Minneapolis

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For other places with the same name, see Minneapolis.
Minneapolis, Minnesota
Flag of Minneapolis, Minnesota
Flag
Official seal of Minneapolis, Minnesota
Seal
Nickname: 
City of Lakes
Motto: 
En Avant (French: Forward)
Location in Hennepin County and the state of Minnesota
Location in Hennepin County and the state of Minnesota
CountryUnited States
StateMinnesota
CountiesHennepin
Government
 • MayorR.T. Rybak (DFL)
Population
 (2005)[1][2]
 • City372,811
 • Metro
3,175,041
Time zoneUTC-6 (CST)
 • Summer (DST)UTC-5 (CDT)
Websitehttp://www.ci.minneapolis.mn.us/

Minneapolis (pronounced: [ˌmɪniˈæpəlɪs]) is the largest city in the U.S. state of Minnesota and is the county seat of Hennepin County. The city lies on both banks of the Mississippi River, just north of the river's confluence with the Minnesota River, and adjoins Saint Paul, the state's capital. Known as the Twin Cities, these two cities form the core of Minneapolis-St. Paul, the 16th-largest metropolitan area in the United States, with about 3.2 million residents. The city of Minneapolis' population is estimated at 372,811 people as of 2005.

Once a hub for timber, milling, and flour milling, Minneapolis is the primary business center in the vast expanse between Chicago and Seattle, Washington.[3] The city is largely liberal, and in part of its role as county seat, it has worked toward improving the health and welfare of all residents, including the less fortunate.

Public park systems are modeled after Minneapolis, where lakes are used for recreation year-around, and a park is within one-half mile (.8 km) of every home. Regional theater was pioneered at the city's Guthrie Theater and is part of a strong local tradition in the performing arts.

The name Minneapolis is attributed to the city's first schoolmaster, who combined Minnehaha and mni, the Dakota word for water, and polis, the Greek word for city.[4] Minneapolis is nicknamed the City of Lakes and the Mill City.[3]

History

Main article: History of Minneapolis, Minnesota
Taoyateduta was among the 121 Sioux leaders who from 1837–1851 ceded what is now Minneapolis.[5]
Gold Medal flour ephemeron, late 1880s. Image courtesy General Mills

Dakota Sioux were the region's sole residents until explorers arrived from France in about 1680. The city's land was acquired by the U.S. in a series of treaties and purchases negotiated with the Mdewakanton band of the Dakota and separately with European nations. Nearby Fort Snelling, built in 1819 by the United States Army spurred growth in the area. Circumstances pressed the Dakota people to sell their land, allowing people arriving from the east to settle there. Present day Minneapolis was incorporated as a town on the Mississippi's west bank in 1856, incorporated as a city in 1867, the same year rail service began between Minneapolis and Chicago, and joined with the east bank city of St. Anthony in 1872.[6]

Minneapolis grew up around Saint Anthony Falls, the only waterfall on the Mississippi, where, for the half century between 1880 and 1930, the city became the world's most important producer of flour. Millers have used hydropower since the 1st century B.C.,[7] but the results in Minneapolis were so remarkable the city has been described as "the greatest direct-drive waterpower center the world has ever seen."[8] In early years forests in northern Minnesota were the source of a lumber industry that operated 17 saw mills on power from the waterfall. By 1871, the west river bank had 23 businesses including flour mills, woolen mills, iron works, a railroad machine shop and mills for cotton, paper, sashes and planing wood.[9] The farmers of the Great Plains grew grain that was shipped by rail to the city's 34 flour mills where General Mills and Pillsbury became processors. By 1905 these farmers and Minneapolis rail workers, millers, coopers and packers produced almost 10% of the country's flour and grist.[10] At peak production, a single mill at Washburn-Crosby delivered "enough flour to make 12 million loaves of bread" each day.[11]

Parts of the riverfront are preserved in the St. Anthony Falls Historic District, and parts continue to be destroyed by everyday use and new construction.[12] In the 1950s and 1960s, downtown went through urban renewal during which the city razed about 200 buildings across 25 city blocks—roughly 40% of the area. The Gateway District was destroyed, as were many buildings with notable architecture. One of the most lamented was the Metropolitan Building known as "the Met". Efforts to save the building failed but are credited with jumpstarting interest in historic preservation in the state.[13]

Geography and climate

Sailing on Lake Calhoun in autumn
Main articles: Geography of Minneapolis, Minnesota and Climate of Minneapolis, Minnesota

Minneapolis history and the city's economic growth are tied to water, the city's defining physical characteristic, which was sent to the region during the last ice age. Fed by receding glaciers and Lake Agassiz 10,000 years ago, torrents of water from a glacial river gave present-day Minneapolis 2 waterfalls and 24 lakes and ponds.[14] Lying on an artesian aquifer[3] and otherwise flat terrain, Minneapolis has a total area of 58.4 mi² (151.3 km²) and of this 6% is water.[15] Water is managed by watershed districts that correspond to the Mississippi and the city's 3 creeks.[16]

The city center is located just south of 45° N latitude.[17] The city's lowest elevation of 687 ft (209 m) is near where Minnehaha Creek meets the Mississippi River, and at 980 ft (298 m) the Prospect Park Water Tower is the highest point.[18]

Loring Park in winter

The climate of Minneapolis is typical of the Upper Midwestern United States. Winters are bitterly cold and dry, while summer is warm, sometimes hot, and frequently humid. On the Köppen climate classification, Minneapolis falls in the warm summer humid continental climate zone (Dfa). The city experiences a full range of precipitation and related weather events, including snow, sleet, ice, rain, thunderstorms, tornadoes, and fog. The warmest temperature ever recorded in Minneapolis was 108 °F (42.2 °C) in July 1936, and the coldest temperature ever recorded was -41 °F (-40.6 °C), in January 1888. The snowiest winter of record was 1983–84, when 98.4 in (2.5 m) of snow fell.[19]

Because of its northerly location in the United States and lack of large bodies of water to moderate the air, Minneapolis is frequently subjected to cold arctic air masses throughout the winter months. The average annual temperature of 45.4 °F (7 °C) gives the Minneapolis–St.Paul metropolitan area the coldest annual mean temperature of any metropolitan area in the U.S.[20]

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Avg high °F (°C) 22 (-6) 29 (-2) 41 (5) 57 (14) 70 (21) 79 (26) 83 (28) 80 (27) 71 (22) 58 (14) 40 (4) 26 (-3)
Avg low temperature °F (°C) 4 (-16) 12 (-11) 23 (-5) 36 (2) 48 (9) 58 (14) 63 (17) 61 (16) 51 (11) 39 (4) 25 (-4) 11 (-12)

Demographics

American Swedish Institute. Immigrants from Scandinavia arrived in the 1860s.
Main article: Demographics of Minneapolis, Minnesota

Minneapolitans are a diverse group of people with ancestors from Africa, Asia, Europe, North and South America. Their heritage of welcoming newcomers began in the 19th and continues into the 21st century.[21] Today's population is youthful with a high standard of living and great disparity in income and education.[22]

Park signage. Most city services are provided in 4 languages: English, Hmong, Spanish, and Somali.[23]

During the 1850s and 1860s, new settlers arrived from New England and New York, and during the mid-1860s, Scandinavians from Sweden, Norway, and Denmark. Later, immigrants came from Italy, Greece, Poland, and southern and eastern Europe. Jewish people came from Russia and eastern Europe, settling primarily on the city's north side before moving in large numbers to the western suburbs in the 1950s and 1960s.[24] Asians came from China, the Philippines, Japan, and Korea. Two groups came for a short while during U.S. government relocations, Japanese during the 1940s, and Native Americans during the 1950s. From 1970 onward, Asians arrived from Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, and Thailand. Beginning in the 1990s, a large Latino population arrived. Since the 1990s, refugees arrived from Africa, many from Somalia, and from Southeast Asia and Latin America.[21]

Estimates in 2005 show the population of Minneapolis to be 372,811, a 2.6% drop since the 2000 census.[1] The population grew until 1950 when the census peaked at 521,718, and then declined as people moved to the suburbs until about 1990. The number of African-Americans, Asians, and Hispanics is growing. Black people are now about one fifth of the city's residents.[25]

Prospect Park. Minneapolis enjoys increasingly African American ethnicity.

Compared to the U.S. national average in 2005, the city has fewer white, Hispanic, senior, and unemployed people, while it has more people aged over 18 and more with a college degree. Although per capita and median family income is higher, household income is lower and more families and individuals live below the poverty line.[26]

Compared to a peer group in 2000, the metropolitan area is an immigrant gateway with a 127% increase in foreign-born residents since 1990. The area is decentralizing, with a high churn rate and a large young and white population and low unemployment. Racial and ethnic minorities lag behind white counterparts in education, with 15% of blacks and 13% of Hispanics holding bachelor's degrees compared to 42% of whites. The standard of living is on the rise, with incomes among the highest in the Midwest, but median household income among blacks is below that of whites by over $17,000. Home ownership among black and Hispanic residents is half that of whites, and one-third of the Asian population lives below the poverty line.[22]

Year 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2005
Population 3,000 13,000 46,887 164,738 202,718 301,408 380,582 464,356 492,370 521,718 482,872 434,400 370,951 368,383 382,618 372,811
U.S. Rank[27] - - 38 18 19 18 18 15 16 17 25 32 34 42 - -

Economy

Target Corporation grew from the store George Dayton built on Nicollet Avenue in 1902.[28]

The economy of Minneapolis today is based in commerce, finance, rail and trucking services, health care, and industry. Smaller components are in publishing, milling, food processing, graphic arts, insurance, and high technology. Industry produces metal and automotive products, chemical and agricultural products, electronics, computers, precision medical instruments and devices, plastics, and machinery.[29]

The largest business headquartered in Minneapolis, Target Corporation, operates about 1,500 retail stores in 47 U.S. states.[30] Ameriprise Financial, Carlson Companies, Donaldson Company, Goldner Hawn, PepsiAmericas, RBC Dain Rauscher, Thrivent Financial for Lutherans, U.S. Bancorp, Xcel Energy, and Valspar Corporation are based in the city as are the law firms Faegre and Benson and Dorsey & Whitney.[31] Cargill, Dairy Queen, General Mills, Medtronic, and Nash Finch are sometimes thought to be in Minneapolis although they are in nearby suburbs.

Federal Reserve districts

Availability of Wi-Fi, transportation solutions, medical trials, university research and development expenditures, advanced degrees held by the work force, and energy conservation are so far above the national average that in 2005, Popular Science named Minneapolis the "Top Tech City" in the U.S.[32] Minneapolis ranked the country's number two best city in a 2006 Kiplinger's poll of Smart Places to Live and one of the Seven Cool Cities for young professionals.[33]

The Twin Cities contribute 63.8% of the gross state product of Minnesota. The area's $145.8 billion gross metropolitan product and its per capita personal income rank 14th in the U.S. Recovering from the nation's recession in 2000, personal income grew 3.8% in 2005, though it was behind the national average of 5%. The city returned to peak employment during the fourth quarter of that year.[34]

The Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis, with one branch in Helena, Montana, serves Minnesota, Montana, North and South Dakota, and parts of Wisconsin and Michigan. The smallest of the 12 regional banks in the Federal Reserve System, it operates a nationwide payments system, oversees member banks and bank holding companies, and serves as a banker for the U.S. Treasury.[35] The Minneapolis Grain Exchange founded in 1881 is still located near the riverfront and is the only exchange for hard red spring wheat futures and options.[36]

Arts

File:Juxtaposition Arts-studio class.jpg
Studio class at Juxtaposition Arts
Main article: Arts in Minneapolis, Minnesota

Minneapolitans support 12 large art, cultural, science, and historical museums alongside smaller galleries and museums, 4 large ballet, dance, and folkdance companies, as well as filmmakers groups and numerous theater companies.[37] The city publishes updates to The Minneapolis Plan for Arts and Culture which has produced results such as the formal recognition of the Northeast Arts District.[38]

The Minneapolis Institute of Arts, built in 1915 in south central Minneapolis is the largest art museum in the city with 100,000 pieces in its permanent collection. A new wing designed by Michael Graves was completed in 2006 for contemporary and modern works and more gallery space.[39] The Walker Art Center near downtown doubled its size with an addition in 2005 by Herzog & de Meuron and is continuing its expansion to 15 acres with a park designed by Michel Desvigne across the street from the Minneapolis Sculpture Garden.[40] Frank Gehry's addition to the Weisman Art Museum he designed for the university is expected to open in 2009.[41]

Guthrie Theater on the riverfront

The region is second only to New York City in live theater per capita[42] and is the third-largest theater market in the U.S., supporting the Theatre de la Jeune Lune, Illusion, Jungle, Mixed Blood, Penumbra, the Brave New Workshop, the Minnesota Dance Theatre, Theater Latté Da and the Children's Theatre Company.[43] Jean Nouvel designed a new three stage complex[39] for the Guthrie Theatre, the prototype alternative to Broadway founded in Minneapolis in 1965.[44] Minneapolis purchased and renovated the Orpheum, State, and Pantages Theatre buildings, three vaudeville and film houses on Hennepin Avenue now used for concerts and plays.[45]

File:Prince (musician)-2006-06.jpg
Prince

The son of a jazz musician and a singer, Prince is Minneapolis' most famous musical progeny.[46] With fellow local musicians, many of whom recorded at Twin/Tone Records,[47] he helped make First Avenue and the 7th Street Entry venues of choice for both artists and audiences.[48] The Minnesota Orchestra plays classical and popular music at Orchestra Hall under music director Osmo Vänskä who has set about making it the best in the country.[49] The Minnesota Opera produces both classic and new operas.[50] Celebrating its 100th year, the MacPhail Center for Music is building a new facility near the riverfront.[51]

Tom Waits released two songs about the city, Christmas Card from a Hooker in Minneapolis (Blue Valentine 1978) and 9th & Hennepin (Rain Dogs 1985). Home to the MN Spoken Word Association, the city has garnered notice for rap and hip hop and its spoken word community.[52] The underground hip-hop group Atmosphere frequently comments in song lyrics on the city and Minnesota.[53]

Sports

Twins baseball, Metrodome

Professional sports are well-established in Minneapolis. First playing in 1884, the Minneapolis Millers baseball team produced the best won-lost record in their league at the time and fifteen players later in the Baseball Hall of Fame. During the 1940s the Minneapolis Lakers basketball team, the city's first in the major leagues in any sport, played in and won basketball championships in three leagues before moving to Los Angeles. The American Wrestling Association, formerly the NWA Minneapolis Boxing & Wrestling Club, ran in Minneapolis from 1960 until the 1990s.[54]

The Minnesota Vikings and the Minnesota Twins arrived in the state in 1961. The Vikings were a NFL expansion team and the Twins were formed when the Washington Senators relocated to Minnesota. Both teams played outdoors in open air Metropolitan Stadium in the suburb of Bloomington for twenty years before moving to the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome where the Twins won the World Series in 1987 and 1991. The Minnesota Timberwolves brought NBA basketball back to Minneapolis in 1989, followed by the Minnesota Lynx WNBA team in 1999. They play in Target Center. The NHL ice hockey team Minnesota Wild and USL-1 soccer team Minnesota Thunder play in St. Paul.[55]

Minnesota Golden Gophers basketball, Williams Arena

The Metrodome downtown is the largest sports stadium in Minnesota. Uncovering the Dome by Amy Klobuchar describes the ten-year effort to build the venue which opened in 1982.[56] The three major tenants are the Vikings, the Minnesota Twins and the Gophers football team. The Metrodome is the only stadium in the country to have hosted a Major League Baseball All-Star Game, the Super Bowl, the World Series, and NCAA Basketball Men's Final Four. Runners, walkers, inline skaters, coed volleyball teams, and touch football teams all have access to "The Dome." Events from sports to concerts, community activities, religious activities, and trade shows are held more than 300 days per year, making the facility one of the most versatile stadiums in the world.[57]

Gifted amateur athletes have played in Minneapolis schools, notably starting in the 1920s and 1930s at Central, De Salle, and Marshall high schools. The Golden Gophers of the University of Minnesota have won national championships in football, baseball, and hockey since the 1930s.[55]

Parks and recreation

Minnehaha Falls

The Minneapolis park system has been called the best-designed, best-financed and best-maintained in America.[58] Foresight, donations and effort by community leaders enabled Horace Cleveland to create some of his best landscape architecture, preserving geographical landmarks and linking them with boulevards and parkways.[59] The city's Chain of Lakes is connected by bike, running, and walking paths and used for swimming, fishing, picnics, boating, and ice skating. A parkway for cars, a bikeway for riders, and a walkway for pedestrians run parallel paths along the 52 mile (83 km) route of the Grand Rounds Scenic Byway.[60]

Theodore Wirth is credited with the development of the parks system that brought a playground within the reach of most children, the city's canopy of trees, and a park within six blocks of each home.[61] Today 15% of the city is parks and there are 770 square feet (71 m²) of parkland for each resident.[62]

In the Heart of the Beast May Day Parade, Powderhorn Park

Parks are interlinked in many places and the Mississippi National River and Recreation Area connects regional parks and visitor centers. The country's oldest public wildflower garden, the Eloise Butler Wildflower Garden and Bird Sanctuary is near Theodore Wirth Park which is shared with Golden Valley and is about 60% the size of Central Park in New York City.[63] Site of the 53-foot (16 m) Minnehaha Falls, Minnehaha Park is one of the city's oldest and most popular parks, receiving over 500,000 visitors each year.[64] Henry Wadsworth Longfellow named Hiawatha's wife Minnehaha for the Minneapolis waterfall in his The Song of Hiawatha, a bestselling and often-parodied 19th century poem.[65]

Runner's World ranks Minneapolis America's 6th best city for runners.[66] The Twin Cities Marathon run in Minneapolis and St. Paul every October draws 250,000 spectators. The 26.2 mile race is a Boston and USA Olympic Trials qualifier. The organizers sponsor three more races: a Kids Marathon, 1 mile, and 10 mile.[67] Minneapolis is home to more golfers per capita than any major U.S. city.[68] Five golf courses are located within the city, with nationally renowned Hazeltine National Golf Club, Bearpath Country Club, and Bunker Hills Golf Course in nearby suburbs.[69] The state of Minnesota has the nation's highest number of bicyclists, sport fishermen, and snow skiers per capita. Hennepin County has the second-most number of horses per capita in the U.S.[42] While living in Minneapolis, Scott and Brennan Olson founded (and later sold) Rollerblade, the company that popularized the sport of inline skating.[70]

Government

File:Minneapolis City Hall.JPG
Minneapolis City Hall
Main article: Law and government of Minneapolis, Minnesota

Minneapolis is a stronghold for the Minnesota Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party (DFL), an affiliate of the Democratic Party. The Minneapolis City Council holds the most power and represents the city's 13 districts called wards. The council has 12 DFL members and one from the Green Party. R.T. Rybak also of the DFL is the current mayor of Minneapolis. The office of mayor is relatively weak but has some power to appoint individuals such as the chief of police. Parks, libraries, taxation, and public housing are semi-independent boards and levy their own taxes and fees subject to Board of Estimate and Taxation limits.[71]

Mayor of Minneapolis R.T. Rybak at a 2007 antiwar rally

Citizens have a unique and powerful influence in neighborhood government. Neighborhoods coordinate activities under the Neighborhood Revitalization Program (NRP), funded in the 1990s by the city and state who appropriated $400 million for it over 20 years.[72] Minneapolis is divided into communities, each containing neighborhoods. In some cases two or more neighborhoods act together under one organization. Some areas are commonly known by nicknames of business associations.[73]

Metro Transit police, one of several law enforcement organizations in Minneapolis[74]

The organizers of Earth Day scored Minneapolis ninth best overall and second among mid-sized cities in their 2007 Urban Environment Report, a study based on indicators of environmental health and their effect on people.[75]

Early Minneapolis experienced a period of corruption in local government and crime was common until an economic downturn in the mid 1900s. Since 1950 the population decreased and much of downtown was lost to urban renewal and highway construction. The result was a "moribund and peaceful" environment until the 1990s.[76] Along with economic recovery the murder rate climbed. The police imported a computer system from New York City that sent officers to high crime areas despite accusations of racial profiling; the result was a drop in major crime. Since 1999 the number of homicides increased during four years, and to its highest in recent history in 2006.[77] Politicians debate the causes and solutions, including increasing the number of police officers, providing youths with alternatives to gangs and drugs, and helping families in poverty. For 2007, the city invested in public safety infrastructure, hired over forty new officers, and has a new police chief, Tim Dolan.[78]

Canada and Norway have permanent consulates in Minneapolis. Denmark, Ecuador, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Guatemala, Korea, The Netherlands, Romania and Sweden have honorary consuls.[79]

Education

Main articles: Minneapolis Public Library, Minneapolis Public Schools, and University of Minnesota
Front to back, the Weisman Art Museum, Coffman Memorial Union and University of Minnesota Medical Center

Minneapolis Public Schools enroll 36,370 students in public primary and secondary schools. The district administers all 99 public schools including 45 elementary schools, 7 middle schools, 7 high schools, 8 special education schools, 8 alternative schools, 19 contract alternative schools and 5 charter schools. With authority granted by the state legislature, the school board makes policy, selects the superintendent, and oversees the district's budget, curriculum, personnel and facilities. Students speak 90 different languages at home and most school communications are printed in English, Hmong, Spanish, and Somali.[80] Besides public schools, the city is home to more than 20 private schools and academies and about 20 additional charter schools.[81]

Minneapolis Public Library downtown

Minneapolis' collegiate scene is dominated by the main campus of the University of Minnesota where more than 50,000 undergraduate, graduate, and professional students attend 20 colleges, schools, and institutes. Created in 1851 as a preparatory school, the university is noted for engineering, applied mathematics, management, health, and economics and holds more than 140 research facilities.[82] A Big Ten school and home of the Minnesota Golden Gophers, the U of M is the fourth largest campus in the U.S. in terms of enrollment.[83]

Minneapolis Community and Technical College, the private Dunwoody College of Technology, and Art Institutes International Minnesota provide career training. Augsburg College, Minneapolis College of Art and Design, North Central University, and University of St. Thomas are private four-year colleges. Capella University, Minnesota School of Professional Psychology, and Walden University are headquartered in Minneapolis and some others including the public four-year Metropolitan State University have campuses there.[84]

The Minneapolis Public Library system operates the city's public libraries. It faced a severe budget shortfall for 2007, and has been forced to close three of its neighborhood libraries.[85] The new downtown Central Library designed by César Pelli opened in 2006.[86] Ten special collections hold over 25,000 books and resources for researchers, including the Minneapolis Collection and the Minneapolis Photo Collection.[87] At recent count 1,696,453 items in the system are used annually. The library answers over 500,000 research and fact-finding questions each year.[88]

Transportation

Main article: Transportation in Minnesota
Bicycle and the Hiawatha Line LRT

Only half of Minneapolis-Saint Paul residents work in the city where they live, more are driving alone, and fewer use public transportation.[89] Most residents drive cars but 60% of the 160,000 people working downtown commute by means other than a single person per auto.[90] Alternative transportation is encouraged. The Metropolitan Council's Metro Transit, which operates the light rail system and most of the city's buses, provides free travel vouchers through the Guaranteed Ride Home program to allay fears that commuters might otherwise be occasionally stranded if, for example, they work late hours.[91] The Hiawatha Line LRT serves 34,000 riders daily and connects the airport and Mall of America to downtown.[92] The planned Central Corridor LRT will connect downtown with the University of Minnesota and downtown St. Paul via University Avenue. Expected completion is in 2014.[93]

Skyways downtown

Seven miles (11 km) of enclosed pedestrian bridges called skyways link 80 city blocks downtown. Second floor restaurants and retailers connected to these passageways are open weekdays.[94]

The taxicab ordinance requires 10% wheelchair accessibility by 2009 and some use of alternative fuel or fuel efficient vehicles. Starting in 2011 the city's limit of 343 taxis will be lifted and in the interim 45 additional taxis can be licensed per year.[95]

Cedar Lake Trail bike freeway

Ten thousand cyclists use the bike lanes in the city each day, and many ride in the winter. The Public Works Department expanded the bicycle trail system from the Grand Rounds to 56 miles (90 km) of off-street commuter trails including the Midtown Greenway, the Light Rail Trail, Kenilworth Trail, Cedar Lake Trail and the West River Parkway Trail along the Mississippi. Minneapolis also has 34 miles of dedicated bike lanes on city streets and encourages cycling by equipping transit buses with bike racks and by providing online bicycle maps.[96] In 2007 citing the city's bicycle lanes, buses and LTR, Forbes identified Minneapolis the world's 5th cleanest city.[97]

Minneapolis-Saint Paul International Airport (MSP) sits on 3400 acres[98] southeast of the city between Minnesota State Highway 5, Interstate 494, Minnesota State Highway 77, and Minnesota State Highway 62. The airport has 3 international, 12 domestic, 7 charter and 4 regional carriers[99] and is a hub and home base for Northwest Airlines, Mesaba Airlines, Sun Country Airlines and Champion Air.[100]

Amtrak's Empire Builder between Chicago and Seattle stops once daily in each direction at nearby Midway Station in St. Paul.[101] Expected to open in 2009, a commuter rail line, the Northstar Corridor between downtown and Big Lake, Minnesota has been funded. It will utilize existing railroad tracks and will serve a projected 5,000 daily commuters.[102] Dubbed rail trails, disused rail lines and bridges within the city such as the Stone Arch Bridge have been converted for bicycles and pedestrians.[103]

Media

KFAI radio, Cedar-Riverside, is a public access station.

Four major newspapers are published in Minneapolis: the daily Star Tribune, the Minnesota Spokesman-Recorder, Finance and Commerce, and the university's Minnesota Daily. Other publications are the City Pages weekly, the Mpls.St.Paul, Minnesota Monthly, and The Rake monthlies, and Utne magazine.[104] Minneapolis is a center for printing and publishing and was a natural place for artists to build the Loft Literary Center and the Minnesota Center for Book Arts.[104] The city is ranked America's 2nd most literate.[105] The New York Times said in 1996, "Now there are T-shirts that read, 'Murderapolis,'" a name for the city that members of the local media have mistakenly attributed to the paper.[106]

WCCO-TV transmitters

Minneapolis has a mix of radio stations and healthy listener support for public radio but in the commercial market, a single organization Clear Channel Communications operates 7 stations. Listeners support 3 non-profit stations, the Minneapolis Public Schools operate 1 station, the University of Minnesota operates a station, the networks broadcast on affiliate stations, religious organizations run 2 stations.[107]

The city's first television was broadcast by the St. Paul station and ABC affiliate KSTP-TV. The first to broadcast in color was WCCO-TV, the CBS affiliate which is located in downtown Minneapolis.[104] The city also receives FOX, NBC, PBS, UPN and WB through their affiliates and one independent station.[108] Twins Brandon and Brenda Walsh were from Minneapolis on the TV series Beverly Hills, 90210.[109] American Idol held auditions for its sixth season in Minneapolis in 2006.[110] A statue of Mary Tyler Moore downtown on the Nicollet Mall commemorates the 1970s television situation comedy Mary Tyler Moore, awarded 3 Golden Globes and 31 Emmy Awards.[111]

Religion and charity

Our Lady of Lourdes Catholic Church

The Dakota believed in the Great Spirit and were surprised by the lack of religion among European settlers. Over 50 denominations and religions and some well known churches have since been established in Minneapolis. Those who arrived from New England were for the most part Christian Protestants, Quakers, and Universalists.[112] The oldest continuously used church in the city, Our Lady of Lourdes Catholic Church in the Nicollet Island/East Bank neighborhood was built in 1856 by Universalists and soon afterwards was acquired by a French Catholic congregation.[113] Formed in 1878 as Shaarai Tov, in 1902 the first Jewish congregation in Minneapolis built the synagogue in East Isles known since 1920 as Temple Israel.[24] St. Mary's Orthodox Cathedral was founded in 1887, opened a missionary school in 1897 and in 1905 created the first Russian Orthodox seminary in the U.S.[114] The first basilica in the U.S., the Roman Catholic Basilica of Saint Mary near Loring Park was named by Pope Pius XI.[112]

The Billy Graham Evangelistic Association, Decision magazine, and World Wide Pictures film and television distribution were headquartered in Minneapolis for about 40 of the years between the late 1940s into the 2000s.[115] Jim Bakker and Tammy Faye met while attending the Pentecostal North Central University and began a television ministry that by the 1980s reached 13.5 million households.[116] Today, Mount Olivet Lutheran Church in southwest Minneapolis has 13,000 members and is the world's largest Lutheran congregation.[117]

Philanthropy and charitable giving are part of the community.[118] Catholic Charities is one of the largest providers of social services locally.[119] The American Refugee Committee helps one million refugees and displaced persons in ten countries in Africa, the Balkans and Asia each year.[120] Although no Minneapolis businesses are top corporate citizens, Business Ethics was based in Minneapolis and was the predecessor of CRO magazine for corporate responsibility officers.[121] The oldest foundation in Minnesota, the Minneapolis Foundation invests and administers over 900 charitable funds and connects donors to nonprofit organizations.[122] The metropolitan area gives 13% of its total charitable donations to the arts and culture. The majority of the estimated $1 billion recent expansion of arts facilities was contributed privately.[123]

Health and utilities

Ambulance from HCMC which opened in 1887 as City Hospital and was also known as General Hospital.[124]

Abbott Northwestern Hospital, the Britton Center for Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Children's Hospitals and Clinics, University of Minnesota Medical Center, and Hennepin County Medical Center (HCMC) serve the city. The Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota is a 75-minute drive away.[125] U.S. News & World Report ranks Abbott, the university and HCMC among the best U.S. hospitals.[126] All three were founded under other names during the 1800s and early 1900s.[124] A public teaching hospital and Level I trauma center, the HCMC safety net sees 350,000 patient visits and 95,000 emergency room visits each year and in 2006 provided about 18% of the uncompensated care given in Minnesota.[127]

Xcel Energy supplies electricity, CenterPoint Energy supplies gas, Qwest is the landline telephone provider, and Comcast is the cable service.[128] In 2007 city-wide wireless is to begin, provided for 10 years by US Internet of Minnetonka to residents for about $20 per month and to businesses for $30.[129] The city treats and distributes water and requires payment of a monthly solid waste fee for trash removal, recycling, and drop off for large items. Residents who recycle receive a credit. Hazardous waste is handled by Hennepin County drop off sites.[128]

Sister cities

Citizens maintain international connections with eight sister cities:[130]

And informal connections with:

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "2005 population estimate for Minneapolis city". Population Division, U.S. Census Bureau. August 21 2006. Retrieved 2007-04-09. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  2. ^ "Population Estimates for the 100 Most Populous Metropolitan Statistical Areas" (PDF). Retrieved 2007-04-16.
  3. ^ a b c Emporis (2007). "Minneapolis". Retrieved 2007-03-18.
  4. ^ "Dakota Dictionary Online". University of Minnesota Department of American Indian Studies. and Minneapolis Public Library. "A History of Minneapolis: Naming of Minneapolis". Retrieved 2007-03-18.
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