Culture of Pakistan: Difference between revisions

Content deleted Content added

Inline

Revision as of 01:46, 11 August 2013

The society and culture of Pakistan (Urdu: ثقافت پاکستان — S̱aqāfat-e Pākistān) comprises numerous ethnic groups: the Punjabis, Kashmiris, Sindhis in east, Muhajirs, Makrani in the south; Baloch and Pashtun in the west; and the ancient Dardic, Wakhi, Baltistani and Burusho communities in the north. The culture of these Pakistani ethnic groups have been greatly influenced by many of its neighbors, such as the Turkic peoples, Persians, Arabs, and other South Asians, as well as the peoples of Central Asia and the Middle East.

The region has formed a distinct unit within the main geographical complex of South Asia, the Middle East and Central Asia from the earliest times, and is analogous to Turkey's position in Eurasia.^[1] There are differences among the ethnic groups in cultural aspects such as dress, food, and religion, especially where pre-Islamic customs differ from Islamic practices. Their cultural origins also reveal influences from far afield, including China, Nepal, India, and eastern Afghanistan. All groups, however, show varying degrees of influence from Persia, Turkestan and Hellenistic Greece. Pakistan was the first region of South Asia to be fully impacted by Islam and has thus developed a distinct Islamic identity, historically different from areas further west.^[1]

Literature

Iqbal in deep thought: He is Ideological Father of Pakistan

Pakistani literature originates from when Pakistan gained its independence as a sovereign state in 1947. The common and shared tradition of Urdu literature and English literature of Greater India was inherited by the new state. Over a period of time, a body of literature unique to Pakistan emerged, written in nearly all major Pakistani languages, including Urdu, English, Punjabi, Pashto, Seraiki, Balochi, and Sindhi.

Poetry

Poetry is a highly respected art and profession in Pakistan. The pre-eminent form of poetry in Pakistan almost always originates in Persian, due in part to the long standing affiliation the region had with the Persian Empire. The enthusiasm for poetry exists at a regional level as well, with nearly all of Pakistan's provincial languages continuing the legacy. Since the independence of the country in 1947 and establishment of Urdu as the national language, poetry is written in that language as well. The Urdu language has a rich tradition of poetry and includes the famous poets Dr. Allama Iqbal (national poet), Mirza Ghalib, Faiz Ahmad Faiz, Ahmad Faraz, Habib Jalib, Jazib Qureshi, and Ahmad Nadeem Qasimi. Apart from Urdu poetry, Pakistani poetry also has blends of other regional languages. Balochi, Sindhi, Punjabi, Seraiki, and Pashto poetry have all incorporated and influenced Pakistani poetry. Poetry in the form of marsia salam and naath is also very popular among many Pakistanis.

Performing arts

Music

The variety of Pakistani music ranges from diverse provincial folk music and traditional styles such as Qawwali and Ghazal Gayaki to modern forms fusing traditional and Western music, such as the synchronisation of Qawwali and Western music by the world-renowned Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan. In addition Pakistan is home to many famous folk singers such as the late Alam Lohar, who is also well known in Indian Punjab. The arrival of Afghan refugees in the western provinces has rekindled Pashto and Persian music and established Peshawar as a hub for Afghani musicians and a distribution center for Afghani music abroad.

Dances

Kathak -classical dance that developed in the royal courts of the Mughals.

Folk dances are still popular in Pakistan and vary according to region such as:

Punjab

Bhangra - Punjab
Luddi - Punjab
Sammi - Punjab
Jhumar - Saraiki and Balochi folk dance

Balochistan

Lewa - Baluch folk dance
Chap - Baluch folk dance performed at weddings
Jhumar - Saraiki and Balochi folk dance

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

Attan - Folk dance of Pashtuns tribes of Pakistan including the unique styles of Quetta and Waziristan
Khattak Dance - Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa
Chitrali Dance - Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa

Sindh

Dhammal - Performed at Sufi shrines/ dargahs in Punjab and Sindh
Ho Jamalo - Sindhi dance
Jhumro

Drama and theatre

These are very similar to stage plays in theatres. They are performed by well-known actors and actresses in the Lollywood industry. The dramas and plays often deal with themes from everyday life, often with a humorous touch.

Visual arts

Painting

Abdul Rehman Chughtai, Sughra Rababi, Ustad Allah Baksh, Aboo B. Rana, Ajaz Anwar, Ismail Gulgee, Jamil Naqsh, and Sadequain are prominent and outstanding creative painters of Pakistan. Pakistani vehicle art is a popular folk art.

Architecture

The architecture of the areas now constituting Pakistan can be traced to four distinct periods: pre-Islamic, Islamic, colonial, and post-colonial. With the beginning of the Indus civilization around the middle of the 3rd millennium^[2] B.C., an advanced urban culture developed for the first time in the region, with large structural facilities, some of which survive to this day.^[3] Mohenjo Daro, Harappa and Kot Diji belong to the pre-Islamic era settlements. The rise of Buddhism, Guptas, Mouryas, and the Persian and Greek influence led to the development of the Greco-Buddhist style, starting from the 1st century CE. The high point of this era was reached with the culmination of the Gandhara style. An example of Buddhist architecture is the ruins of the Buddhist monastery Takht-i-Bahi in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa.

The arrival of Islam in today's Pakistan introduced the classical Islamic construction techniques into Pakistan's architectural landscape.^[4] However, a smooth transition to predominantly picture-less Islamic architecture occurred. The town of Uch Sharif contains the tombs of Bibi Jawindi, Baha'al-Halim, and Jalaluddin Bukhari, which are considered some of the earliest examples of Islamic architecture in Pakistan and are on the UNESCO Tentative World Heritage Site list since 2004.^[5] One of the most important of the few examples of the Persian style of architecture is the tomb of the Shah Rukn-i-Alam in Multan. During the Mughal era, design elements of Islamic-Persian architecture were fused with, and often produced playful forms of, local art. Lahore, occasional residence of Mughal rulers, exhibits a multiplicity of important buildings from the empire, among them the Badshahi mosque, the fortress of Lahore with the famous Alamgiri Gate, the colourful, still strongly Persian seeming Wazir Khan Mosque as well as numerous other mosques and mausoleums. The Shahjahan Mosque of Thatta in Sindh also originates from the epoch of the Mughals, as does the Mohabbat Khan Mosque in Peshawar.

In the British colonial age, the buildings developed were predominantly of the Indo-European style, with a mixture of European and Indian-Islamic components. Post-colonial national identity is expressed in modern structures like the Faisal Mosque, the Minar-e-Pakistan and the Mazar-e-Quaid.

Recreation and sports

The official national sport of Pakistan is field hockey, but cricket and squash are the most popular sports. The Pakistan national field hockey team has won the Hockey World Cup a record four times. The Pakistan national cricket team won the Cricket World Cup in 1992), were runners-up in 1999, and co-hosted the games in 1987 and 1996. Additionally, they have also won the ICC World Twenty20 in 2009) and were runners-up in 2007. The team has also won the Austral-Asia Cup in 1986, 1990, and 1994.

At the international level, Pakistan has competed many times at the Summer Olympics in field hockey, boxing, athletics, swimming, and shooting. Hockey is the sport in which Pakistan has been most successful at the Olympics, winning three gold medals (1960, 1968, and 1984). Pakistan has also won the Hockey World Cup four times (1971, 1978, 1982, and 1994).^[6] Pakistan has hosted several international competitions, including the South Asian Federation Games in 1989 and 2004.

A1 Grand Prix racing is also becoming popular with the entry of a Pakistani team in the 2005 season. The Tour de Pakistan, modelled on the Tour de France, is an annual cycling competition that covers the length and breadth of Pakistan. Recently, football has grown in popularity across the country, where traditionally it had been played almost exclusively in the western province of Balochistan. FIFA has recently teamed up with the government to bring football closer to the northern areas.

Cuisine

Culinary art in Pakistan comprises a mix of Middle Eastern, Iranian, Afghan, Indian, and Turkish influences that reflect the country's history as well as the variation of cooking practices from across the country. Urban centres of the country offer an amalgamation of recipes from all parts of the country, while food with specific local ingredients and tastes is available in rural areas and villages. Besides the main dishes of salan, with or without meat and cooked with vegetables or lentils, there are a number of provincial specialties such as karahi, biryani, and tikka, in various forms and flavours, eaten alongside a variety of breads such as naan, chapati, and roti.

There are also local forms of grilled meat or kebabs, desserts, and a variety of hot and cold drinks.

Festivals and observances

Ramadan

Ramadan, the holiest month of the Islamic calendar is a month of fasting from sunrise to sunset and self-discipline. It is widely observed by Pakistan's Muslim majority. Muslims during this month will fast, attend mosques with increased frequency, and recite Qur'an. Special foods are cooked in greater quantities, parties are held, and special accommodation is made by workplaces and educational institutes.

Chand Raat

Chand Raat is the Moon night when crescent moon is sighted on last day of Islamic month of Ramadan and next day is Eid ul-Fitr. In the night known as Chand Raat, people celebrate by various means, such as girls putting henna on their hands. People buy gifts and sweets that will be given to friends and families who come over to celebrate the end of Ramadan. The streets, major buildings and landmarks, even outside of malls and plazas, put on displays of elaborate decorations and colourful light shows. There are large crowds in the city center to celebrate the beginning of Eid, and it is usually a boom time for business.

Eid celebrations

The two Eids, Eid ul-Fitr and Eid ul-Adha, commemorate the passing of the month of fasting, Ramadan, and the willingness of Ibrahim to sacrifice his son Ishmael for Allah. On these days, there are national holidays and many festival events that take place to celebrate Eid. As Pakistan is a Muslim state, there are three days off for all businesses and government offices.

On the night before Eid, people search for the new moon to mark the end of Ramadan and arrival of Eid ul-Fitr. The day starts with morning prayers, then returning home for a large breakfast with family members. The day is spent visiting relatives and friends and sharing gifts and sweets with everyone. During the evening, Pakistanis often party, visit restaurants, or relax in city parks.

On Eid ul-Fitr, money is given for charity and as gifts to young children.

On Eid ul-Adha, people may also distribute meat to relatives and neighbors and donate food for charity.

Milaad un Nabi

Milaad un Nabi is a known religious festival which is celebrated in many parts of Pakistan. The Milaad is the celebration for the birthday of the Islamic prophet, Muhammad.

Muharram (Ashura)

Muharram is the first month of the Islamic calendar. Like Ramadan, Muharram is also a sacred month; fighting is forbidden during this month. Shi'a Muslims mourn on the tenth day of Muharram (Asura), while some fast.

Jashn-e-Baharan

Jashn-e-Baharan sometimes referred to as Basant, is a pre-Islamic Punjabi festival that marks the coming of spring. Celebrations in Pakistan are centered in Lahore, and people from all over the country and abroad come to the city for the annual festivities. Kite flying competitions took place all over the city's rooftops during Basant but are now prohibited.^[7] The fertile province of Punjab was intimately tied via its agriculture to the different seasons of the year. The arrival of spring was an important event for all farmers and was welcomed with a celebration, hence the name Jashn (celebration) Baharan (spring).

Christmas

Christmas is usually celebrated by Pakistani Christians who account more than 3 percent of Pakistan and mostly reside in the Punjab region of Pakistan. Other Pakistanis also commemorate this event to promote inter-communal harmony.

Holi

Holi is celebrated by Pakistani Hindus. Other Pakistanis celebrate with them as well to promote communal harmony.

Nowru

This festival is like Nowruz of Iran, Afghanistan, and Central Asia. In Northern Pakistan (Chitral, Gilgit, Baltistan), and Northern Punjab, Nowruz is celebrated as a socio-religious festival^{[citation needed]}. It is also celebrated with much fervour in Balochistan, and in almost all of Pakistan's major urban centres.^{[citation needed]} The day coincides with the Spring Equinox on 21 March, but the celebration continues for weeks. In Baltistan, the main features of Nowruz are the giving of coloured eggs to friends and polo matches. In Balochistan, the festival is marked with outdoor feasts, and the traditional jumping over a fire to wash away sins and usher in a fresh start. The origins of this festival are pre-Islamic and date back to when Pakistan was part of^{[citation needed]} the Achaemenid and Sassanid Persian empires.

File:Pakistani young girls.jpg

Pakistani young girls in colorful dresses on the occasion of Pakistan Day

Independence Day

On 14 August, the people of Pakistan celebrate the day when Pakistan gained its independence from British India, and formed an independent state for Muslims. There are many celebrations all over the country, with people singing and dancing in the streets. Concerts are held with many pop and classical singers. Parades are held in the capital city (Islamabad). Many people decorate their houses and fly the flag of Pakistan. At night, fireworks are used in many cities. Many people pray for the country and reflect on their pride in the country of Pakistan.

Defense Day Parade

September 6 is another patriotic day, when the Army of Pakistan displays Pakistani weaponry to the general public. All government officials attend the ceremony and recognitions are awarded to special people for their work. In March 2007, the Pakistan Air Force (PAF) displayed the new jointly manufactured Chinese-Pakistani aircraft called the JF-17 Thunder.

Popular media

Television

Traditionally, the government-owned Pakistan Television Corporation (PTV) has been the dominant media player in Pakistan. The PTV channels are controlled by the government and opposition views are not given much time. The past decade has seen the emergence of several private TV channels showing news and entertainment, such as GEO TV, AAJ TV, ARY Digital, HUM, MTV Pakistan, and others. Traditionally the bulk of TV shows have been plays or soap operas, some of them critically acclaimed. Various American, European, Asian TV channels, and movies are available to a majority of the population via Cable TV. Television accounted for almost half of the advertising expenditure in Pakistan in 2002.^[8]^{[dead link]}

Radio

The Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation (PBC) was formed on 14 August 1947, the day of Pakistani independence. It was a direct descendant of the Indian Broadcasting Company, which later became All India Radio. At independence, Pakistan had radio stations in Dhaka, Lahore, and Peshawar. A major programme of expansion saw new stations open at Karachi and Rawalpindi in 1948, and a new broadcasting house at Karachi in 1950. This was followed by new radio stations at Hyderabad (1951), Quetta (1956), a second station at Rawalpindi (1960), and a receiving centre at Peshawar (1960). During the 1980s and 1990s, the corporation expanded its network to many cities and towns of Pakistan to provide greater service to the local people. Today, there are over a hundred radio stations due to more liberal media regulations.

Cinema

Pakistan's movie industry is known as Lollywood, named after the city of Lahore. Film production centres also exist in Karachi and Peshawar. The Pakistani film industry produces over forty feature-length films a year. Bollywood films are also popular in Pakistan.

National Dress

The national dress is shalwar qameez for both men and women. It consists of a long, loose fitting tunic with very baggy trousers.^[9]

References

^ ^a ^b Basham, A.L. (1968), Pacific Affairs, University of British Columbia, 641-643
^ Dehejia, Vidja South Asian Art and Culture. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved on 10 February 2008
^ The Indus Valley And The Genesis Of South Asian Civilization [1] Retrieved on 6 February 2008
^ Architecture in Pakistan: A Historical Overview. All Things Pakistan. Retrieved on 10 February 2008
^ UNESCO World Heritage State Parties Pakistan Retrieved 9 July 2010.
^ World Hockey, International Hockey Federation
^ "A celebration of spring turns ugly". Retrieved 7 July 2011.
^ http://www.warc.com/LandingPages/Data/NewspaperTrends/PDF/Pakistan.pdf ^{[dead link]}
^ Unquiet Pasts: Risk Society, Lived Cultural Heritage, Re-Designing Reflexivity - Stephanie Koerner, Ian Russell - Google Books. Books.google.com. 16 August 2010. Retrieved 14 June 2012.

External links

[basham-1] Basham, A.L. (1968), Pacific Affairs, University of British Columbia, 641-643

[2] Dehejia, Vidja South Asian Art and Culture. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved on 10 February 2008

[3] The Indus Valley And The Genesis Of South Asian Civilization [1] Retrieved on 6 February 2008

[4] Architecture in Pakistan: A Historical Overview. All Things Pakistan. Retrieved on 10 February 2008

[whs-5] UNESCO World Heritage State Parties Pakistan Retrieved 9 July 2010.

[hockey-6] World Hockey, International Hockey Federation

[7] "A celebration of spring turns ugly". Retrieved 7 July 2011.

[8] ttp://www.warc.com/LandingPages/Data/NewspaperTrends/PDF/Pakistan.pdf ^{[dead link]}

[9] Unquiet Pasts: Risk Society, Lived Cultural Heritage, Re-Designing Reflexivity - Stephanie Koerner, Ian Russell - Google Books. Books.google.com. 16 August 2010. Retrieved 14 June 2012.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

@@ Line 6: / Line 6: @@
 {{Original Research|date=March 2013}}
 {{Refimprove|date=June 2012}}}}
-The word 'culture' has been so misused, it is essential here to explain first of all, what is meant by the word culture. The dress, cuisine, music and various festivals of an ethnic group certainly are not its culture. They fall under the category of 'civilization.' Culture of any ethnic group or country has more to do with the values of life to which those people adhere. For example it is in the culture of India to worship cows, as opposed to the culture of Pakistan where Muslims slaughter cows and eat them. Culture has more to do with the principles of life.[[File:Badshahi Masjid at night on July 20 2005.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The 17th century Badshahi Mosque built by Mughal emperor [[Aurangzeb]] in Lahore]]
+[[File:Badshahi Masjid at night on July 20 2005.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The 17th century Badshahi Mosque built by Mughal emperor [[Aurangzeb]] in Lahore]]
-The society and '''culture of Pakistan''' ({{lang-ur|{{Nastaliq|'''ثقافت پاکستان'''}}}} — {{transl|ur|''S̱aqāfat-e Pākistān''}}) comprises numerous ethnic groups: the [[Punjabi people|Punjabis]], [[Kashmiri people|Kashmiris]], [[Sindhi people|Sindhis]] in east, [[Muhajir people|Muhajirs]], [[Makrani]] in the south; [[Baloch people|Baloch]] and [[Pashtun people|Pashtun]] in the west; and the ancient [[Dardic people|Dardic]], [[Wakhi people|Wakhi]], [[Baltistani]] and [[Burusho people|Burusho]] communities in the north. These Pakistani ethnic groups have been greatly influenced by many of the surrounding countries', such as the [[Turkic peoples]], [[Persian people|Persian]], [[Arab]], and other [[South Asian ethnic groups]] of the [[South Asia]], [[Central Asia]] and the [[Middle East]].
+The society and '''culture of Pakistan''' ({{lang-ur|{{Nastaliq|'''ثقافت پاکستان'''}}}} — {{transl|ur|''S̱aqāfat-e Pākistān''}}) comprises numerous ethnic groups: the [[Punjabi people|Punjabis]], [[Kashmiri people|Kashmiris]], [[Sindhi people|Sindhis]] in east, [[Muhajir people|Muhajirs]], [[Makrani]] in the south; [[Baloch people|Baloch]] and [[Pashtun people|Pashtun]] in the west; and the ancient [[Dardic people|Dardic]], [[Wakhi people|Wakhi]], [[Baltistani]] and [[Burusho people|Burusho]] communities in the north. The culture of these Pakistani ethnic groups have been greatly influenced by many of its neighbors, such as the [[Turkic peoples]], [[Persian people|Persians]], [[Arab people|Arabs]], and other [[South Asian ethnic groups|South Asians]], as well as the peoples of [[Central Asia]] and the [[Middle East]].
-The region has formed a distinct unit within the main geographical complex of South Asia, the Middle East and Central Asia from the earliest times, and is analogous to Turkey's position in Eurasia.<ref name="basham">Basham, A.L. (1968), Pacific Affairs, University of British Columbia, 641-643</ref>  We notice there are differences among the different ethnic groups in matters such as dress, food, and religion, especially where pre-[[Islamic]] customs differ from [[Islamic]] practices. Their cultural origins also reveal influences from far afield, including [[China]], [[Nepal]], [[India]], and eastern [[Afghanistan]]. All groups show varying degrees of influence from [[Persia]], [[Turkestan]] and [[Hellenistic civilization|Hellenistic Greece]]. Pakistan was the first region of South Asia to receive the full cultural impact of [[Islam]] and has developed a distinct Islamic identity, historically different from areas further west.<ref name="basham"/>
+The region has formed a distinct unit within the main geographical complex of South Asia, the Middle East and Central Asia from the earliest times, and is analogous to Turkey's position in Eurasia.<ref name="basham">Basham, A.L. (1968), Pacific Affairs, University of British Columbia, 641-643</ref>  There are differences among the ethnic groups in cultural aspects such as dress, food, and religion, especially where pre-[[Islamic]] customs differ from [[Islamic]] practices. Their cultural origins also reveal influences from far afield, including [[China]], [[Nepal]], [[India]], and eastern [[Afghanistan]]. All groups, however, show varying degrees of influence from [[Persia]], [[Turkestan]] and [[Hellenistic civilization|Hellenistic Greece]]. Pakistan was the first region of South Asia to be fully impacted by [[Islam]] and has thus developed a distinct Islamic identity, historically different from areas further west.<ref name="basham"/>
 [[File:July 9 2005 - The Lahore Fort-Front center view of hall of special audience.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Diwan-e-Khas: the hall of special audience with the emperor]]
@@ Line 18: / Line 18: @@
 {{Main|Pakistani literature|Urdu|Books and publishing in Pakistan}}
 [[File:Iqbal.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Iqbal in deep thought: He is Ideological Father of Pakistan]]
-Pakistani literature originates from when Pakistan gained its [[Pakistan Movement|nationhood]] as a sovereign state in 1947. The common and shared tradition of [[Urdu literature]] and [[English literature]] of South Asia was inherited by the new state. Over a period of time, a body of literature unique to Pakistan has emerged in nearly all major Pakistani languages, including [[Urdu]], English, [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Pashto]], [[Saraiki language|Seraiki]], [[Balochi language|Balochi]], and [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]].
+Pakistani literature originates from when Pakistan gained its [[Pakistan Movement|independence]] as a sovereign state in 1947. The common and shared tradition of [[Urdu literature]] and [[English literature]] of [[Greater India]] was inherited by the new state. Over a period of time, a body of literature unique to Pakistan emerged, written in nearly all major Pakistani languages, including [[Urdu]], [[English language|English]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Pashto]], [[Saraiki language|Seraiki]], [[Balochi language|Balochi]], and [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]].
 ==Poetry==
 {{Main|Pakistani poetry|List of Urdu Poets}}
-Poetry is a highly respected art and profession in Pakistan. The pre-eminent form of poetry in Pakistan almost always originates in Persian, due in part to the long standing affiliation the region had with the [[Persian Empire]]. The enthusiasm for poetry exists at a regional level as well, with nearly all of Pakistan's provincial languages continuing the legacy. Since the independence of the country in 1947 and establishment of [[Urdu language|Urdu]] as the national language, poetry is written in that language as well. The Urdu language has a rich tradition of poetry and includes the famous poets [[Muhammad Iqbal|Dr. Allama Iqbal]] (national poet), [[Mirza Ghalib]], [[Faiz Ahmad Faiz]], [[Ahmad Faraz]], [Habib Jalib], [[Jazib Qureshi]], and [[Ahmad Nadeem Qasimi]]. Apart from [[Urdu poetry]], Pakistani poetry also has blends of other regional languages. Balochi, Sindhi, Punjabi, Seraiki, and [[Pashto poetry]] have all incorporated and influenced Pakistani poetry. Poetry in the form of ''marsia salam'' and ''naath'' is also very popular among many Pakistanis.
+Poetry is a highly respected art and profession in Pakistan. The pre-eminent form of poetry in Pakistan almost always originates in Persian, due in part to the long standing affiliation the region had with the [[Persian Empire]]. The enthusiasm for poetry exists at a regional level as well, with nearly all of Pakistan's provincial languages continuing the legacy. Since the independence of the country in 1947 and establishment of [[Urdu language|Urdu]] as the national language, poetry is written in that language as well. The Urdu language has a rich tradition of poetry and includes the famous poets [[Muhammad Iqbal|Dr. Allama Iqbal]] (national poet), [[Mirza Ghalib]], [[Faiz Ahmad Faiz]], [[Ahmad Faraz]], [[Habib Jalib]], [[Jazib Qureshi]], and [[Ahmad Nadeem Qasimi]]. Apart from [[Urdu poetry]], Pakistani poetry also has blends of other regional languages. Balochi, Sindhi, Punjabi, Seraiki, and [[Pashto poetry]] have all incorporated and influenced Pakistani poetry. Poetry in the form of ''marsia salam'' and ''naath'' is also very popular among many Pakistanis.
 ==Performing arts==
@@ Line 29: / Line 29: @@
 {{Main|Music of Pakistan}}
 [[File:0407 207.jpg|thumb|right|A sitar workshop in [[Islamabad]], Pakistan.]]
-The variety of [[Music of Pakistan|Pakistani music]] ranges from diverse provincial folk music and traditional styles such as [[Qawwali]] and [[Ghazal|Ghazal Gayaki]] to modern forms fusing traditional and western music, such as the synchronisation of Qawwali and western music by the world renowned [[Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan]]. In addition Pakistan is home to many famous folk singers such as the late [[Alam Lohar]], who is also well known in [[Punjab (India)|Indian Punjab]]. The arrival of [[Afghan refugees]] in the western provinces has rekindled [[Pashto]] and [[Persian people|Persian]] music and established [[Peshawar]] as a hub for Afghani musicians and a distribution center for Afghani music abroad.
+The variety of [[Music of Pakistan|Pakistani music]] ranges from diverse provincial folk music and traditional styles such as [[Qawwali]] and [[Ghazal|Ghazal Gayaki]] to modern forms fusing traditional and [[Western music]], such as the synchronisation of Qawwali and Western music by the world-renowned [[Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan]]. In addition Pakistan is home to many famous folk singers such as the late [[Alam Lohar]], who is also well known in [[Punjab (India)|Indian Punjab]]. The arrival of [[Afghan refugees]] in the western provinces has rekindled [[Pashto]] and [[Persian people|Persian]] music and established [[Peshawar]] as a hub for Afghani musicians and a distribution center for Afghani music abroad.
 ===Dances===
@@ Line 35: / Line 35: @@
 [[Kathak]]
-<nowiki> </nowiki>-classical dance that developed in the Royal courts of the Mughals.
+<nowiki> </nowiki>-classical dance that developed in the royal courts of the [[Mughals]].
 Folk dances are still popular in Pakistan and vary according to region such as:
@@ Line 64: / Line 64: @@
 ===Drama and theatre===
 {{Main|Theatre in Pakistan}}
-These are very similar to stage plays in theatres. They are performed by well-known actors and actresses in the [[Lollywood]] industry. The dramas and plays deal with many themes from life events, often with a humorous touch. [[Bollywood]] movies are also popular.
+These are very similar to stage plays in theatres. They are performed by well-known actors and actresses in the [[Lollywood]] industry. The dramas and plays often deal with themes from [[slice of life|everyday life]], often with a humorous touch.
 ==Visual arts==
@@ Line 84: / Line 84: @@
 <!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Polo pakistan.jpeg|thumb|250px|[[Polo]] is regarded as a traditional sport and played widely in the northern areas {{pufc|Polo pakistan.jpeg|date=14 May 2012}}]] -->
-The official national sport of Pakistan is [[field hockey]], but [[cricket]] and [[Squash (sport)|squash]] are the most popular sports. The [[Pakistan national field hockey team]] has won the [[Hockey World Cup]] a record four times. The [[Pakistan national cricket team]] has won the [[Cricket World Cup]] once (in [[1992 Cricket World Cup|1992]]), were runners-up once (in [[1999 Cricket World Cup|1999]]), and co-hosted the games twice (in [[1987 Cricket World Cup|1987]] and [[1996 Cricket World Cup|1996]]). Additionally, they have also won the [[ICC World Twenty20]] once (in [[2009 ICC World Twenty20|2009]]), and were runners-up (in [[2007 ICC World Twenty20|2007]]). The team has also won the [[Austral-Asia Cup]] in 1986, 1990, and 1994.
+The official national sport of Pakistan is [[field hockey]], but [[cricket]] and [[Squash (sport)|squash]] are the most popular sports. The [[Pakistan national field hockey team]] has won the [[Hockey World Cup]] a record four times. The [[Pakistan national cricket team]] won the [[Cricket World Cup]] in [[1992 Cricket World Cup|1992]]), were runners-up in [[1999 Cricket World Cup|1999]], and co-hosted the games in [[1987 Cricket World Cup|1987]] and [[1996 Cricket World Cup|1996]]. Additionally, they have also won the [[ICC World Twenty20]] in [[2009 ICC World Twenty20|2009]]) and were runners-up in [[2007 ICC World Twenty20|2007]]. The team has also won the [[Austral-Asia Cup]] in 1986, 1990, and 1994.
 At the international level, Pakistan has competed many times at the [[Summer Olympics]] in field hockey, [[boxing]], [[Athletics (sport)|athletics]], [[Swimming (sport)|swimming]], and [[shooting]]. Hockey is the sport in which Pakistan has been most successful at the Olympics, winning three gold medals ([[Hockey at the 1960 Summer Olympics|1960]], [[Hockey at the 1968 Summer Olympics|1968]], and [[Hockey at the 1984 Summer Olympics|1984]]). Pakistan has also won the [[Hockey World Cup]] four times (1971, 1978, 1982, and 1994).<ref name="hockey">[http://www.worldhockey.org/vsite/vcontent/page/custom/0,8510,1181-179831-197049-39917-264845-custom-item,00.html World Hockey], International Hockey Federation</ref> Pakistan has hosted several international competitions, including the [[South Asian Federation Games]] in 1989 and 2004.
-[[A1 Grand Prix]] racing is also becoming popular with the entry of a [[A1 Team Pakistan|Pakistani team]] in the 2005 season. The [[Tour de Pakistan]], modelled on the [[Tour de France]], is an annual cycling competition that covers the length and breadth of Pakistan. Recently, [[Association football|football]] has grown in popularity across the country, where traditionally it had been played almost exclusively in the western province of Balochistan. [[FIFA]] has recently teamed up with the government to bring football closer to the northern areas too.
+[[A1 Grand Prix]] racing is also becoming popular with the entry of a [[A1 Team Pakistan|Pakistani team]] in the 2005 season. The [[Tour de Pakistan]], modelled on the [[Tour de France]], is an annual cycling competition that covers the length and breadth of Pakistan. Recently, [[Association football|football]] has grown in popularity across the country, where traditionally it had been played almost exclusively in the western province of Balochistan. [[FIFA]] has recently teamed up with the government to bring football closer to the northern areas.
 ==Cuisine==
 {{Main|Pakistani cuisine}}
 [[File:Pakistani Food Beef Kabobs.jpg|thumb|''[[Seekh kebab]]'' - one of the famous Pakistani food specialities]]
-Culinary art in Pakistan comprises a mix of [[Middle Eastern cuisine|Middle Eastern]], [[Iranian cuisine|Iranian]], [[Afghan cuisine|Afghan]], [[Indian cuisine|Indian]], and [[Turkish cuisine|Turkish]] influences that reflect the country's [[History of Pakistan|history]] as well as the variation of cooking practices from across the surrounding regions. [[Urban area|Urban centres]] of the country offer an amalgamation of recipes from all parts of the country, while food with specific local ingredients and tastes is available in rural areas and villages. Besides the main dishes of [[salan]], with or without [[meat]] and cooked with [[vegetables]] or [[lentils]], there are a number of provincial specialties such as [[karahi]], [[biryani]], and [[tikka (food)|tikka]], in various forms and flavours, eaten alongside a variety of breads such as [[naan]], [[chapati]], and [[roti]].
+Culinary art in Pakistan comprises a mix of [[Middle Eastern cuisine|Middle Eastern]], [[Iranian cuisine|Iranian]], [[Afghan cuisine|Afghan]], [[Indian cuisine|Indian]], and [[Turkish cuisine|Turkish]] influences that reflect the country's [[History of Pakistan|history]] as well as the variation of cooking practices from across the country. [[Urban area|Urban centres]] of the country offer an amalgamation of recipes from all parts of the country, while food with specific local ingredients and tastes is available in rural areas and villages. Besides the main dishes of [[salan]], with or without [[meat]] and cooked with [[vegetables]] or [[lentils]], there are a number of provincial specialties such as [[karahi]], [[biryani]], and [[tikka (food)|tikka]], in various forms and flavours, eaten alongside a variety of breads such as [[naan]], [[chapati]], and [[roti]].
 There are also local forms of grilled meat or [[kebabs]], [[desserts]], and a variety of hot and cold drinks.
-==Festivals==
+==Festivals and observances==
 {{Main|Public holidays in Pakistan}}
 ===Ramadan===
-The holiest month of the [[Islamic Calendar]], which is a month of fasting from sunrise to sunset and self-discipline, it is widely observed in Pakistan. Muslim Pakistanis (about 97% of the population){{Citation needed|date=May 2010}} fast, attend mosques with increased frequency, and recite Qur'an. Special foods are cooked in greater quantities, parties are held, and special accommodation is made by workplaces and educational institutes.
+[[Ramadan]], the holiest month of the [[Islamic calendar]] is a month of fasting from sunrise to sunset and self-discipline. It is widely observed by Pakistan's Muslim majority. Muslims during this month will fast, attend mosques with increased frequency, and recite Qur'an. Special foods are cooked in greater quantities, parties are held, and special accommodation is made by workplaces and educational institutes.
 ===Chand Raat===
@@ Line 107: / Line 107: @@
 ===Eid celebrations===
-The two Eids, [[Eid ul-Fitr]] and [[Eid ul-Adha]], commemorate the passing of the month of fasting, Ramadan, and the willingness of [[Abraham|Ibrahim A.S]] to sacrifice his son [[Ishmael]] for [[Allah|God]]. On these days, there are national holidays and many festival events that take place to celebrate Eid. As Pakistan is a Muslim state, there are three days off for all businesses and government offices.
+The two Eids, [[Eid ul-Fitr]] and [[Eid ul-Adha]], commemorate the passing of the month of fasting, Ramadan, and the willingness of [[Abraham|Ibrahim]] to sacrifice his son [[Ishmael]] for [[Allah]]. On these days, there are national holidays and many festival events that take place to celebrate Eid. As Pakistan is a Muslim state, there are three days off for all businesses and government offices.
-On the night before Eid, people search for the [[new moon]] to mark the end of Ramadan and arrival of Eid ul-Fitr. The day starts with morning prayers, then returning home for a large breakfast with family members. The day is spent visiting relatives and friends and sharing gifts and sweets with everyone. During the evening people hit the town for some partying, going to restaurants or relaxing in city parks.
+On the night before Eid, people search for the [[new moon]] to mark the end of Ramadan and arrival of Eid ul-Fitr. The day starts with morning prayers, then returning home for a large breakfast with family members. The day is spent visiting relatives and friends and sharing gifts and sweets with everyone. During the evening, Pakistanis often party, visit restaurants, or relax in city parks.
 On Eid ul-Fitr, money is given for [[Charity (practice)|charity]] and as gifts to young children.
@@ Line 119: / Line 119: @@
 ===Muharram (Ashura)===
-Muharram is not a festival, it is the first month of the Islamic calendar. Muharram is also a sacred month, fighting is forbidden during this month. Shi'a Muslims mourn on the tenth day of Muharram (Asura), while some fast during this month.
+[[Muharram]] is the first month of the Islamic calendar. Like Ramadan, Muharram is also a sacred month; fighting is forbidden during this month. Shi'a Muslims mourn on the tenth day of Muharram (Asura), while some fast.
 ===Jashn-e-Baharan===
 {{Main|Basant}}
-Jashn-e-Baharan sometimes referred to as ''Basant'', is a pre-Islamic [[Punjabi culture|Punjabi]] festival that marks the coming of spring. Celebrations in Pakistan are centered in [[Lahore]], and people from all over the country and abroad come to the city for the annual festivities. [[Kite flying]] competitions take place all over the city's rooftops during Basant (now prohibited).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://imadahmed.wordpress.com/2007/02/21/when-kites-turn-lethal/ | title = A celebration of spring turns ugly | accessdate=2011-07-07}}</ref> The fertile province of Punjab was intimately tied via its agriculture to the different seasons of the year. The arrival of spring was an important event for all farmers and was welcomed with a celebration, hence the name ''Jashn'' (celebration) ''Baharan'' (spring).
+Jashn-e-Baharan sometimes referred to as ''Basant'', is a pre-Islamic [[Punjabi culture|Punjabi]] festival that marks the coming of spring. Celebrations in Pakistan are centered in [[Lahore]], and people from all over the country and abroad come to the city for the annual festivities. [[Kite flying]] competitions took place all over the city's rooftops during Basant but are now prohibited.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://imadahmed.wordpress.com/2007/02/21/when-kites-turn-lethal/ | title = A celebration of spring turns ugly | accessdate=2011-07-07}}</ref> The fertile province of Punjab was intimately tied via its agriculture to the different seasons of the year. The arrival of spring was an important event for all farmers and was welcomed with a celebration, hence the name ''Jashn'' (celebration) ''Baharan'' (spring).
 ===Christmas===
-[[Christmas]] is usually celebrated by [[Christianity in Pakistan|Pakistani Christians]] who account more than 3 percent of Pakistan and mostly reside in Punjab of Pakistan. Other Pakistanis also commemorate this event to promote inter-communal harmony
+[[Christmas]] is usually celebrated by [[Christianity in Pakistan|Pakistani Christians]] who account more than 3 percent of Pakistan and mostly reside in the [[Punjab region]] of Pakistan. Other Pakistanis also commemorate this event to promote inter-communal harmony.
 ===Holi===
@@ Line 137: / Line 137: @@
 ===Independence Day===
 {{Main|Independence Day (Pakistan)}}
-On 14 August, the people of Pakistan celebrate the day when Pakistan gained its independence from [[British India]], and formed an independent state for Muslims. There are many celebrations all over the country, with people singing and dancing in the streets. Concerts are held with many pop and classical singers. Parades are held in the capital city ([[Islamabad]]). Many people decorate their houses and fly the [[flag of Pakistan]]. At night, fireworks are used in many cities. Many people pray for the country and reflect on their pride in the country of Pakistan. In every city boys do bike stunts and wheeling all the day.
+On 14 August, the people of Pakistan celebrate the day when Pakistan gained its independence from [[British India]], and formed an independent state for Muslims. There are many celebrations all over the country, with people singing and dancing in the streets. Concerts are held with many pop and classical singers. Parades are held in the capital city ([[Islamabad]]). Many people decorate their houses and fly the [[flag of Pakistan]]. At night, fireworks are used in many cities. Many people pray for the country and reflect on their pride in the country of Pakistan.
 ===Defense Day Parade===
 {{Main|Defence Day}}
-September 6 is another patriotic day, when the [[Pakistan Army|Army of Pakistan]] is put on display for the general public to show Pakistan arms. All Government officials attend the ceremony and recognitions are awarded to special people for their work. In March 2007, the [[Pakistan Air Force]] (PAF) put on display the new joint manufactured Chinese-Pakistani aircraft called the [[JF-17 Thunder]].
+September 6 is another patriotic day, when the [[Pakistan Army|Army of Pakistan]] displays Pakistani weaponry to the general public. All government officials attend the ceremony and recognitions are awarded to special people for their work. In March 2007, the [[Pakistan Air Force]] (PAF) displayed the new jointly manufactured Chinese-Pakistani aircraft called the [[JF-17 Thunder]].
 ==Popular media==
@@ Line 157: / Line 157: @@
 {{Main|Cinema of Pakistan}}
 {{See also|List of Pakistani films|Lollywood|Pollywood|Kariwood|Kara Film Festival|Cinepax}}
-An indigenous movie industry exists in Pakistan and is known as "Lollywood", as it is based in [[Lahore]], producing over forty feature-length films a year.
+Pakistan's movie industry is known as [[Lollywood]], named after the city of [[Lahore]]. Film production centres also exist in [[Karachi]] and [[Peshawar]]. The Pakistani film industry produces over forty feature-length films a year. [[Bollywood]] films are also popular in Pakistan.
 ==National Dress==
@@ Line 164: / Line 164: @@
 [[File:Muslim girl karachi1870.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Muslim girl wearing Shalwar Qameez, c. 1870]]
-The [[Pakistani clothing|national dress]] is [[Shalwar Qameez]] for both men and women. It consists of a long, loose fitting tunic with very baggy trousers.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=7li2jpQgYvAC&pg=PA382&dq=national+dress+of+pakistan&hl=en&sa=X&ei=aIPZT7KnCIXJ0QXcsuj3Aw&ved=0CEsQ6AEwAQ |title=Unquiet Pasts: Risk Society, Lived Cultural Heritage, Re-Designing Reflexivity - Stephanie Koerner, Ian Russell - Google Books |publisher=Books.google.com |date=2010-08-16 |accessdate=2012-06-14}}</ref>
+The [[Pakistani clothing|national dress]] is [[shalwar qameez]] for both men and women. It consists of a long, loose fitting tunic with very baggy trousers.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=7li2jpQgYvAC&pg=PA382&dq=national+dress+of+pakistan&hl=en&sa=X&ei=aIPZT7KnCIXJ0QXcsuj3Aw&ved=0CEsQ6AEwAQ |title=Unquiet Pasts: Risk Society, Lived Cultural Heritage, Re-Designing Reflexivity - Stephanie Koerner, Ian Russell - Google Books |publisher=Books.google.com |date=2010-08-16 |accessdate=2012-06-14}}</ref>
 ==See also==

v t e Culture of Asia
Sovereign states	Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor (Timor-Leste) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen
States with limited recognition	Abkhazia Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan
Dependencies and other territories	British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Hong Kong Macau
Category Asia portal