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Foreign relations of Albania

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Foreign relations
 Albania

The foreign relations of Albania are its relations with other governments and peoples. Foreign relations are conducted through the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Tirana. The current minister is Igli Hasani . The current ambassador to the United Nations is Ferit Hoxha.

Albania is a sovereign country in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean that declared its independence on 28 November 1912. Its foreign policy has maintained a policy of complementerianism by trying to have friendly relations with all countries. Since the collapse of Communism in 1990, Albania has extended its responsibilities and position in European and international affairs, supporting and establishing friendly relations with other nations around the world.

The main factors defining Albanian foreign policy consist of geopolitical location, population, economic crisis, and ties with Albanian diaspora throughout the world. It also maintains strong diplomatic relations with the EU (primarily Croatia, France, Germany, Italy) Balkan countries (primarily Kosovo, Greece and North Macedonia), Arab world, Canada, China, Turkey, Israel, India, Japan, South Korea, Switzerland, UK and the United States.

The main objectives of the Albanian foreign policy are the accession of Albania to the European Union, the international recognition of Kosovo, the recognition of expulsion of Cham Albanians,[1] helping and protecting the rights of Albanians in Montenegro, North Macedonia, Greece, Serbia, Italy, and the Albanian diaspora.

Albania was voted to become a member of the 15-country United Nations Security Council for a two-year term, 2022–23.

Overview

[edit]

The government of Albania was concerned with the developments in neighboring Kosovo, particularly in the post-Dayton agreement period. During the Kosovo War in 1999 as well as the ethnic cleansing of Kosovo Albanians by Serbs alongside the subsequent refugee influx into the country, Albania's status as an ally of the United States was confirmed.[2] Albania emerged as being generally supportive of the United States.[2] The support for the United States has remained high at 95% in Muslim majority (56% of the population) Albania in contrast to the rest of the Islamic world.[2]

Balkans

[edit]

Turkey

[edit]

During the post-cold war, geo-political complexities and conflicts in the Balkans, made Albania seek a protector power with Turkey, which is a NATO member.[3] During the 1990s, state relations between Albania and Turkey were marked by high level visits, military agreements and the deployment of Turkish soldiers.[4][3][5] An Albanian-Turkish military cooperation agreement was signed on 29 July 1992.[4][3] The military agreement entailed education and training of personnel, bilateral cooperation in weapons production, joint military exercises, the exchange of military delegations and joint commissions on expanding further military ties into the future.[3] The agreement also encompassed rebuilding Albania's Pasha Liman Base in the Bay of Vlorë on the Ionian Sea by Turkey, in return for granting Turkey's access and use.[6][5] Turkey has trained the Albanian Armed Forces, in particular officers and commando units.[4][6][5] During civil war in 1997, Turkey alongside other countries, participated in Operation Alba by providing a brigade of 800 Turkish troops to restore order and its involvement served mainly as a stabilising force.[4][7]

Turkey considers its friendship with Albania as important due to the context of state relations with Greece and through policy have exploited difficulties arising in Albanian-Greek relations.[8][9] Having a powerful ally in Turkey has suited Albania at times regarding difficult interstate relations with Greece.[10] Albania's emergence in the Balkans as a key NATO partner contributed to good and stronger Albanian-Turkish relations, in particular relating to military matters.[11] The military alliance during the 1990s between Turkey and Albania was also aimed against Serbia in case a war over Kosovo had a wider regional spread.[12] Greece has expressed concerns regarding Turkish relations with Albania and interpreted them as an anti-Greek measure to isolate Greece within the wider context of Albania being a potential outlet for expanding Muslim influence and Turkey allying with Muslim populations in the Balkans.[3][13][14] Turkey on the other hand claimed Greece increased tensions within the region and conveyed concerns relating to Albanian and Greek polemics with Ankara expressing a partial bias on Albania's side angering the Greeks.[15] Greece, aware of Albanian-Turkish military agreements denounced Turkey's interference in Greek affairs.[15] Though not officially considered in Turkey as a rival within Albania, during the unrest of 1997 Greece was able to become an influential actor in Albania and the early period of the Kosovo crisis (1998-1999) when Albanian officials looked to Greece for assistance.[16] The resumption of closer Albanian-Turkish relations ensured during the Kosovo crisis that made both countries act along the same policy lines toward Slobodan Milošević and the issue of Greater Serbia.[17]

Turkey supported Albania's membership to become part of NATO.[4] Military cooperation between Albania and Turkey is viewed by NATO as a stabilising factor within the volatile region of the Balkans.[18] Albania has come to depend heavily on Turkish assistance and a high amount of military security.[3] Turkey remains for Albania an important military ally alongside the U.S.[19] Through its military personnel Turkey continues to train Albanian armed forces and also to provide assistance in logistics and modernisation efforts of the Albanian military.[20][21] Radar systems for the surveillance of Albanian airspace in addition to telecommunication equipment have been supplied by Turkey to Albania.[22] Albania receives Turkish assistance for police training.[17] Turkey has continuously supported Albania from the 1990s on EU related matters as both countries view EU membership as an eventual final goal and common objective.[23] State relations of Albania with Turkey are friendly and close, due to maintenance of close links with the Albanian diaspora in Turkey and strong Turkish sociopolitical, cultural, economic and military ties with Albania.[24][25][26][27][28][29][4] Turkey has been supportive of Albanian geopolitical interests within the Balkans.[28][4][30] In Gallup polls conducted in recent times Turkey is viewed as a friendly country by 73% of people in Albania.[31] Albania has established political and economic ties with Arab countries, in particular with Arab Persian Gulf states who have heavily invested in religious, transport and other infrastructure alongside other facets of the economy in addition to the somewhat limited societal links they share.[32] Albania is also working to develop social-political and economic ties with Israel.[33]

Greece

[edit]

After the fall of the Albanian communist regime in 1991, relations between Greece and Albania became increasingly strained because of widespread allegations of mistreatment by Albanian authorities of the Greek ethnic minority in southern Albania and of mistreatment the Albanian communities in northern Greece. A wave of Albanian illegal economic migrants to Greece exacerbated tensions. The crisis in Greek–Albanian relations reached its peak in late August 1994, when an Albanian court sentenced five members (a sixth member was added later) of the ethnic Greek political party Omonia to prison terms on charges of undermining the Albanian state. Greece responded by freezing all EU aid to Albania, and sealing its border with Albania. In December 1994, however, Greece began to permit limited EU aid to Albania, while Albania released two of the Omonia defendants and reduced the sentences of the remaining four. [citation needed]

There are still other impending issues in the relations between the two countries, regarding many Albanian workers in Greece who have not received legal papers despite promises by the Greek government. In 1996, the two countries signed a Treaty of Peace and Friendship and discussed the issues of the status of Albanian refugees in Greece and education in the mother tongue for the ethnic Greek minority in southern Albania. In the 1990s, Greece preferred and assisted Fatos Nano as Albanian leader due to him being Orthodox over Sali Berisha a Muslim, as Nano was seen as being friendlier to Greek interests.[34] The government of Fatos Nano was viewed by Turkey as having a pro-Greek orientation and expressed some dissatisfaction though during that time still maintained close military relations with Albania in rebuilding its armed forces and a military base.[19]

Foreign Minister Olta Xhaçka
Former ambassador to the United Nations Besiana Kadare

Today, as result of very frequent high-level contacts between the governments and the parliaments, relations between the two countries are regarded as excellent. Greece is a staunch supporter of the Euro-Atlantic integration of the Republic of Albania. Since Albania's NATO entry in May 2009, Albanian-Greek relations have been developing on all fronts, and especially after the election victory of Edi Rama in 2013,[35] with the Albanian Chief of Foreign Policy, Ralf Gjoni, describing the diplomatic relations between two countries as "excellent". Greece today is Albania's most important European Union ally and NATO partner.[36] At the Albanian government's request, about 250 Greek military personnel are stationed in Albania to assist with the training and restructuring of the Albanian Armed Forces, as part of the NATO programme. Big projects currently in running between the two countries include the touristic development of the Ionian coastline shared between the two countries, and the Trans Adriatic Pipeline (TAP), which helped boosting the relations of the two countries even further.

Albania's ties with Greece are also based on cultural and historic relations of the two peoples, including migration and national minorities. In addition, since Albania's transition to democracy, Greece has become a major financial partner of the country with Albania's economy being heavily reliant on investments from Greece. Culturally, the two nations' populations, whilst having a tense history, share numerous cultural and historic traits that have been used to boost the political relations of the neighbouring countries.

There had been numerous discussions, research and attempts by Albanians and Greeks to form a confederation during the Ottoman period.[37] In the 19th century there were plans to create a Greek-Albanian confederation, which was revived from the earlier 18th century plans. In 1907 a special protocol and memorandum of understanding was signed by Neoklis Kazazis and Ismail Kemal, the first prime minister of Albania. Furthermore, Arvanite author Aristides Kollias in his book "The proclamation of the Association of Arvanites" states "from 1881 to 1907 we have sustained efforts and repeated consultations between Greeks and Albanians to create a Greek-Albanian state." In addition, Thanos Paleologos-Anagnostopoulos in his book "Greece and Albania in the early 20th century (1995)" stated that Ismail Kemal, a philhellene, worked with numerous Greek politicians and lobbyists, including Arvanite leaders, on a possible Greek-Albanian federation, one that "maintains national and religious independence of the two peoples."[38] Likewise, Neoklis Kazazis saw this as a way of Greece quashing Italian influence in the region.[39]

International

[edit]

Albania was voted to become a member of the 15-country UN Security Council for a two-year term, in 2022–23, on June 11, 2021.[40] Former ambassador Kadare said that Albania's priorities in the Security Council will include a focus on women, peace, and security, promoting human rights and international law, preventing conflicts, protecting civilians, countering violent extremism, addressing climate change and its links to security, and strengthening multilateralism and the rules-based international order.[40] She tweeted thanks to all countries that: "entrusted us with this huge responsibility".[40]

Disputes
See also: United Nations Security Council Resolution 22 and Politics of Kosovo

The Albanian government supports the protection of the rights of ethnic Albanians outside of its borders but has downplayed them to further its primary foreign policy goal of regional cooperation; Albanian majority in Kosovo seeks full recognition of the declared independence from Serbia; Albanians in the Republic of Macedonia claim discrimination in education, access to public-sector jobs, and representation in government.[citation needed] A handful of Albanian troops have participated in the U.S.-led military operations in Iraq and Afghanistan.[41] Albanian policy is very favorable to that of the United States and European Union.

The $30 million Albanian-American Enterprise Fund (AAEF), launched in 1994, is actively making debt and equity investments in local businesses.[42] AAEF is designed to harness private sector efforts to assist in the economic transformation. U.S. assistance priorities include promotion of agricultural development and a market economy, advancement of democratic institutions (including police training), and improvements in quality of life.

List of countries

[edit]

List of countries which Albania maintains diplomatic relations with:

# Country Date
1  Romania 28 December 1913[43]
2  Italy 21 February 1914[44]
3  Serbia 25 April 1914[45]
4  Bulgaria April 1914[46]
5  United Kingdom 9 November 1921[47]
6  Austria 18 February 1922[48]
7  Japan 18 April 1922[49]
8  Hungary 23 May 1922[50]
9  France 16 June 1922[51]
10  Czech Republic 5 July 1922[52]
11  United States 4 December 1922[53]
12  Greece 4 January 1923[54]
13  Turkey 15 December 1923[55]
14  Russia 4 July 1924[56]
15  Poland 7 April 1937[57]
16  North Korea 29 November 1948[58]
17  Mongolia 24 March 1949[59]
18  China 23 November 1949[60]
19  Vietnam 11 February 1950[61]
20  Egypt 14 March 1956[62]
21  India 3 March 1956[63]
22  Finland 8 June 1956[64]
23  Sudan 1957[65]
24  Ethiopia 26 June 1958[66]
25  Iraq 14 August 1958[67]
26  Guinea 1958[65]
27  Somalia September 1960[68]
28  Cuba 15 December 1960[69]
29  Brazil 4 April 1961[70]
30  Ghana 1961[65]
31  Morocco 11 February 1962[71]
32  Algeria 12 February 1963[72]
33  Mali 9 February 1965[73][74]
34  Indonesia 18 August 1965[75]
35  Pakistan 1965[65]
36  Tanzania 1966[65]
37  Cambodia 24 June 1967[76]
38  Republic of the Congo 23 June 1968[77]
39  Kuwait 8 August 1968[78]
40  Sweden 20 June 1969[79]
41  Zambia 9 July 1969[80]
42  Libya 6 May 1970[81]
43  Central African Republic 23 May 1970[82]
44  Denmark 29 May 1970[83]
45   Switzerland 20 July 1970[84]
46  Belgium 13 November 1970[85]
47  Netherlands 17 November 1970[86]
48  Norway 29 May 1971[87]
49  Chile 10 September 1971[88]
50  Peru 6 December 1971[89]
51  Luxembourg 15 April 1972[90]
52  Equatorial Guinea 30 November 1972[91][92]
53    Nepal 23 May 1972[93]
54  Costa Rica 20 February 1973[94]
55  Malta 5 March 1973[95]
56  Senegal 26 April 1973[95]
57  Nigeria 22 May 1973[96]
58  Cameroon 20 August 1973[97]
59  Argentina 4 October 1973[98]
60  Tunisia 8 October 1973[95]
61  Burundi 7 November 1973[65][99]
62  New Zealand 1973[65]
63  Lebanon 28 May 1974[91]
64  Benin 4 October 1974[100]
65  Mexico 15 October 1974[101]
66  Guinea-Bissau 15 November 1974[102]
67  Gabon 16 November 1974[103]
68  Laos 18 June 1975[104]
69  Mozambique 25 June 1975[105]
70  Venezuela 14 October 1975[106]
71  Iceland 9 April 1976[107]
72  Madagascar 28 April 1976[108]
73  San Marino 21 June 1976[109]
74  Sierra Leone 23 August 1976[110]
75  Myanmar 15 December 1976[111]
76  Burkina Faso 15 January 1977[112]
77  Portugal 21 June 1977[113]
78  Togo 25 June 1977[114][115]
79  Bangladesh 10 August 1977[116]
80  Mauritius October 1977[117]
—  Iran (severed) 1977[118]
81  Mauritania 1977[65]
82  Panama 20 August 1978[119]
83  Syria 1978[65]
84  São Tomé and Príncipe 20 November 1979[120]
85  Nicaragua November 1979[121]
86  Colombia 5 December 1979[122]
87  Yemen 1979[65]
88  Ecuador 31 January 1980[123]
89  Sri Lanka 4 March 1980[124]
90  Djibouti 2 April 1980[125]
91  Seychelles 16 May 1980[126]
92  Zimbabwe May 1980[127]
93  Niger 18 June 1980[128]
94  Cape Verde 6 August 1980[129]
95  Malaysia 24 June 1981[130]
96  Botswana 30 August 1982[131]
97  Thailand 30 September 1982[132]
98  Kenya 2 February 1983[133]
99  Barbados 19 May 1983[134]
100  Australia 16 September 1984[135]
101  Ivory Coast 9 January 1985[136]
102  Guyana 1 May 1985[137]
103  Malawi 12 July 1985[138]
104  Spain 12 September 1986[139]
105  Singapore 20 November 1986[140]
106  Jordan 18 May 1987[141]
107  Philippines 11 June 1987[142]
108  Bolivia 21 August 1987[143]
109  Canada 10 September 1987[144]
110  Germany 2 October 1987[145]
111  Uruguay 18 October 1987[146]
112  Angola 17 August 1988[147]
—  State of Palestine 26 October 1989[148]
113  Namibia 2 August 1990[149]
114  Israel 19 August 1991[150]
115  South Korea 22 August 1991[151]
116  Papua New Guinea 28 August 1991[152]
117  Cyprus 29 August 1991[153]
—  Holy See 7 September 1991[154]
118  Kyrgyzstan 4 January 1992[155]
119  Estonia 17 January 1992[156]
120  Slovenia 10 March 1992[157][158]
121  Lithuania 27 April 1992[156]
122  Latvia 29 April 1992[156]
123  United Arab Emirates 1 June 1992[159]
124  Paraguay 29 July 1992[153]
125  Croatia 25 August 1992[160]
126  Qatar 26 August 1992[161]
127  Saudi Arabia 2 December 1992[162]
128  Oman 7 December 1992[163]
129  Moldova 23 December 1992[164]
130  Bosnia and Herzegovina 28 December 1992[165]
131  Slovakia 1 January 1993[156]
132  Ukraine 13 January 1993[153]
133  Guatemala 29 January 1993[153]
134  Armenia 18 February 1993[166]
135  Liechtenstein 23 April 1993[167]
136  Bahrain 10 May 1993[168]
137  Belarus 17 May 1993[169]
138  Georgia 8 July 1993[170]
139  Kazakhstan 21 September 1993[171]
140  Azerbaijan 23 September 1993[172]
141  Uzbekistan 23 November 1993[173]
142  Tajikistan 22 December 1993[174]
143  North Macedonia 24 December 1993[175]
144  South Africa December 1993[176]
145  Brunei 27 January 1994[177]
146  Turkmenistan 24 March 1994[178]
—  Sovereign Order of Malta 14 July 1994[179]
147  Ireland January 1995[180]
148  Andorra 15 February 1996[181]
149  Jamaica 3 April 1996[153]
150  Dominican Republic 27 May 2002[182]
151  El Salvador 22 May 2003[183]
152  Montenegro 1 August 2006[184]
153  Afghanistan 16 August 2006[185]
—  Kosovo 18 February 2008[186]
154  Maldives 25 June 2008[187]
155  Samoa 1 August 2008[153]
156  Fiji 23 June 2010[188]
157  Honduras 2 September 2010[189]
158  Saint Lucia 14 July 2010[153]
159  Nauru 20 April 2011[153]
160  Solomon Islands 19 May 2011[190]
161  Tuvalu 1 June 2011[153]
162  Monaco 24 November 2011[191]
163  Trinidad and Tobago 13 May 2014[153]
164  Saint Kitts and Nevis 31 October 2018[192]
165  Uganda Unknown[193][194]

In 2008 and 2009, the Albanian Parliament ordered the Foreign Ministry to establish diplomatic relations with countries which Albania did not maintain diplomatic relations with, namely Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Belize, Chad, Comoros, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Dominica, East Timor, Eswatini, Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji, Gambia, Grenada, Kiribati, Liberia, Marshall Islands, Palau, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Suriname, Rwanda, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tuvalu, Uganda and Vanuatu.[194]

Diplomatic relations were suspended with Iran on 7 September 2022.[195]

Organizations

[edit]

Albania maintains very good relations with the European Union, since 2014 is an official candidate.

Albania is member in these international organizations:[196]

AC, APF, BIE, BSEC, CEB, CoBx, CoE, CERN (Non-Member State), CEI, CCC, CEFTA, ECE, EAPC, EBRD, EITI, ECAA, ECAC, EC, ENTSO-E, Eurocontrol, FAO, FIUs, IAEA, IAO, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICC, ICRC, ICRM, ICCROM, IDA, IDB, IHO, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IPU, IOM, ISO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, NATO, OAS, OB, OIC, OIF, OPCW, OSCE, OTIF, PCA, SEECP, SECI, SETC, UN, UNCTAD, UNDP, UNDSS, UNESCO, UNFPA, UNHCR, UNW, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, UfM, VC, WB, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO and WTO.

Diplomatic relations

[edit]

Africa

[edit]
Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Algeria 1963[118]
 Egypt 1958[118] See Albania–Egypt relations

The father of the modern Egypt Muhammad Ali of Egypt was Albanian commander in the Ottoman army. Albanian Muhammad Ali dynasty reigned in Egypt from 1805 to 1952.

 Libya 1970[118] See Albania–Libya relations

Albania was one of the first countries to recognize the National Transitional Council on 18 July 2011 as the legitimate representative of the Libyan people.[199][200][201]

  • Libya has an embassy in Tirana.
 Tunisia 1973[118]
 Morocco 1962[203]

Since the start of diplomatic relations, both countries have shown a willingness to collaborate, particularly in the field of trade. In January 2005, Albania revoked its 'de facto' recognition of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic in favor of Morocco.[203]

Americas

[edit]
Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Argentina 1973[118]
  • Albania is accredited to Argentina from its embassy in Brasília, Brazil.
  • Argentina is accredited to Albania from its embassy in Rome, Italy.
 Brazil 1974 [118] See Albania–Brazil relations
  • Albania has an embassy in Brasília.
  • Brazil has an embassy in Tirana.
 Canada 10 September 1987[204] See Albania–Canada relations
  • Albania has an embassy in Ottawa.
  • Canada is accredited to Albania from its embassy in Rome, Italy and has an honorary consulate in Tirana.
 Cuba 1980[118]
  • In September 1964, Cuba and Albania signed a pact for scientific cooperation.[205]
  • Albania is accredited to Cuba from its UN ambassador Besiana Kadare in New York.
  • Cuba is accredited to Albania from its embassy in Sofia, Bulgaria.[206]
 Mexico 15 October 1974[118] See Albania–Mexico relations

Mexico recognized and established diplomatic relations with Albania on 15 October 1974. Shortly thereafter Mexico opened a resident embassy in Tirana, however the embassy was closed in 1979.[207]

  • Albania is accredited to Mexico from its embassy in Washington, D.C., USA.[208]
  • Mexico is accredited to Albania from its embassy in Rome, Italy and maintains an honorary consulate in Tirana.[209]
 United States 1922[210] See Albania–United States relations

Asia

[edit]
Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Armenia 18 February 1993
  • Albania is accredited to Armenia from its embassy in Athens, Greece.
  • Armenia is accredited to Albania from its embassy in Athens, Greece and has an honorary consulate in Tirana.[211][212]
 Azerbaijan 23 September 1992 See Albania–Azerbaijan relations
  • Albania is accredited to Azerbaijan from its embassy in Ankara, Turkey.
  • Azerbaijan is accredited to Albania from its embassy in Athens, Greece.
  • Both countries are members of OIC and of Council of Europe.
 China 23 November 1949 See Albania–China relations

People's Socialist Republic of Albania under Enver Hoxha, moved an annual resolution in the General Assembly to transfer China's seat at the United Nations from the Republic of China to the People's Republic of China. On 25 October 1971, Resolution 2758, sponsored by Albania, was passed by the General Assembly, withdrawing recognition of the ROC as the legitimate government of China, and recognizing the PRC as the sole legitimate government of China. Albania was the first country to recognize the People's Republic China. Albania and People's Republic China established diplomatic relations on 23 November 1949.[60]

 Cyprus 28 August 1991[213]
 Egypt 1958[118] See Albania–Egypt relations

The father of the modern Egypt Muhammad Ali of Egypt was Albanian commander in the Ottoman army. Albanian Muhammad Ali dynasty reigned in Egypt from 1805 to 1952.

 Georgia 8 July 1993[219] See Albania–Georgia relations
  • Albania is accredited to Georgia from its embassy in Ankara, Turkey.
  • Georgia is accredited to Albania from its embassy in Ankara, Turkey.
 India 1956[220] See Albania–India relations

Mother Teresa, one of India's national symbols, was of Albanian origin.

 Iran 1971[118]Diplomatic Severed 16 September 2022 See Albania–Iran relations
  • Iran has an embassy in Tirana.
 Israel 20 August 1991[221] See Albania–Israel relations

Albania recognized the State of Israel on 16 April 1949 by a telegram of Prime Minister of Albania Enver Hoxha.

 Japan April 1922
re-established in March 1981		 See Albania–Japan relations

Albania and Japan resumed established diplomatic relations in March 1981.[224]

  • Albania has an embassy in Tokyo.
  • Japan has an embassy in Tirana.
 Kuwait 1968[118]
  • Albania has an embassy in Kuwait City.
  • Kuwait has an embassy in Tirana.
 Malaysia 1981[118]
 Mongolia 24 May 1949[225]
  • Albania is accredited to Mongolia from its embassy in Moscow, Russia.
   Nepal 23 May 1972

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 May 1972.[226]

 North Korea 29 November 1948[citation needed]
See also: Albania–North Korea relations
 Pakistan 1965 In December 2006, Albanian deputy foreign minister Anton Gurakqui visited Pakistan to hold bilateral consultation with Pakistani political leadership. Pakistan also offers training facilities to young Albanian bureaucrats in the field of banking, finance, management and diplomacy.[227]
 Palestine 1990 See Albania–Palestine relations

Albania had previously recognized the State of Palestine as a state since 1988.

  • Palestine has an embassy in Tirana.
 Qatar 1992
  • Albania has an embassy in Doha.
  • Qatar has an embassy in Tirana.
 Russia 7 April 1924 See Albania–Russia relations
 Saudi Arabia 1992
  • Albania has an embassy in Riyadh.
  • Saudi Arabia has an embassy in Tirana.
 South Korea 22 August 1991[151] See Albania–South Korea relations
  • Albania has an embassy in Seoul.
  • South Korea has an embassy in Tirana.

Minister of Foreign Affairs and Trade Ban Ki-moon and minister of foreign affairs, Besnik Mustafaj signed the Convention between South Korea and Albania for the Avoidance of Double Taxation with Respect to Taxes on Income and for the Prevention of Fiscal Evasion on 17 May 2006.[228]

The number of the South Korean citizens living in Albania, in 2020 was about 102.[229]

 Turkey 1981 See Albania-Turkey relations
  • Albania has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate-general in Istanbul.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Tirana.
  • Both countries are full members of NATO.
 United Arab Emirates 1992
  • Albania has an embassy in Abu Dhabi.
  • UAE is accredited to Albania from its embassy in Athens, Greece.

Europe

[edit]
Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Armenia 18 February 1993
  • Albania is accredited to Armenia from its embassy in Athens, Greece.
  • Armenia is accredited to Albania from its embassy in Athens, Greece and has an honorary consulate in Tirana.[211][212]
 Austria 1912 See Albania–Austria relations

Austria-Hungary supported the Albanian Declaration of Independence in 1912.

  • Albania has an embassy in Vienna.
  • Austria has an embassy in Tirana.
 Azerbaijan 23 September 1992 See Albania–Azerbaijan relations
  • Albania is accredited to Azerbaijan from its embassy in Ankara, Turkey.
  • Azerbaijan is accredited to Albania from its embassy in Athens, Greece.
  • Both countries are members of OIC and of Council of Europe.
 Belgium See Albania–Belgium relations
  • Albania has an embassy in Brussels.
  • Belgium has an embassy in Tirana.
 Bulgaria 1922 See Albania–Bulgaria relations
 Croatia 25 August 1992 See Albania–Croatia relations
  • Albania has an embassy in Zagreb.
  • Croatia has an embassy in Tirana.
  • Albania had recognized Croatia on 21 January 1992.
  • Albania and Croatia established diplomatic relations on 25 August 1992.[231]
  • In April 2009, both countries became full members of NATO at an event which both Albanian prime minister Sali Berisha and Croatian prime minister Ivo Sanader attended. Also that year, the two countries decided to build a joint Nuclear Power Plant on the Albanian border with Montenegro.
  • The two have a history of defense pacts, and overall there is a good relationship.
  • Arbanasi is a community in the Zadar region, Croatia, of Albanian origin, who traditionally speak a dialect of Gheg Albanian.
 Cyprus 28 August 1991[213]
 Czech Republic See Albania–Czech Republic relations

The multi-national Communist armed forces' sole joint action was the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in August 1968. All member countries, with the exception of the People's Republic of Albania and the Socialist Republic of Romania participated in the invasion. Albania formally withdrew form the Warsaw Pact in 1968 over the matter.[232]

  • Albania has an embassy in Prague.
  • Czech Republic has an embassy in Tirana.
 Denmark 1 May 1970[233] See Albania–Denmark relations
 Finland
  • Albania is accredited to Finland from its embassy in Stockholm, Sweden.
  • Finland is accredited to Albania from its embassy in Athens, Greece.
  • Albania is an EU candidate and Finland is a member.
  • Albania supports Finland's NATO membership.
 France See Albania–France relations
 Georgia 8 July 1993[219] See Albania–Georgia relations
  • Albania is accredited to Georgia from its embassy in Ankara, Turkey.
  • Georgia is accredited to Albania from its embassy in Ankara, Turkey.
 Germany See Albania–Germany relations
 Greece de facto in 1971[236][237]
de juro 21 March 1996		 See Albania–Greece relations


Cham Albanians
Expulsion of Cham Albanians
Albanian communities in Greece

  • Albania has an embassy in Athens and consulates-general in Ioannina and Thessaloniki.
  • Greece has an embassy in Tirana and consulates-general in Gjirokastër and Korça.
  • Greece is home to just under a million Albanians (some sources say 600,000, whilst other Greek organisations claim 900,000 with illegal migrants and overstayers).
  • The Arvanitika are a Tosk dialect traditionally spoken by the Arvanites, a population group in Greece. Arvanitika is today an endangered language, as its speakers have been shifting to the use of Greek and most younger members of the community no longer speak it.[238]
  • Greece is Albania's most important European Union ally and partner.[239]
  • Relations since the election victory of Edi Rama in 2013 have seen massive improvement and warming of relations between the two nations.[35]
  • The Archbishop of Albania is of Greek descent.[240]
  • There are many cultural, political, historical and biological similarities and shared kinship between the Albanian and Greek peoples.[241][242]
  • Greek is the second most spoken language in Albania, with a considerable size having knowledge of it, due to immigration and Greek minority.[243]
  • Albanian is the most common foreign/migrant language in Greece, although most Greeks do not have clear knowledge of it.[244]
  • Many organisations both political and societal exist in Albania and Greece promoting relations between the two nations.[245]
  • As of 2014 both nations have described their relations as 'excellent' and Albania considered Greece one of its 'strongest and most important allies', both NATO nations have close relations nowadays.[246]
 Holy See 7 September 1991[247] See Albania–Holy See relations
  • Albania has an embassy to the Holy See in Rome.[248]
  • Holy See has a resident nunciature (embassy) in Tirana.[248]
  • The Apostolic Nunciature in Albania started asf an apostolic delegation to Albania by Pope Benedict XV on 12 November 1920, and was elevated to the full rank of a nunciature by Pope John Paul II on 16 January 1991.
  • Relations were reestablished in 1991, after the fall of communism in Albania.
  • Pope John Paul II was the first Pope to visit Albania, which took place immediately after the fall of communism.
  • Pope Francis visited Albania on 21 September, which the first nation in Europe he visited.[249]
  • Albania is home to 520,000 Roman Catholics, and is the second largest religion in the country, after Islam. (Roman Catholicism in Albania)
 Hungary See Albania–Hungary relations
 Iceland
  • Albania is accredited to Iceland from its embassy in Stockholm, Sweden.[250]
  • Iceland is accredited to Albania from its embassy in Stockholm, Sweden[251] and has an honorary consulate in Tirana.[252]
  • Both countries are members of NATO and of Council of Europe.
 Ireland
  • Albania is accredited to Ireland from its embassy in London, United Kingdom.[253]
  • Ireland is accredited to Albania from its embassy in Athens, Greece.[254]
  • Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe.
 Italy 1912 See Albania–Italy relations
 Kosovo 18 February 2008 See Albania–Kosovo relations
  • Albania has an embassy in Pristina.
  • Kosovo has an embassy in Tirana.
  • Albania recognized the Republic of Kosovo on 21 October 1991, the only country to do it.
  • Albania recognized Kosovo on 18 February 2008, one of the first countries to do so.
  • Albanians in Kosovo constitute 92% of the population.
 Latvia
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1928 and were restored in 1992.[256]
  • Albania is represented in Latvia by its embassy in Warsaw, Poland.[256]
  • Latvia is represented in Albania by its embassy in Rome, Italy and an honorary consulate in Tirana.[257]
  • Both countries have a number of bilateral agreements.[258]
 Montenegro 1 August 2006 See Albania–Montenegro relations
 Netherlands 1970[259] See Albania–Netherlands relations
  • Albania has an embassy in The Hague.
  • Netherlands has an embassy in Tirana.
 North Macedonia 1991 See Albania–North Macedonia relations
 Poland See Albania–Poland relations
  • Albania has an embassy in Warsaw
  • Poland has an embassy in Tirana.
  • Albania is an EU candidate and Poland is a member.
  • Both countries are full members of NATO.
 Portugal See Albania–Portugal relations
  • Albania has an embassy in Lisbon.
  • Portugal is accredited to Albania from its embassy in Rome, Italy.
 Romania 28 December 1913 See Albania–Romania relations
 Russia 7 April 1924 See Albania–Russia relations
 Serbia See Albania-Serbia relations
 Sovereign Military Order of Malta 1994[247]
 Slovakia

The multi-national Communist armed forces' sole joint action was the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in August 1968. All member countries, with the exception of the People's Republic of Albania and the Socialist Republic of Romania participated in the invasion. Albania formally withdrew form the Warsaw Pact in 1968 over the matter.[232]

  • Albania has an embassy in Bratislava.
  • Slovakia has an embassy in Tirana.
 Slovenia See Albania–Slovenia relations
  • Albania has an embassy in Ljubljana.
  • Slovenia has an embassy in Tirana.
 Spain See Albania–Spain relations
  • Albania has an embassy in Madrid.
  • Spain has an embassy in Tirana.
 Sweden
  Switzerland 1 March 1922[262]

Albanians in Switzerland

  • Albania has an embassy in Bern.
  • Switzerland has an embassy in Tirana.
 Turkey 1981 See Albania-Turkey relations
  • Albania has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate-general in Istanbul.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Tirana.
  • Both countries are full members of NATO.
 Ukraine 1992 See Albania-Ukraine relations

The diplomatic relations between Albania and Ukraine were established in 1922.

 United Kingdom 9 November 1921 See Albania–United Kingdom relations

Albania established diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom on 9 November 1921.[47]

  • Albania maintains an embassy in London.
  • The United Kingdom is accredited to Albania through its embassy in Tirana.[264]

Both countries share common membership of the Council of Europe, NATO, OSCE, and the World Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have an Investment Agreement,[265] and a Partnership, Trade and Cooperation Agreement.[266]

Oceania

[edit]
Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Australia 1984
  • Albanian Australian are residents of Australia who are of Albanian heritage or descent. According to the 2011 Australian census 2,398 Albanians were born in Australia while 13,142 claimed Albanian ancestry, either alone or with another ancestry.

Former countries

[edit]
Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Papal States

Albania (League of Lezhë) during the reign of Skanderbeg had good relations with the Papacy.

 Kingdom of Naples

Albania (League of Lezhë) during the reign of Skanderbeg had good relations with Naples. See
Skanderbeg's Italian expedition

 Soviet Union 7 April 1924 See Albania–Soviet Union relations
 Republic of Venice

Albanian–Venetian War (1447–1448)
Venetian Albania

 Yugoslavia 1946 See Albania–Yugoslavia relations
 Austria-Hungary See Albania–Austria relations and Albania–Hungary relations
 Czechoslovakia See Albania–Czech Republic relations
 East Germany 1952 See Albania–Germany relations

Multilateral

[edit]
Organisation Formal Relations Began Notes
 European Union 1992 See Accession of Albania to the European Union

Albania applied in 2009 to join and became an official candidate in June 2014. The Commission recommended the launch of negotiations on 9 November 2016.[267] In 2020 EU ministers agree to start accession talks,[1] on 19 July 2022 Albania starts accession talks and holds the first Intergovernmental Conference on accession negotiations.[29]

  • Albania has permanent representatives to the European Union in Brussels.
  • European Union has an embassy (delegation) in Tirana.
 NATO 1992 See Albania–NATO relations

At the 2008 Bucharest summit, NATO invited Albania to join the alliance. In April 2009 Albania became a full member of the NATO, which remains popular in the country especially due to its intervention in the Kosovo war on behalf of ethnic Albanians.[268] Within the Balkans, Albania is considered to be the most pro-European and pro-Western country in the region and unlike its neighbours, except Kosovo, it has to negligible support for Russia.[269][24]

  • Albania has permanent representatives to NATO in Brussels.
  • Albania's relationship with the NATO began in 1992 when it joined EAPC.
  • In 1994, Albania entered NATO's PfP.
  • In 1999, Albania received MAP
  • Albania received an invitation to join at the 2008 Bucharest Summit and became a full member on 1 April 2009.
 United Nations 14 December 1955 See Albania at the United Nations
  • Albania has permanent representatives to the UN in New York.
  • Albania became a full member on 14 December 1955.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
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