Jump to content

James Cameron

This is a good article. Click here for more information.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Countryboy603 (talk | contribs) at 20:44, 4 February 2021. The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

This article is about the Canadian director. For other people named James Cameron, see James Cameron (disambiguation).

James Cameron
CC
Cameron at the San Diego Comic-Con, 2016
Born
James Francis Cameron

(1954-08-16) August 16, 1954 (age 70)
Kapuskasing, Ontario, Canada
Alma materFullerton College
Occupations
  • Director
  • producer
  • writer
  • editor
  • environmentalist
Years active1974–present
Notable workFull list
Spouse(s)
Sharon Williams
​
​
(m. 1978; div. 1984)​

​
​
(m. 1985; div. 1989)​

​
​
(m. 1989; div. 1991)​

​
​
(m. 1997; div. 1999)​

​
​
(m. 2000)​
Children4
AwardsSee below
Signature

James Francis Cameron[1] CC (born August 16, 1954) is a Canadian film director, producer, screenwriter, editor, and environmentalist. He is best known for making science fiction and epic films. Cameron first gained recognition for directing The Terminator (1984). He found further critical and commercial success with Aliens (1986), The Abyss (1989), Terminator 2: Judgment Day (1991), and the comedy thriller True Lies (1994). His other big-budget productions include Titanic (1997) and Avatar (2009), with Titanic earning him Academy Awards in Best Picture, Best Director and Best Film Editing. Avatar, filmed in 3D technology, also garnered him nominations in the same categories.

He co-founded production companies Lightstorm Entertainment, Digital Domain and Earthship Productions. In addition to filmmaking, he is a National Geographic sea explorer and has produced many documentaries on the subject, including Ghosts of the Abyss (2003) and Aliens of the Deep (2005). Cameron has also contributed to underwater filming and remote vehicle technologies and helped create the digital 3D Fusion Camera System. In 2012, Cameron became the first person to perform a solo descent to the bottom of the Mariana Trench, the deepest part of the Earth's ocean, in the Deepsea Challenger submersible.

Cameron's films have grossed approximately US$2 billion in North America and US$6 billion worldwide. Avatar and Titanic are the second- and third-highest-grossing films of all time, earning $2.78 billion and $2.19 billion, respectively. As of 2020, Cameron holds the achievement of having directed the first two of the five films in history to gross over $2 billion worldwide. In 2010, Time magazine named Cameron as one of the 100 most influential people in the world. Cameron is also an environmentalist and runs several sustainability businesses.

Early life

James Cameron was born on August 16, 1954, in Kapuskasing, Ontario. He was born to Philip Cameron, an electrical engineer, and Shirley (née Lowe), an artist and nurse.[2] His paternal great-great-great-grandfather emigrated from Balquhidder, Scotland, in 1825.[2] Cameron is the eldest of five siblings. As a child, he described the Lord's Prayer as a "tribal chant".[3][4] He attended Stamford Collegiate in Niagara Falls. At age 17, Cameron and his family moved from Chippawa to Brea, California.[5] He attended Sonora High School and then moved to Brea Olinda High School. Classmates recalled that he was not a sportsman but instead enjoyed building things that "either went up into the air or into the deep".[3]

After high school, Cameron enrolled at Fullerton College, a community college in 1973 to study physics. He switched subjects to English, but left the college at the end of 1974.[6] He worked odd jobs, including as a truck driver and a janitor, but wrote in his free time.[7] During this period, he learned about special effects by reading other students' work on "optical printing, or front screen projection, or dye transfers, anything that related to film technology" at the library.[8] After the excitement of seeing Star Wars in 1977, Cameron quit his job as a truck driver to enter the film industry.[9]

Career

Cameron in September 1986
Cameron, September 1986

1978–1983: Early work

Cameron's directing career began in 1978. After borrowing money from a consortium of dentists, he learned to direct, write and produce his first short film, Xenogenesis (1978) with a friend.[10] Learning as they went, Cameron said he felt like a doctor doing his first surgical procedure.[8] He then served as a production assistant for Rock and Roll High School (1979). While educating himself about filmmaking techniques, Cameron started a job as a miniature model maker at Roger Corman Studios.[7][11] He was soon employed as an art director for the science-fiction film Battle Beyond the Stars (1980). He carried out the special effects for John Carpenter's Escape from New York (1981), served as production designer for Galaxy of Terror (1981), and consulted on the design for Android (1982).

Cameron was hired as the special effects director for the sequel to Piranha (1978), titled Piranha II: The Spawning in 1982. The original director, Miller Drake, left the project due to creative differences with producer Ovidio Assonitis. Shot in Rome, Italy and on Grand Cayman Island, the film gave Cameron the opportunity to become director for a major film for the first time. However, Cameron later said that it did not feel like his first film due to power-struggles with Assonitis.[12] Disillusioned from being in Rome and suffering from a fever, Cameron had a nightmare about an invincible robot hit-man sent from the future to assassinate him, which later led to the inspiration of The Terminator.[13] Upon release of Piranha II: The Spawning, critics were not impressed; author Tim Healey called it "a marvellously bad movie which splices cliches from every conceivable source".[14]

1984–1992: Breakthrough

Inspired by John Carpenter's Halloween (1978) and other science fiction work, in 1982 Cameron wrote the script for The Terminator (1984), which is a thriller about a cyborg sent from the future to carry out a lethal mission. Cameron wanted to sell the script so that he could direct the movie. Whilst some film studios expressed interest in the project, many executives were unwilling to let a new and unfamiliar director make the movie. Gale Anne Hurd, a colleague and founder of Pacific Western Productions, to whom Cameron was married from 1984–89, agreed to buy Cameron's script for one dollar, on the condition that Cameron direct the film. He convinced the president of Hemdale Pictures to make the film, with Cameron as director and Hurd as a producer. Lance Henriksen, who starred in Piranha II: The Spawning, was considered for the lead role, but Cameron decided that Arnold Schwarzenegger was more suitable as the cyborg villain due to his bodybuilder appearance.[4] Henriksen was given a smaller role instead. Michael Biehn and Cameron's future wife, Linda Hamilton also joined the cast. The Terminator was a box office success, exceeding expectations set by Orion Pictures.[4] The film proved popular with audiences and earned over $78 million worldwide.[15] George Perry of the BBC praised Cameron's direction, writing "Cameron laces the action with ironic jokes, but never lets up on hinting that the terror may strike at any moment".[16] In 2008, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry, being deemed "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".[17]

In 1984, Cameron co-wrote the screenplay to Rambo: First Blood Part II with Sylvester Stallone.[18] Cameron moved onto his next directorial feature, which was the sequel to Alien (1979), a science fiction horror by Ridley Scott. After titling the sequel Aliens (1986), Cameron recast Sigourney Weaver as Ellen Ripley, who first appeared in Alien. Aliens follows the protagonist, Ripley, as she helps a group of marines fight off extraterrestrials. Despite conflicts with cast and crew during production, and having to replace one of the lead actors—James Remar with Michael Biehn—Aliens was a box office success, generating over $130 million worldwide.[19] The film was nominated for seven Academy Awards in 1987; Best Actress, Best Art Direction, Best Film Editing, Best Original Score and Best Sound. It won awards for Best Sound Editing and Best Visual Effects.[20] In addition, the film including Weaver made the cover of Time magazine in July 1986.[21]

Cameron with Gale Ann Hurd, 1986
Cameron with Gale Ann Hurd, 1986

After Aliens, Cameron and Gale Anne Hurd decided to make The Abyss, a story about oil-rig workers who discover strange intelligent life in the ocean. Based on an idea which Cameron had conceived of during high school, the film was initially budgeted at $41 million, although it ran considerably over this amount. It starred Ed Harris, Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio and Michael Biehn. The production process began in the Cayman Islands and in South Carolina, inside the building of an unfinished nuclear power plant with two huge water tanks.[22] The cast and crew recall Cameron's dictatorial behavior, and the filming of water scenes which were mentally and physically exhausting.[23] Upon the film's release, The Abyss was praised for its special effects, and earned $90 million at the worldwide box office.[24] The Abyss received four Academy Award nominations and won Best Visual Effects.[25]

In 1990, Cameron co-founded the firm Lightstorm Entertainment with partner Lawrence Kasanoff. In 1991, Cameron served as executive producer for Point Break (1991), directed by Kathryn Bigelow, to whom he was married between 1989 and 1991. After the success of The Terminator, there were discussions for a sequel. In the late 1980s, Mario Kassar of Carolco Pictures secured the rights to the sequel, allowing Cameron to begin production of the film, Terminator 2: Judgment Day (1991). Written by William Wisher Jr. and himself, Schwarzenegger and Linda Hamilton reprise their roles. The story follows on from Terminator, depicting a new villain (T-1000), possessing shape-shifting ability and hunting for Sarah Connor's son, John (Edward Furlong). Cameron cast Robert Patrick as T-1000 because of his lean and thin appearance—a sharp contrast to Schwarzenegger. Cameron explained, "I wanted someone who was extremely fast and agile. If the T-800 is a human Panzer tank, then the T-1000 is a Porsche".[26] Terminator 2 was one of the most expensive films to be produced, costing at least $94 million.[27] Despite the challenging use of computer-generated imagery (CGI), the film was completed on time and released on July 3, 1991. Terminator 2 broke box office records (including the opening weekend record for an R-rated film), earning over $200 million in the North America and being the first to earn over $300 million worldwide.[28] It won four Academy Awards: Best Makeup, Best Sound Mixing, Best Sound Editing, and Best Visual Effects. It also received nominations for Best Cinematography and Best Film Editing, but lost both to political thriller JFK (1991).[29]

1993–2001: Continued efforts and Titanic

In subsequent years, Cameron planned to do a third Terminator film but plans never materialized. The rights to the Terminator franchise were eventually purchased by Kassar from a bankruptcy sale of Carolco's assets.[30] He moved onto other projects and in 1993, Cameron co-founded Digital Domain, a visual effects production company. In 1994, Cameron and Schwarzenegger reunited for their third collaboration, True Lies, a remake of the 1991 French comedy La Totale! The story depicts an American secret agent who leads a double life as a married man, whose wife believes he is a computer salesman. The film co-stars Jamie Lee Curtis, Eliza Dushku and Tom Arnold. Cameron's Lightstorm Entertainment signed a deal with 20th Century Fox for the production of True Lies. Budgeted at a minimum of $100 million, the film earned $146 million in North America, and $232 million worldwide.[31][32] The film was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Visual Effects and Curtis won a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress.[33][34] In 1995, Cameron co-produced Strange Days, a science fiction thriller. The film was directed by Kathryn Bigelow and co-written by Jay Cocks.[35] Strange Days was critically and financially unsuccessful. In 1996, Cameron reunited with the cast of Terminator 2 to film T2 3-D: Battle Across Time, an attraction at Universal Studios Florida, and in other parks around the world.[36]

His next major project was Titanic (1997), an epic film about RMS Titanic, which sank in 1912 after striking an iceberg. With a production budget of $200 million, Titanic is one of the most expensive films ever made. The production was troubled for being over-budget and exceeding its schedule, which made headlines before the film's release.[37][38] Starting in 1995, Cameron took several dives to the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean to capture footage of the wreck, which would later be used in the film.[39] A replica of the ship was built in Rosarito Beach and principal photography began in September 1996. His completed screenplay depicts two star-crossed lovers, portrayed by Leonardo DiCaprio and Kate Winslet, from different social classes who fall in love amid the backdrop of the tragedy—a radical departure from his work. The supporting cast includes Billy Zane, Kathy Bates, Frances Fisher, Gloria Stuart, Bernard Hill, Jonathan Hyde, Victor Garber, Danny Nucci, David Warner and Bill Paxton.

Cameron promoting Avatar during the 2009 San Diego Comic-Con
Cameron promoting Avatar at the San Diego Comic-Con, 2009

After months of delay, Titanic premiered on December 19, 1997. The film received strong critical acclaim and became the highest-grossing film of all time, and held this position for 12 years until Cameron's Avatar beat the record in 2010.[40] The costumes and sets were praised, and The Washington Post considered the CGI graphics to be spectacular.[41][42] Titanic received a record-tie of fourteen nominations (tied with All About Eve (1950)) at the 1998 Academy Awards. It won 11 of the awards (tying the record for most wins with Ben-Hur (1959) and later, The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (2003)), including: Best Picture, Best Director, Best Art Direction, Best Cinematography, Best Visual Effects, Best Film Editing, Best Costume Design, Best Sound Mixing, Best Sound Editing, Best Original Score, and Best Original Song.[43] Upon receiving Best Picture, Cameron and producer Jon Landau, asked for a moment of silence to remember the 1,500 people who died when the ship sank.[44] Film critic Roger Ebert praised Cameron's storytelling, writing "It is flawlessly crafted, intelligently constructed, strongly acted, and spellbinding".[45] Authors Kevin Sandler and Gaylyn Studlar wrote in 1999 that the mix of romance, historical nostalgia and James Horner's music, contributed to the film's cultural phenomenon.[46] In 2017, Titanic became Cameron's second film to be selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry.[47]

After the huge success of Titanic, Cameron kept a low profile. In 1998, he and his brother, John, formed Earthship Productions, a company to allow streaming of documentaries on the deep sea, one of Cameron's interests.[48][49] He had planned to make a film about Spider-Man, a project developed by Menahem Golan of Cannon Films. Columbia hired David Koepp to adapt Cameron's ideas into a screenplay, but due to various disagreements, Cameron abandoned the project.[50] In 2002, Spider-Man was released with the screenplay credited solely to Koepp.[51] In 2000, Cameron made his debut in television and co-created Dark Angel with Charles H. Eglee, a television series influenced by cyberpunk, biopunk, contemporary superheroes and third-wave feminism. Dark Angel starred Jessica Alba as Max Guevara, a genetically enhanced super-soldier created by a secretive organization. While the first season was moderately successful, the second season did less well, which led to its cancellation.[52]

2002–2010: Documentaries and Avatar success

In 2002, Cameron served as producer on the 2002 film Solaris, a science fiction drama directed by Steven Soderbergh. The film received mixed reviews and did poorly at the box office. Keen to make documentaries, Cameron directed Expedition: Bismarck, about the German Battleship Bismarck. In 2003, he directed Ghosts of the Abyss, a documentary about RMS Titanic which was released by Walt Disney Pictures and Walden Media, and designed for 3D theaters. Cameron told The Guardian his intention for filming everything in 3D.[53] In 2005, Cameron co-directed Aliens of the Deep, a documentary about the various forms of life in the ocean. He also starred in Titanic Adventure with Tony Robinson, another documentary about the Titanic shipwreck. In 2006, Cameron co-created and narrated The Exodus Decoded, a documentary exploring the Biblical account of the Exodus. In 2007, Cameron and fellow director Simcha Jacobovici, produced The Lost Tomb of Jesus. It was broadcast on Discovery Channel on March 4, 2007; the documentary was controversial for arguing that the Talpiot Tomb was the burial place of Jesus of Nazareth.[54][55]

Cameron speaking at a TED talk in February 2010
Cameron speaking at a TED talk, February 2010

By the mid-2000s, Cameron returned to directing and producing another mainstream film since Titanic. Cameron had mentioned two projects as early as June 2005;[56] Avatar (2009) and Alita: Battle Angel (2019), the latter which he produced, both films were to be shot in 3D technology. He wanted to make Alita: Battle Angel first, followed by Avatar but switched the order in February 2006. Although Cameron had written an 80-page treatment for Avatar in 1995, Cameron stated that he wanted the necessary technology to improve before starting production.[57][58] Avatar, with the story line set in the mid-22nd century, had an estimated budget in excess of $300 million. The cast includes Sam Worthington, Zoe Saldana, Stephen Lang, Michelle Rodriguez and Sigourney Weaver. It was composed with a mix of live-action footage and computer-generated animation, using an advanced version of the performance capture technique, previously used by director Robert Zemeckis in The Polar Express.[59] Cameron intended Avatar to be 3D-only but decided to adapt it for conventional viewing as well.[60]

Intended for release in May 2009, Avatar premiered on December 18, 2009. This delay allowed more time for post-production and the opportunity for theaters to install 3D projectors.[61] Avatar broke several box office records during its initial theatrical run. It grossed $749.7 million in the United States and Canada and more than $2.74 billion worldwide, becoming the highest-grossing film of all time in the United States and Canada, surpassing Titanic.[62] It was the first film to earn more than $2 billion worldwide. Avatar was nominated for nine Academy Awards, including Best Picture and Best Director, and won three: Best Art Direction, Best Cinematography, and Best Visual Effects.[63] In July 2010, an extended theatrical re-release generated a worldwide $33.2 million at the box office. In his mixed review, Sukhdev Sandhu of The Telegraph complimented the 3D, but opined that Cameron "should have been more brutal in his editing".[64] That year, Vanity Fair reported that Cameron's earnings were US$257 million, making him the highest earner in Hollywood.[65] As of 2020, Avatar and Titanic hold the achievement for being the first two of the five films in history to gross over $2 billion worldwide.[66]

2011–present

Cameron in October 2012

In 2011, Cameron served as an executive producer for Sanctum, a disaster-survival film about a cave diving expedition which turns deadly. Although receiving mixed reviews, the film earned a fair $108 million at the worldwide box office.[67] Cameron re-investigated the sinking of RMS Titanic with eight experts in a 2012 TV documentary special, Titanic: The Final Word with James Cameron, which premiered on April 8 on the National Geographic Channel.[68] In the feature, the experts revised the CGI animation of the sinking conceived in 1995.[69][70] In March 2010, Cameron announced that Titanic will be converted and re-released in 3D to commemorate the centennial anniversary of the tragedy.[71] On March 27, 2012, Titanic 3D premiered at Royal Albert Hall, London.[72] He also served as executive producer of Cirque du Soleil: Worlds Away and Deepsea Challenge 3D in 2012 and 2014, respectively.

Cameron starred in the 2017 documentary Atlantis Rising, with collaborator Simcha Jacobovici. The pair go on an adventure to explore the existence of the city of Atlantis. The programme aired on January 29 on the National Geographic channel.[73] Next, Cameron produced and appeared in a documentary about the history of science fiction. James Cameron’s Story of Science Fiction, the six-episodic series was broadcast on AMC in 2018.[74] The series featured interviews with guests including Ridley Scott, Steven Spielberg, George Lucas and Christopher Nolan.[75] He stated "Without Jules Verne and H. G. Wells, there wouldn't have been Ray Bradbury or Robert A. Heinlein, and without them, there wouldn't be [George] Lucas, [Steven] Spielberg, Ridley Scott or me".[76]

Alita: Battle Angel was finally released in 2019 after being in parallel development with Avatar. Written by Cameron and friend Jon Landau, the film was directed by Robert Rodriguez.[77] The film is based on a 1990s Japanese manga series Battle Angel Alita, depicting a cyborg who cannot remember anything of her past life and tries to uncover the truth. Produced with similar techniques and technology as in Avatar, the film starred Rosa Salazar, Christoph Waltz, Jennifer Connelly, Mahershala Ali, Ed Skrein, Jackie Earle Haley and Keean Johnson. The film premiered on January 31, 2019 to generally positive reviews and $404 million at the worldwide box office.[78] In her review, Monica Castillo of RogerEbert.com called it "an awe-inspiring jump for [Rodriguez]" and "a visual bonanza" despite the bulky script.[79] Cameron returned to the Terminator franchise as producer and writer for Tim Miller's Terminator: Dark Fate (2019).[80]

Upcoming projects

In August 2013, Cameron announced plans to direct three sequels to Avatar simultaneously, for release in December 2016, 2017, and 2018.[81] However, the release dates have been postponed to December 16, 2022, with the following three sequels to be released, respectively, on December 20, 2024, December 18, 2026 and December 22, 2028.[82] Deadline Hollywood estimated that the budget for these would be over $1 billion.[83] Avatar 2 and Avatar 3 began simultaneous production in Manhattan Beach, California on August 15, 2017. Principal photography began in New Zealand on September 25, 2017.[84][85][86][87][88][89] The other sequels are expected to begin production as soon as Avatar 2 and 3 have finished.[90][91][92] Although the sequels 4 and 5 have been given the green-light, Cameron stated in a 2017 interview, "Let's face it, if Avatar 2 and 3 don't make enough money, there's not going to be a 4 and 5".[93]

Lightstorm Entertainment bought the film rights to the Taylor Stevens novel, The Informationist, a thriller set in Africa; Cameron plans to direct.[94] He is also working on a film adaptation of the Charles R. Pellegrino book The Last Train from Hiroshima, which is about the survivors of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Cameron met with survivor, Tsutomu Yamaguchi, before his death in 2010.[95]

Activism and social causes

As of 2012, Cameron and his family have adopted a vegan diet.[96][97] Cameron states that "by changing what you eat, you will change the entire contract between the human species and the natural world".[98] He and his wife are advocates of plant-based food and have called for constructive actions to produce more plant-based food and less meat to mitigate the impact of climate change.[99] In 2006, Cameron's wife co-founded MUSE School, which became the first K-12 vegan school in the United States.[100] He has also hosted events for Global Green USA, and pushed for sustainable solutions to energy use.[101]

In early 2014, Cameron purchased the Beaufort Vineyard and Estate Winery in Courtenay, British Columbia for $2.7 million, to pursue his passion for sustainable agribusiness.[102] In June 2019, Cameron announced a business venture with film director Peter Jackson, to produce plant-based meat, cheese, and dairy products in New Zealand. He suggested that we need "a nice transition to a meatless or relatively meatless world in 20 or 30 years."[103] In 2012, Cameron purchased more than 1,000 hectares (2,471 acres) of land in remote South Wairarapa, New Zealand; subsequent purchases has seen that grow to approximately 5,000 hectares. The Camerons grow a range of organic fruit, nuts and vegetables on the land. Nearby in Greytown, they run a café and grocery store, Forest Food Organics, selling produce from their land.[104][105][106]

In June 2010, Cameron met with officials of the Environmental Protection Agency to discuss possible solutions to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. It was reported that he offered his assistance to help stop the oil well from leaking.[107][108][109] He is a member of the NASA Advisory Council and he worked with the space agency to build cameras for the Curiosity rover sent for Mars.[110] However, NASA launched the rover without Cameron's technology due to a lack of time during testing.[111] He has expressed interest in a project about Mars, stating "I've been very interested in the Humans to Mars movement [...] and I've done a tremendous amount of personal research for a novel, a miniseries, and a 3D film".[112] Cameron is a member of the Mars Society, a non-profit organization lobbying for the colonization of Mars.[113][114] Cameron endorsed Democratic candidate Hillary Clinton for the 2016 United States presidential election.[115]

Personal life

Cameron with Arnold Schwarzenegger in December 2011
Cameron with Arnold Schwarzenegger, December 2011

Cameron has been married five times.[116] He was married to Sharon Williams from 1978 to 1984. A year after he and Sharon divorced, Cameron married film producer Gale Anne Hurd, a close collaborator for his 1980s films. They divorced in 1989. Soon after separating from Hurd, Cameron met the director Kathryn Bigelow whom he wed in 1989, but they divorced in 1991. Cameron then began a relationship with Linda Hamilton, actress in The Terminator series. Their daughter was born in 1993. Cameron married Hamilton in 1997. Amid speculation of an affair between Cameron and actress Suzy Amis, Cameron and Hamilton separated after two years of marriage, with Hamilton receiving a settlement of $50 million.[117][118][119] He married Amis, his fifth wife, in 2000. They have one son and two daughters together.[101]

Cameron has resided in the United States since 1971, but he remains a Canadian citizen. Cameron applied for American citizenship in 2004, but withdrew his application after George W. Bush won the presidential election.[120] Captivated by New Zealand while filming Avatar, Cameron bought a home there.[121][122][123] He divides his time between California and New Zealand.[124] Cameron has said he is a "Converted Agnostic", adding "I've sworn off agnosticism, which I now call cowardly atheism".[48] Cameron met close friend Guillermo del Toro on the production of his 1993 film, Cronos.[125] In 1998, del Toro's father was kidnapped in Guadalajara and Cameron gave del Toro more than $1 million in cash to pay a ransom and have his father released.[125][126][127]

Cameron is an expert on deep-sea exploration, in part because of his work on The Abyss and Titanic,[107] and his childhood fascination with shipwrecks. He has contributed to advancements in underwater filming and remotely operated vehicles, and helped develop the 3D Fusion Camera System.[128][129][130] In 2011, Cameron became a National Geographic explorer-in-residence.[131] In his role on March 7, 2012, he dived five-mile deep to the bottom of the New Britain Trench with the Deepsea Challenger.[132] 19 days later, Cameron reached the Challenger Deep, the deepest part of the Mariana Trench.[133][134][135] He spent more than three hours exploring the ocean floor, becoming the first to accomplish the trip alone.[133][136] During his dive to the Challenger Deep, he discovered new species of sea cucumber, squid worm and a giant single-celled amoeba.[137] He was preceded by unmanned dives in 1995 and 2009, as well as by Jacques Piccard and Don Walsh, the first men to reach the bottom of the Mariana Trench aboard the Bathyscaphe Trieste in 1960.[138]

In June 2013, British artist Roger Dean filed a copyright complaint against Cameron, seeking damages of $50 million.[139] Relating to Avatar, he was accused of "wilful and deliberate copying, dissemination and exploitation" of his original images; the case was dismissed by US district judge Jesse Ferman in 2014.[140] In 2016, Premier Exhibitions, owner of many RMS Titanic artifacts, filed for bankruptcy. Cameron supported the UK's National Maritime Museum and National Museums Northern Ireland decision to bid for the artifacts, but they were acquired by an investment group before a formal bid took place.[141][142]

Directorial style and reception

He was very nice to me, because I could afford to walk away. But he made everyone around him miserable, and his unkindness did nothing to improve the film in any way. Nor did it motivate people to work faster or better. And unless he changes his way of working with people, I hope he never directs anything of mine. In fact, now that this is in print, I can fairly guarantee that he will never direct anything of mine. Life is too short to collaborate with selfish, cruel people.

– Orson Scott Card, author of The Abyss on Cameron[143]

Cameron has been regarded as an innovative filmmaker in the industry, as well as not easy to work for.[144][145][146] According to Ed Harris, who worked with Cameron on The Abyss, Cameron behaved in an autocratic manner.[23] Rebecca Keegan, author of The Futurist: The Life and Films of James Cameron, describes Cameron as "comically hands-on" and would try to do every job on the set.[144] Andrew Gumbel of The Independent says Cameron "is a nightmare to work with. Studios [...] fear his habit of straying way over schedule and over budget. He is notorious on set for his uncompromising and dictatorial manner, as well as his flaming temper".[147] Author Alexandra Keller writes that Cameron is an egomaniac, obsessed with vision but praises his "technological ingenuity" at creating a "visceral viewing experience".[41]

Speaking of her experience on Titanic, Kate Winslet said that she admired Cameron but "there were times I was genuinely frightened of him".[148] Describing him as having "a temper like you wouldn't believe", she had said she would not work with him again unless it was "for a lot of money".[149] Despite this, Winslet and Cameron still looked for future prospects and Winslet was eventually cast to play Ronal in Avatar 2.[150] Her co-star Leonardo DiCaprio told Esquire magazine, "when somebody felt a different way on the set, there was a confrontation. He lets you know exactly how he feels", but complimented Cameron, "he's of the lineage of John Ford. He knows what he wants his film to be."[151] Sam Worthington, who starred in Avatar, said that if a mobile phone rang during filming, Cameron would "nail it to the wall with a nail gun".[152] Composer James Horner was also not immune to Cameron's demands; he recalls having to write music in a short time frame for Aliens.[153] After the experience, Horner did not work with Cameron for a decade.[154] In 1996, they reconciled their friendship and Horner produced the soundtracks for Titanic and Avatar.[155]

Despite this reputation, Bill Paxton and Sigourney Weaver have praised Cameron's perfectionism and attention to detail. Weaver said, "He really does want us to risk our lives and limbs for the shot, but he doesn't mind risking his own".[149] In 2015, Weaver and Jamie Lee Curtis applauded Cameron again. Curtis remarked, "he can do every other job [than acting]. I'm talking about every single department, from art direction to props to wardrobe to cameras, he knows more than everyone doing the job [..] He is so generous to actors". Weaver referred to Cameron as a "genius".[156] Michael Biehn, a frequent collaborator, also praised Cameron, saying he "is a really passionate person. He cares more about his movies than other directors care about their movies", adding, "I've never seen him yell at anybody". Biehn, however, acknowledged that Cameron is "not real sensitive when it comes to actors and their trailers, and waiting for actors to come to the set".[157] Worthington commented, "He demands excellence. If you don't give it to him, you're going to get chewed out. And that's a good thing".[149] When asked in 2012 about his reputation, Cameron drily responded, “I don’t have to shout any more, because the word is out there already".[158]

Cameron's work has had an influence in the Hollywood film industry. The Avengers (2012), directed by Joss Whedon, was inspired by Cameron's approach to action sequences.[159] Whedon also admires Cameron's ability for writing heroic female characters such as Ellen Ripley of Aliens,[160] adding that he is "the leader and the teacher and the Yoda".[159] Director Michael Bay idolizes Cameron and was convinced by him to use 3D cameras for filming Transformers: Dark of the Moon (2011).[161] Cameron's approach to 3D inspired Baz Luhrmann during the production of The Great Gatsby (2013).[162] Other directors that have been inspired by Cameron include Peter Jackson, Neill Blomkamp, and Xavier Dolan.[163][164][165]

Themes

Cameron's films are often based on themes which explore the conflicts between intelligent machines and humanity or nature,[166][167] dangers of corporate greed,[168] strong female characters, and a romance subplot.[169] Characters suffering from emotionally intense and dramatic environments in the sea wilderness are explored in The Abyss and Titanic. The Terminator series amplifies technology as an enemy which could lead to devastation of mankind. Similarly, Avatar views tribal people as an honest group, whereas a "technologically advanced imperial culture is fundamentally evil".[170]

Filmography

Main article: James Cameron filmography
Directed features
Year Title Distributor
1982 Piranha II: The Spawning Saturn International Pictures / Columbia Pictures
1984 The Terminator Orion Pictures
1986 Aliens 20th Century Fox
1989 The Abyss
1991 Terminator 2: Judgment Day TriStar Pictures
1994 True Lies 20th Century Fox / Universal Pictures
1997 Titanic Paramount Pictures / 20th Century Fox
2003 Ghosts of the Abyss Walt Disney Pictures
2005 Aliens of the Deep
2009 Avatar 20th Century Fox

Awards and recognition

Cameron receiving a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in December 2009
Cameron receiving a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, December 2009
Main article: List of awards and nominations received by James Cameron

Cameron received the inaugural Ray Bradbury Award from the Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America in 1992 for Terminator 2: Judgment Day.[171] In recognition of "a distinguished career as a Canadian filmmaker", Carleton University awarded Cameron the honorary degree of Doctor of Fine Arts on June 13, 1998.[172] Cameron received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement in 1998, presented by Awards Council member George Lucas.[173] He also received an honorary doctorate in 1998 from Brock University in St. Catharines, Ontario, for his accomplishments in the international film industry.[174] In 1998, Cameron attended a convocation to receive an honorary degree from Ryerson University, Toronto.[172] The university awards its highest honor to those who have made extraordinary contributions in Canada or internationally. A year later, Cameron received the honorary Doctor of Fine Arts degree from California State University, Fullerton.[175] He accepted the degree at the university's summer annual commencement exercise.[176]

Cameron's has been recognized by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences; is one of the few directors to have won three Academy Awards in a single year. For Titanic, he won Best Director, Best Picture (shared with Jon Landau) and Best Film Editing (shared with Conrad Buff and Richard A. Harris). In 2009, he was nominated for awards in Best Film Editing (shared with John Refoua and Stephen E. Rivkin,[177] Best Director and Best Picture for Avatar. Cameron has won two Golden Globes: Best Director for Titanic and Avatar.[178]

In recognition of his contributions to underwater filming and remote vehicle technology, University of Southampton awarded Cameron the honorary degree of Doctor of the University in July 2004. Cameron accepted the award at the National Oceanography Centre.[179] In 2008, Cameron received a star on Canada's Walk of Fame[180] and a year later, received the 2,396th star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.[181] On February 28, 2010, Cameron was honored with a Visual Effects Society (VES) Lifetime Achievement Award.[182] In June 2012, Cameron was inducted to The Science Fiction Hall of Fame at the Museum of Pop Culture for his contribution to the science fiction and fantasy field.[183] Inspired by Avatar, Disney constructed Pandora – The World of Avatar, at Disney's Animal Kingdom in Florida which opened to the public on May 27, 2017.[184][185] A species of frog, Pristimantis jamescameroni, was named after Cameron for his work in promoting environmental awareness and advocacy of veganism.[186][187][188]

In 2010, Time magazine named Cameron one of the 100 most influential people in the world.[189] That same year, he was ranked at the top of the list in The Guardian Film Power 100[190] and in 30th place in New Statesman's list of "The World's 50 Most Influential Figures 2010".[191] In 2013, Cameron received the Nierenberg Prize for Science in the Public, which is annually awarded by the Scripps Institution of Oceanography.[192] In 2019, Cameron was appointed as a Companion of the Order of Canada by Governor General Julie Payette, giving him the Post Nominal Letters "CC" for life.[193]

In 2020, Cameron was the subject of the second season of the Epicleff Media dramatic podcast Blockbuster. The audio drama, created and narrated by Emmy Award-winning journalist and filmmaker Matt Schrader, chronicles Cameron's life and career (leading up to the creation and release of Titanic), and stars actor Ross Marquand in the lead voice role as Cameron.[194]

Awards received by Cameron's films

Year Film Academy Awards BAFTA Awards Golden Globe Awards
Nominations Wins Nominations Wins Nominations Wins
1986 Aliens 7 2 4 1 4
1989 The Abyss 4 1
1991 Terminator 2: Judgment Day 6 4 3 2
1994 True Lies 1 1 1 1
1997 Titanic 14 11 10 8 4
2009 Avatar 9 3 8 2 4 2
Total 41 21 26 5 17 7

Frequent collaborators

Cameron has frequently cast the same actors in films that he has directed, including Arnold Schwarzenegger and Michael Biehn. Bill Paxton appeared in five of Cameron's films before Paxton's death in 2017. Lance Henriksen and Jenette Goldstein have appeared in four and three of Cameron's films, respectively. For the Avatar sequels, much of the original cast will be reuniting with Cameron: C.C.H. Pounder, Giovanni Ribisi, Sam Worthington, Sigourney Weaver, Stephen Lang and Zoe Saldana.

Actor Xenogenesis
(1978)		 Piranha II: The Spawning
(1982)		 Terminator franchise
(1984 - 1991)		 Aliens
(1986)		 The Abyss
(1989)		 True Lies
(1994)		 Titanic
(1997)		 Expedition: Bismarck
(2002)		 Ghosts of the Abyss
(2003)		 Avatar franchise
(2009–2028)
Michael Biehn checkY checkY checkY
Jenette Goldstein checkY checkY checkY
Lance Henriksen checkY checkY checkY checkY
Bill Paxton checkY checkY checkY checkY checkY
Arnold Schwarzenegger checkY checkY
Sigourney Weaver checkY checkY
Kate Winslet checkY checkY
William Wisher, Jr.1 checkY checkY checkY

1 Apart from acting, Wisher Jr. also collaborated with Cameron in writing credits.

See also

References

  1. ^ Space Foundation. (n.d.). America's vision: The case for space exploration Archived February 21, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, p. 42. Retrieved December 12, 2009.
  2. ^ a b Keegan, Rebecca (January 15, 2010). "The Futurist: The Life and Films of James Cameron". New York Times. Archived from the original on October 18, 2018. Retrieved February 18, 2010.
  3. ^ a b Hedegaard, Erik (December 24, 2009). "The Impossible Reality of James Cameron". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on October 18, 2019. Retrieved October 19, 2019.
  4. ^ a b c Keegan, Rebecca Winters (2009). The Futurist: The Life and Films of James Cameron. Crown Publishers. pp. 8, 37, 53. ISBN 978-0-307-46031-8. Retrieved February 21, 2011.
  5. ^ Goodyear, Dana (October 26, 2009). "Man of Extremes: The Return of James Cameron". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on September 13, 2019. Retrieved January 29, 2010.
  6. ^ Marc Shapiro, James Cameron: An Unauthorized Biography of the Filmmaker, Renaissance Books: Los Angeles (2000), pp.44–47
  7. ^ a b Media Pro Tech Inc. "James Cameron Biography by FilmMakers Magazine". Filmmakers.com. Archived from the original on June 17, 2010. Retrieved August 27, 2010.
  8. ^ a b Field, Syd. "Terminator 2: Judgment Day (Part I)". Archived from the original on April 18, 2019. Retrieved February 7, 2015.
  9. ^ The Force Is With Them: The Legacy of Star Wars, 2004.
  10. ^ "James Cameron and his unmade films". Den of Geek. February 4, 2015. Archived from the original on October 19, 2019. Retrieved October 19, 2019.
  11. ^ "James Cameron Biography and Interview". www.achievement.org. American Academy of Achievement. Archived from the original on February 28, 2019.
  12. ^ "US: James Cameron Interview". www.terminatorfiles.com. Archived from the original on August 9, 2019. Retrieved October 19, 2019.
  13. ^ Phillips, Ian. "James Cameron came up with the idea for 'Terminator' during a fever dream". Business Insider. Archived from the original on July 17, 2019. Retrieved October 23, 2019.
  14. ^ Healey, Tim. (1986). The world's worst movies. London: Octopus. p. 7. ISBN 0706425057. OCLC 59676875.
  15. ^ "The Terminator (1984)". Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on October 18, 2019. Retrieved December 6, 2019.
  16. ^ Perry, George (March 5, 2001). "BBC - Films - review - The Terminator". www.bbc.co.uk. Archived from the original on May 30, 2019. Retrieved April 26, 2020.
  17. ^ "Terminator joins movie archive". December 30, 2008. Archived from the original on October 19, 2019. Retrieved October 19, 2019.
  18. ^ Canby, Vincent (May 22, 1985). "Screen: Sylvester Stallone Returns as Rambo". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on September 20, 2019. Retrieved October 23, 2019.
  19. ^ "Aliens". Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on October 24, 2019. Retrieved October 24, 2019.
  20. ^ "The 59th Academy Awards | 1987". Oscars.org | Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Archived from the original on January 2, 2017. Retrieved April 10, 2020.
  21. ^ "Aliens". Turner Classic Movies. December 16, 2018. Archived from the original on December 16, 2018. Retrieved October 24, 2019.
  22. ^ "Flashback Five – James Cameron's Best Movies". Amctv.com. October 5, 2010. Archived from the original on November 7, 2010. Retrieved October 7, 2010.
  23. ^ a b Harmetz, Aljean (August 6, 1989). "A Foray into Deep Waters". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 27, 2010. Retrieved October 18, 2019.
  24. ^ "The Abyss". Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on October 25, 2019. Retrieved October 24, 2019.
  25. ^ "The 62nd Academy Awards | 1990". Oscars.org | Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Archived from the original on April 11, 2020. Retrieved April 10, 2020.
  26. ^ "The Story About Making T2". www.terminatorfiles.com. Archived from the original on February 28, 2019. Retrieved October 19, 2019.
  27. ^ David Ansen (July 7, 1991). "Conan The Humanitarian". Newsweek. Archived from the original on July 26, 2014. Retrieved October 24, 2019.
  28. ^ Mendelson, Scott. "'Terminator 2' Is One Of The Biggest And Bleakest Summer Movies Ever". Forbes. Archived from the original on March 23, 2018. Retrieved October 24, 2019.
  29. ^ "The 64th Academy Awards | 1992". Oscars.org | Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Archived from the original on April 22, 2020. Retrieved April 10, 2020.
  30. ^ Michael Fleming (May 9, 2007). "More 'Terminator' on the way". Variety. Archived from the original on March 24, 2017. Retrieved May 8, 2008.
  31. ^ "Powerhouses Fuel Sales at Box Office : Movies: 'True Lies,' 'Forrest Gump' and 'The Lion King' are on target to break a record for non-holiday weekend ticket sales". Los Angeles Times. July 18, 1994. Archived from the original on July 26, 2010. Retrieved October 24, 2019.
  32. ^ "True Lies". Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on October 24, 2019. Retrieved October 24, 2019.
  33. ^ "True Lies - Winners and Nominees". www.goldenglobes.com. Archived from the original on April 10, 2020. Retrieved April 10, 2020.
  34. ^ "The 67th Academy Awards | 1995". Oscars.org | Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Archived from the original on May 10, 2019. Retrieved April 10, 2020.
  35. ^ "Opinion | 'Strange Days' is a 20-year-old flop perfectly in tune with our time". Washington Post. Archived from the original on April 13, 2019. Retrieved November 21, 2017.
  36. ^ Boyar, Jay. "'3-D' is a true continuation, not a rehash". OrlandoSentinel.com. Archived from the original on October 24, 2019. Retrieved October 24, 2019.
  37. ^ "The Rollercoaster Drama Behind 'Titanic': An Out-of-Control Budget, Two Warring Studios and a Near-Fistfight". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on November 14, 2017. Retrieved November 21, 2017.
  38. ^ "James Cameron's 'Titanic' Secrets: "It's Time I Gave My Version of What Happened"". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on October 24, 2019. Retrieved October 24, 2019.
  39. ^ "James Cameron: Diving Deep, Dredging Up Titanic". NPR.org. Archived from the original on October 24, 2019. Retrieved November 21, 2017.
  40. ^ "Cameron does it again as 'Avatar' surpasses 'Titanic'". Newsday. February 3, 2010. Archived from the original on June 29, 2019. Retrieved December 3, 2012.
  41. ^ a b Keller, Alexandra, 1967- (2014). James Cameron. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. pp. 3, 32. ISBN 9781134700141. OCLC 879383254.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  42. ^ "'Titanic' Weighs Anchor With Record-Tying 11 Oscars at Academy Awards". The Washington Post. March 23, 1998. Archived from the original on October 18, 2018. Retrieved October 24, 2019.
  43. ^ Weinraub, Bernard (March 24, 1998). "'Titanic' Ties Record With 11 Oscars, Including Best Picture". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on September 15, 2019. Retrieved October 24, 2019.
  44. ^ "James Cameron's Titanic wins 11 Academy Awards - Mar 23, 1998 - HISTORY.com". HISTORY.com. Archived from the original on May 27, 2019. Retrieved November 21, 2017.
  45. ^ Ebert, Roger. "Titanic movie review & film summary (1997) | Roger Ebert". www.rogerebert.com. Archived from the original on October 27, 2019. Retrieved October 19, 2019.
  46. ^ Titanic : anatomy of a blockbuster. Sandler, Kevin S., 1969-, Studlar, Gaylyn. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press. 1999. pp. 16. ISBN 081352668X. OCLC 40545439.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  47. ^ "Complete National Film Registry Listing | Film Registry | National Film Preservation Board | Programs at the Library of Congress | Library of Congress". Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA. Archived from the original on April 25, 2016. Retrieved May 24, 2020.
  48. ^ a b Seering, Lauryn. "James Cameron - Freedom From Religion Foundation". ffrf.org. Archived from the original on October 19, 2019. Retrieved October 19, 2019.
  49. ^ "20,000 Stories Under the Sea". Los Angeles Times. November 13, 2001. Archived from the original on October 24, 2019. Retrieved October 24, 2019.
  50. ^ "King of the World: The Complete Works of James Cameron". Total Film (special supplement; pub. December 2009). January 2010. After the success of The Terminator, Cameron was announced as writer and director of a $60 m big-screen adaptation of the comic book classic. But thanks to a tangled web of litigation, studio bankruptcies, and wrangling over screenplay credits, that movie never saw light ... What remains, however, is Cameron's tantalising 47-page Spidey 'scriptment', a compacted screenplay-cum-narrative that mapped out his entire film in brief ... Koepp's first draft is taken often word-for-word from Cameron's story, though later versions were heavily rewritten by numerous screenwriters. Despite this—and much to Cameron's chagrin— Koepp's name is the only one on the screenplay.
  51. ^ "Who Is Spider-Man?". Hollywood.com. March 19, 2001. Archived from the original on March 3, 2018. Retrieved August 27, 2010.
  52. ^ Michaels, Taylor (July 28, 2002). "- "Dark Angel" was canceled due to..." chicagotribune.com. Retrieved September 7, 2020.
  53. ^ Wootton, Adrian (April 24, 2003). "James Cameron – part two". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on December 13, 2017. Retrieved April 2, 2010.
  54. ^ Ankerberg, John. "The Lost Tomb of Jesus: A Response to the Discovery-Channel Documentary". John Ankerberg Show. Archived from the original on October 24, 2019. Retrieved October 24, 2019.
  55. ^ Stanley, Alessandra (March 3, 2007). "The Lost Tomb of Jesus - TV - Review". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 31, 2018. Retrieved October 24, 2019.
  56. ^ Anne Thompson and Sheigh Crabtree (June 14, 2005). "Cameron turns to new project". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on August 28, 2009. Retrieved August 27, 2010.
  57. ^ Jensen, Jeff (January 15, 2007). "James Cameron talks Avatar". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on August 17, 2019.
  58. ^ Waxman, Sharon (January 9, 2007). "Computers Join Actors in Hybrids On Screen". The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 10, 2011. Retrieved April 2, 2010.
  59. ^ Harry Knowles (January 9, 2007). "Harry interviews James Cameron regarding AVATAR – No, Not that one, The One You're Dying To See! – Part 1!". Ain't It Cool News. Archived from the original on August 15, 2019. Retrieved January 10, 2007.
  60. ^ Robey, Tim (December 19, 2009). "Avatar: changing the face of film for ever". London: Telegraph.co.uk. Archived from the original on July 6, 2018. Retrieved January 5, 2010.
  61. ^ McClintock, Pamela (December 11, 2007). "Fox shifts 'Avatar,' 'Museum'". Variety. Archived from the original on January 15, 2016.
  62. ^ Smith, Olivia (January 26, 2010). "'Avatar' ends 'Titanic's reign as highest grossing movie ever". NY Daily News. New York. Archived from the original on January 29, 2010. Retrieved January 26, 2010.
  63. ^ "List of Academy Award nominations". CNN. February 2, 2010. Archived from the original on May 22, 2019. Retrieved February 2, 2010.
  64. ^ Sandhu, Sukhdev (December 17, 2009). "Avatar, full review". Daily Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Archived from the original on June 3, 2019. Retrieved April 26, 2020.
  65. ^ "James Cameron tops Hollywood's richest survey Archived April 10, 2011, at the Wayback Machine" published by the International Business Times AU Archived July 14, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved February 2, 2011.
  66. ^ "All Time Worldwide Box Office Grosses". Boxofficemojo.com. Archived from the original on May 30, 2010. Retrieved May 5, 2019.
  67. ^ "Sanctum". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved April 10, 2020.
  68. ^ "Titanic: 100 Years". Titanic: The Final Word with James Cameron. National Geographic Channel. 2012. Archived from the original on April 20, 2012. Retrieved April 23, 2012.
  69. ^ Ford, Allan (April 5, 2012). "Titanic: The Final Word with James Cameron: New Footage Demonstrating Exactly How the Titanic Sank". FilmoFilia. Archived from the original on May 29, 2018. Retrieved April 23, 2012.
  70. ^ Moss, Gabrielle (April 8, 2012). "Titanic: The Final Word with James Cameron". The Faster Times. Archived from the original on April 22, 2012. Retrieved April 23, 2012.
  71. ^ "'Avatar' director James Cameron: 3D promising, but caution needed". USATODAY.COM. Archived from the original on March 24, 2019. Retrieved October 24, 2019.
  72. ^ "Stars attend Titanic 3D premiere". March 28, 2012. Archived from the original on December 3, 2018. Retrieved October 24, 2019.
  73. ^ Riesman, Abraham (January 27, 2017). "James Cameron Is Worried About Atlantis, America, and Alien: Covenant". www.vulture.com. Archived from the original on July 27, 2019. Retrieved October 20, 2019.
  74. ^ Trumbore, Dave (April 30, 2018). "'James Cameron's Story of Science Fiction': A Must-Watch for Cinephiles & Sci-Fi Enthusiasts". Collider. Archived from the original on October 17, 2019. Retrieved October 17, 2019.
  75. ^ Travers, Ben (May 1, 2018). "'James Cameron's Story of Science Fiction' Can't Possibly Be the Start of the 'Avatar' Hype Machine… Right?". IndieWire. Archived from the original on October 17, 2019. Retrieved October 17, 2019.
  76. ^ "Titanic and Avatar director James Cameron is making a history of sci-fi documentary". Radio Times. Archived from the original on April 3, 2019. Retrieved October 24, 2019.
  77. ^ "James Cameron's 'Alita: Battle Angel' Casts Jackie Earle Haley (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on January 6, 2019. Retrieved November 23, 2017.
  78. ^ "Alita: Battle Angel". Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on November 9, 2019. Retrieved October 25, 2019.
  79. ^ Castillo, Monica. "Alita: Battle Angel movie review (2019) | Roger Ebert". www.rogerebert.com. Archived from the original on June 10, 2019. Retrieved October 20, 2019.
  80. ^ Mike Fleming Jr (January 20, 2017). "He's Back! James Cameron To Godfather 'Terminator' With 'Deadpool' Helmer Tim Miller". Deadline. Archived from the original on November 21, 2019. Retrieved December 6, 2019.
  81. ^ "'Avatar; Sequels Upped To Three; Fox, James Cameron Set Trio Of Writers To Spearhead". Archived from the original on June 19, 2014. Retrieved December 6, 2019.
  82. ^ Reimann, Tom (July 23, 2020). "The 'Avatar' Sequels Have Been Delayed Again, So I Guess Things Are Returning to Normal". Collider. Retrieved December 21, 2020.
  83. ^ Fleming Jr., Mike (September 25, 2017). "'Avatar' Starts Production Today On Four Consecutive Sequels At Over $1 Billion Budget". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on December 6, 2019. Retrieved December 6, 2019.
  84. ^ "Avatar 2 Production Start Date Revealed". Comicbook.com. February 26, 2018. Archived from the original on March 9, 2017. Retrieved March 8, 2017.
  85. ^ "'Avatar 2' Latest News: Sequel to Begin Filming in August". The Christian Post. February 28, 2017. Archived from the original on March 9, 2017. Retrieved March 8, 2017.
  86. ^ "Avatar 2: Sam Worthington confirms start date for James Cameron sequels". Stuff.co. February 20, 2017. Archived from the original on March 15, 2017. Retrieved March 8, 2017.
  87. ^ "'Avatar 2 production start date set for August". Den of Geek. February 28, 2017. Archived from the original on March 7, 2017. Retrieved March 8, 2017.
  88. ^ "Avatar 2 officially starts filming in August, James Cameron teams up with Ubisoft for Avatar game". The Independent. March 1, 2017. Archived from the original on March 7, 2017. Retrieved March 8, 2017.
  89. ^ "Avatar 2 Filming Starts This Week!". SuperHeroHype. September 25, 2017. Archived from the original on July 13, 2019. Retrieved September 25, 2017.
  90. ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony (April 14, 2016). "20th Century Fox CinemaCon: 'Avatar' Sequels, 'Deadpool 2', 'Greatest Showman On Earth' Updates, Vanilla Ice Raps, 'Assassin's Creed', 'Birth Of A Nation' & More". Deadline. Archived from the original on December 6, 2019. Retrieved December 6, 2019.
  91. ^ Rosenberg, Adam (August 7, 2010). "EXCLUSIVE: 'Avatar' Sequels Could Shoot Back-To-Back, Story Hints In Upcoming Novel". MTV. Archived from the original on August 14, 2010. Retrieved August 7, 2010.
  92. ^ "Avatar 2 Will Finally Begin Shooting in Late Summer". Movie Web. February 1, 2018. Archived from the original on March 7, 2017. Retrieved March 8, 2017.
  93. ^ Keegan, Rebecca (November 26, 2017). "James Cameron on Titanic's Legacy and the Impact of a Fox Studio Sale". Vanity Fair. Archived from the original on November 27, 2017. Retrieved November 27, 2017.
  94. ^ Keegan, Rebecca (October 23, 2012). "James Cameron to direct 'The Informationist'". Los Angeles Times. The Los Angeles Times Media Group. Archived from the original on April 14, 2013. Retrieved March 13, 2013.
  95. ^ "James Cameron on his 'Hiroshima' movie – due 'sometime before the next nuclear war'". Entertainment Weekly I. Archived from the original on October 12, 2010. Retrieved January 2, 2012.
  96. ^ Barclay, Eliza (June 8, 2014). "James Cameron-Backed School To Terminate Meat And Dairy". NPR. Archived from the original on August 2, 2014. Retrieved August 15, 2014. The turn happened, Amis Cameron says, when the couple went vegan in 2012 after watching the documentary Forks over Knives.
  97. ^ Woods, Judith (October 2, 2012). "Rare interview with director James Cameron: Titanic temper, Kate Winslet, and veganism". Calgary Herald. Archived from the original on October 6, 2012. Retrieved August 15, 2014. He drives a Toyota Hybrid that is a whole six years old and recently became vegan, along with his family of five children, aged from five to 23.
  98. ^ "National Geographic 125th gala: James Cameron goes vegan, Felix Baumgartner dazzles the ladies". Washington Post. June 15, 2013. Archived from the original on March 19, 2019.
  99. ^ "Hollywood heavyweight calls for more plants, less meat and dairy". Stuff. Archived from the original on June 18, 2019. Retrieved October 25, 2019.
  100. ^ Metro.co.uk, Deni Kirkova for (November 12, 2015). "First ever vegan school in the US says you can't consume animals and care for the environment". Metro. Archived from the original on June 19, 2018. Retrieved January 9, 2016.
  101. ^ a b Etingoff, Kim. (2013). James Cameron : from truck driver to director. Philadelphia: Mason Crest Publishers. pp. 48–52. ISBN 978-1-4222-2481-6. OCLC 726621685.
  102. ^ Penner, Drew (February 13, 2014). "James Cameron purchases Valley winery". Times Colonist. Archived from the original on February 21, 2014. Retrieved February 13, 2014.
  103. ^ "Sir Peter Jackson and James Cameron team up to promote meatless future". Stuff.co.nz. June 16, 2019. Archived from the original on September 28, 2019. Retrieved June 16, 2019.
  104. ^ "James Cameron pays $20m for Wairarapa farms". Stuff. Archived from the original on May 9, 2020. Retrieved April 11, 2020.
  105. ^ "Organic week increasingly tasty". Times Age. August 23, 2019. Archived from the original on April 11, 2020. Retrieved April 11, 2020.
  106. ^ "James Cameron snaps up organic empire". Stuff. Archived from the original on April 11, 2020. Retrieved April 11, 2020.
  107. ^ a b Ed Pilkington (June 27, 2010). "Top kill meets Titanic: James Cameron enters fight against oil spill". guardian.co.uk. London. Archived from the original on August 6, 2019. Retrieved March 29, 2012.
  108. ^ Miller, S.A. (June 4, 2010). "'Titanic' shot at 'morons'". New York Post. Archived from the original on June 13, 2018. Retrieved June 4, 2010.
  109. ^ James Quinn (May 13, 2010). "Gulf of Mexico oil spill: James Cameron offers private submarines to help BP clean-up". The Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on November 10, 2018. Retrieved March 29, 2012.
  110. ^ "Director James Cameron Works with NASA on Future Mars Mission". Space.com. Space.com. Archived from the original on January 3, 2019. Retrieved October 25, 2019.
  111. ^ "Nasa ditches James Cameron's 3-D cameras from Mars mission". Daily Telegraph. March 28, 2011. ISSN 0307-1235. Archived from the original on October 17, 2019. Retrieved October 17, 2019.
  112. ^ "James Cameron's Mars Reference Design". Astrobiology. January 30, 2004. Archived from the original on December 23, 2006. Retrieved January 10, 2007.
  113. ^ "The fans of Mars". The Economist. March 9, 2000. ISSN 0013-0613. Archived from the original on October 25, 2019. Retrieved October 25, 2019.
  114. ^ Michaud, Jon (March 8, 2012). "James Cameron Goes Deep". The New Yorker (Serial). ISSN 0028-792X. Archived from the original on December 16, 2017. Retrieved October 25, 2019.
  115. ^ Johnson, Ted (October 7, 2016). "Clinton vs. Trump in Hollywood: Who's Giving". Variety. Archived from the original on April 8, 2019. Retrieved October 25, 2019.
  116. ^ Singh, Anita (March 1, 2010). "Linda Hamilton: life with James Cameron was 'terrible on every level'". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Archived from the original on September 10, 2019. Retrieved October 18, 2019.
  117. ^ "Linda Hamilton: 'Everyone's terrified of James Cameron. I'm not'". The Independent. October 21, 2019. Archived from the original on October 22, 2019. Retrieved October 25, 2019.
  118. ^ Hall, Katy (February 5, 2010). "One Of James Cameron's Ex-Wives Tells Tales Of His Huge Ego". Huffingtonpost.com. Archived from the original on September 4, 2019. Retrieved March 23, 2012.
  119. ^ Persaud, Vishal. "Cameron's Ex-Wife Shares Details on Failed Marriage". NBC4 Washington. Archived from the original on October 18, 2019. Retrieved October 18, 2019.
  120. ^ Goodyear, Dana (October 26, 2009). "Man of Extremes: The Return of James Cameron". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on September 13, 2019. Retrieved August 31, 2010.
  121. ^ "James Cameron's house ready for family". Stuff. Archived from the original on September 4, 2012. Retrieved October 25, 2019.
  122. ^ Crombie, Nathan (February 1, 2012). "James 'Avatar' Cameron to live in Wairarapa". NZ Herald. ISSN 1170-0777. Retrieved October 25, 2019.
  123. ^ "James Cameron Stars in Tourism NZ Campaign - New Zealand, News, Travel & Tourism". NZEDGE. July 16, 2016. Archived from the original on May 10, 2019. Retrieved October 25, 2019.
  124. ^ Freeman, Hadley (August 24, 2017). "James Cameron: 'The downside of being attracted to independent women is that they don't need you'". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on October 24, 2019. Retrieved October 25, 2019.
  125. ^ a b Wakeman, Gregory (2014). "How James Cameron Saved Guillermo del Toro's Father From Mexican Kidnappers". Cinema Blend. Archived from the original on April 13, 2019. Retrieved March 6, 2018.
  126. ^ "Somos una familia de cirqueros" (in Spanish). El Mañana. July 13, 2008. Archived from the original on July 14, 2008. Retrieved July 11, 2015.
  127. ^ Cruz, Gilbert (September 5, 2011). "10 Questions for Guillermo del Toro". Time. Archived from the original on April 13, 2019. Retrieved July 30, 2013.
  128. ^ Greenfield, Rebecca (January 28, 2011). "Celebrity Invention: James Cameron's Underwater Dolly". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on December 8, 2011. Retrieved October 23, 2019.
  129. ^ Thompson A (2009). "The innovative new 3D tech behind James Cameron's Avatar". Archived November 18, 2010, at the Wayback Machine Fox News. Retrieved December 25, 2009.
  130. ^ The films of James Cameron : critical essays. Kapell, Matthew., McVeigh, Stephen. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Co., Publishers. 2011. ISBN 9780786487547. OCLC 756484492.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  131. ^ "Cameron receives explorer honour". BBC. June 24, 2011. Archived from the original on September 11, 2014. Retrieved October 25, 2019.
  132. ^ Cameron, James (March 8, 2012). "You'd have loved it". National Geographic Society. Archived from the original on March 23, 2012. Retrieved March 26, 2012.
  133. ^ a b Than, Ker (March 25, 2012). "James Cameron Completes Record-Breaking Mariana Trench Dive". National Geographic Society. Archived from the original on September 19, 2019. Retrieved March 25, 2012.
  134. ^ "James Cameron makes first ever successful solo dive to Mariana Trench -- ocean's deepest point". ScienceDaily. Archived from the original on October 20, 2019. Retrieved October 20, 2019.
  135. ^ Broad, William J. (March 25, 2012). "Filmmaker in Submarine Voyages to Bottom of Sea". New York Times. Archived from the original on March 28, 2019. Retrieved March 25, 2012.
  136. ^ Morelle, Rebecca (March 26, 2012). "James Cameron back on surface after deepest ocean dive". BBC News. Archived from the original on October 8, 2019. Retrieved March 26, 2012.
  137. ^ "Video from Cameron's Dive Reveals New Species". livescience.com. Archived from the original on September 14, 2019. Retrieved July 11, 2017.
  138. ^ "Man's Deepest Dive" Archived March 27, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. Jacques Piccard. National Geographic. August 1960.
  139. ^ "James Cameron sued by artist Roger Dean over Avatar". BBC News. June 30, 2013. Archived from the original on June 26, 2019. Retrieved June 30, 2013.
  140. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on April 5, 2015. Retrieved April 27, 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  141. ^ Greshko, Michael (July 24, 2018). "James Cameron: Getting Titanic Artifacts to U.K. Would Be 'a Dream'". Science. Archived from the original on April 5, 2019. Retrieved October 25, 2019.
  142. ^ "The Basch Report: Hedge funds buy Titanic artifacts for $19.5 million | Jax Daily Record". Financial News & Daily Record - Jacksonville, Florida. October 25, 2018. Archived from the original on November 7, 2018. Retrieved October 25, 2019.
  143. ^ "Barnes and Noble Chat 8/31/99". Barnes and Noble. Barnes & Noble. August 31, 1999. Archived from the original on November 28, 1999. Retrieved October 18, 2019.
  144. ^ a b Keegan, Rebecca (March 5, 2010). "Firing Is Too Merciful: How James Cameron Leads". Harvard Business Review. ISSN 0017-8012. Archived from the original on October 18, 2019. Retrieved October 18, 2019.
  145. ^ MacKay, Jenny, 1978- (2014). James Cameron. Detroit: Lucent Books, a part of Gale, Cengage Learning. p. 81. ISBN 9781420511741. OCLC 862151367.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  146. ^ Thorpe, Vanessa (October 24, 2009). "James Cameron: Hard man with a soft centre | Vanessa Thorpe". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on October 18, 2019. Retrieved October 18, 2019.
  147. ^ Gumbel, Andrew (January 11, 2007). "The Return of James Cameron". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on December 14, 2007.
  148. ^ "Back From the Abyss". Los Angeles Times. May 11, 1997. Archived from the original on February 4, 2017. Retrieved October 18, 2019.
  149. ^ a b c Walker, Tim (December 12, 2009). "James Cameron: Another Planet". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on April 5, 2019.
  150. ^ Mike Fleming Jr (October 3, 2017). "Kate Winslet Joins 'Avatar' Universe For 'Titanic' Reunion With James Cameron". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on October 4, 2017. Retrieved December 11, 2020.
  151. ^ "10 Essential Lessons from Leo DiCaprio". Esquire. February 11, 2010. Archived from the original on October 2, 2015. Retrieved October 18, 2019.
  152. ^ "James Cameron: 'Don't get high on your own supply'". The Independent. June 9, 2013. Archived from the original on September 28, 2018. Retrieved October 18, 2019.
  153. ^ Martin, Jean-Baptiste (June 21, 2019). "The Reconciliation Between James Horner and James Cameron for Titanic". James Horner Film Music. Archived from the original on October 18, 2019. Retrieved October 18, 2019.
  154. ^ "James Horner: James Cameron pays tribute to composer – BBC News". BBC News. June 24, 2015. Archived from the original on August 25, 2016. Retrieved June 6, 2016.
  155. ^ Flores, Marshall (June 23, 2015). "In Memoriam: a Tribute to James Horner (1953–2015)". Awards Daily. Archived from the original on March 12, 2018. Retrieved June 6, 2016.
  156. ^ "Jamie Lee Curtis and Kids Arrive for Avatar". interviewmagazine.com. February 18, 2015. Archived from the original on May 28, 2019. Retrieved October 25, 2019.
  157. ^ Bowles, Duncan (August 31, 2011). "The ultimate Michael Biehn interview: The Abyss, Tombstone, and his directorial debut, The Victim". Den of Geek. Archived from the original on April 5, 2019. Retrieved October 18, 2019.
  158. ^ Woods, Judith (October 1, 2012). "James Cameron: 'I once nail-gunned 20 mobiles to a wall'". Daily Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Archived from the original on June 16, 2019. Retrieved October 18, 2019.
  159. ^ a b "/Film Interview: Joss Whedon, Writer and Director of 'The Avengers'". Slash Film. April 23, 2012. Archived from the original on April 27, 2019. Retrieved July 16, 2012.
  160. ^ John, Emma (June 2, 2013). "Joss Whedon: 'I kept telling my mum reading comics would pay off'". The Guardian. Archived from the original on August 6, 2018. Retrieved July 11, 2017.
  161. ^ Fernandez, Jay A. (May 25, 2011). "Michael Bay Reveals James Cameron's Secret Role in the Making of 'Transformers'". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on August 7, 2019. Retrieved July 16, 2012.
  162. ^ Hogan, Mike (May 13, 2013). "Baz Luhrmann, 'Great Gatsby' Director, Explains The 3D, The Hip Hop, The Sanitarium And More". Huffington Post. Archived from the original on September 16, 2017. Retrieved December 6, 2019.
  163. ^ "PJ FAQ". Archived from the original on December 25, 2007. Retrieved June 5, 2013.
  164. ^ "'Chappie' review: Director Neill Blomkamp stumbles with grating sci-fi comedy". mlive.com. March 9, 2015. Archived from the original on October 25, 2019. Retrieved July 11, 2017.
  165. ^ Blasberg, Derek (November 20, 2015). "How Titanic Changed Director Xavier Dolan's Life". Vanity Fair. Archived from the original on November 22, 2015. Retrieved November 30, 2015.
  166. ^ P Vlad (December 27, 2009). "De Star Wars à Avatar : prouesse technologique et science-fiction politique" (in French). Archived from the original on July 18, 2011. Retrieved January 2, 2010.
  167. ^ Perno, G. S. (June 5, 2017). "Directors' Trademarks: James Cameron". Cinelinx. Archived from the original on October 20, 2019. Retrieved October 20, 2019.
  168. ^ Linh (December 17, 2009). "Avatar in 3D; sci-fi fantasy action drama film review". Archived from the original on December 18, 2009. Retrieved January 2, 2010.
  169. ^ Joseph Dilworth Jr. (December 18, 2009). "Review: James Cameron's 'Avatar'". Archived from the original on December 21, 2009. Retrieved January 2, 2010.
  170. ^ "Some Cameroning, Part 2 - Cameron as Auteur". Bright Lights Film Journal. January 28, 2010. Retrieved October 20, 2019.
  171. ^ "Cameron, James" Archived May 27, 2013, at the Wayback Machine. The Locus Index to SF Awards: Index of Dramatic Nominees. Locus Publications. Retrieved April 11, 2013.
  172. ^ a b A critical companion to James Cameron. Barkman, Adam, 1979-, Sanna, Antonio, 1978-. Lanham. 2019. pp. xvii. ISBN 9781498572309. OCLC 1048935614.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link)
  173. ^ "Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement". www.achievement.org. American Academy of Achievement.
  174. ^ Law, John (January 8, 2016). "Appreciating Cameron's amazing run, now that it's over". Niagara Falls Review. Archived from the original on March 7, 2018. Retrieved March 7, 2018.
  175. ^ "Honorary Degrees Awarded by Campus | CSU". Calstate.edu. Archived from the original on August 10, 2010. Retrieved August 27, 2010.
  176. ^ "FULLERTON". Los Angeles Times. May 28, 1999. Archived from the original on October 25, 2019. Retrieved October 25, 2019.
  177. ^ "67th Annual Golden Globe Awards". January 10, 2010. Archived from the original on January 8, 2010. Retrieved January 10, 2010.
  178. ^ "James Cameron". www.goldenglobes.com. Retrieved October 5, 2020.
  179. ^ "National Oceanography Centre heralds Cameron achievement". National Oceanography Centre. March 26, 2012. Archived from the original on October 11, 2012. Retrieved July 5, 2012.
  180. ^ "Canada's Walk of Fame". Canada's Walk of Fame. Archived from the original on September 3, 2009. Retrieved October 20, 2019.
  181. ^ "'Avatar' Director Gets Star On Walk Of Fame". CBS. December 18, 2009. Archived from the original on February 2, 2010. Retrieved December 19, 2009.
  182. ^ admin (March 24, 2015). "8th Annual VES Awards". www.visualeffectssociety.com. Archived from the original on May 15, 2019. Retrieved October 20, 2019.
  183. ^ "Science Fiction Hall of Fame: EMP Museum Announces the 2012 Science Fiction Hall of Fame Inductees". May/June 2012. EMP Museum (empmuseum.org). Archived July 22, 2012. Retrieved March 19, 2013.
  184. ^ "Just Announced: Pandora - The World of Avatar Will Open May 27 at Disney's Animal Kingdom". Disney Parks Blog. Archived from the original on April 10, 2019. Retrieved October 19, 2019.
  185. ^ Cody, Anthony (September 22, 2011). "Disney to build Avatar attractions at its theme parks". The Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on March 29, 2019. Retrieved September 23, 2011.
  186. ^ Sergio Prostak (November 4, 2013). "Two New Frog Species Discovered in Venezuela, One Named after James Cameron". Sci-News.com. Archived from the original on June 12, 2018. Retrieved November 5, 2013.
  187. ^ Kok, Philippe J.R. (2013). "Two new charismatic Pristimantis species (Anura: Craugastoridae) from the tepuis of the "Lost World" (Pantepui region, South America)". European Journal of Taxonomy (60). doi:10.5852/ejt.2013.60. Archived from the original on November 5, 2013. Retrieved November 5, 2013.
  188. ^ Michael Destries (April 12, 2014). "Director James Cameron on Vegan Diet: Like I've Set the Clock Back 15 Years". Ecorazzi.com. Archived from the original on September 29, 2019. Retrieved April 12, 2014.
  189. ^ "The 2010 TIME 100". Time. ISSN 0040-781X. Archived from the original on July 3, 2015. Retrieved May 8, 2018.
  190. ^ Bradshaw, Peter; Kermode, Mark (September 24, 2010). "The 2010 Guardian Film Power 100". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on May 16, 2019.
  191. ^ "30th James Cameron – 50 People Who Matter 2010". NewStatesman. Archived from the original on July 1, 2017. Retrieved November 2, 2010.
  192. ^ "James Cameron Honored with Scripps Nierenberg Prize". Scripps Institution of Oceanography. May 15, 2013. Archived from the original on November 16, 2019. Retrieved November 16, 2019.
  193. ^ "Ex-PM, Oscar-winning director, Nobel laureate and Inuk actor and athlete among Order of Canada appointees | CBC News". Archived from the original on December 27, 2019. Retrieved December 27, 2019.
  194. ^ "The Director Becomes the Story as 'Blockbuster' Tells Story of Movie Great James Cameron | InsideRadio". Retrieved August 23, 2020.

Further reading

Wikimedia Commons has media related to James Cameron.
Wikiquote has quotations related to James Cameron.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Cameron&oldid=1004872151"