firsts
- List of first African-American mayors
References
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- ^ https://2020census.gov/en/about-questions/2020-census-questions-race.html
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- ^ a b Terkel, Amanda (September 27, 2012). "Senate Likely To Remain Without Black Members For Years". Retrieved February 9, 2013.
- ^ a b "Rainey, Joseph Hayne, (1832 - 1887)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ a b c "Long, Jefferson Franklin, (1836 - 1901)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ Rowell, Chester Harvey (1901). A Historical and Legal Digest of all the Contested Election Cases in the House of Representatives of the United States from the First to the Fifty-sixth Congress, 1789-1901. United States. Congress. House. Committee on House Administration. Subcommittee on Elections. p. 282. ISBN 9785880686292.
- ^ a b "De Large, Robert Carlos, (1842 - 1874)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Elliott, Robert Brown, (1842 - 1884)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Turner, Benjamin Sterling, (1825 - 1894)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ Rowell, Chester Harvey (1901). A Historical and Legal Digest of all the Contested Election Cases in the House of Representatives of the United States from the First to the Fifty-sixth Congress, 1789-1901. United States. Congress. House. Committee on House Administration. Subcommittee on Elections. pp. 282–283. ISBN 9785880686292.
- ^ Rowell, Chester Harvey (1901). A Historical and Legal Digest of all the Contested Election Cases in the House of Representatives of the United States from the First to the Fifty-sixth Congress, 1789-1901. United States. Congress. House. Committee on House Administration. Subcommittee on Elections. pp. 305–308. ISBN 9785880686292.
- ^ "Walls, Josiah Thomas, (1842 - 1905)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Cain, Richard Harvey, (1825 - 1887)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ Rowell, Chester Harvey (1901). A Historical and Legal Digest of all the Contested Election Cases in the House of Representatives of the United States from the First to the Fifty-sixth Congress, 1789-1901. United States. Congress. House. Committee on House Administration. Subcommittee on Elections. pp. 375–378. ISBN 9785880686292.
- ^ "Lynch, John Roy, (1847 - 1939)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Ransier, Alonzo Jacob, (1834 - 1882)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Rapier, James Thomas, (1837 - 1883)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Haralson, Jeremiah, (1846 - 1916)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Hyman, John Adams, (1840 - 1891)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Nash, Charles Edmund, (1844 - 1913)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ Rowell, Chester Harvey (1901). A Historical and Legal Digest of all the Contested Election Cases in the House of Representatives of the United States from the First to the Fifty-sixth Congress, 1789-1901. United States. Congress. House. Committee on House Administration. Subcommittee on Elections. pp. 381–384. ISBN 9785880686292.
- ^ "Smalls, Robert, (1839 - 1915)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ a b "O'Hara, James Edward, (1844 - 1905)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Cheatham, Henry Plummer, (1857 - 1935)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ Rowell, Chester Harvey (1901). A Historical and Legal Digest of all the Contested Election Cases in the House of Representatives of the United States from the First to the Fifty-sixth Congress, 1789-1901. United States. Congress. House. Committee on House Administration. Subcommittee on Elections. pp. 458–460. ISBN 9785880686292.
- ^ "Langston, John Mercer, (1829 - 1897)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ Rowell, Chester Harvey (1901). A Historical and Legal Digest of all the Contested Election Cases in the House of Representatives of the United States from the First to the Fifty-sixth Congress, 1789-1901. United States. Congress. House. Committee on House Administration. Subcommittee on Elections. pp. 461–464. ISBN 9785880686292.
- ^ "Miller, Thomas Ezekiel, (1849 - 1938)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ Rowell, Chester Harvey (1901). A Historical and Legal Digest of all the Contested Election Cases in the House of Representatives of the United States from the First to the Fifty-sixth Congress, 1789-1901. United States. Congress. House. Committee on House Administration. Subcommittee on Elections. pp. 543–546. ISBN 9785880686292.
- ^ "Murray, George Washington, (1853 - 1926)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "White, George Henry, (1852 - 1918)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "De Priest, Oscar Stanton, (1871 - 1951)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Mitchell, Arthur Wergs, (1883 - 1968)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Dawson, William Levi, (1886 - 1970)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ a b "Powell, Adam Clayton, Jr., (1908 - 1972)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Diggs, Charles Coles, Jr., (1922 - 1998)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Nix, Robert Nelson Cornelius, Sr., (1898 - 1987)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Hawkins, Augustus Freeman (Gus), (1907 - 2007)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Conyers, John, Jr., (1929 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Chisholm, Shirley Anita, (1924 - 2005)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Clay, William Lacy, Sr., (1931 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Stokes, Louis, (1925 - 2015)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Collins, George Washington, (1925 - 1972)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Dellums, Ronald V., (1935 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Metcalfe, Ralph Harold, (1910 - 1978)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Mitchell, Parren James, (1922 - 2007)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Rangel, Charles B., (1930 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Burke, Yvonne Brathwaite, (1932 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Jordan, Barbara Charline, (1936 - 1996)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Young, Andrew Jackson, Jr., (1932 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Collins, Cardiss, (1931 - 2013)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Ford, Harold Eugene, (1945 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Dixon, Julian Carey, (1934 - 2000)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Gray, William Herbert, III, (1941 - 2013)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Leland, George Thomas (Mickey), (1944 - 1989)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Stewart, Bennett McVey, (1912 - 1988)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Crockett, George William, Jr., (1909 - 1997)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Dymally, Mervyn Malcolm, (1926 - 2012)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Savage, Gus, (1925 - 2015)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Washington, Harold, (1922 - 1987)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Hall, Katie Beatrice, (1938 - 2012)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Owens, Major Robert Odell, (1936 - 2013)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Towns, Edolphus, (1934 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Wheat, Alan Dupree, (1951 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Hayes, Charles Arthur, (1918 - 1997)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Waldon, Alton R., Jr., (1936 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Espy, Alphonso Michael (Mike), (1953 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Flake, Floyd Harold, (1945 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Lewis, John R., (1940–2020)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Mfume, Kweisi, (1948 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Payne, Donald Milford, (1934 - 2012)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Washington, Craig Anthony, (1941 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Collins, Barbara-Rose, (1939 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Franks, Gary A., (1953 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Jefferson, William Jennings, (1947 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Waters, Maxine, (1938 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
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Further reading
- Christopher, Maurine (1971). America's Black Congressmen. Thomas Y. Crowell Company. ISBN 9780690085853.
- Clay, William L. (1992). Just Permanent Interests: Black Americans in Congress, 1870–1991. Amistad Press. ISBN 1-56743-000-7.
- Dray, Philip (2008). Capitol Men: The Epic Story of Reconstruction Through the Lives of the First Black Congressmen. Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-618-56370-8.
- Foner, Eric (1996). Freedom's Lawmakers: A Directory of Black Officeholders During Reconstruction. LSU Press. ISBN 9780807120828.
- Freedman, Eric; Jones, Stephen A. (2008). African Americans In Congress: A Documentary History. CQ Press. ISBN 9780872893856.
- Gill, LaVerne McCain (1997). African American Women in Congress: Forming and Transforming History. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 9780813523538.
- Hahn, Steven (2005). A Nation Under Our Feet: Black Political Struggles in the Rural South from Slavery to the Great Migration. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674017658.
- Haskins, James (1999). Distinguished African American Political and Governmental Leaders. Oryx Press. ISBN 9781573561266.
- Lynch, Matthew (2012). Before Obama: A Reappraisal of Black Reconstruction Era Politicians. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9780313397929.
- Middleton, Stephen (2002). Black Congressmen During Reconstruction: A Documentary Sourcebook. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 9780313322815.
- Rabinowitz, Howard N., ed. (1982). Southern Black Leaders of the Reconstruction Era. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 9780252009723.
- Walton, Jr., Hanes; Puckett, Sherman C.; Deskins, Jr., Donald R. (2012). The African American Electorate: A Statistical History. Congressional Quarterly Press. ISBN 9780872895089.
- Wasniewski, Matthew, ed. (2008). Black Americans in Congress, 1870-2007. United States Government Printing Office. ISBN 9780160801945. The website, Black Americans in Congress maintained by the Clerk of the United States House of Representatives, serves as an ongoing supplement to the book. To download a free copy of the entire publication or a specific portion of the publication, see H. Doc. 108-224 - Black Americans in Congress 1870 - 2007. Made available by the United States Government Printing Office (GPO).
External links
- African American Members of the United States Congress: 1870–2018 A 51-page history produced by the Congressional Research Service, a legislative branch agency within the Library of Congress.
- Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, 1774 - Present Perform search of desired representative or delegate by last name, first name, position, state, party, by year or congress.
- C-SPAN videos that discuss the history of African Americans in Congress:
- Black Americans in Congress, 1870–2007 A C-SPAN video with Matthew Wasniewski, historian of the United States House of Representatives, as the presenter. He discusses the history of African Americans in Congress from 1870 to 2007. The video is 164 minutes in length.
- African Americans in Congress in the 19th Century A C-SPAN video with Matthew Wasniewski and Farar Elliott, historian and curator respectively of the United States House of Representatives, as the presenters. They discuss the history of African Americans in Congress during the nineteenth century. The video is 28:54 minutes in length.
- African Americans in Congress in the 20th Century A C-SPAN video with Ron Dellums, the former representative of the United States House of Representatives from California's 9th congressional district, and Matthew Wasniewski and Farar Elliott, historian and curator respectively of the United States House of Representatives, as the presenters. They discuss the history of African Americans in Congress during the twentieth century. The video is 43:59 minutes in length.
- Black Americans in Congress Maintained by the Clerk of the United States House of Representatives. The website serves as an ongoing supplement to the book, Black Americans in Congress, 1870-2007.
- Major African American Office Holders Since 1641 Includes a listing for the United States Senate. Maintained by Blackpast.org.