Marathi cinema
| Marathi Cinema | |
|---|---|
 | |
| No. of screens | Approx 500 in Maharashtra state of India.[1] |
| Produced feature films (2016)[2] | |
| Total | 181 |
| Gross box office (2016)[3] | |
| National films | India: ₹2,000 crore (US$240 million) |
| Part of a series on the |
| Culture of Maharashtra |
|---|
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| Religion |
| Symbols |
Marathi cinema refers to Indian films produced in Marathi, the language of the state of Maharashtra, India. Based in old Mumbai, it is the oldest and one of the pioneer film industries of India. The first Marathi film to be released in India was Shree Pundalik by Dadasaheb Torne on 18 May 1912 at Coronation Cinematograph, Mumbai.[4][5] and a Marathi crew who were performing Marathi and Sanskrit Sangeet natikas (musicals) and plays in Marathi at that period. The first Marathi talkie film, Ayodhyecha Raja,[6] was released in 1932, just one year after Alam Ara the first Hindi talkie. Although the industry is much smaller than the large market driven Hindi cinema based in Mumbai, Marathi cinema is tax free, and is experiencing growth in recent years. Raja Harishchandra, directed by Dadasaheb Phalke, was a Marathi film, now known as India's first full-length feature, released in 1913. The Dadasaheb Phalke Award is India's highest award in cinema given annually by the Government of Maharashtra for lifetime contribution to Indian cinema.
History
Silent movies period
Marathi cinema is the oldest form of Indian cinema. The first Marathi movie released in India was Shree Pundalik by Dadasaheb Torne on 18 May 1912 at Coronation Cinematograph, Mumbai.[4]
Dadasaheb Phalke is known as the first pioneer and founder of cinema in pre-Independence India. He brought the revolution of moving images to India with his first indigenously made film Raja Harishchandra in 1913, which is considered by IFFI and NIFD as part of Marathi cinema as it used Marathi dialogues while shooting and had a fully Marathi crew.[7] Kolhapur in Western Maharashtra was another centre of active film production in the twenties. In 1919 Baburao Mistry — popularly known as Baburao Painter — formed the Maharashtra Film Company with the blessings of the Maharaja of Kolhapur and released the first significant historical Sairandhari (1920) with Balasheb Pawar, Kamala Devi and Zunzarrao Pawar in stellar roles. Because of his special interest in sets, costumes, design and painting, he chose episodes from Maratha history for interpreting in the new medium and specialized in the historical genre.[8] Baburao Painter made many silent movies till 1930. However, after a few more silent films, the Maharashtra Film Company pulled down its shutters with the advent of sound. Baburao was not particularly keen on the talkies for he believed that they would destroy the visual culture so painfully evolved over the years.[9]
After advent of sound
As cinema grew in Union of India, major production houses rose and one of them was again a company owned wholly by Maharashtrians, the Prabhat Film Company. Prabhat's Sant Tukaram was the first Indian work to win the Best Film Award at the Venice film festival in 1937.[10] In 1954 at the very first edition of the National Awards, Shyamchi Aai another Marathi film, won the first President's Gold Medal for Cinema. It was directed by Acharya P K Atre, and it was an adaptation of the eponymous novel by Sane Guruji.[11]
The Golden era
Marathi cinema was in its full bloom by this time with the advent of greats like V. Shantaram, Master Vinayak, Bhalji Pendharkar, Acharya Atre, followed by Raja Paranjpe, Jyotiram, sonal and mumtaz, Dinkar D Patil, G. D. Madgulkar, Sudhir Phadke , Raja Thakur . The 1960s saw the emergence of directors like Anant Mane who made Marathi films based on the folk art form Tamasha. Then came directors like Datta Dharmadhikari and Raj Dutt who made traditional family dramas. The early 70s saw the advent of Dada Kondke who captured the audiences with his sense of humour that included sexual innuendo. He went on to create satirical, pun-ridden films often including social and political commentary, many of which became cult classics. By this time Marathi cinema was caught in either the Tamasha genre or tragedies revolving around traditional family dramas on one side and the comedies of Dada Kondke.[12]
1980s
The 1980s saw two comedy heroes catapult to stardom, Ashok Saraf and Laxmikant Berde. Around the mid-80s two young actors donned the director's mantle: Mahesh Kothare and Sachin Pilgaonkar. Pilgaonkar directed Navri Mile Navryala and around the same time Mahesh Kothare directed Dhumdhadaka. Pilgaonkar's film was a box-office hit while Mahesh Kothare's became a mega hit at the box-office, became a trend-setter, and brought young audiences to Marathi cinema. Mahesh Kothare went on to make comedy films that became major hits. He made the first Marathi film shot on the anamorphic format (Cinemascope) — Dhadakebaaz.
Reasons for the decline of Marathi cinema
While the theatre of Maharashtra earned recognition at the national level, the cinema failed to make a mark. A major reason was the proximity to the production centre of Hindi cinema (Bollywood), which encroached on the identity of Marathi cinema. Other reasons include the shortage of cinema halls for distribution due to poor marketing, lack of money magnets, a vibrant theatre scene and the emergence of private television. It also lacked the powerful lobby at the national level unlike South Indian cinema because the state encouraged Hindi cinema for profit mainly; the regional film industrial advantage being soaked up by Bollywood.[11]
Revival: Marathi New Wave
In past few years, the Marathi cinema industry has produced many films that are not only critically acclaimed but commercially successful as well.
Acclaimed director Dr Jabbar Patel explains the reasons behind the change, "The kind of Marathi cinema that is being made today is very fresh and different. This is thanks to directors and writers getting exposed to world cinema via television, film festivals etc. They are coming up with new storylines and innovative concepts."
With outstanding contribution and efforts from different producers and directors of the Mumbai film industry, Marathi cinema relatively outshined other Indian film industries such as Bollywood in the first quarter of 2010 in box office collections and critical appreciation.[13]
Actor-director Mahesh Kothare brought a number of innovations in the technical quality of Marathi films and was the first to bring Dolby Digital sound to Marathi cinema with Chimni Pakhara in 2003. He made the first Marathi film with Digital Special Effects, Pachadlela, in 2004. He also made first Marathi movie in 3D Zapatlela 2, in 2013.
Contemporary
Marathi cinema received critical acclaim in 2004 with the film Shwaas winning the Golden Lotus National Award. It was India's official entry to the 77th Academy Awards. It won the President's medal for best film, beating Bollywood's prolific output with quality.[14] Shwaas was the second Marathi film to win the President's Medal after Shyamchi Aai (1950).
The Maharashtra state government has begun to issue grants to Marathi film (between 1.5 million and 3.0 million rupees). After the success of Shwaas, Indian media players like Shringar Films and Zee Telefilms are exhibiting a re-emerging interest in Marathi cinema. The growing popularity of Marathi television (notably Zee Marathi, ETV Marathi, Mi Marathi, Star Pravah, Saam TV) has helped to popularize older Marathi cinema and promote the genre. Zee Talkies, a 24-hour channel dedicated to Marathi movies, has been introduced.
In 2009, Marathi film Harishchandrachi Factory (with a budget of Rs. 6 crore), depicting the struggle of Dadasaheb Phalke in making Raja Harishchandra in 1913, India's first feature film, directed by theatre-veteran Paresh Mokashi was selected as India's official entry to Academy Award in the Best Foreign Language Film category, making it the second Marathi film, after Shwaas, to receive this honour.[15][16][17]
2009 saw the blockbuster musical movie Natarang, which both commercial and critical applause and has served as a path-breaking movie for Marathi cinema.
Since the new decade beginning in 2010, several contemporary Marathi artistic films released including Umesh Vinayak Kulkarni's Vihir and Deool, and Nagraj Manjule's Fandry. They have given a new direction to Marathi films.
Deool became the third movie after Shyaamchi Aai and Shwaas to win the National Film Award for Best Feature Film
Sairat (2016) musical romantic drama starring Rinku Rajguru and Akash Thosar, directed by Nagraj Manjule and produced by Nagraj Manjule, Nitin Keni, and Nikhil Sane emerged as the biggest weekend opener for a Marathi film breaking record previously held by Natsamrat. Sairat was the first Marathi film to cross ₹50 crore (US$7.8 million) mark. The film has become the first Marathi film to gross over ₹100 crore (US$16 million) worldwide. Also it ran for more than 100 days in many centres of Maharashtra.
Awards
Filmfare Awards
| Production Year | Film | Director | Actor | Actress | Music |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1943 | Chhattrapati Shivaji | Suryakant | |||
| 1947 | Ganimi Kawa | Suryakant | |||
| 1951 | Swarajyacha Shiledar | Suryakant | |||
| 1956 | Pavan Khind | Suryakant | |||
| 1959 | Sangte Aika | Suryakant | |||
| 1965 | Sadhi Mansa | Suryakant | |||
| 1966 | Malhari Martand | Suryakant | |||
| 1963 | Maza Hoshil Ka | L.B.Thakur | |||
| 1964 | Sant Nivrutti dnyandev | Vinayak Sarasvate & Bal Chavan | |||
| 1965 | Lakshmi Aali Ghara | Madhav Shinde | |||
| 1966 | Gurukilli | Raja Paranjpe | |||
| 1967 | Pawnakanthcha Dhondi | Vinayak Thakur | |||
| 1968 | Ekti | G. Chaugule | |||
| 1969 | Jiwhala | Atmaram | |||
| 1970 | Apradh | Sharad Pilgaonkar | Ramesh Deo | ||
| 1971 | Shantata! Court Chaloo Ahe | Satyadev Dubey & Govind Nihalani | |||
| 1972 | Kunku Mazhe Bhagyache | Pradeep eknath nehete | |||
| 1973 | Andhala Marto Dola | Dada Kondke | |||
| 1974 | Sugandhi Katta | Not Awarded | Shreeram Lagoo (Sugandhi Katta) | Sarla Yevlekar (Sugandhi Katta) | |
| 1975 | Samna | Jabbar Patel (Samna) | Shreeram Lagoo (Samna) | Sandhya (Chandanachi Choli Ang Ang Jali) | |
| 1976 | Aaram Haram Aahe | Vasant Joglekar (Ha Khel Saavlyancha) | Ravindra Mahajani (Zunj) | Asha Kale (Ha Khel Saavlyancha) | |
| 1977 | Naon Mothan Lakshan Khotan | Murlidhar Kapdi (Naon Mothan Lakshan Khotan) | Shreeram Lagoo (Bhingree) | Usha Chavan (Naon Mothan Lakshan Khotan) | |
| 1978 | Devki Nandan Gopala | Jabbar Patel (Jait Re Jait) | Yashwant Dutt (Bhairu Pahilwan Ki Jai) | Smita Patil (Jait Re Jait) | |
| 1979 | Sinhasan | Jabbar Patel (Sinhasan) | Sachin (Ashtavinayak) | Ranjana (Sushila) | |
| 1980 | 22 June 1897 | Jayu & Nachiket Patwardhan (22 June 1897) | Nilu Phule (Sahkar Samrat) | Usha Chavan (Ran Pakhre) | |
| 1981 | Umbartha | Jabbar Patel (Umbartha) | Girish Karnad (Akriet) | Smita Patil (Umbartha) | |
| 1982 | Shapit | Raj Dutt & Arvind Deshpande (Shapit) | Ashok Saraf (Gondhalat Gondhal) | Madhu Kambikar (Shapit) | |
| 1983 | Gupchup Gupchup | V. K. Naik (Gupchup Gupchup) | Ashok Saraf (Goshta Dhamal Namyachi) | Ranjana (Savitri) | |
| 1984 | Lek Chalali Saasarla | N. S. Vaidya (Lek Chalali Saasarla) | Laxmikant Berde | Supriya Sabnis (Navri Mile Navryala) | |
| 1985 op | Dhoom Dhadaka | Mahesh Kothare (Dhoom Dhadaka) | Laxmikant Berde | ?? | |
| 1994 | Vazir | Sanjay Rawal (Vazir) | Vikram Gokhale (Vazir) | Sukanya Kulkarni (Varsa Laxmicha) | Shridhar Phadke (Varsa Laxmicha) |
| 1995 | Aai | Mahesh Manjrekar (Aai) | Sayaji Shinde (Aboli) | Renuka Shahane (Aboli) | Anand Modak (Mukta) |
| 1996 | Putravati | Nichiket & Jayoo Patwardhan (Limited Manuski) | Ashok Saraf (Soona Yeti Ghara) | Sonali Kulkarni (Doghi) | Shridhar Phadke (Putravati) |
| 1997 | Bangarwadi | Amol Palekar (Bangarwadi) | Mohan Joshi (Rao Saheb) | Sukanya Kulkarni (Sarkarnama) | Anand Modak (Sarkarnama) |
| 1998 | Tu Tithe Mee | Sanjay Surkar (Tu Tithe Mee) | Mohan Joshi (Tu Tithe Mee) | Suhas Joshi (Tu Tithe Mee) | Anand Modak (Tu Tithe Mee) |
| 1999 | Bindhaast | Chandrakant Kulkarni (Bindhaast) | Dilip Prabhavalkar (Ratra Aarambh) | Sharvari Jamenis (Bindhast) | Shridhar Phadke (Lekru) |
Maharashtra State Awards
| Production Year | Best Film 1 | Best Film 2 | Best Film 3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1962 | Prapanch (Madhukar Pathak) | Suvaasini (Raja Paranjpe) | Shaahir Parshuraam (Anant Mane) |
| 1963 | Ranglyaa Raatri Ashyaa (Raja Thakur) | Ha Maazaa Marg Ekla (Raja Paranjpe) | Phakir (Chandrashekhar) |
| 1964 | Chhotaa Jawaan, Paathlaag (Ram Gabale, Raja Paranjpye) | Pahu Re Kiti Vaat (Raja Thakur) | Thoraataanchi Kamalaa (Madhu Shinde) |
| 1965 | Vaawtal (Shantaram Aathavale) | Sawaal Majha Aika! (Anant Mane) | Third award not given |
| 1966 | Saadhi Maanse (Bhalji Pendharkar) | Kelaa Ishara Jaataa Jaataa (Anant Mane) | Shewatchaa Maalusaraa (Vasant Joglekar) |
| 1967 | Santh Vaahate Krushnaamaai (Madhukar Pathak) | Kaakaa Malaa Waachwaa (Raja Paranjpe) | Swapna Tech Lochani (Chandrawadan) |
| 1968 | Gharchi Raani (Rajdatt) | Aamhi Jaato Aamuchyaa Gaawaa (Kamalakar Torne) | Ekti (Raja Thakur) |
| 1969 | Apraadh (Rajdatt) | Mukkaam Post Dhebewaadi (Madhukar Paathak) | Dharmkanyaa (Maadhav Shinde) |
| 1970 | Mumbaicha Jawai (Raja Thakur) | Warnecha Wagh (Vasant Painter) | Laxmanresha (Manshav Shinde) |
| 1971 | Gharkul (Raja Thakur) | Shantata Court Chalu Aahe (Satyadev Dubey) | Dohni Gharcha Pahuna, Songadya (Garjanan Jagirdar, Govind Kulkarni) |
| 1972 | Jawai Vikat Ghene Aahe (Raja Thakur) | Bholibhabdi (Rajdutt) | Aandla Marto Dola (Dinesh) |
| 1973 | Sugandhi Katha (Vasant Painter) | Kartiki (Datta Mane) | Ashi Hi Sataryadi (Murlidhar Kapadi) |
| 1974 | Pandu Hawaldar (Dada Kondke) | Saamna (Dr. Jabbar Patel) | Bayanno Naure Sambhala (Dattatry Kulkarni) |
| 1975 | Charicha Mamla (Babsaheb Phattelal) | Tumch Aamch Jamle (Dada Kondke) | Pahuni (Anant Mane) |
| 1976 | Phrari (V. Ravindra) | Bala Gau Kashi Aangai (Kamlakar Torne) | Naav Motha Lakshan Khota (Murlidhar Kapadi) |
| 1977 | Devkinandan Gopala (Rajdutt) | Bhairu Phehelwan Ki Jai (Kamlakar Torne) | Jait Re Jait (Dr. Jabbar Patel) |
| 1978 | Janki (Vasant Joglekar) | Ashtavinayak (Rajdutt) | Bot Lavin Tithe Gudgulaya (Dada Kondke) |
| 1979 | 22 June 1897 (Nechiket and Jayu Patwardhan) | Sinhasan (Dr. Jabbar Patel) | Paij (Babasaheb Phattelal) |
| 1980 | Umbartha (Dr. Jabbar Patel) | Gondhlat Gondhal (V.K. Naik) | Aakrit (Amol Palekar) |
| 1981 | Shapit (Rajdutt and Arvind Deshpande) | Ek Dav Bhootacha (Ravi Namade) | Aali Angawar (Dada Kondke) |
| 1982 | Raghu-Maina (Rajdutt) | Goopchoop Goopchoop (V.K. Naik) | Thorli Jau (Kamlakar Torne) |
| 1983 | Hech Mazhe Maher (Rajdutt) | Thkas Mahathak (Raja Bargir), Mumbaicha Phoujdar (Rajdutt) (Divided) | Bahurupi (Satish Randive) |
| 1984 | Ardhangi (Rajadutt) | Deva Shapath Kharan Sangen (Bhaskar Jadhav) | Stridhan (Babasaheb Phattelal) |
| 1985 | Pudhcha Paul (Rajdutt) | Tuzhyavdachun Karmena (Damu Kenkare) | Aaj Zale Mukt Me (Rajdutt) |
| 1986 | Prem Karuyaa Khullam Khullaa (Girish Ghanekar) | Gammat Jammat (Sachin) | Khatyaal Saasoo Naathaal Soon (N.S. Vaidya) |
| 1987 | Ashi Hi Banwaa Banwi (Sachin) | Nashibwaan (N.S. Vaidya) | Rangat Sangat (Girish Ghanekar) |
| 1988 | Kalat Nakalat (Kanchan Nayak) | Aatmavishwaas (Sachin) | Hamaal De Dhamaal (Purushottam Berde) |
| 1989 | Aaghat (Ramakant Kavthekar) | Ekaapekshaa Ek (Sachin) | Kooldeepak (N.S. Vaidya) |
| 1990 | Chaukat Raja (Sanjay Surkar) | Vedh (Pradip Berlekar) | Anapekshit (Sanjiv Naik) |
| 1991 | Ek Hotaa Vidushak (Dr. Jabbar Patel) | Aapli Maanasa (Sanjay Surkar) | Wajwaa Re Wajwaa (Girish Ghanekar) |
| 1992 | Vajir (Sanjay Rawal) | Sawat Maazi Laadki (Smita Talwalkar) | Lapandaaw (Shravani Devdhar) |
| 1993 | Muktaa (Dr. Jabbar Patel) | Waarsaa Lakshmichaa (Madhukar Pathak) | Maazaa Chhakulaa (Mahesh Kothare) |
| 1994 | Doghi (Sumitra Bhave) | Baangarwaadi (Amol Palekar) | Abolee (Amol Shedge) |
| 1995 | Raosaaheb (Sanjay Surkar) | Putrawati (Bhaskar Jadhav) | Sunaa Yeti Gharaa (A. Radhaswani) |
| 1999 | Gaabhaaraa (N.F.D) | Gharaabaaher (Suyog Chitra) | Bindhaast (Devyani Movies--) |
Nowadays, Marathi movies have been listed at many International Film Festival and All lights Film Services, which provides a platform for such movies and the film makers to know big in the world film industry. All Lights Film Services[18] provided platform for various famous Marathi Films such as PINKY – Ek Sathyakatha, Kapus Kondyachi Goshta,Hou De Jarasa Ushir, Sopanchi Aye Bahina Bhai,Touring Talkies,Langar to almost all leading International Festivals across the world including Oscar.
Highest Grossing Marathi Films
| Movie | Year | Studio(s) | Worldwide Gross | ref(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sairat | 2016 | Aatpat Production, Essel Vision Productions | ₹110 crore (US$13 million) | [19] |
| Natsamrat | 2016 | ₹50 crore (US$6.0 million) | [citation needed] | |
| Lai Bhaari | 2014 | Mumbai Film Company | ₹41 crore (US$4.9 million) | [citation needed] |
| Timepass 2 l/ll | 2015 | Essel Vision Productions | ₹28 crore (US$3.4 million) | [20] |
| Timepass | 2014 | Zee Talkies | ₹33 crore (US$4.0 million) | [21] |
| Duniyadari | 2013 | Dreaming 24/7 Productions | ₹28 crore (US$3.4 million) | [citation needed] |
| Katyar Kaljat Ghusali | 2015 | ₹40 crore (US$4.8 million) | ||
| Naal | 2018 | Zee Studios | ₹31.3 crore (US$3.8 million) | |
| Me Shivajiraje Bhosale Boltoy | 2009 | Everest Entertainment | ₹25.5 crore (US$3.1 million) | [22] |
| Mumbai Pune Mumbai 2 | 2015 | ₹18 crore (US$2.2 million) | [23] | |
| Deool Band | 2015 | ₹20 crore (US$2.4 million) | ||
| Faster Fene | 2017 | ₹27 crore (US$3.2 million) | ||
| Daagdi Chaawl | 2015 | ₹20 crore (US$2.4 million) | ||
| Kaksparsh | 2012 | Zee Talkies | ₹14 crore (US$1.7 million) | [24] |
| Dr. Prakash Baba Amte - The Real Hero | 2014 | Essel Vision Productions | ₹12 crore (US$1.4 million) | [25] |
| Natarang | 2010 | Zee Talkies | ₹12 crore (US$1.4 million) | [26] |
| Balak-Palak | 2013 | Mumbai Film Company | ₹12 crore (US$1.4 million) | [27] |
National Film Awards
Further reading
- Marathi Cinema: In Retrospect, by Sanjit Narwekar. Maharashtra Film, Stage & Cultural Development Corp., 1995.
See also
References
- ^ "STATEWISE NUMBER OF SINGLE SCREENS". Film Federation of India. Retrieved 21 April 2014.
- ^ http://www.filmfed.org/IFF2016.html
- ^ http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/bollywood-biggies-turn-their-attention-to-marathi-cinema-116111900672_1.html
- ^ a b Kadam, Kumar (24 April 2012). "दादासाहेब तोरणेंचे विस्मरण नको!". Archived from the original on 8 October 2013.
- ^ Raghavendara, MK (5 May 2012). "What a journey".
- ^ "Films of Prabhat Film Company". Retrieved 12 June 2007.
- ^ "Marathi cinema can surpass Hindi cinema". Yahoo. Archived from the original on 12 February 2010. Retrieved 2 December 2010.
- ^ "History of Regional cinema". Cinemaofmalayalam. Archived from the original on 6 March 2004. Retrieved 2 December 2010.
- ^ "Baburoa Painter". Upperstall. Retrieved 2 December 2010.
- ^ Pate, Niel (28 September 2004). "Marathi cinema: Waiting to exhale". The Times Of India.
- ^ a b Rajadhyaksha, Mukta (29 August 2004). "Marathi cinema gets a shot in the arm". The Times Of India.
- ^ Kale, Pramod (1979). "Ideas, Ideals and the Market: A Study of Marathi Films". Economic and Political Weekly. 14 (35): 1511–1520. JSTOR 4367902.
- ^ Marathi films beat Hindi movies at BO Archived 4 August 2010 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Shwaas is India's Official Entry to Oscars". Retrieved 12 June 2007.
- ^ 'Harishchandrachi Factory' India's entry for Oscars Indian Express, PTI 20 September 2009.
- ^ Harishchandrachi Factory to tell story behind making of India's first feature film Archived 30 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Indian Express, Express News Service, 3 May 2008.
- ^ 'Harishchandrachi factory' India's entry for Oscars[permanent dead link] Press Trust of India, 20 September 2009.
- ^ "'Go Global' with All Lights Film Services". indiantelevision.org.in. 18 December 2013.
- ^ "'Sairat' box office collections: At mammoth Rs 125.00 crore, movie creates 'history". financialexpress.com. Times News Network. 11 May 2016. Archived from the original on 12 May 2016. Retrieved 11 May 2016.
- ^ "Priya thanked her audience - The Times of India". Timesofindia.indiatimes.com. Times News Network. 28 May 2015. Retrieved 24 August 2015.
- ^ Deshmukh, Gayatri (31 July 2014). "After Duniyadari, will Lai Bhaari break Timepass' record?". The Times of India.
- ^ "Why Bollywood is jumping on the Marathi cinema bandwagon". mid-day. 25 August 2014.
- ^ http://www.lokmat.com/storypage.php?catid=247&newsid=11304252
- ^ "Monetary boost giving Marathi cinema a new lease of life? - Entertainment". Mid-day.com. Retrieved 24 August 2015.
- ^ "Here's why Marathi cinema is doing better than Bollywood - Entertainment". Mid-day.com. Retrieved 24 August 2015.
- ^ "A mixed first half for Marathi cinema". Afternoondc.in. 6 July 2010. Retrieved 24 August 2015.
- ^ "Son of the Soil Rising". intoday.in.
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