G20

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Group of Twenty
AbbreviationG-20 or G20
Formation1999
2008 (Heads of State Summits)
PurposeBring together systemically important industrialized and developing economies to discuss key issues in the global economy.[1]
Membership
20
Chairman
Tony Abbott (Australia) (2014)
Staff
None[2]
Websitewww.g20.org

The Group of Twenty (also known as the G-20 or G20) is a forum for the governments and central bank governors from 20 major economies. The members, shown highlighted on the map at right, include 19 individual countries—Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Republic of Korea, Mexico, Russian Federation, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Turkey, United Kingdom, United States—and the European Union (EU). The EU is represented by the European Commission and by the ECB.

Collectively, the G-20 economies account for around 85% of the gross world product (GWP), 80% of world trade (or if excluding EU intra-trade: 75%), and two-thirds of the world population.[2] The G-20 heads of government or heads of state have periodically conferred at summits since their initial meeting in 2008.

The G-20 was proposed by former Canadian Prime Minister Paul Martin[3] as a forum for cooperation and consultation on matters pertaining to the international financial system. The group was formally inaugurated in September 1999, and held its first meeting of finance ministers in December 1999.[citation needed] It studies, reviews, and promotes high-level discussion of policy issues pertaining to the promotion of international financial stability, and seeks to address issues that go beyond the responsibilities of any one organization. With the G-20 growing in stature after the 2008 Washington summit, its leaders announced on 25 September 2009, that the group would replace the G8 as the main economic council of wealthy nations.[4] Since its inception, the G-20's membership policies have been criticized by numerous intellectuals,[5][6] and its summits have been a focus for major protests by anti-globalists, nationalists and others.[7]

The heads of the G-20 nations met semi-annually at G-20 summits between 2008 and 2011. Since the November 2011 Cannes summit, all G-20 summits have been held annually.[2] Australia currently holds the chair of the G-20, and the next summit will be held in Brisbane during November 2014.

History

A group photo of the participants of the 2008 G-20 Washington summit.
2009 G-20 London summit group photo.
2009 G-20 Pittsburgh summit group photo.
2010 G-20 Toronto summit group photo.
2010 G-20 Seoul summit group photo.
2011 G-20 Cannes summit group photo.
2012 G-20 Mexico summit group photo.

The G-20, which superseded the G33 (which had itself superseded the G22), was foreshadowed at the Cologne Summit of the G7 in June 1999, but was only formally established at the G7 Finance Ministers' meeting on 26 September 1999. The inaugural meeting took place on 15–16 December 1999 in Berlin. In 2008, Spain and the Netherlands were included, by French invitation, in the G-20 Leaders Summit on Financial Markets and the World Economy.

The theme of the 2006 G-20 meeting was "Building and Sustaining Prosperity". The issues discussed included domestic reforms to achieve "sustained growth", global energy and resource commodity markets, 'reform' of the World Bank and IMF, and the impact of demographic changes due to an aging population. Trevor A. Manuel, the South African Minister of Finance, was the chairperson of the G-20 when South Africa hosted the Secretariat in 2007. Guido Mantega, Brazil's Minister of Finance, was the chairperson of the G-20 in 2008; Brazil proposed dialogue on competition in financial markets, clean energy and economic development and fiscal elements of growth and development. In a statement following a meeting of G7 finance ministers on 11 October 2008, US President George W. Bush stated that the next meeting of the G-20 would be important in finding solutions to the burgeoning economic crisis of 2008. An initiative by French President Nicolas Sarkozy and British Prime Minister Gordon Brown led to a special meeting of the G-20, a G-20 Leaders Summit on Financial Markets and the World Economy, on 15 November 2008.[8]

Despite lacking any formal ability to enforce rules, the G-20's prominent membership gives it a strong input on global policy. However, there remain disputes over the legitimacy of the G-20,[9] and criticisms of its organisation and the efficacy of its declarations.[10]

Summits

See also: List of G-20 summits

The G-20 Summit was created as a response both to the financial crisis of 2007–2010 and to a growing recognition that key emerging countries were not adequately included in the core of global economic discussion and governance. The G-20 Summits of heads of state or government were held in addition to the G-20 Meetings of Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors, who continued to meet to prepare the leaders' summit and implement their decisions. After the 2008 debut summit in Washington, D.C., G-20 leaders met twice a year in London and Pittsburgh in 2009, Toronto and Seoul in 2010.[11]

Since 2011, when France chaired and hosted the G-20, the summits have been held only once a year.[12] Russia chaired and hosted the summit in 2013;[13] while the summit will be held in Australia in 2014,[14] with Turkey hosting it in 2015.[15]

A number of other ministerial-level G20 meetings have been held since 2010. Agriculture ministerial meetings were conducted in 2011 and 2012; meetings of foreign ministers were held in 2012 and 2013; trade ministers met in 2012 and 2014 and employment ministerial meetings have taken place annually since 2010.[16]

Australian Foreign Minister Julie Bishop, as host of the then-next G20 meeting, proposed on 19 March 2014 to ban Russia over its role in the 2014 Crimean crisis.[17] She was reminded on 24 March by a communique of the BRICS foreign ministers that "The Ministers noted with concern, the recent media statement on the forthcoming G20 Summit to be held in Brisbane in November 2014. The custodianship of the G20 belongs to all Member States equally and no one Member State can unilaterally determine its nature and character."[18]

Date Host country Host city Website
1st[19] November 2008  United States Washington, D.C.
2nd[19] April 2009  United Kingdom London [2]
3rd[19] September 2009  United States Pittsburgh [3]
4th[20] June 2010  Canada Toronto [21]
5th[22] November 2010  South Korea Seoul [4]
6th[23] November 2011[24]  France Cannes [5]
7th[25] June 2012[26]  Mexico Los Cabos [6]
8th[13] September 2013  Russia Saint Petersburg [7]
9th[13] November 2014  Australia Brisbane
10th[13] 2015  Turkey Istanbul

G-20 leaders' chair rotation

To decide which member nation gets to chair the G-20 leaders' meeting for a given year, all 19 sovereign nations are assigned to one of five different groupings. Each group holds a maximum of four nations. This system has been in place since 2010, when South Korea, which is in Group 5, held the G-20 chair. In 2013, Russia, which is in Group 2, hosted the G-20 leaders' summit. Australia, the host of the 2014 G-20 summit, is in Group 1. The table below lists the nations' groupings:[27]

Group Nations Group Nations Group Nations Group Nations Group Nations
Group 1  Australia Group 2  India Group 3  Argentina Group 4  France Group 5  China
 Canada  Russia  Brazil  Germany  Indonesia
 Saudi Arabia  South Africa  Mexico  Italy  Japan
 United States  Turkey —  United Kingdom  South Korea

Organization

The G-20 operates without a permanent secretariat or staff. The group's chair rotates annually among the members and is selected from a different regional grouping of countries. The chair is part of a revolving three-member management group of past, present and future chairs, referred to as the "Troika". The incumbent chair establishes a temporary secretariat for the duration of its term, which coordinates the group's work and organizes its meetings. The role of the Troika is to ensure continuity in the G-20's work and management across host years. The current chair of the G-20 is Australia; the chair was handed over from Russia after the 2013 G-20 Summit. The 2015 Summit will be presided by Turkey.

Proposed permanent secretariat

In 2010, President of France Nicolas Sarkozy proposed the establishment of a permanent G-20 secretariat, similar to the United Nations. Seoul and Paris were suggested as possible locations for its headquarters.[28] China and Brazil supported the establishment of a secretariat, while Italy and Japan expressed opposition to the proposal.[28] South Korea proposed a "cyber secretariat" as an alternative.[28]

List of members

Currently, there are 20 members of the group. These include, at the leaders summits, the leaders of 19 countries and of the European Union, and, at the ministerial-level meetings, the finance ministers and central bank governors of 19 countries and of the European Union. In addition Each year, the G20’s guests include Spain; the Chair of ASEAN; two African countries (the chair of the African Union and a representative of the New Partnership for Africa’s Development) and a country (sometimes more than one) invited by the presidency, usually from its own region.[29][2][30] The first of the tables below lists the member entities and their heads of government, finance ministers and central bank governors. The second table lists relevant statistics such as population and GDP figures for each member, as well as detailing memberships of other international organisations, such as the G7 and BRICS. Total GDP figures are given in millions of US dollars.

Leaders

Member Official title Head of government Official title Finance minister Central bank governor
 Argentina President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner Minister of Economy Axel Kicillof Alejandro Vanoli
 Australia Prime Minister Tony Abbott Treasurer Joe Hockey Glenn Stevens
 Brazil President Dilma Rousseff Minister of Finance Guido Mantega Alexandre Tombini
 Canada Prime Minister Stephen Harper Minister of Finance Joe Oliver Stephen Poloz
 China President Xi Jinping Minister of Finance Lou Jiwei Zhou Xiaochuan
 European Union[31] President of the European Council Herman Van Rompuy Commissioner for Economic and Financial Affairs,
Taxation and Customs 		Pierre Moscovici Mario Draghi
President of the European Commission Jean-Claude Juncker
 France President François Hollande Minister of Finance Michel Sapin Christian Noyer
 Germany Chancellor Angela Merkel Minister of Finance Wolfgang Schäuble Jens Weidmann
 India Prime Minister Narendra Modi Minister of Finance Arun Jaitley Raghuram Rajan
 Indonesia President Joko Widodo Minister of Finance Bambang Brodjonegoro Agus Martowardojo
 Italy Prime Minister Matteo Renzi Minister of Economy and Finance Pier Carlo Padoan Ignazio Visco
 Japan Prime Minister Shinzo Abe Minister of Finance Taro Aso Haruhiko Kuroda
 Mexico President Enrique Peña Nieto Secretary of Finance Luis Videgaray Caso Agustín Carstens
 Russia President Vladimir Putin Minister of Finance Anton Siluanov Elvira Nabiullina
 Saudi Arabia King Abdullah Minister of Finance Ibrahim Abdulaziz Al-Assaf Fahad Almubarak
 South Africa President Jacob Zuma Minister of Finance Nhlanhla Nene Gill Marcus
 South Korea President Park Geun-hye Minister of Strategy and Finance Choi Kyoung-hwan Kim Choong-soo
 Turkey President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Minister of Finance Mehmet Şimşek Erdem Başçı
 United Kingdom Prime Minister David Cameron Chancellor of the Exchequer George Osborne Mark Carney
 United States President Barack Obama Secretary of the Treasury Jack Lew Janet Yellen

Member country data

Member Trade mil. USD (2013) Nom. GDP mil. USD (2014)[32] PPP GDP mil. USD (2014)[33] Nom. GDP per capita USD (2014)[34] PPP GDP per capita USD (2014)[35] HDI (2014) Population (2014) P5 G7 BRICS MINT DAC OECD Economic classification (IMF)[36]
 Argentina 152,690 536,155 927,382 12,778 22,101 0.808 41,961,000 Red XN Red XN Red XN Red XN Red XN Red XN Developing
 Australia 522,000 1,482,539 1,100,449 62,822 46,631 0.933 23,599,000 Red XN Red XN Red XN Red XN Green tickY Green tickY Advanced
 Brazil 494,800 2,244,131 3,072,607 11,067 15,153 0.744 202,768,000 Red XN Red XN Green tickY Red XN Red XN Red XN Developing
 Canada 932,600 1,793,797 1,578,921 50,577 44,519 0.902 35,467,000 Red XN Green tickY Red XN Red XN Green tickY Green tickY Advanced
 China 4,150,000 10,355,350 17,632,014 7,572 12,893 0.719 1,367,520,000 Green tickY Red XN Green tickY Red XN Red XN Red XN Developing
 European Union 4,485,000 18,398,669 18,124,316 36,392 35,849 0.876 505,570,700 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
 France 1,260,700 2,902,330 2,586,524 45,384 40,445 0.884 63,951,000 Green tickY Green tickY Red XN Red XN Green tickY Green tickY Advanced
 Germany 2,600,600 3,820,464 3,621,357 47,201 44,741 0.911 80,940,000 Red XN Green tickY Red XN Red XN Green tickY Green tickY Advanced
 India 779,300 2,047,811 7,277,279 1,626 5,777 0.586 1,259,695,000 Red XN Red XN Green tickY Red XN Red XN Red XN Developing
 Indonesia 384,100 856,066 2,554,311 3,404 10,157 0.684 251,490,000 Red XN Red XN Red XN Green tickY Red XN Red XN Developing
 Italy 995,100 2,129,276 2,065,933 35,512 34,455 0.872 59,960,000 Red XN Green tickY Red XN Red XN Green tickY Green tickY Advanced
 Japan 1,548,300 4,769,804 4,788,033 37,540 37,683 0.890 127,061,000 Red XN Green tickY Red XN Red XN Green tickY Green tickY Advanced
 Mexico 771,200 1,295,860 2,143,499 10,837 17,925 0.756 119,581,789 Red XN Red XN Red XN Green tickY Red XN Green tickY Developing
 Russia 866,300 2,057,301 3,558,640 14,317 24,764 0.778 143,700,000 Green tickY Red XN Green tickY Red XN Red XN Red XN Developing
 Saudi Arabia 544,100 777,870 1,651,718 25,401 53,935 0.836 30,624,000 Red XN Red XN Red XN Red XN Red XN Red XN Developing
 South Africa 208,000 341,216 683,147 6,354 12,722 0.658 53,699,000 Red XN Red XN Green tickY Red XN Red XN Red XN Developing
 South Korea 1,075,200 1,449,494 1,789,758 28,739 35,485 0.891 50,437,000 Red XN Red XN Red XN Red XN Green tickY Green tickY Advanced
 Turkey 370,800 813,316 1,512,127 10,518 19,556 0.759 77,324,000 Red XN Red XN Red XN Green tickY Red XN Green tickY Developing
 United Kingdom 1,196,900 2,847,604 2,434,932 44,141 37,744 0.892 64,511,000 Green tickY Green tickY Red XN Red XN Green tickY Green tickY Advanced
 United States 3,908,700 17,416,253 17,416,253 54,678 54,678 0.914 318,523,000 Green tickY Green tickY Red XN Red XN Green tickY Green tickY Advanced

In addition to these 20 members, the chief executive officers of several other international forums and institutions participate in meetings of the G-20.[2] These include the managing director and Chairman of the International Monetary Fund, the President of the World Bank, the International Monetary and Financial Committee and the Chairman of the Development Assistance Committee.

The G-20's membership does not reflect exactly the 19 largest national economies of the world in any given year. The organization states:[1]

In a forum such as the G-20, it is particularly important for the number of countries involved to be restricted and fixed to ensure the effectiveness and continuity of its activity. There are no formal criteria for G-20 membership and the composition of the group has remained unchanged since it was established. In view of the objectives of the G-20, it was considered important that countries and regions of systemic significance for the international financial system be included. Aspects such as geographical balance and population representation also played a major part.

All 19 member nations are among the top 34 economies as measured in GDP at nominal prices in a list published by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) for 2014.[37] Not represented by membership in the G-20 are Switzerland (ranked 20th by the IMF), Nigeria (21), Norway (26), Taiwan (27), the United Arab Emirates (29), Iran (30), Colombia (31), and Thailand (32), even though they rank higher than some members. Spain (14), the Netherlands (16), Sweden (22), Poland (23), Belgium (25), Austria (28), and Denmark (33) are included only as part of the EU, and not independently.

When the countries' GDP is measured at purchasing power parity (PPP) rates,[33] all 19 members are among the top 30 in the world on April 2014, according to the IMF. Iran (18), Nigeria (20), Taiwan (21), Thailand (22), Egypt (23), Pakistan (26), Malaysia (28), and Philippines (29) are not G-20 members, while Spain (16), Poland (24) and the Netherlands (27) are only included in the EU slot. However, in a list of average GDP, calculated for the years since the group's creation (1999–2008) at both nominal and PPP rates, only Spain, the Netherlands, Nigeria, Poland, Taiwan, Iran and Thailand appear above any G-20 member in both lists simultaneously.

Spain, being the 13th largest economy in the world and 5th in the European Union in terms of nominal GDP, is a "permanent guest" of the organization, although the Spanish government's policy is to not request official membership.[38][39] As such, a Spanish delegation has been invited to, and has attended, every G-20 heads of state summit since the G-20's inception.

Role of Asian countries

A 2011 report released by the Asian Development Bank (ADB) predicted that large Asian economies such as China and India would play a more important role in global economic governance in the future. The report claimed that the rise of emerging market economies heralded a new world order, in which the G-20 would become the global economic steering committee.[40] The ADB furthermore noted that Asian countries had led the global recovery following the late-2000s recession. It predicted that the region would have a greater presence on the global stage, shaping the G-20's agenda for balanced and sustainable growth through strengthening intraregional trade and stimulating domestic demand.[40]

Invitees

Typically, several participants that are not permanent members of the G20 are extended invitations to participate in the summits. Each year, the Chair of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations; the Chair of the African Union and a representative of the New Partnership for Africa's Development are invited in their capacities as leaders of their organisations and as heads of government of their home states.[41] Additionally, the leaders of the Financial Stability Board, the International Labour Organization, the International Monetary Fund, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the United Nations, the World Bank Group and the World Trade Organization are invited and participate in pre-summit planning within the policy purview of their respective organisation.[42] Spain is a permanent non-member invitee.[41]

Other invitees are chosen by the host country, usually one or two countries from its own region.[41] For example, South Korea invited Singapore. International organisations which have been invited in the past include the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS), the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), the Eurasian Economic Community (EAEC), the European Central Bank (ECB), the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the Global Governance Group (3G) and the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). Previously, the Netherlands had a similar status to Spain while the rotating presidency of the Council of the European Union would also receive an invitation, but only in that capacity and not as their own state's leader (such as the Czech premiers Mirek Topolánek and Jan Fischer during the 2009 summits).

As of 2014, leaders from the following nations have been invited to the G20 summits: Benin, Brunei, Cambodia, Chile, Colombia, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Kazakhstan, Malawi, Mauritania, Myanmar, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, Senegal, Singapore, Spain, Switzerland, Thailand, the United Arab Emirates and Vietnam.[41]

Permanent Guest Invitations

Invitee Officeholder State Official title
African Union (AU) Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz  Mauritania President
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Thein Sein  Myanmar President
Lê Lương Minh – Secretary-General
Financial Stability Board (FSB) Mark Carney – Chairperson
International Labour Organization (ILO) Guy Ryder – Director General
International Monetary Fund (IMF) Christine Lagarde – Managing Director
New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD) Macky Sall  Senegal President
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) José Ángel Gurría – Secretary-General
– Mariano Rajoy  Spain Prime Minister
United Nations (UN) Ban Ki-moon – Secretary-General
World Bank Group (WBG) Jim Yong Kim – President
World Trade Organization (WTO) Roberto Azevêdo – Director General

Criticisms

Exclusivity of membership

Although the G-20 has stated that the group's "economic weight and broad membership gives it a high degree of legitimacy and influence over the management of the global economy and financial system,"[43] its legitimacy has been challenged. With respect to the membership issue, U.S. President Barack Obama has noted the difficulty of pleasing everyone: "everybody wants the smallest possible group that includes them. So, if they're the 21st largest nation in the world, they want the G-21, and think it's highly unfair if they have been cut out."[44] A 2011 report for the Danish Institute for International Studies, entitled "The G-20 and Beyond: Towards Effective Global Economic Governance", criticised the G-20's exclusivity, highlighting in particular its under-representation of the African continent. Moreover, the report stated that the G-20's practice of inviting observers from non-member states is a mere "concession at the margins", and does not grant the organisation representational legitimacy.[45] However, Global Policy stated in 2011 that the G-20's exclusivity is not an insurmountable problem, and proposed mechanisms by which it could become more inclusive.[46]

Norwegian perspective

In a 2010 interview with Der Spiegel,[5] Norwegian Foreign Minister Jonas Gahr Støre called the G-20 "one of the greatest setbacks since World War II." Although Norway is a major developed economy and the seventh-largest contributor to UN international development programs,[47] it is not a member of the EU, and thus is not represented in the G-20 even indirectly.[5] Norway, like the other 173 nations not among the G-20, has little or no voice within the group. Støre characterized the G-20 as a "self-appointed group", arguing that it undermines the legitimacy of international organizations set up in the aftermath of World War II, such as the IMF, World Bank and United Nations:

The G-20 is a self-appointed group. Its composition is determined by the major countries and powers. It may be more representative than the G-7 or the G-8, in which only the richest countries are represented, but it is still arbitrary. We no longer live in the 19th century, a time when the major powers met and redrew the map of the world. No one needs a new Congress of Vienna.

— Jonas Gahr Støre, 2010[5]

Global Governance Group (3G) response

In June 2010, Singapore's representative to the United Nations warned the G-20 that its decisions would affect "all countries, big and small", and asserted that prominent non-G-20 members should be included in financial reform discussions.[48] Singapore thereafter took a leading role in organizing the Global Governance Group (3G), an informal grouping of 28 non-G-20 countries (including several micronations and many Third World countries) with the aim of collectively channelling their views into the G-20 process more effectively.[49][50] Singapore's chairing of the 3G was cited as a rationale for inviting Singapore to the November 2010 G-20 summit in South Korea.[51]

Foreign Policy critiques

The American magazine Foreign Policy has published articles condemning the G-20, in terms of its principal function as an alternative to the supposedly exclusive G8. It questions the actions of some of the G-20 members, and advances the notion that some nations should not have membership in the first place. For example, it has suggested that Argentina should be formally replaced in the group by Spain, because Spain's economy is larger.[6] Furthermore, with the effects of the Great Recession still ongoing, the magazine has criticized the G-20's efforts to implement reforms of the world's financial institutions, branding such efforts as failed.[52]

On 14 June 2012, an essay published by the National Taxpayers Union was forwarded to Foreign Policy, espousing a critical view of the application of G-20 membership. The essay's authors, Alex Brill and James K. Glassman, used a numerical table with seven criteria to conclude that Indonesia, Argentina, Russia and Mexico do not qualify for G-20 membership, and that Switzerland, Singapore, Norway and Malaysia had overtaken some of the current members. However, the gap between current members Mexico and Russia and the lower-ranked entries in the authors' list (Malaysia and Saudi Arabia) was only slight. Thus, it was concluded that there is no obvious group of twenty nations that should be included in the G20, and that fair and transparent metrics are essential, as they justify the difficult decisions that will be required in order to differentiate among similarly situated countries.[53]

Wider concerns

The G-20's transparency and accountability have been questioned by critics, who call attention to the absence of a formal charter and the fact that the most important G-20 meetings are closed-door.[54] In 2001, the economist Frances Stewart proposed an Economic Security Council within the United Nations as an alternative to the G-20. In such a council, members would be elected by the General Assembly based on their importance in the world economy, and the contribution they are willing to provide to world economic development.[55]

The cost and extent of summit-related security is often a contentious issue in the hosting country, and G-20 summits have attracted protesters from a variety of backgrounds, including information activists, nationalists, and opponents of Fractional Reserve Banking and crony capitalism. In 2010, the Toronto G-20 summit sparked mass protests and rioting, leading to the largest mass arrest in Canadian history.[7]

See also

References

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  10. ^ d+c-focus-sachin– Indian scholar says global leaders should focus on food security and access to essential pharmaceuticals – Development and Cooperation – International Journal. Inwent.org. Retrieved 3 December 2012.
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  29. ^ https://www.g20.org/g20_priorities/g20_and_world
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  34. ^ Data refer mostly to the year 2013. World Development Indicators database, World Bank. Database updated on 1 July 2014. Accessed on 3 July 2014.
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  37. ^ "Gross domestic product, current prices". IMF World Economic Outlook. April 2014 data. Retrieved 19 October 2014. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  38. ^ The G20 monitor systemic seven countries to try to rebalance the world economy. Economics Newspaper. 26 June 2011. Retrieved 3 December 2011.
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Further reading

External links

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