List of religions and spiritual traditions: Difference between revisions
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===Shinto=== |
===Shinto=== |
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Tenrikyo (http://heaventruth.com) |
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===Taoism=== |
===Taoism=== |
Revision as of 22:11, 5 January 2013
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/RELIGIONES.png/220px-RELIGIONES.png)
Religion is a collection of cultural systems, belief systems, and worldviews that establishes symbols that relate humanity to spirituality and, sometimes, to moral values. While religion is hard to define, one standard model of religion, used in religious studies courses, was proposed by Clifford Geertz, who simply called it a "cultural system".[1] A critique of Geertz's model by Talal Asad categorized religion as "an anthropological category."[2] Many religions have narratives, symbols, traditions and sacred histories that are intended to give meaning to life or to explain the origin of life or the universe. They tend to derive morality, ethics, religious laws or a preferred lifestyle from their ideas about the cosmos and human nature.
The word religion is sometimes used interchangeably with faith or belief system, but religion differs from private belief in that it has a public aspect. Most religions have organized behaviors, including clerical hierarchies, a definition of what constitutes adherence or membership, congregations of laity, regular meetings or services for the purposes of veneration of a deity or for prayer, holy places (either natural or architectural), and/or scriptures. The practice of a religion may also include sermons, commemoration of the activities of a god or gods, sacrifices, festivals, feasts, trance, initiations, funerary services, matrimonial services, meditation, music, art, dance, public service, or other aspects of human culture.
Some academics studying the subject have divided religions into three broad categories: world religions, a term which refers to transcultural, international faiths; indigenous religions, which refers to smaller, culture-specific or nation-specific religious groups; and new religious movements, which refers to recently developed faiths.[3] One modern academic theory of religion, social constructionism, says that religion is a modern concept that suggests all spiritual practice and worship follows a model similar to the Abrahamic religions as an orientation system that helps to interpret reality and define human beings,[4] and thus religion, as a concept, has been applied inappropriately to non-Western cultures that are not based upon such systems, or in which these systems are a substantially simpler construct.
Abrahamic religions
A group of monotheistic traditions sometimes grouped with one another for comparative purposes, because all refer to a patriarch named Abraham.
Babism
Bahá'í Faith
Christianity
- Catholicism
- Protestantism
- Eastern Orthodoxy
- Other Eastern Churches
Other groups
- Bible Student movement
- Christian Universalism
- Latter Day Saint movement
- Nontrinitarianism
- Swedenborgianism
- Unitarianism
Druze
Gnosticism
- Christian Gnosticism
- Ebionites
- Cerdonians
- Marcionism (not entirely Gnostic)
- Colorbasians
- Simonians
- Early Gnosticism
- Medieval Gnosticism
- Persian Gnosticism
- Syrian-Egyptic Gnosticism
Islam
- Kalam Schools
- Kharijite
- Shia Islam
- Sufism
- Bektashi
- Chishti
- Mevlevi
- Mujaddediyah
- Naqshbandi
- Nimatullahi
- Tariqah
- Quadiriyyah
- Sufi Order International
- Sufism Reoriented
- Suhrawardiyya
- Tijani
- Universal Sufism
- Sunni Islam
- Other Islamic Groups
- Ahl-e Hadith or Salafi
- Ahl-e Haqq or Yarsan
- Ahl-e Quran
- Ahmadiyya
- Al-Fatiha Foundation
- Canadian Muslim Union
- European Islam
- Five Percenters
- Ittifaq al-Muslimin
- Jamaat al-Muslimeen
- Jadid
- Liberal Muslims
- Muslim Canadian Congress
- Moorish Science Temple of America
- Mahdavia
- Gohar Shahi
- Nation of Islam
- Progressive British Muslims
- Progressive Muslim Union
- Qur'an Alone
- Tolu-e-Islam
- United Submitters International
- Wahabi
- Zikri
Judaism
- Rabbinic Judaism
- Karaite Judaism
- Falasha or Beta Israel
- Modern Non-Rabbinic Judaism
- Alternative Judaism
- Humanistic Judaism (not always identified as a religion)
- Jewish Renewal
- Reconstructionist Judaism
- Historical groups
- Essenes
- Pharisees (ancestor of Rabbinic Judaism)
- Sadducees (possible ancestor of Karaite Judaism)
- Zealots
- Sects that believed Jesus was a prophet
- Sabbateans
Rastafari movement
Black Hebrew Israelites
Mandaeans and Sabians
Samaritanism
Shabakism
Indian religions
Religions that originated in India and religions and traditions related to, and descended from, them.
Ayyavazhi
Bhakti movement
Buddhism
- Nikaya schools (which have historically been called Hinayana in the West)
- Theravada
- Sri Lankan Amarapura Nikaya
- Sri Lankan Siam Nikaya
- Sri Lankan Ramañña Nikaya
- Bangladeshi Sangharaj Nikaya
- Bangladeshi Mahasthabir Nikaya
- Burmese Thudhamma Nikaya
- Vipassana tradition of Mahasi Sayadaw and disciples
- Burmese Shwekyin Nikaya
- Burmese Dvaya Nikaya
- Thai Maha Nikaya
- Thai Thammayut Nikaya
- Thai Forest Tradition
- Tradition of Ajahn Chah
- Thai Forest Tradition
- Theravada
- Mahayana
- Humanistic Buddhism
- Madhyamaka
- Prāsangika
- Svatantrika
- Sanlun (Three Treatise school)
- Maha-Madhyamaka (Jonangpa)
- Nichiren
- Pure Land
- Tathagatagarbha
- Daśabhūmikā (absorbed into Huayan)
- Huayan school (Avataṃsaka)
- Tiantai
- Yogācāra
- Cittamatra in Tibet
- Wei-Shi (Consciousness-only school) or Faxiang (Dharma-character school)
- Chan / Zen / Seon / Thien
- Caodong
- Linji
- Rinzai
- Ōbaku
- Fuke Zen
- Won Buddhism: Korean Reformed Buddhism
- Kwan Um School of Zen
- Sanbo Kyodan
- Vajrayana
- New Buddhist movements
Din-i-Ilahi
Hinduism
- Swaminarayan
- Shrauta
- Lingayatism
- Shaivism
- Shaktism
- Tantrism
- Smartism
- Vaishnavism
- Hindu reform movements
- Major schools and movements of Hindu philosophy
- Nyaya
- Purva mimamsa
- Samkhya
- Vaisheshika
- Vedanta (Uttara Mimamsa)
- Yoga
Jainism
Meivazhi
Sikhism
- Khalsa
- Amritdhari original and real Sikhs
- Namdhari or Kuka Sikhs
- Sahajdhari Sikh
- Ravidasi
Iranian religions
Manichaeism
Mazdakism
Mithraism
Yazdânism
Zoroastrianism
East Asian religions
Confucianism
Shinto
Tenrikyo (http://heaventruth.com)
Taoism
Other
- Caodaism
- Chinese folk religion
- Chondogyo
- Falun Gong
- Hoa Hao
- I-Kuan Tao
- Jeung San Do
- Mohism
- Oomoto
- Seicho-No-Ie
- Tenrikyo
African diasporic religions
African diasporic religions are a number of related religions that developed in the Americas among African slaves and their descendants in various countries of the Caribbean Islands and Latin America, as well as parts of the southern United States. They derive from African traditional religions, especially of West and Central Africa, showing similarities to the Yoruba religion in particular.
- Batuque
- Candomblé
- Dahomey mythology
- Haitian mythology
- Kumina
- Macumba
- Mami Wata
- Obeah
- Oyotunji
- Quimbanda
- Santería (Lukumi)
- Umbanda[11]
- Vodou
- Palo
Indigenous traditional religions
Traditionally, these faiths have all been classified "Pagan", but scholars prefer the terms "indigenous/primal/folk/ethnic religions".
African
- West Africa
- Akan mythology
- Ashanti mythology (Ghana)
- Dahomey (Fon) mythology
- Efik mythology (Nigeria, Cameroon)
- Igbo mythology (Nigeria, Cameroon)
- Isoko mythology (Nigeria)
- Yoruba mythology (Nigeria, Benin)
- Central Africa
- Bushongo mythology (Congo)
- Bambuti (Pygmy) mythology (Congo)
- Lugbara mythology (Congo)
- East Africa
- Akamba mythology (East Kenya)
- Dinka mythology (Sudan)
- Lotuko mythology (Sudan)
- Masai mythology (Kenya, Tanzania)
- Southern Africa
- Khoisan religion
- Lozi mythology (Zambia)
- Tumbuka mythology (Malawi)
- Zulu mythology (South Africa)
American
- Abenaki mythology
- Anishinaabe
- Aztec mythology
- Blackfoot mythology
- Cherokee mythology
- Chickasaw mythology
- Choctaw mythology
- Creek mythology
- Crow mythology
- Ghost Dance
- Guarani mythology
- Haida mythology
- Ho-Chunk mythology (aka: Winnebago)
- Hopi mythology
- Inca mythology
- Indian Shaker Church
- Inuit mythology
- Iroquois mythology
- Keetoowah Nighthawk Society
- Kuksu
- Kwakiutl mythology
- Lakota mythology
- Leni Lenape mythology
- Longhouse religion
- Mapuche mythology
- Maya mythology
- Midewiwin
- Miwok
- Native American Church
- Navajo mythology
- Nootka mythology
- Ohlone mythology
- Olmec mythology
- Pomo mythology
- Pawnee mythology
- Salish mythology
- Selk'nam religion
- Seneca mythology
- Southeastern Ceremonial Complex
- Sun Dance
- Tsimshian mythology
- Urarina
- Ute mythology
- Wyandot religion
- Zuni mythology
Eurasian
- Asian
- Bon
- Chinese mythology
- Japanese mythology
- Korean shamanism
- Koshintō
- Mun (Lepcha)
- Siberian Shamanism
- Tengrism
- European
- Asatru
- Estonian mythology
- Eskimo religion
- Finnish mythology and Finnish paganism
- Marla faith
- Odinism
- Hungarian folk religion
- Sami religion (including the Noaidi)
- Tadibya
- Wotanism
Oceania/Pacific
Cargo cults
Historical polytheism
Ancient Near Eastern
Indo-European
- Proto-Indo-Iranian religion
- Baltic polytheism
- Celtic polytheism
- Germanic polytheism
- Greek polytheism
- Finnish polytheism
- Hungarian polytheism
- Roman polytheism
- Slavic polytheism
- Hittite mythology
- Persian mythology
Hellenistic
Mysticism and Occult
Esotericism and mysticism
- Anthroposophy
- Christian mysticism
- Esoteric Christianity
- Hindu mysticism
- Martinism
- Meher Baba[12]
- Melanin Spirituality
- Rosicrucian
- Sufism
- Theosophy
Occult and magic
- Ceremonial magic
- Chaos magic
- Hoodoo (Rootwork)
- Kulam – Filipino witchcraft
- National Socialism and Occultism
- Pow-wow
- Seiðr – Norse sorcery
- Thelema
- Wicca
- Witchcraft
Neopaganism
Syncretic
- Adonism
- Church of All Worlds
- Church of Aphrodite
- Feraferia
- Neo-Druidism
- Neoshamanism
- Neo-völkisch movements
- Technopaganism
- Unitarian Universalist
Ethnic
- Baltic Neopaganism
- Celtic Neopaganism
- Finnish Neopaganism
- Germanic Neopaganism
- Hellenic Neopaganism
- Kemetism
- Roman Neopaganism
- Semitic Neopaganism
- Slavic Neopaganism
- Taaraism
New religious movements
Creativity
New Thought
Shinshukyo
Left-hand path religions
Fictional religions
Parody or mock religions
- Church of Euthanasia
- Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster
- Church of the SubGenius
- Dudeism
- Iglesia Maradoniana
- Invisible Pink Unicorn
- Kibology
- Landover Baptist Church
- Last Thursdayism
- Butter Boy (comic strip)
Others
- Cult of the Supreme Being
- Deism
- Discordianism
- Eckankar
- Ethical Culture
- Fourth Way
- Pastafarianism/ Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster
- Humanism
- Jediism[14]
- Juche
- Meher Baba
- Native American Church
- Naturalistic Pantheism
- Nuwaubian Nation
- Raëlism
- Scientology
- Secular Humanism
- Subud
- Unitarian Universalism
- Universal Life Church
Other categorisations
By demographics
By area
- Religion in Africa
- Religion in Asia
- Religion in Australia
- Religion in Europe
- Religion in North America
- Oceania / Pacific
- Religion in South America
- Religion by country
See also
- Civil religion
- List of Catholic rites and churches
- List of religious organizations
- Lists of people by belief
- Mythology
- Shamanism
- Totemism
- Western esotericism
References
- ^ (Clifford Geertz, Religion as a Cultural System, 1973)
- ^ (Talal Asad, The Construction of Religion as an Anthropological Category, 1982.)
- ^ Harvey, Graham (2000). Indigenous Religions: A Companion. (Ed: Graham Harvey). London and New York: Cassell. Page 06.
- ^ Vergote, Antoine, Religion, belief and unbelief: a psychological study, Leuven University Press, 1997, p. 89
- ^ Melton, J. Gordon (2003). Encyclopedia of American Religions (Seventh edition). Farmington Hills, Michigan: The Gale Group, Inc., p. 1073. ISBN 0-7876-6384-0
- ^ Melton, J. Gordon (2003). Encyclopedia of American Religions (Seventh edition). Farmington Hills, Michigan: The Gale Group, Inc., p. 1112. ISBN 0-7876-6384-0
- ^ Melton, J. Gordon (2003). Encyclopedia of American Religions (Seventh edition). Farmington Hills, Michigan: The Gale Group, Inc., p. 1001. ISBN 0-7876-6384-0
- ^ Melton, J. Gordon (2003). Encyclopedia of American Religions (Seventh edition). Farmington Hills, Michigan: The Gale Group, Inc., p. 997. ISBN 0-7876-6384-0
- ^ Melton, J. Gordon (2003). Encyclopedia of American Religions (Seventh edition). Farmington Hills, Michigan: The Gale Group, Inc., p. 1004. ISBN 0-7876-6384-0
- ^ a b "Welcome to Jainworld - Jain Sects - tirthankaras, jina, sadhus, sadhvis, 24 tirthankaras, digambara sect, svetambar sect, Shraman Dharma, Nirgranth Dharma". Jainworld.com. Retrieved 2012-04-24.
- ^ Smith, Christian; Joshua Prokopy (1999). Latin American Religion in Motion. New York, New York: Routledge, pp. 279–280. ISBN 978-0-415-92106-0
- ^ Melton, J. Gordon (2003). Encyclopedia of American Religions (Seventh edition). Farmington Hills, Michigan: The Gale Group, Inc., p. 991. ISBN 0-7876-6384-0
- ^ Melton, J. Gordon (2003). Encyclopedia of American Religions (Seventh edition). Farmington Hills, Michigan: The Gale Group, Inc., p. 841. ISBN 0-7876-6384-0
- ^ Church of Jediism