List of former national anthems
The Imperial Russian anthem, "God Save the Tsar!",[trans 1] used words by Vasily Zhukovsky (left) and music by Alexei Lvov (right). Adopted in 1833, the anthem was used continuously until the Empire's collapse in 1917.
The oldest national anthem defined as "a song, as of praise, devotion, or patriotism" by Dictionary.com[1] is the Polish national anthem "Bogurodzica", "Mother of God". The hymn was created somewhere between the 10th and 13th centuries. However, it was not the de jure national anthem. The second oldest is the Dutch national anthem "Het Wilhelmus",[trans 2] which was written between 1568 and 1572, but not then given any official status.[2] The first anthem to be officially proclaimed as such was "God Save The Queen", adopted by Great Britain in 1745.[3] "Het Wilhelmus" was declared the national anthem of the Netherlands in 1932; both of these anthems remain in use today. A royal or imperial anthem is a song that is similar in patriotic character to a national anthem, but which specifically praises a monarch, or royal dynasty. Some states have doubled their royal or imperial anthem as their national anthem.
An anthem may fall out of use if the country that uses it ceases to exist, or because it adopts a new anthem; the rationale for a new national anthem is often political, perhaps based on a new ruling dynasty or system of government. For example, following the French Revolution, which overthrew the monarchy, "La Marseillaise", a republican revolutionary song, became France's national anthem in 1795. Conversely, when the monarchy was restored 19 years later, the 16th-century royalist tune "Vive Henri IV" was revived and adapted to create "Le Retour des Princes français à Paris", an overt celebration of the restored government.[trans 3] Following a number of further changes, "La Marseillaise" was readopted in 1870 and remains France's contemporary national anthem. Similar changes have occurred when Libya, Iraq, and South Africa democratized in the 2010s, 2000s, and 1990s respectively, new national anthems were adopted for those countries as well.
Some historical anthems share the same tune; for example, "Heil dir im Siegerkranz",[trans 4] the Imperial German anthem, used the same music as the UK's national anthem, "God Save the Queen". There are also instances of the music of a former national anthem still being used in a current anthem; for instance, the modern national anthem of Germany, "Das Lied der Deutschen",[trans 5] uses the same tune as the 19th and early 20th-century Austro-Hungarian anthem "Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser".[trans 6] Another well-known example is the "Hymn of the Soviet Union",[trans 7] used until its dissolution in 1991, which was given new words and adopted by the Russian Federation in 2000 to replace the unpopular instrumental anthem it had introduced in 1993.[4][5]
This was not the first time that a country's de facto or de jure national anthem had proved controversial among its own people. "My Country, 'Tis of Thee", a de facto anthem of the U.S. during the 19th century, divided opinion as it used the same tune as "God Save the Queen".[note 1] A more recent example is "Hej, Sloveni",[trans 8] the former Yugoslavian state anthem which was retained by Serbia and Montenegro until 2006;[note 2] because it was frequently booed when played in public – at sporting events, for example – it was eventually replaced.[6]
List of former national anthems
 | This list of songs or music-related items is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. |
See also
- Historical Chinese anthems
- List of national anthems
- List of anthems of non-sovereign countries, regions and territories
Notes
- ^ a b "My Country, 'Tis of Thee" is generally considered to have been the "de facto" national anthem of the United States prior to 1931, but not universally. Alternatives included "Hail, Columbia", and the modern anthem, "The Star-Spangled Banner".[34][35]
- ^ a b Serbia and Montenegro was called the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia until 4 February 2003.[27]
- ^ Also known by the title of "Garam shah lā garam shah" (Template:Lang-en).
- ^ Also known by the title of "Qal’a-ye Islam, qalb-e Asiya" (Template:Lang-en); its incipit.
- ^ The same tune was used for numerous Austrian and Austro-Hungarian national anthems; only the lyrics changed. Although the official lyrics were in German, versions of the anthems used during the imperial period (until 1918) existed in several other languages from throughout the empire: Croatian, Czech, Hungarian, Italian, Polish and Slovene.[9]
- ^ The same tune was used for numerous Austrian and Austro-Hungarian national anthems; only the lyrics changed. Although the official lyrics were in German, versions of the anthems used during the imperial period existed in several other languages from throughout the empire: Czech, Croatian, Hungarian, Italian, Polish and Slovene.[9]
- ^ The same tune was used for numerous Austrian and Austro-Hungarian national anthems; only the lyrics changed. Although the official lyrics were in German, versions of the anthems used during the imperial period existed in several other languages from throughout the empire: Czech, Croatian, Hungarian, Italian, Polish and Slovene.[9]
- ^ The same tune was used for numerous Austrian and Austro-Hungarian national anthems; only the lyrics changed. Although the official lyrics were in German, versions of the anthems used during the imperial period existed in several other languages from throughout the empire: Czech, Croatian, Hungarian, Italian, Polish and Slovene.[9]
- ^ The same tune was used for numerous Austrian and Austro-Hungarian national anthems; only the lyrics changed. Although the official lyrics were in German, versions of the anthems used during the imperial period existed in several other languages from throughout the empire: Czech, Croatian, Hungarian, Italian, Polish and Slovene.[9]
- ^ a b c d e The anthems of the previously independent German kingdoms and duchies continued to be used as regional anthems until the fall of the German Empire in 1918.
- ^ Brazil became a republic in 1888, but retained "Hino Nacional Brasileiro" as its national anthem.
- ^ From 1908 a royal anthem, "Anthem of His Majesty the Tsar",[trans 12] was adopted and played immediately after the anthem whenever the monarch was present.
- ^ "Esta É a Nossa Pátria Bem Amada" was adopted in 1975 by both Cape Verde and Guinea-Bissau on their respective independence from Portugal. Cape Verde introduced a unique anthem in 1996, but it remains the national anthem of Guinea-Bissau.
- ^ Currently used as the national anthem of Taiwan.
- ^ The Confederate States never adopted an official national anthem. The Civil War Trust firmly states that the "honor rightly belongs to" "God Save the South", the first piece of music published in the Confederacy, "because of its stirring poetry and its outstanding musical setting". Commonly cited alternatives include the popular song "Dixie" and "The Bonnie Blue Flag", a marching song.[11][12]
- ^ Only the first verses of each anthem were sung during the union of the Czech lands with Slovakia.
- ^ Although it is the first to appear on this list, "Chant du départ" was not the original national anthem of France; "La Marseillaise", the modern national anthem, was originally used from 1795 to 1799. It was readopted in 1870.
- ^ During Germany's Weimar period, all three verses of "Das Lied der Deutschen" were sung, whereas today only the third verse is sung.
- ^ During Germany's Nazi period, only the first verse of "Das Lied der Deutschen" was sung, and followed by "Horst-Wessel-Lied", the SA song written by Horst Wessel.
- ^ Unofficial, de facto. Shares the same tune as the current Micronesian national anthem.
- ^ Although officially all three verses were designated as the West German national anthem, in practice only the third verse was actually performed in public.
- ^ Tune same as that used in the royal anthem and flag anthem of Iran at the time.
- ^ Title also given as "The Royal Salute" (Arabic: السلام الملكي)
- ^ Title in Arabic: والله زمان يا سلاحي
- ^ Not to be confused with the current Iraqi national anthem, which shares the same name.[18]
- ^ The same melody was used for the Kazakhstan national anthem in the early years of independence, before it was replaced with the current anthem, "Meniñ Qazaqstanım".
- ^ Lyrics same as those used in the current South Korean national anthem.
- ^ The modern national anthem of Kuwait, adopted in 1978, retains "Amiri Salute" in its entirety as an opening fanfare.[20]
- ^ After the founding of the present Lao People's Democratic Republic, "Pheng Xat Lao" had its words, but not its music, changed.
- ^ "Lībīya, Lībīya, Lībīya" was relinquished in 1969, was but re-adopted as the national anthem of Libya after the victory of the National Transitional Council over the Gaddafi regime in 2011, the only difference being the omission of a verse glorifying King Idris.
- ^ From 1802 until 1911 the anthem of Macau was "Hymno Patriótico" followed by "Hino da Carta", the same as that of Portugal.
- ^ The song "Ey Reqîb" is still used as the regional anthem of Iraqi Kurdistan, and as the anthem of the Kurdish people in general.
- ^ When Newfoundland joined the Canadian Confederation in 1949, "Ode to Newfoundland" lost its status as a national anthem. The Canadian province of Newfoundland became the first to adopt a provincial anthem in 1980 when the song was readopted.
- ^ The last Ottoman sultan, Mehmed VI, decided not to have a special march for himself, but used the first Ottoman anthem, "Mahmudiye".
- ^ a b The Papal States became part of Italy in 1869, but the anthem was retained as the Vatican City's first anthem until 1950.
- ^ Bogurodzica was created somewhere between the 10th and 13th centuries. Adalbert of Prague is believed to be the creator of the Polish hymn by most scholars; he lived between 956 and 997. Bogurodzica was used as the national anthem of the Kingdom of Poland from its creation until 1795 with the end of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland
- ^ a b Rhodesia's 1965 Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI) went unrecognised by the United Kingdom and the United Nations, both of which continued to consider Rhodesia to be the British colony of Southern Rhodesia. Despite declaring independence, the "de facto" Rhodesian government still maintained loyalty to Elizabeth II and so retained Britain's national anthem, "God Save the Queen", until it declared Rhodesia a republic in 1970. A replacement state anthem was not adopted until 1974, when "Rise, O Voices of Rhodesia" came into use. As its independence was illegal, "God Save the Queen" remained Rhodesia's "de jure" national anthem throughout the UDI period of 1965 to 1979.
- ^ The "Worker's Marseillaise" was briefly used alongside "The Internationale" by the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic from 1917 to 1918.
- ^ The "Worker's Marseillaise" was briefly used alongside "The Internationale" by the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic from 1917 to 1918.
- ^ Although replaced as national anthem in 1932, "Sansoen Phra Barami" was retained as Siam's (and, following the country's change of name in 1939, Thailand's) royal anthem.
- ^ "Naprej, zastava slave" is still used by the Slovenian Armed Forces as its official song.
- ^ Served as Somalia's national anthem until 2012, when it was replaced with "Qolobaa Calankeed".
- ^ Was the sole de jure national anthem from 1910 to 1938.[28] From 1938 to 1957, it officially shared co-national anthem status with "Die Stem van Suid-Afrika", upon which the latter became the sole national anthem.[28] It remained the royal anthem until 1961.
- ^ From 1938 to 1957, it served as a co-national anthem with equal status with "God Save the Queen and "God Save the King".[28] It had served as a sort of de facto co-national anthem since the 1920s. From 1957 to 1994, it was the sole national anthem. "The Call of South Africa" and "God Bless Africa" became co-national anthems of South Africa in 1994. The modern South African national anthem, adopted in 1997, uses elements from each as separate segments in a single composition.[29][30]
- ^ "The Call of South Africa" and "God Bless Africa" became co-national anthems of South Africa in 1994. The modern South African national anthem, adopted in 1997, uses elements from each in separate segments.[30]
- ^ Remains the national anthem of Spain, however the lyrics have since been removed and it is now referred to under its title of "Marcha Real".
- ^ It continued to be used by Turkmenistan, albeit without words, from 1991 until the adoption of the current national anthem in 1996.
- ^ The song was originally called "Thanh Niên Hành Khúc" (English: "March of the Youths"); the title and words were altered significantly when it became national anthem, though the music remained the same. Luu Huu Phuoc was still officially credited for both the music and the lyrics.
- ^ It was a medley of "Bože pravde", "Lijepa naša domovino" and "Naprej, zastava slave", used by Serbia, Croatia and Slovenia respectively.
- ^ "Ishe Komborera Africa" is a translation of "Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika" from Xhosa into Shona and Ndebele.
Translations and transliterations
- ^ Russian: Боже, Царя храни!; transliterated as Bozhe, Tsarya khrani!
- ^ Translates from Dutch as "The William"
- ^ Translates from French as "The Return of the French Princes to Paris"
- ^ Translates from German as "Hail to Thee in Victor's Crown"
- ^ Translates from German as "The Song of the Germans"
- ^ Translates from German as "God save Emperor Francis"
- ^ Russian: Государственный гимн СССР; transliterated as Gosudarstvenniy Gimn SSSR
- ^ Translates from Serbo-Croatian as "Hey, Slavs"
- ^ a b c Persian: سرود ملی
- ^ Armenian: "Հայկական ՍՍՀ օրհներգ"
- ^ Bulgarian: "Шуми Марица"
- ^ Bulgarian: "Химн на Негово Величество Царя"; transliterated as "Himn na Negovo Velichestvo Tsarya"
- ^ Bulgarian: "Републико наша, здравей!"
- ^ Bulgarian: "Бъларио мила"
- ^ Belarusian: "Дзяржаўны гімн БССР"
- ^ Khmer: បទចំរៀងនៃសាធារណរដ្ឋខ្មែរ
- ^ Khmer: ដប់ប្រាំពីរមេសាមហាជោគជ័យ
- ^ Chinese: 李中堂乐
- ^ Chinese: 颂龙旗
- ^ Chinese: 鞏金甌
- ^ Chinese: 中國雄立宇宙間
- ^ Chinese: 卿云歌
- ^ Chinese: 國民革命歌
- ^ Chinese: 中華民國國歌
- ^ Chinese: 国际歌
- ^ Egyptian Arabic: اسلمى يا مصر
- ^ a b Egyptian Arabic: والله زمان يا سلاحي
- ^ Amharic: ኢትዮጵያ ሆይ ደስ ይበልሽ
- ^ Amharic: ኢትዮጵያ, ኢትዮጵያ, ኢትዮጵያ ቅደሚ
- ^ Georgian: "საქართველოს საბჭოთა სოციალისტური რესპუბლიკის სახელმწიფო ჰიმნი"
- ^ Georgian: "დიდება"
- ^ Chinese: 天佑女王
- ^ Persian: سلام شاه
- ^ Persian: سلامتی دولت علیهٔ ایران
- ^ Persian: سرود ملی
- ^ Persian: ای ایران
- ^ Persian: پاینده بادا ایران
- ^ Iraqi Arabic: أرض الفراتين
- ^ Kazakh: "Қазақ Советтiк Социалистік Республикасының мемлекеттік әнұраны"
- ^ Kazakh: "Қазақстан Республикасының Мемлекеттік Әнұраны"
- ^ Kirghiz: "Кыргыз ССР Мамлекеттик Гимни"
- ^ Korean: 대한제국 애국가
- ^ Arabic: السلام الأميري
- ^ Template:Lang-lo
- ^ Libyan Arabic: لیبیا، لیبیا، لیبیا
- ^ Libyan Arabic: الله أكبر
- ^ Serbian Cyrillic: "Убавој нам Црној Гори"
- ^ Nepali: राष्ट्रिय गान्
- ^ Melayu:"Willem dari Nassou"
- ^ Russian: "Молитва русских"
- ^ Russian: "Боже, Царя храни!"
- ^ a b Russian: "Рабочая Марсельеза"
- ^ a b Russian: "Интернационал"
- ^ Russian: "Патриотическая песня"
- ^ Thai: เพลงสรรเสริญพระบารมี
- ^ Russian: "Государственный гимн СССР"
- ^ Tajik: "Гимни Республикаи Советии Сотсиалистии Тоҷикистон"
- ^ Arabic: سلام الباي
- ^ Arabic: ألا خلّدي
- ^ Ukrainian: "Державний гімн УРСР"
References
- General
- Bristow, Michael Jamieson (2006-10-28). National Anthems of the World. Cassell. ISBN 0-304-36826-1.
- Bristow, Michael Jamieson. "History of anthems". Retrieved 2011-06-20.
- Hang, Xing (2003-09-28). Encyclopedia of National Anthems. The Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0-8108-4847-3.
- Leonard, Hal (1996-01-01). National Anthems from Around the World. Hal Leonard Corporation. ISBN 0-7935-6079-9.
- Sousa, John Philip (1890). National, patriotic and typical airs of all lands: with copious notes. H. Coleman.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - "nationalanthems.info". Archived from the original on 2013-01-21. Retrieved 2012-12-19.
- Specific
- ^ "Anthem". Reference.com. Lexico Publishing Group. Retrieved 2008-06-26.
- ^ "The Dutch Royal House". Dutch Royal House. Archived from the original on 2008-02-10. Retrieved 2008-04-17.
- ^ "Lost for words". The Economist. 2007-07-26. Retrieved 2008-04-17.
- ^ "National Anthem". Russia's State Symbols. RIA Novosti. 2007-06-07. Archived from the original on 2009-02-04. Retrieved 2009-12-20.
- ^ Zolotov, Andrei (2000-12-01). "Russian Orthodox Church Approves as Putin Decides to Sing to a Soviet Tune". Christianity Today Magazine. Christianity Today International. Retrieved 2009-12-19.
- ^ "Serbia Montenegro song falls flat". BBC Sport. London. 2004-08-11. Retrieved 2011-06-21.
- ^ a b Bristow. "Afghanistan National Anthem (1943-1973)". Retrieved 2011-06-21.
- ^ Language Context (21 August 2016). "National anthems - Islamic State of Afghanistan (1992-2006) - Lyrics + Translation in Subtitles" – via YouTube.
- ^ a b c d e Jones, David Wyn (2009). Oxford Composer Companions: Haydn. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 120.
- ^ "History of Chinese national anthems in a hundred years". People's Daily (in Chinese). Communist Party of China. Retrieved 2011-07-15.
- ^ "Civil War Music: God Save the South". Washington, D.C.: Civil War Trust. Archived from the original on 2010-10-26. Retrieved 2011-07-22.
- ^ Sacks, Howard L.; Sacks, Judith (1993). Way up North in Dixie: A Black Family's Claim to the Confederate Anthem. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. p. 4. ISBN 0-252-07160-3.
- ^ "The social and cultural conception of Mustafa Sadiq Alrafii". Asian and African Studies. 13. Jerusalem Academic Press: 101–129. 1979. ISSN 0066-8281.
- ^ Arabic: سلام أفندينا
- ^ a b "Egypt (to 1958)". nationalanthems.info. Retrieved 26 October 2018.
- ^ Arabic: يسسالام الجمهوري المصري
- ^ "Iraq (1965-1981)". www.nationalanthems.info.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Schaffer, Edward; Scotland, Jan; Popp, Reinhard (2017). "Iraq (1958-1965, 2003-2004)". NationalAnthems.info. Archived from the original on December 1, 2017. Retrieved November 30, 2017.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - ^ Wetzel, Dan (August 24, 2004). "One last chance". Yahoo! Sports. Yahoo!. Retrieved December 4, 2017.
The song is 'My Country.' It is relatively short, contains no words and was composed by a man named Lewis Zanbaka...
- ^ "National anthem". Kuwait Info. Government of Kuwait. Retrieved 2011-07-18.
- ^ Sousa 1890, p. 180
- ^ a b Bristow. "Rhodesia". Retrieved 2011-06-20.
- ^ Chelaru, Carmen (2018). "Romanian national anthems, historical, stylistic and aesthetic considerations". Artes. Journal of Musicology. 18 (1): 207–229. doi:10.2478/ajm-2018-0013. ISSN 2558-8532.
- ^ a b c d Bristow. "Romania". Retrieved 2011-06-20.
- ^ Petru Bălan, Cristian (2008). Imnurile de stat ale ţărilor din Uniunea Europeană (in Romanian). p. 112. ISBN 978-9737400949.
- ^ Bristow. "Russian Federation". Retrieved 2011-06-21.
- ^ "Timeline: after Milosevic". BBC News. London. 2006-06-06. Retrieved 2011-06-21.
- ^ a b c "South Africa Will Play Two Anthems Hereafter". The New York Times. New York. 3 June 1938. p. 10. Retrieved 31 October 2018.
- ^ "National anthem". Government of South Africa. Retrieved 2011-06-21.
- ^ a b c Bristow. "South Africa". Retrieved 2011-06-20.
- ^ "The 10... most preposterous opening ceremonies". The Observer. London: Guardian News and Media. 2004-01-18. Retrieved 2011-06-20.
- ^ Kreis, Georg (1991). Der Mythos von 1291. Zur Entstehung des schweizerischen Nationalfeiertages. Basel: F. Reinhardt. pp. 67–69.
- ^ Sousa 1890, p. 253
- ^ Snyder, Lois Leo (1990). Encyclopedia of Nationalism. Paragon House. p. 13. ISBN 1-55778-167-2.
- ^ Barton, Laura (2009-01-23). "Hail, Hail, Rock'n'Roll". The Guardian. London: Guardian News and Media. Retrieved 2011-06-21.
- ^ Bristow. "Yugoslavia". Retrieved 2011-06-20.