South Asia: Difference between revisions

Edit links
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
New SAARC applicants added
Tag: Mobile edit
We already explained multiple times in the article what the UN definition is for and what it's used for. Not needs to further explain hugely deviating "situations" (in this case geographical boundary), with it
Tag: Mobile edit
Line 115: Line 115:


Much of the region consists of a [[peninsula]] in south-central Asia, rather resembling a diamond which is delineated by the Himalayas on the north, the [[Hindu Kush]] in the west, and the [[Chin Hills|Arakanese]] in the east,<ref>Chapman, Graham P. & Baker, Kathleen M., eds. ''The changing geography of Asia''. (ISBN 0-203-03862-2) New York: Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2002; p. 10: "This greater India is well defined in terms of topography; it is the Indian sub-continent, hemmed in by the Himalayas on the north, the Hindu Khush in the west and the Arakanese in the east."</ref> and which extends southward into the Indian Ocean with the [[Arabian Sea]] to the southwest and the [[Bay of Bengal]] to the southeast.<ref name=Oxford>"Indian subcontinent". ''[[Oxford Dictionary of English|New Oxford Dictionary of English]]'' (ISBN 0-19-860441-6) New York: Oxford University Press, 2001; p. 929: "the part of Asia south of the Himalayas which forms a peninsula extending into the Indian Ocean, between the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal. Historically forming the whole territory of greater India, the region is now divided between India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh."</ref><ref name=McLeod>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Y8Y3MH3dj6MC&pg=PA1&dq=indian+subcontinent+asia+continent&as_brr=3&client=firefox-a |title=The history of India - By John McLeod |publisher=Books.google.com |accessdate=2012-03-27}}</ref> The tip of the Indian Peninsula had the highest quality pearls.<ref>Xinru, Liu, ''"The Silk Road in World History"'' (New York: Oxford University Press, 2010), 40.</ref>
Much of the region consists of a [[peninsula]] in south-central Asia, rather resembling a diamond which is delineated by the Himalayas on the north, the [[Hindu Kush]] in the west, and the [[Chin Hills|Arakanese]] in the east,<ref>Chapman, Graham P. & Baker, Kathleen M., eds. ''The changing geography of Asia''. (ISBN 0-203-03862-2) New York: Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2002; p. 10: "This greater India is well defined in terms of topography; it is the Indian sub-continent, hemmed in by the Himalayas on the north, the Hindu Khush in the west and the Arakanese in the east."</ref> and which extends southward into the Indian Ocean with the [[Arabian Sea]] to the southwest and the [[Bay of Bengal]] to the southeast.<ref name=Oxford>"Indian subcontinent". ''[[Oxford Dictionary of English|New Oxford Dictionary of English]]'' (ISBN 0-19-860441-6) New York: Oxford University Press, 2001; p. 929: "the part of Asia south of the Himalayas which forms a peninsula extending into the Indian Ocean, between the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal. Historically forming the whole territory of greater India, the region is now divided between India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh."</ref><ref name=McLeod>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Y8Y3MH3dj6MC&pg=PA1&dq=indian+subcontinent+asia+continent&as_brr=3&client=firefox-a |title=The history of India - By John McLeod |publisher=Books.google.com |accessdate=2012-03-27}}</ref> The tip of the Indian Peninsula had the highest quality pearls.<ref>Xinru, Liu, ''"The Silk Road in World History"'' (New York: Oxford University Press, 2010), 40.</ref>

Per the UN's definition the wider subregion's northern frontier is the [[Himalayas]] and southerly [[post-Soviet states]] of [[Central Asia]] ([[Tajikistan]], [[Uzbekistan]], and [[Turkmenistan]], bordering northern [[Afghanistan]] and [[Iran]]), its western boundary is the westerly border of Iran (with [[Azerbaijan]], [[Armenia]], [[Turkey]], and [[Iraq]]), and its eastern boundary is the westerly border of [[Burma]] (with India and Bangladesh).


===Indian plate===
===Indian plate===

Revision as of 20:46, 28 May 2014

South Asia
Location of South Asia
Countries and Territories[1] Afghanistan
 Bangladesh
 Bhutan
 India
 Maldives
   Nepal
 Pakistan
 Sri Lanka
GDP (Nominal)$1.855 trillion (2009)
GDP per capita (Nominal)$1,079 (2009)
LanguagesAssamese, Bengali, Dhivehi, Dzongkha, English, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Kashmiri, Malayalam, Marathi, Manipuri, Nepali, Oriya, Pashto, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Sindhi, Sinhala, Tamil, Telugu, Urdu, and many others
Time zonesUTC+05:00, UTC+5:30, UTC+5:45, UTC+06:00
Capital citiesAfghanistan Kabul
BangladeshDhaka
NepalKathmandu
PakistanIslamabad
MaldivesMalé
IndiaNew Delhi
BhutanThimphu
Sri Lanka Colombo
Other major cities

South Asia or Southern Asia is the southern region of the Asian continent, which comprises the sub-Himalayan countries and, for some authorities, adjoining countries to the west and east. Topographically, it is dominated by the Indian Plate, which rises above sea level as northern parts of India south of the Himalayas and the Hindu Kush. South Asia is bounded on the south by the Indian Ocean and on land (clockwise, from west) by West Asia, Central Asia, East Asia, and Southeast Asia.

The current territories of Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka and Pakistan form the core countries of South Asia, while Nepal, Bhutan and Maldives are generally included, and Afghanistan and Myanmar often added. By various other definitions, the British Indian Ocean Territory, Mauritius, and the Tibet Autonomous Region are included as well. By the most deviating definition of the region based on completely different reasons by certain departments of the UN, Iran is added as well. However, the definition was solely created for statistical convenience and does not imply any assumption regarding political or other affiliation of countries or territories.

With the 7 core countries considered, South Asia is home to well over one fifth of the world's population, making it both the most populous and the most densely populated geographical region in the world.[2] The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation is an economic cooperation organisation in the region which was established in 1985.[3]

Definitions

Various definitions of South Asia, including the most deviating definition by the UN, which was solely created for "statistical convenience and does not imply any assumption regarding political or other affiliation of countries or territories."[4]

The area of South Asia and its geographical extent is not clear cut as systemic and foreign policy orientations of its constituents are quite asymmetrical.[5] Although there's a distinct core of countries, all formerly part of the British Empire, in defining the South Asia, there is much variation as to which (if any) other countries are included.[6]

The current territories of Bangladesh, India and Pakistan (the core of the British Empire prior to 1947) form the core countries of South Asia, while the mountain countries of Nepal and Bhutan, and island countries of Sri Lanka and Maldives are generally included. Afghanistan and Myanmar are often added, and by various deviating definitions based on often substantially different reasons, the British Indian Ocean Territory, Mauritius, Iran and the Tibet Autonomous Region are included as well.[5][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]

The common concept of South Asia is largely inherited from the administrative boundaries of the British Raj,[15] with two major differences. The Aden Colony, British Somaliland and Singapore, though administered at various times under the Raj, have not been proposed as any part of South Asia.[16] The 562 princely states that were protected by but not directly ruled by the Raj became administrative parts of South Asia upon joining Union of India or Dominion of Pakistan.[17][18][19] Geopolitically, it had formed the whole territory of Greater India,[20][21]

United Nations geoscheme for Asia based on statistic convenience rather than implying any assumption regarding political or other affiliation of countries or territories:
  North Asia
  Central Asia
  Western Asia
  South Asia
  East Asia
  Southeast Asia

The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC), a contiguous block of countries, started in 1985 with seven countries — Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, the Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka — but was extended to include Afghanistan as an eighth member in 2006.[22][23] China, Iran and Myanmar has also applied for the status of full members of SAARC,[24] while Russia and Turkey have applied for observer status.[25] This bloc of countries include three independent countries that were not part of the British Raj - Nepal, Bhutan and Afghanistan. The South Asia Free Trade Agreement and World Bank grouping of countries in the region includes only the original seven members of SAARC, and leaves Afghanistan out.[26][27]

Definition by South Asian Studies programs

When the Centre for South Asian Studies at the University of Cambridge was established, in 1964, it promoted the study of India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, the Himalayan Kingdoms (Nepal, Bhutan, and Sikkim[28]), and Burma (now Myanmar). It has since included Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, Indonesia, the Philippines and Hong Kong.[29]

The Centres for South Asian Studies at both the University of Michigan and the University of Virginia include Tibet along with seven members of SAARC in their research programs, but exclude the Maldives.[30][31] The South Asian Studies Program of Rutgers University and the University of California, Berkeley Centre for South Asia Studies also include the Maldives.[32][33]

The South Asian Studies Program of Brandeis University defines the region as comprising "India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan, and in certain contexts Afghanistan, Burma, Maldives and Tibet".[34] The similar program of Columbia University includes Tibet, but excludes Afghanistan and the Maldives.[35]

See also: Indology

The United Nations heavily deviates in two of its definitions of South Asia. It's the only institution in the world that adds Iran. However, it notes that its definition was solely created for "statistical convenience and does not imply any assumption regarding political or other affiliation of countries or territories."[4] For example, the United Nations scheme of sub-regions includes all eight members of the SAARC as part of Southern Asia, along with Iran,[36] The United Nations Population Information Network (POPIN) includes Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Burma, India, Iran, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka as part of South Asia, while Maldives, in view of its characteristics, was admitted as a member country of the Pacific POPIN subregional network in principle.[37] The Hirschman–Herfindahl index of the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific for the region includes only the original seven signatories of SAARC.[38]

The British Indian Ocean Territory is connected to the region by a publication of Jane's for security considerations.[39] The region may also include the disputed territory of Aksai Chin, which was part of the British Indian princely state of Jammu and Kashmir, but is now administered as part of the Chinese autonomous region of Xinjiang.[40]

Regional affinity of the bordering countries like Myanmar and Afghanistan is always confusing. Myanmar with its low-profile foreign policy has not drawn much scholarly attention, but Afghanistan is in a more complex situation. During the Iranian Revolution (1979) it was included into Southwest Asia, during the Soviet war in Afghanistan (1979 to February 1989) it was included into Central Asia, and since the War on Terror (2001 onward) its included into South Asia.[5] One school of thought divides the Asian continent latitudinally and treats South and Southeast Asia as one region. The South Asia Institute (SAI) of Heidelberg University and scholars like Howard Wringgings and James Guyot subscribe to this tendency. .[5] Another school of thought proposes the frontier between South and Southwest Asia (i.e. the Middle East lie in eastern Iran and western Afghanistan, while the frontier between South and Central Asia in northeastern Iran, northern Afghanistan, and southern Kyrgyzstan.[41]

A lack of coherent definition for South Asia has resulted in not only a lack of academic studies, but also in a lack interest for such studies.[42] The confusion exists also because of a lack of clear boundary - geographically, geopolitical, socio-culturally, economically or historically - between South Asia and other parts of Asia, especially the Middle East and Southeast Asia.[43] Identification with a South Asian identity was also found to be significantly low among respondents in a two-year survey across Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka.[44]

See also: South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation and South Asian Free Trade Area

Indian Subcontinent

Main article: Indian subcontinent

The region was labelled variously as India (in its pre-modern sense), Greater India, Indian Subcontinent and South Asia.[20][45] "Indian Subcontinent" is a term adopted and used by the British Empire.[10][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53] The terms "Indian subcontinent" and "South Asia" are used interchangeably.[10][46][47][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56] According to historians Sugata Bose and Ayesha Jalal, Indian Subcontinent has come to be known as South Asia "in more recent and neutral parlance."[57] Indologist Ronald B. Inden argues that the usage of the term "South Asia" is getting more widespread since it clearly distinguishes the region from East Asia.[58] Some academics hold that the term "South Asia" is in more common use in Europe and North America, rather than the terms "Subcontinent" or the "Indian Subcontinent".[59][60]

According to anthropologist John R. Lukacs, "The Indian Subcontinent occupies the major landmass of South Asia."[61] while according to political science professor Tatu Vanhanen, "The seven countries of South Asia constitute geographically a compact region around the Indian Subcontinent".[62] According to Chris Brewster, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal and Bhutan constitute the Indian subcontinent; with Afghanistan, Iran and Maldives included it is more commonly referred to as South Asia,[63] while according to a number of Indian scholars South Asia includes the Indian Subcontinent (India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Nepal), as well as the island countries of Sri Lanka, Maldives and Mauritius.[64] When the term Indian subcontinent is used to mean South Asia, the island countries of Sri Lanka and the Maldives may sometimes not be included,[10] while Tibet and Nepal may either be included[65] or excluded[66] intermittently, depending on the context.

Geography

While South Asia had never been a coherent geopolitical region, it has a distinct geographical identity

Boundary

While South Asia had never been a coherent geopolitical region, it has a distinct geographical identity.[67] The boundaries of South Asia vary based on how the region is defined. South Asia's northern, eastern, and western boundaries vary based on definitions used, while the Indian Ocean is the southern periphery. Most of this region rests on the Indian Plate and is isolated from the rest of Asia by mountain barriers.[68][69]

Much of the region consists of a peninsula in south-central Asia, rather resembling a diamond which is delineated by the Himalayas on the north, the Hindu Kush in the west, and the Arakanese in the east,[70] and which extends southward into the Indian Ocean with the Arabian Sea to the southwest and the Bay of Bengal to the southeast.[9][71] The tip of the Indian Peninsula had the highest quality pearls.[72]

Indian plate

The Indian subcontinent, and the Himalayas on the northeast, is the result of the collision of the Indian Plate with the Eurasian Plate through tectonic activity between 20 and 50 million years ago.
Main article: Indian plate

Most of this region is a subcontinent resting on the Indian Plate (the northerly portion of the Indo-Australian Plate) separated from the rest of the Eurasian Plate. The Indian Plate includes most of South Asia, forming a land mass which extends from the Himalayas into a portion of the basin under the Indian Ocean, including parts of South China and Eastern Indonesia, as well as Kunlun and Karakoram ranges,[73][74][75] and extending up to but not including Ladakh, Kohistan, the Hindu Kush range and Balochistan.[76][77][78] It may be noted that geophysically the Yarlung Tsangpo River river in Tibet is situated at the outside of the border of the Subcontinental structure, while the Pamir Mountains in Tajikistan are situated inside that border.[79]

It was once a small continent before colliding with the Eurasian Plate about 50-55 million years ago and giving birth to the Himalayan range and the Tibetan plateau. It is the peninsular region south of the Himalayas and Kuen Lun mountain ranges and east of the Indus River and the Iranian Plateau, extending southward into the Indian Ocean between the Arabian Sea (to the southwest) and the Bay of Bengal (to the southeast).

Features

Natural vegetation zones of the UN's subregional definition of South Asia, loosely based on a Grolier map[80]

The region is home to a variety of geographical features, such as glaciers, rainforests, valleys, deserts, and grasslands that are typical of much larger continents. It is surrounded by three water bodies — the Bay of Bengal, the Indian Ocean and the Arabian Sea. The climate of this vast region varies considerably from area to area from tropical monsoon in the south to temperate in the north. The variety is influenced by not only the altitude, but also by factors such as proximity to the sea coast and the seasonal impact of the monsoons.[81] Southern parts are mostly hot in summers and receive rain during monsoon period(s). The northern belt of Indo-Gangetic plains also is hot in summer, but cooler in winter. The mountainous north is colder and receives snowfall at higher altitudes of Himalyan ranges.

Climate

As the Himalayas block the north-Asian bitter cold winds, the temperatures are considerably moderate in the plains down below. For most part, the climate of the region is called the Monsoon climate, which keeps the region humid during summer and dry during winter, and favours the cultivation of jute, tea, rice, and various vegetables in this region.

South Asia is largely divided into four broad climate zones:[82]

Maximum relative humidity of over 80% has been recorded in Khasi and Jaintia Hills and Sri Lanka, while the area adjustment to Pakistan and western India records lower than 20%-30%.[82] Climate of South Asia is largely characterized by monsoons. South Asia depends critically on monsoon rainfall.[83] Two monsoon systems exist in the region:[84]

  • The summer monsoon: Wind blows from southwest to most of parts of the region. It accounts for 70%-90% of the annual precipitation.
  • The winter monsoon: Wind blows from northeast. Dominant in Sri Lanka and Maldives.

The warmest period of the year precedes the monsoon season (March to mid June). In the summer the low pressures are centered over the Indus-Gangetic Plain and high wind from the Indian Ocean blows towards the center. The monsoons are second coolest season of the year because of high humidity and cloud covering. But, at the beginning of June the jetstreams vanish above the Tibetan Plateau, low pressure over the Indus Valley deepens and the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) moves in. The change is violent. Moderately vigorous monsoon depressions form in the Bay of Bengal and make landfall from June to September.[82]

Further information: Geography of India, Geography of Pakistan, Geography of Bangladesh, Geography of Bhutan, Geography of Sri Lanka, Geography of Nepal, and Geography of the Maldives

History

Main article: History of South Asia

Ancient era

The history of core South Asia begins with evidence of human activity of Homo sapiens, as long as 75,000 years ago, or with earlier hominids including Homo erectus from about 500,000 years ago.[85] The Indus Valley Civilization, which spread and flourished in the northwestern part of South Asia from c. 3300 to 1300 BCE in present-day Pakistan and northwest India, was the first major civilization in South Asia.[86] A sophisticated and technologically advanced urban culture developed in the Mature Harappan period, from 2600 to 1900 BCE.[87]

Classical era

This Bronze Age civilisation collapsed before the end of the second millennium BCE and was followed by the Iron Age Vedic Civilisation, which extended over much of the Indo-Gangetic plain and which witnessed the rise of major polities known as the Mahajanapadas. In one of these kingdoms, Magadha, Mahavira and Gautama Buddha were born in the 6th or 5th century BCE and propagated their Shramanic philosophies.

Most of South Asia was conquered by the Maurya Empire during the 4th and 3rd centuries BCE. Various parts of India ruled by numerous Middle kingdoms for the next 1,500 years, among which the Gupta Empire stands out. Southern India saw the rule of the Chalukyas, Cholas, Pallavas, and Pandyas. This period, witnessing a Hindu religious and intellectual resurgence, is known as the classical or "Golden Age of India". During this period, aspects of Indian civilisation, administration, culture, and religion (Hinduism and Buddhism) spread to much of Asia, while kingdoms in southern India had maritime business links with the Roman Empire from around 77 CE.

Medieval era

Muslim rule in core South Asia began in 8th century CE when the Arab general Muhammad bin Qasim conquered Sindh and Multan in southern Punjab in modern day Pakistan,[88] setting the stage for several successive invasions from Central Asia between the 10th and 15th centuries CE, leading to the formation of Muslim empires in South Asia such as the Delhi Sultanate and the Mughal Empire. Mughal rule came from Central Asia to cover most of the northern parts of South Asia. Mughal rulers introduced Central Asian art and architecture to India. In addition to the Mughals and various Rajput kingdoms, several independent Hindu states, such as the Vijayanagara Empire, the Maratha Empire, Eastern Ganga Empire and the Ahom Kingdom, flourished contemporaneously in southern, western, eastern and northeastern India respectively.

Modern era

The Mughal Empire suffered a gradual decline in the early 18th century, leaving a power vacuum that was exploited by local rulers such as the Sikhs and Marathas and later used by the British East India Company to gain ascendancy over most of South Asia.[citation needed][89]

Beginning in the mid-18th century and over the next century, large areas of India were annexed by the British East India Company. Dissatisfaction with Company rule led to the Indian Rebellion of 1857, after which the British provinces of India were directly administered by the British Crown and witnessed a period of both rapid development of infrastructure and economic decline. During the first half of the 20th century, a nationwide struggle for independence was launched by the Indian National Congress and later joined by the Muslim League. India gained independence from the United Kingdom in 1947, after the British provinces were partitioned into the dominions of India and Pakistan and the princely states all acceded to one of the new states.

See also: History of India

Territory and region data

2009 referenced population figures except where noted.

Core countries

With the core seven countries, the area covers about 4.48 million km² (1.7 million mi²), which is 10% of the Asian continent or 2.4% of the world's land surface area.[90][91][92] They account for about 34% of Asia's population (or over 16.5% of the world's population) and are home to a vast array of peoples.[90][91][92]

Country Area
(km²) 		Population
(2009–2012) 		Density
(per km²) 		Nominal GDP
(2009 / 2012) 		Nominal GDP
per capita
(2011) 		Capital Currency Government Official languages Coat of arms
 Bangladesh 147,570 152,518,015[93] 899 $353.72 billion $1,344 Dhaka Taka Unitary parliamentary democracy Bengali Coat of arms of Bangladesh
 Bhutan 38,394 697,000[93] 18 $1.488 billion $2,121 Thimphu Ngultrum
Indian rupee 		Constitutional monarchy Dzongkha Emblem of Bhutan
 India 3,287,240 1,210,193,422[94] 382[94] $1.247 trillion[95] $1,592 New Delhi Indian rupee Parliamentary democracy federal republic Hindi Emblem of India
 Maldives 298 396,334[93] 1,330 $1.944 billion $5,973 Malé Rufiyaa Republic Dhivehi Coat of arms of Maldives
   Nepal 147,181 26,620,080[93] 200 $19.921 billion $743 Kathmandu Nepalese rupee Democratic republic Nepali Coat of arms of Nepal
 Pakistan 796,095 180,440,000[93] 225 $230.525 billion $1,410 Islamabad Pakistani rupee Parliamentary democracy Federal republic Urdu Coat of arms of Pakistan
 Sri Lanka 65,610 20,277,597[93] 319 $64.914 billion $3,139 Sri Jayawardanapura Kotte Sri Lankan rupee Democratic socialist republic
Coat of arms of Sri Lanka

Countries and territories from extended definitions

country or region Area
(km²) 		Population
(2009) 		density
(per km²) 		GDP(nominal)
(2009) 		GDP per capita
(2011) 		Capital Currency Government Official languages Coat of Arms
 Afghanistan 652,230 29,150,000[96] 52 $34.55 billion $621 Kabul Afghani Islamic republic
Emblem of Afghanistan
 British Indian Ocean Territory 60 3,500 59 — — Diego Garcia US Dollar British Overseas Territory English File:Coat of arms of the British Indian Ocean Territory (Shield).svg
 Burma 676,578 48,137,141 71 $53.140 billion $854 Naypyidaw Myanma kyat Constitutional republic Burmese
 China - Tibet Autonomous Region 1,228,400 2,740,000 2 $9.6 billion $2,558 Lhasa Chinese yuan Autonomous region of China Tibetan, Mandarin Chinese

Regional groups of countries

Name of country/region, with flag Area
(km²) 		Population* Population density
(per km²) 		Capital or Secretariat Currency Countries included Official languages Coat of Arms
Core Definition (above) of South Asia 4,482,388 1,596,000,000 400.1 — — Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka — —
UN subregion of South Asia 6,778,083 1,702,000,000 270.77 — — Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Iran, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka — —
SAARC 4,637,469 1,626,000,000 350.6 Kathmandu — Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka English

Demographics

Total population of South Asia is about 1.70 billion.[97]

Ethnic groups

Main article: South Asian ethnic groups
Ethno-linguistic families of South Asia.

South Asia, which consists of the nations of Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka, is ethnically diverse, with more than 2,000 ethnic entities with populations ranging from hundreds of millions to small tribal groups. South Asia has been invaded and settled by many ethnic groups over the centuries - including various Dravidian, Indo-Aryan, Tibeto-Burman, Austroasiatic and Iranian groups - and amalgamation of Dravidian, Indo-Aryan and native societies has produced composite cultures with many common traditions and beliefs. But, the traditions of different ethnic groups in South Asia have diverged throughout earlier times, sometimes giving rise to strong local traditions such as the distinct South Indian culture.

Other ethnic groups, successively streaming in later mainly from Central Asia e.g. Sakas, Kushans, Huns etc. influenced pre-existing South Asian cultures. Among the last of these new arrivals were the Arabs followed by the Turks, the Pashtuns and the Moghuls. However, Arab influence remained relatively limited in comparison to that of the Turks, Pashtuns and Moghuls, who brought in much cultural influence and contributed to the birth of Urdu, a syncretic language of combined Indo-Persian heritage,[98][99] which is widely spoken today. Ethnic Englishmen and other Britons are now practically absent after their two centuries long colonial presence, although they have left an imprint of western culture in the elite society.

Languages

Main article: Languages of South Asia

The largest spoken language in this region is Hindi, its speakers numbering almost 422 million,[100] the second largest spoken language is Bengali, with about 210 million speakers.[101] Urdu is also a major language spoken in the subcontinent, especially in Pakistan, and is similar linguistically to Hindi; Hindi and Urdu together make up Hindustānī. Other languages of this region fall into a few major linguistic groups: the Dravidian languages:Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam, Kannadam and the Indo-Aryan languages, a sub-branch of the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European languages.

The other great sub-branch of Indo-Iranian, the Iranian languages, also have significant minority representation in South Asia, with Pashto and Balochi being widely spoken along the northwestern fringes of the region, in modern-day Pakistan. Many Tibeto-Burman ethnic groups, who are speakers of their language-group, are found in northeast India, Tibet, Nepal, and Bhutan. Dzongkha a member of this linguistic group, is the national language of Bhutan. There are as many as 24 Tibeto-Burman languages spoken in Bhutan. Other small groups, speaking Austroasiatic languages, are also present in South Asia. English is another language which dominates South Asia, especially as a medium of advanced education and government administration.

Most of South Asia writes using various abugidas of Brāhmī origin while languages such as Urdu, Pashto, and Sindhi use derivatives of the Perso-Arabic script. Not all languages in South Asia follow this strict dichotomy though. For example, Kashmiri is written in both the Perso-Arabic script and in the Devanagari script. The same can be said for Punjabi, which is written in both Shahmukhi and Gurmukhī. Dhivehi is written in a script called Tāna that shows characteristics of both the Arabic alphabet and of an abugida.

Religions

Indian religions are the religions that originated in South Asia; namely Hinduism, Jainism, Buddhism and Sikhism.[102][103] Although Indian religions are connected through the history of South Asia, they constitute a wide range of religious communities, and are not confined to the Indian subcontinent.[102]

Arabs traders brought the Abrahamic religion of Islam to South Asia, first in the present day Kerala, Sri Lanka and the Maldive Islands. Later Sindh, Balochistan, and parts of the Punjab region saw conquest by the Arab caliphates along with an influx of Muslims from further west, which resulted in spread of Islam in parts of Western region of South Asia. Subsequently, Muslim Mughal conquerors and further emigration and immigration furthered it throughout the Indo-Gangetic plains, further east towards Bengal, and deep south up to the Deccan.[104]

Afghanistan[105] Islam (99%), Hinduism, Sikhism and Christianity (1%)
Bangladesh[106] Islam (89.5%), Hinduism (9.5%), Buddhism (0.7%), Christianity (0.32%)
British Indian Ocean Territory[107] Christianity (45.55%), Hinduism (38.55%), Islam (9.25%), Others (6.65%)
Bhutan[108] Buddhism (75%), Hinduism (25%)
Burma[109] Theravada Buddhism (89%), Islam (4%), Christianity (Baptist and Roman Catholic) (4%), Animism (1%), Others (including Hinduism) (2%)
India[108][110] Hinduism (80.5%), Islam (13.5%), Christianity (2.3%), Sikhism (1.9%), Buddhism (0.8%), Jainism (0.4%), Others (0.6%)
Maldives[111] Sunni Islam (100%) (One must be a Sunni Muslim to be a citizen on the Maldives[112][113])
Nepal[114] Hinduism (81.3%), Buddhism (9.0%), Islam (4.4%), Kirat (3.1%), Christianity (1.4%), Others (0.8%)
Pakistan[115] Islam (96.28%), Hinduism (1.85%), Christianity (1.59%), Ahmaddiyya (0.22%)
Sri Lanka[116] Theravada Buddhism (70.19%), Hinduism (12.61%), ), Islam (9.71%), Christianity ( 7.45%).
Further information: Religion in Bangladesh, Religion in Bhutan, Religion in India, Religion in Nepal, Religion in Pakistan, and Religion in Sri Lanka

Economy

Further information: Economy of Bangladesh, Economy of India, Economy of Nepal, Economy of Pakistan, and Economy of Sri Lanka

South Asia is the poorest region in the world after Sub-Saharan Africa. According to the UN's Multidimensional Poverty Index, just over a quarter of the world's MPI poor people live in Africa, while a half live in South Asia. The study also found there are more poor people in eight Indian states than in the 26 poorest African countries.[117] According to the index, 55 per cent of people in South Asia are MPI-poor and in sub-Saharan Africa, 64.5 per cent of people are MPI-poor.[117] And according to the poverty data of World Bank, more than 40% of the population in the region lived on less than the International Poverty Line of $1.25 per day in 2005, compared to 50% of the population in Sub-Saharan Africa.[118]

Sri Lanka has the highest GDP per capita in the region, while Afghanistan has the lowest. India is the largest economy in the region (US$ 1.97 trillion) and makes up almost 82% of the South Asian economy; it is the world's 10th largest in nominal terms and 3rd largest by purchasing power adjusted exchange rates. Pakistan has the next largest economy and the 5th highest GDP per capita in the region,[119] followed by Bangladesh and then by Sri Lanka which has the 2nd highest per capita and is the 4th largest economy in the region. According to a World Bank report in 2007, South Asia is the least integrated region in the world; trade between South Asian states is only 2% of the region's combined GDP, compared to 20% in East Asia. The Economist has blamed this on Indian neglect of its neighbors.[120]

List of South Asian Countries by HDI Index

Rank Country HDI
New 2013 estimates for 2012
High human development
1  Sri Lanka 0.715
Medium human development
2  Maldives 0.661
3  India 0.554
4  Bhutan 0.538
Low human development
5  Bangladesh 0.515
6  Pakistan 0.515
7    Nepal 0.463
8  Afghanistan 0.374

Governance

India[121] and Pakistan[122][123] are the dominant political powers in the region. India is by far the largest country in the area covering around three-fourths the land area of the subcontinent.[citation needed] It also has the largest population of around three times the combined population of the 6 other countries in the subcontinent.[124] India is also the most populous democracy in the world[125]

Diplomacy among the countries of South Asia has been mainly driven by populist politics, with the centre-stage taken by India-Pakistan conflict ever since their independence in 1947, and then the creation of Bangladesh under tense circumstances in 1971. During the height of Cold war, the elite political leaders of Pakistan aligned with the US, while India played crucial role in forming the Non-Aligned Movement and while maintaining goodwill relations with the USSR.

Pakistan's governance is one of the most conflicted in the region. The military rule and the unstable government in Pakistan has become a concern for the South Asian region.

Bangladesh has been in the news for the conflict between it's two political parties and hence it becomes one unstable government also In the present scenario.

In Nepal, the governance has struggled to come in the side of democracy and it only showed signs in the recent past, basically in the 21st century, to support the democratic system.


The political situation in Sri Lanka has been dominated by an increasingly assertive Sinhalese nationalism, and the emergence of a Tamil separatist movement under LTTE, which was suppressed recently. Burma's politics is dominated by a military Junta, which has sidelined the democratic forces led by Aung San Suu Kyi.

Health and nutrition

There are 421 million MPI-poor people in eight Indian states alone - Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal - while there are 410 million in the 26 poorest African countries combined.[126] Roughly 42% of Indian children under age 5 suffer from malnutrition.[127]

According to the World Bank, 70% of the South Asian population and about 75% of South Asia's poor live in rural areas and most rely on agriculture for their livelihood.[128] According to the Global Hunger Index, South Asia has one of the highest child malnutrition rates in the world.[129] In a latest report published by UNICEF in 2008 on global hunger shows that the actual number of child deaths was around 2.1 million.[130] As of 2008 India is ranked 66th on the global hunger index.[citation needed]

The 2006 report stated that "the low status of women in South Asian countries and their lack of nutritional knowledge are important determinants of high prevalence of underweight children in the region". Corruption and the lack of initiative on the part of the government has been one of the major problems associated with nutrition in India. Illiteracy in villages has been found to be one of the major issues that need more government attention. The report mentioned that, although there has been a reduction in malnutrition due to the Green Revolution in South Asia, there is concern that South Asia has "inadequate feeding and caring practices for young children".[131]

See also

Notes and references

Notes

References

  1. ^ "Geographical Regions United Nations". United Nations.
  2. ^ [1][dead link]
  3. ^ SAARC Summit. "SAARC". SAARC Summit. Retrieved 17 December 2013.
  4. ^ a b "Standard Country or Area Codes for Statistical Use". Millenniumindicators.un.org. Retrieved 2012-08-25.
  5. ^ a b c d Partha Sarathy Ghosh, Cooperation and Conflict in South Asia, page 4-5, Technical Publications, 1989, ISBN 9788185054681
  6. ^ Bertram Hughes Farmer, An Introduction to South Asia, pages 1, Routledge, 1993, ISBN 0-415-05695-0
  7. ^ Arthur Berriedale Keith, A Constitutional History of India: 1600-1935, pages 440-444, Methuen & Co, 1936
  8. ^ N.D. Arora, Political Science for Civil Services Main Examination, page 42:1, Tata McGraw-Hill Education, 2010, 9780070090941
  9. ^ a b "Indian subcontinent". New Oxford Dictionary of English (ISBN 0-19-860441-6) New York: Oxford University Press, 2001; p. 929: "the part of Asia south of the Himalayas which forms a peninsula extending into the Indian Ocean, between the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal Cite error: The named reference "Oxford" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  10. ^ a b c d John McLeod, The history of India, page 1, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002, ISBN 0-313-31459-4
  11. ^ Stephen Adolphe Wurm, Peter Mühlhäusler & Darrell T. Tryon, Atlas of languages of intercultural communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas, pages 787, International Council for Philosophy and Humanistic Studies, Published by Walter de Gruyter, 1996, ISBN 3-11-013417-9
  12. ^ "Indian subcontinent" > Geology and Geography.
  13. ^ The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Columbia University Press, 2003: "region, S central Asia, comprising the countries of Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh and the Himalayan states of Nepal, and Bhutan. Sri Lanka, an island off the southeastern tip of the Indian peninsula, is often considered a part of the subcontinent."
  14. ^ Haggett, Peter (2001). Encyclopedia of World Geography (Vol. 1). Marshall Cavendish. p. 2710. ISBN 0-7614-7289-4.
  15. ^ Navnita Chadha Behera, International Relations in South Asia: Search for an Alternative Paradigm, page 129, SAGE Publications India, 2008, ISBN 9788178298702
  16. ^ United Nations, Yearbook of the United Nations, pages 297, Office of Public Information, 1947, United Nations
  17. ^ Encyclopædia Britannica: A New Survey of Universal Knowledge (volume 4), pages 177, Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 1947
  18. ^ Ian Copland, The Princes of pre-India in the Endgame of the British Empire: 1917-1947, pages 263, Cambridge University Press, 2002, ISBN 0-521-89436-0
  19. ^ Ben Cahoon. "Pakistan Princely States". Worldstatesmen.org. Retrieved 2010-08-23.
  20. ^ a b Kathleen M. Baker and Graham P. Chapman, The Changing Geography of Asia, page 10, Routledge, 2002, ISBN 9781134933846
  21. ^ Sushil Mittal and Gene Thursby, Religions of South Asia: An Introduction, page 3, Routledge, 2006, ISBN 9781134593224
  22. ^ Sarkar, Sudeshna (16 May 2007). "SAARC: Afghanistan comes in from the cold". Current Affairs - Security Watch. Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zürich. Retrieved 6 April 2011.
  23. ^ "South Asian Organisation for Regional Cooperation (official website)". SAARC Secretariat, Kathmandu, Nepal. Retrieved 6 April 2011.
  24. ^ Chatterjee Aneek, International Relations Today: Concepts and Applications, page 166, Pearson Education India, ISBN 9788131733752
  25. ^ "Russia, Turkey seek observer status in SAARC". {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessate= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  26. ^ South Asia: Data, Projects and Research, The World Bank
  27. ^ Agreement on South Asian Free Trade Area, SAARC Secretariat, South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation
  28. ^ Grolier Incorporated, The Encyclopedia Americana (volume 14), pages 201, Grolier, 1988, ISBN 0-7172-0119-8
  29. ^ About Us, Centre for South Asian Studies, University of Cambridge
  30. ^ CSAS, Centre for South Asian Studies, University of Michigan
  31. ^ About Us, Centre for South Asian Studies, University of Virginia
  32. ^ South Asian Studies Program, Rutgers University
  33. ^ "Center for South Asia Studies: University of California, Berkeley". Southasia.berkeley.edu. Retrieved 2012-08-19.
  34. ^ South Asian Studies, Brandeis University
  35. ^ South Asia Institute, Columbia University
  36. ^ Geographical region and composition, Composition of macro geographical (continental) regions, geographical sub-regions, and selected economic and other groupings, United Nations
  37. ^ Asia-Pacific POPIN Consultative Workshop Report, Asia-Pacific POPIN Bulletin, Vol. 7, No. 2 (1995), pages 7-11
  38. ^ Mapping and Analysis of Agricultural Trade Liberalization in South Asia, Trade and Investment Division (TID), United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific
  39. ^ Territories (British Indian Ocean Territory), Jane's Information Group
  40. ^ Dale Hoiberg and Indu Ramchandani, Students' Britannica India (vol. 1), page 45, Popular Prakashan, 2000, ISBN 978-0-85229-760-5
  41. ^ Mehdi Parvizi Amineh, TheGreater Middle East in Global Politics, page 112, BRILL, 2007, ISBN 9789004158597
  42. ^ Vernon Marston Hewitt, The international politics of South Asia, page xi, Manchester University Press, 1992, ISBN 0-7190-3392-6
  43. ^ Dallen J. Timothy and Gyan P. Nyaupane, Cultural Heritage and Tourism in the Developing World: A Regional Perspective, page 127, Routledge, 2009, ISBN 9781134002283
  44. ^ Kishore C. Dash, Regionalism in South Asia, pages 172-175, Routledge, 2008, ISBN 0-415-43117-4
  45. ^ Sushil Mittal and Gene Thursby, Religions of South Asia: An Introduction, page 3, Routledge, 2006, ISBN 9781134593224
  46. ^ a b Milton Walter Meyer, South Asia: A Short History of the Subcontinent, pages 1, Adams Littlefield, 1976, ISBN 0-8226-0034-X
  47. ^ a b Jim Norwine & Alfonso González, The Third World: states of mind and being, pages 209, Taylor & Francis, 1988, ISBN 0-04-910121-8
  48. ^ Boniface, Brian G. (2005). Worldwide destinations: the geography of travel and tourism. Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-7506-5997-0. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  49. ^ a b Judith Schott & Alix Henley, Culture, Religion, and Childbearing in a Multiracial Society, pages 274, Elsevier Health Sciences, 1996, ISBN 0-7506-2050-1
  50. ^ a b Raj S. Bhopal, Ethnicity, race, and health in multicultural societies, pages 33, Oxford University Press, 2007, ISBN 0-19-856817-7
  51. ^ a b Lucian W. Pye & Mary W. Pye, Asian Power and Politics, pages 133, Harvard University Press, 1985, ISBN 0-674-04979-9
  52. ^ a b Mark Juergensmeyer, The Oxford handbook of global religions, pages 465, Oxford University Press US, 2006, ISBN 0-19-513798-1
  53. ^ a b Sugata Bose & Ayesha Jalal, Modern South Asia, pages 3, Routledge, 2004, ISBN 0-415-30787-2
  54. ^ Boniface, Brian G.; Christopher P. Cooper (2005). Worldwide destinations: the geography of travel and tourism. Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-7506-5997-0.
  55. ^ Shiv R. Jhawar, Building a Noble World, page 39, Noble World Foundation, 2004, ISBN 9780974919706
  56. ^ Erika Lee and Judy Yung, Angel Island: Immigrant Gateway to America, page xxiii, Oxford University Press, 2010, ISBN 9780199752799
  57. ^ Sugata Bose & Ayesha Jalal, Modern South Asia, pages 3, Routledge, 2004, ISBN 0415307872
  58. ^ Ronald B. Inden, Imagining India, page 51, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 2000, ISBN 1850655200
  59. ^ Judith Schott & Alix Henley, Culture, Religion, and Childbearing in a Multiracial Society, pages 274, Elsevier Health Sciences, 1996, ISBN 0750620501
  60. ^ Raj S. Bhopal, Ethnicity, race, and health in multicultural societies, pages 33, Oxford University Press, 2007, ISBN 0198568177
  61. ^ John R. Lukacs, The People of South Asia: the biological anthropology of India, Pakistan, and Nepal, page 59, Plenum Press, 1984, ISBN 9780306414077
  62. ^ Tatu Vanhanen, Prospects of Democracy: A Study of 172 Countries, page 144, Routledge, 1997, ISBN 9780415144063
  63. ^ Chris Brewster and Wolfgang Mayrhofe, Handbook of Research on Comparative Human Resource Management, page 576, Edward Elgar Publishing, 2012, ISBN 9780857938718
  64. ^ Peter D. Tyson, Global-Regional Linkages in the Earth System, page 75, Springer, 2002, ISBN 9783540424031
  65. ^ Harle, James C. (1994). The art and architecture of the Indian subcontinent. Yale University Press. p. 214. ISBN 0-300-06217-6.
  66. ^ Hackin, Joseph; Couchoud, Paul Louis (1996). The Mythologies of the East: Indian Subcontinent, Middle East, Nepal and Tibet, Indo-China and Java. Aryan Books International. p. 1. ISBN 81-7305-018-X.
  67. ^ Saul Bernard Cohen, Geopolitics of the world system, pages 304, Rowman & Littlefield, 2003, ISBN 0-8476-9907-2
  68. ^ "Asia" > Geology and Geography. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Columbia University Press, 2003: "Asia can be divided into six regions, each possessing distinctive physical, cultural, economic, and political characteristics... South Asia (Afghanistan and the nations of the Indian subcontinent) is isolated from the rest of Asia by great mountain barriers."
  69. ^ "Asia" > Geologic history - Tectonic framework. Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2009: "The paleotectonic evolution of Asia terminated some 50 million years ago as a result of the collision of the Indian subcontinent with Eurasia. Asia’s subsequent neotectonic development has largely disrupted the continent’s preexisting fabric. The first-order neotectonic units of Asia are Stable Asia, the Arabian and Indian cratons, the Alpide plate boundary zone (along which the Arabian and Indian platforms have collided with the Eurasian continental plate), and the island arcs and marginal basins."
  70. ^ Chapman, Graham P. & Baker, Kathleen M., eds. The changing geography of Asia. (ISBN 0-203-03862-2) New York: Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2002; p. 10: "This greater India is well defined in terms of topography; it is the Indian sub-continent, hemmed in by the Himalayas on the north, the Hindu Khush in the west and the Arakanese in the east."
  71. ^ The history of India - By John McLeod. Books.google.com. Retrieved 2012-03-27.
  72. ^ Xinru, Liu, "The Silk Road in World History" (New York: Oxford University Press, 2010), 40.
  73. ^ Sinvhal, Understanding Earthquake Disasters, page 52, Tata McGraw-Hill Education, 2010, ISBN 978-0-07-014456-9
  74. ^ Harsh K. Gupta, Disaster management, page 85, Universities Press, 2003, ISBN 978-81-7371-456-6
  75. ^ James R. Heirtzler, Indian ocean geology and biostratigraphy, page American Geophysical Union, 1977, ISBN 978-0-87590-208-1
  76. ^ M. Asif Khan, Tectonics of the Nanga Parbat syntaxis and the Western Himalaya, page 375, Geological Society of London, 2000, ISBN 978-1-86239-061-4
  77. ^ Srikrishna Prapnnachari, Concepts in Frame Design, page 152, Srikrishna Prapnnachari, ISBN 978-99929-52-21-4
  78. ^ A. M. Celâl Şengör, Tectonic evolution of the Tethyan Region, Springer, 1989, ISBN 978-0-7923-0067-0
  79. ^ Valentin Semenovich Burtman & Peter Hale Molnar, Geological and Geophysical Evidence for Deep Subduction of Continental Crust Beneath the Pamir, pages 10, Geological Society of America, 1993, ISBN 0-8137-2281-0
  80. ^ Asian Vegetation Zones, Grolier Online, Scholastic Inc.
  81. ^ Weiss, Anita M. & Mughal, Muhammad Aurang Zeb. (2012). Pakistan. In Kotzé, Louis & Morse, Stephen (eds), Berkshire Encyclopedia of Sustainability, Vol. 9. Great Barrington, Mass.: Berkshire, pp. 236-240.
  82. ^ a b c John E. Olive, The Encyclopedia of World Climatology, page 115-117, Springer, 2005, ISBN 9781402032646
  83. ^ Peter D. Tyson, Global-Regional Linkages in the Earth System, page 83, Springer, 2002, ISBN 9783540424031
  84. ^ Peter D. Tyson, Global-Regional Linkages in the Earth System, page 76, Springer, 2002, ISBN 9783540424031
  85. ^ G. Bongard-Levin, A History of India (Progress Publishers: Moscow, 1979) p. 11.
  86. ^ Romila Thapar, A History of India (Penguin Books: New York, 1966) p. 23.
  87. ^ Romila Thapar, A History of India, p. 24.
  88. ^ "History in Chronological Order". Government of Pakistan. Retrieved 2008-01-09.
  89. ^ "Pakistan". Library of Congress. Retrieved 2008-01-09.
  90. ^ a b Desai, Praful B. 2002. Cancer control efforts in the Indian subcontinent. Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology. 32 (Supplement 1): S13-S16. "The Indian subcontinent in South Asia occupies 2.4% of the world land mass and is home to 16.5% of the world population...." Cite error: The named reference "JJCO" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  91. ^ a b "Asia" > Overview. Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2009: "The Indian subcontinent is home to a vast diversity of peoples, most of whom speak languages from the Indo-Aryan subgroup of the Indo-European family."
  92. ^ a b "Indian Subcontinent[dead link]". Encyclopedia of Modern Asia. Macmillan Reference USA (Gale Group), 2006: "The area is divided between five major nation-states, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka, and includes as well the two small nations of Bhutan and the Maldives Republic... The total area can be estimated at 4.4 million square kilometres, or exactly 10 percent of the land surface of Asia.... In 2000, the total population was about 22 percent of the world's population and 34 percent of the population of Asia." Cite error: The named reference "EoMA" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  93. ^ a b c d e f USCensusBureau:Countries ranked by population, 2012[dead link]
  94. ^ a b "Census of India : Provisional Population Totals : India :Census 2011". Censusindia.gov.in. Retrieved 2012-03-21.
  95. ^ "Report for Selected Countries and Subjects". Imf.org. 2006-09-14. Retrieved 2012-03-21.
  96. ^ Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division (2009). "World Population Prospects, Table A.1" (PDF). 2008 revision. United Nations. Retrieved 2009-03-12. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  97. ^ "SAARC needs to boost volume of trade". Saarc-sic.org. Retrieved 2012-11-08.
  98. ^ Linguistic Syncretism and Language Ideologies
  99. ^ Urdu Literary Culture: The Syncretic Tradition
  100. ^ "Census of India - Statement 1". Censusindia.gov.in. Retrieved 2010-08-23.
  101. ^ Languages Spoken by More Than 10 Million People. Retrieved 2009-06-27. {{cite encyclopedia}}: |work= ignored (help)
  102. ^ a b Adams, C. J., Classification of religions: Geographical, Encyclopædia Britannica, 2007. Accessed: 15 July 2010
  103. ^ Adams: "Indian religions, including early Buddhism, Hinduism, Jainism, and Sikhism, and sometimes also Theravāda Buddhism and the Hindu- and Buddhist-inspired religions of South and Southeast Asia".
  104. ^ Alberts, Irving, T., . D. R. M. (2013). Intercultural Exchange in Southeast Asia: History and Society in the Early Modern World (International Library of Historical Studies). I.B. Tauris.
  105. ^ "CIA - The World Factbook - Afghanistan". Cia.gov. Retrieved 2012-03-27.
  106. ^ "Bangladesh : AT A GLANCE". Banbeis.gov.bd. Retrieved 2010-08-23.
  107. ^ "The Association of Religion Data Archives | National Profiles". Thearda.com. Retrieved 2010-08-23.
  108. ^ a b "CIA - The World Factbook". Cia.gov. Retrieved 2012-03-27.
  109. ^ "CIA - The World Factbook - Burma". Cia.gov. Retrieved 2012-03-27.
  110. ^ "Indian Census". Censusindia.gov.in. Retrieved 2010-08-23.
  111. ^ "religion". Maldives. Retrieved 2010-08-23.
  112. ^ "Maldives". Law.emory.edu. 1920-02-21. Retrieved 2010-08-23.
  113. ^ Maldives - Religion, countrystudies.us
  114. ^ "NEPAL" (PDF). Retrieved 2010-08-23.
  115. ^ Population by religions, Statistics Division of the Government of Pakistan
  116. ^ "Table 1". Web.archive.org. 2007-05-13. Archived from the original on 2007-05-13. Retrieved 2010-08-23.
  117. ^ a b Prato, Alison (2010-07-15). "View from the 'Top'". NY Post. Retrieved 2013-02-08.
  118. ^ "world bank data". Iresearch.worldbank.org. Retrieved 2010-08-23.
  119. ^ "Welcome to WorldBank Group". Web.worldbank.org. Retrieved 2010-08-23.
  120. ^ A special report on India: India elsewhere: An awkward neighbour in a troublesome neighbourhood December 11th 2008 The Economist
  121. ^ "The Eu'S External Relations". Europarl.europa.eu. Retrieved 2010-08-23.
  122. ^ Barry Buzan (2004). The United States and the great powers: world politics in the twenty-first century. Polity. pp. 71, 99. ISBN 978-0-7456-3374-9. Retrieved 27 December 2011.
  123. ^ Hussein Solomon. "South African Foreign Policy and Middle Power Leadership". Retrieved 27 December 2011.
  124. ^ "Area and Population of Countries (mid-2006 estimates)". Infoplease. Retrieved 2010-08-23.
  125. ^ "United Nations Population Division Department of Economic and Social Affairs". Un.org. 1980-07-31. Retrieved 2010-08-23.
  126. ^ "India far poorer than Africa, new measure shows". Theaustralian.com.au. 2012-02-17. Retrieved 2012-03-27.
  127. ^ Yardley, Jim (2012-01-10). "Malnutrition in India Is Widespread, Report Finds". The New York Times.
  128. ^ "Agriculture in South Asia". World Bank.
  129. ^ "2008 Global Hunger Index Key Findings & Facts". 2008.[dead link]
  130. ^ "Child mortality rate highest in India: UNICEF - Health News - IBNLive". Ibnlive.in.com. 2010-02-03. Retrieved 2010-08-23.
  131. ^ Pandey, Geeta (2006-10-13). "'Hunger critical' in South Asia". BBC. Retrieved 2010-01-04.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to South Asia.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_Asia&oldid=610544465"