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The '''timeline of religion''' is a [[Chronology|chronological]] [[Compendium|catalog]] of important and noteworthy [[Religion|religious]] events in [[Prehistoric religion|prehistoric]] and [[History of religion|modern]] times. This article reaches extensively into prehistoric times, as the bulk of the human religious experience is not relegated to [[written history]]. Written history is only approximately 5000 years old (the [[History of writing|age]] of [[Writing systems|formal writing]]). A lack of written records is that much knowledge of prehistoric religion is derived from [[archeology|archaeological records]], other indirect sources, and suppositions. Much of religious prehistory is subject to continued debate.
The '''timeline of religion''' is a [[Chronology|chronological]] [[Compendium|catalog]] of important and noteworthy [[Religion|religious]] events in [[Prehistoric religion|prehistoric]] and [[History of religion|modern]] times. This article reaches extensively into prehistoric times, as the bulk of the human religious experience is not relegated to [[written history]]. Written history is only approximately 5000 years old (the [[History of writing|age]] of [[Writing systems|formal writing]]). A lack of written records is that much knowledge of prehistoric religion is derived from [[archeology|archaeological records]], other indirect sources, and suppositions. Much of religious prehistory is subject to continued debate.


== Prehistoric period (300th millennium to 34th century BCE) ==
== Prehistoric period (300th millennium to 34th century BC) ==
{{See also|Prehistoric religion|Paleolithic religion|Evolutionary origin of religions}}
{{See also|Prehistoric religion|Paleolithic religion|Evolutionary origin of religions}}
A commonly held marker for the dawn of religious belief and practice is with the advent of intentional burial marks,<ref name=asaburial>{{cite web|last=Morton|first=Glenn|title=Earliest burial ritual >300,000 years ago|url=asa.chm.colostate.edu/archive/asa/199706/0103.html|publisher=American Scientific Affiliation, Colorado State University|accessdate=26 December 2011}}</ref> thus included in this section.
A commonly held marker for the dawn of religious belief and practice is with the advent of intentional burial marks,<ref name=asaburial>{{cite web|last=Morton|first=Glenn|title=Earliest burial ritual >300,000 years ago|url=asa.chm.colostate.edu/archive/asa/199706/0103.html|publisher=American Scientific Affiliation, Colorado State University|accessdate=26 December 2011}}</ref> thus included in this section.


=== 300th to 51st millennium BCE ===
=== 300th to 51st millennium BC ===
;223,000 - 100,000 BCE : The earliest evidence of [[Hominidae#Classification|Hominids]], such as [[Neanderthals]]<ref name="jewels 1">{{cite web
;223,000 - 100,000 BC : The earliest evidence of [[Hominidae#Classification|Hominids]], such as [[Neanderthals]]<ref name="jewels 1">{{cite web
|title= Gathering the Jewels
|title= Gathering the Jewels
|url=http://www.gtj.org.uk/en/small/item/GTJ27306/
|url=http://www.gtj.org.uk/en/small/item/GTJ27306/
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}}</ref><ref name="british_archaeology_early_burials">[http://www.britarch.ac.uk/BA/ba66/feat1.shtml When Burial Begins]</ref> and even [[Homo heidelbergensis]],<ref name="british_archaeology_early_burials"/><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/?id=7Q3nOqkJQwoC&pg=PA158&dq=archaic+H.+sapiens+burial+symbols#PPA159,M1 |title=How Symbols, Language, and Intelligence Evolved from Early Primates to Modern Human|authorlink=Stanley Greenspan|last=Greenspan|first=Stanley|isbn=0-306-81449-8|date=2006-02-06}}</ref> deliberately disposing of deceased individuals usually in [[Mass grave|funerary caches]]. The graves, located throughout [[Eurasia]] (e.g. the [[Pontnewydd Cave]], [[Atapuerca Mountains#Sima de los Huesos (1983-)|Atapuerca Mountains]], [[Jebel Qafzeh remains|Qafzeh]], [[Skhul remains|Es Skhul]], [[Krapina–Zagorje County|Krapina]]),<ref name="british_archaeology_early_burials"/> are believed to represent the beginnings of ceremonial [[rite]]s, although there is some debate about this.<ref>Robert Gargett argued that the evidence for purposeful Neanderthal burials is weak, and that they can be explained as a result of accidental deposition. Gargett, Robert H. "[http://www.freewebs.com/gargett/Gargett1999.pdf Middle Palaeolithic burial is not a dead issue: the view from Qafzeh, Saint-Césaire, Kebara, Amud, and Dederiyeh]". ''Journal of Human Evolution'', Volume 37, 1999. 27–90.</ref> Neanderthals placed their deceased in simple graves with little or no concern for grave goods or markers; however, their graves occasionally appeared with limestone blocks in or on them, possibly an archaic form of grave marking.<ref name="british_archaeology_early_burials"/> These practices were possibly the result of empathetic feelings towards fellow tribespeople, for example: an infant buried in the [[List of Neanderthal sites|Dederiyeh Cave]] after its joints had disarticulated was placed with concern for the correct anatomical arrangement of its body parts.<ref name="british_archaeology_early_burials"/>
}}</ref><ref name="british_archaeology_early_burials">[http://www.britarch.ac.uk/BA/ba66/feat1.shtml When Burial Begins]</ref> and even [[Homo heidelbergensis]],<ref name="british_archaeology_early_burials"/><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/?id=7Q3nOqkJQwoC&pg=PA158&dq=archaic+H.+sapiens+burial+symbols#PPA159,M1 |title=How Symbols, Language, and Intelligence Evolved from Early Primates to Modern Human|authorlink=Stanley Greenspan|last=Greenspan|first=Stanley|isbn=0-306-81449-8|date=2006-02-06}}</ref> deliberately disposing of deceased individuals usually in [[Mass grave|funerary caches]]. The graves, located throughout [[Eurasia]] (e.g. the [[Pontnewydd Cave]], [[Atapuerca Mountains#Sima de los Huesos (1983-)|Atapuerca Mountains]], [[Jebel Qafzeh remains|Qafzeh]], [[Skhul remains|Es Skhul]], [[Krapina–Zagorje County|Krapina]]),<ref name="british_archaeology_early_burials"/> are believed to represent the beginnings of ceremonial [[rite]]s, although there is some debate about this.<ref>Robert Gargett argued that the evidence for purposeful Neanderthal burials is weak, and that they can be explained as a result of accidental deposition. Gargett, Robert H. "[http://www.freewebs.com/gargett/Gargett1999.pdf Middle Palaeolithic burial is not a dead issue: the view from Qafzeh, Saint-Césaire, Kebara, Amud, and Dederiyeh]". ''Journal of Human Evolution'', Volume 37, 1999. 27–90.</ref> Neanderthals placed their deceased in simple graves with little or no concern for grave goods or markers; however, their graves occasionally appeared with limestone blocks in or on them, possibly an archaic form of grave marking.<ref name="british_archaeology_early_burials"/> These practices were possibly the result of empathetic feelings towards fellow tribespeople, for example: an infant buried in the [[List of Neanderthal sites|Dederiyeh Cave]] after its joints had disarticulated was placed with concern for the correct anatomical arrangement of its body parts.<ref name="british_archaeology_early_burials"/>


;98,000 BCE : In the area of present-day France and Belgium, Neanderthals begin defleshing their dead, possibly after a period of [[excarnation]] prior to burial.<ref name="british_archaeology_early_burials"/>
;98,000 BC : In the area of present-day France and Belgium, Neanderthals begin defleshing their dead, possibly after a period of [[excarnation]] prior to burial.<ref name="british_archaeology_early_burials"/>


=== 50th to 11th millennium BCE ===
=== 50th to 11th millennium BC ===


;40,000 BCE : One of the earliest [[Anatomically modern humans]] to be [[Mungo Lake remains#Cremation burial|cremated]] is [[Mungo Lake remains|buried near Lake Mungo]].<ref name="human_cremation_from_Lake Mungo">{{cite journal|doi=10.1080/00438243.1970.9979463|author=Bowler JM, Jones R, Allen H, Thorne AG.|title= Pleistocene human remains from Australia: a living site and human cremation from Lake Mungo, Western New South Wales.|journal=World Archaeol. |year=1970 | volume=2|pages =39–60|issue=1|pmid = 16468208|ref=harv}}</ref><ref name="Prehistoric_man_at_Lake_Mungo">{{cite journal|doi = 10.1038/240046a0|author = Barbetti M, Allen H.|title=Prehistoric man at Lake Mungo, Australia, by 32,000 years BP.|journal = Nature|volume =240 |issue =5375 |year =1972 |pages = 46–8 |pmid = 4570638|ref = harv}}</ref><ref>Bowler, J.M. 1971. Pleistocene salinities and climatic change: Evidence from lakes and lunettes in southeastern Australia. In: Mulvaney, D.J. and Golson, J. (eds), Aboriginal Man and Environment in Australia. Canberra: Australian National University Press, pp. 47-65.</ref><ref name = "pmid1259451">{{cite journal| author = Bowler JM, Johnston H, Olley JM, Prescott JR, Roberts RG, Shawcross W, Spooner NA. |title = New ages for human occupation and climatic change at Lake Mungo, Australia. | journal = Nature |volume = 421 |issue = 6925 | year = 2003 | pages = 837–40 | pmid = 1259451 | doi = 10.1038/nature01383 | url=| ref = harv }}</ref><ref name = "doisj.quascirev.2005.07.022">{{cite journal| author = Olleya JM, Roberts RG, Yoshida H and Bowler JM |title =Single-grain optical dating of grave-infill associated with human burials at Lake Mungo, Australia | journal =Quaternary Science Reviews |volume = 25 |issue =19–20 | year = 2006 | pages = 2469–2474 | pmid = | doi = 10.1016/j.quascirev.2005.07.022 | url=| ref = harv }}</ref>
;40,000 BC : One of the earliest [[Anatomically modern humans]] to be [[Mungo Lake remains#Cremation burial|cremated]] is [[Mungo Lake remains|buried near Lake Mungo]].<ref name="human_cremation_from_Lake Mungo">{{cite journal|doi=10.1080/00438243.1970.9979463|author=Bowler JM, Jones R, Allen H, Thorne AG.|title= Pleistocene human remains from Australia: a living site and human cremation from Lake Mungo, Western New South Wales.|journal=World Archaeol. |year=1970 | volume=2|pages =39–60|issue=1|pmid = 16468208|ref=harv}}</ref><ref name="Prehistoric_man_at_Lake_Mungo">{{cite journal|doi = 10.1038/240046a0|author = Barbetti M, Allen H.|title=Prehistoric man at Lake Mungo, Australia, by 32,000 years BC.|journal = Nature|volume =240 |issue =5375 |year =1972 |pages = 46–8 |pmid = 4570638|ref = harv}}</ref><ref>Bowler, J.M. 1971. Pleistocene salinities and climatic change: Evidence from lakes and lunettes in southeastern Australia. In: Mulvaney, D.J. and Golson, J. (eds), Aboriginal Man and Environment in Australia. Canberra: Australian National University Press, pp. 47-65.</ref><ref name = "pmid1259451">{{cite journal| author = Bowler JM, Johnston H, Olley JM, Prescott JR, Roberts RG, Shawcross W, Spooner NA. |title = New ages for human occupation and climatic change at Lake Mungo, Australia. | journal = Nature |volume = 421 |issue = 6925 | year = 2003 | pages = 837–40 | pmid = 1259451 | doi = 10.1038/nature01383 | url=| ref = harv }}</ref><ref name = "doisj.quascirev.2005.07.022">{{cite journal| author = Olleya JM, Roberts RG, Yoshida H and Bowler JM |title =Single-grain optical dating of grave-infill associated with human burials at Lake Mungo, Australia | journal =Quaternary Science Reviews |volume = 25 |issue =19–20 | year = 2006 | pages = 2469–2474 | pmid = | doi = 10.1016/j.quascirev.2005.07.022 | url=| ref = harv }}</ref>


;33,000 BCE : All convincing evidence for Neanderthal burials ceases. Roughly coinciding with the time period of the [[Homo sapiens]] introduction to [[Europe]] and decline of the Neanderthals.<ref name="british_archaeology_early_burials"/>
;33,000 BC : All convincing evidence for Neanderthal burials ceases. Roughly coinciding with the time period of the [[Homo sapiens]] introduction to [[Europe]] and decline of the Neanderthals.<ref name="british_archaeology_early_burials"/>


;25,000 BCE : Individual skulls and/or long bones begin appearing heavily stained with [[red ochre]] and are separately buried. This practice may be the origins of sacred relics.<ref name="british_archaeology_early_burials"/>
;25,000 BC : Individual skulls and/or long bones begin appearing heavily stained with [[red ochre]] and are separately buried. This practice may be the origins of sacred relics.<ref name="british_archaeology_early_burials"/>


:The oldest discovered "[[Venus figurines]]" appear in graves. Some are deliberately broken or repeatedly stabbed. Possibly representing murders of the men they are buried with<ref name="british_archaeology_early_burials"/> or some other unknown social dynamic.
:The oldest discovered "[[Venus figurines]]" appear in graves. Some are deliberately broken or repeatedly stabbed. Possibly representing murders of the men they are buried with<ref name="british_archaeology_early_burials"/> or some other unknown social dynamic.


;25,000 - 21,000 BCE : Clear examples of burials are present in Iberia, Wales, and Eastern Europe. All of these, also, incorporate the heavy use of red ochre. Additionally, various objects are being included in the graves (i.e. periwinkle shells, [[weighted clothing]], dolls, possible drumsticks, mammoth ivory beads, fox teeth [[pendants]], panoply of ivory [[Artifact (archaeology)|artifacts]], "baton" antlers, flint blades, etc.).<ref name="british_archaeology_early_burials"/>
;25,000 - 21,000 BC : Clear examples of burials are present in Iberia, Wales, and Eastern Europe. All of these, also, incorporate the heavy use of red ochre. Additionally, various objects are being included in the graves (i.e. periwinkle shells, [[weighted clothing]], dolls, possible drumsticks, mammoth ivory beads, fox teeth [[pendants]], panoply of ivory [[Artifact (archaeology)|artifacts]], "baton" antlers, flint blades, etc.).<ref name="british_archaeology_early_burials"/>


;21,000 - 11,000 BCE : Convincing evidence of [[mortuary]] activity ceases.<ref name="british_archaeology_early_burials"/>
;21,000 - 11,000 BC : Convincing evidence of [[mortuary]] activity ceases.<ref name="british_archaeology_early_burials"/>


;13,000 - 8,000 BCE : Noticeable burial activity resumes. Prior mortuary activity had either taken a less obvious form or contemporaries retained some of their burial knowledge in the absence of such activity; dozens of men, women, and children were being buried in the same caves which were used for burials 10,000 years beforehand. All these graves are delineated by the cave walls and large limestone blocks. The burials are very similar to each other and share a number of characteristics—ochre, shell and mammoth ivory jewellery—that go back thousands of years. Some burials are double, comprising an adult male with a juvenile male buried by his side. They are now appearing to take on the form of modern [[cemetery|cemeteries]]. Old burials are commonly being redug and moved to make way for the new ones, with the older bones often being gathered and [[cached]] together. Large stones may have acted as grave markers. Pairs of ochred antlers are sometimes poles within the cave; this is compared to the modern practice of leaving flowers at one's grave.<ref name="british_archaeology_early_burials"/>
;13,000 - 8,000 BC : Noticeable burial activity resumes. Prior mortuary activity had either taken a less obvious form or contemporaries retained some of their burial knowledge in the absence of such activity; dozens of men, women, and children were being buried in the same caves which were used for burials 10,000 years beforehand. All these graves are delineated by the cave walls and large limestone blocks. The burials are very similar to each other and share a number of characteristics—ochre, shell and mammoth ivory jewellery—that go back thousands of years. Some burials are double, comprising an adult male with a juvenile male buried by his side. They are now appearing to take on the form of modern [[cemetery|cemeteries]]. Old burials are commonly being redug and moved to make way for the new ones, with the older bones often being gathered and [[cached]] together. Large stones may have acted as grave markers. Pairs of ochred antlers are sometimes poles within the cave; this is compared to the modern practice of leaving flowers at one's grave.<ref name="british_archaeology_early_burials"/>


=== 100th to 34th century BCE ===
=== 100th to 34th century BC ===


;9831: The [[Neolithic Revolution]] begins and results in a worldwide population explosion. The first cities, states, kingdoms, and [[organized religion]]s begin to emerge. The early states were usually [[theocracies]], in which the political power is justified by religious prestige.
;9831: The [[Neolithic Revolution]] begins and results in a worldwide population explosion. The first cities, states, kingdoms, and [[organized religion]]s begin to emerge. The early states were usually [[theocracies]], in which the political power is justified by religious prestige.


;9130 - 7370 BCE : The apparent lifespan of [[Göbekli Tepe]], the oldest human-made place of worship yet discovered.<ref>"The World's First Temple", Archaeology magazine, Nov/Dec 2008 p 23.</ref>
;9130 - 7370 BC : The apparent lifespan of [[Göbekli Tepe]], the oldest human-made place of worship yet discovered.<ref>"The World's First Temple", Archaeology magazine, Nov/Dec 2008 p 23.</ref>


;8000 BCE : Four to five pine posts are erected near the eventual site of [[Stonehenge]].
;8000 BC : Four to five pine posts are erected near the eventual site of [[Stonehenge]].


;7500 - 5700 BCE : The settlements of [[Catalhoyuk]] develop as a likely spiritual center of [[Anatolia]]. Possibly practicing worship in communal shrines, its inhabitants leave behind numerous clay figurines and impressions of phallic, feminine, and hunting scenes.
;7500 - 5700 BC : The settlements of [[Catalhoyuk]] develop as a likely spiritual center of [[Anatolia]]. Possibly practicing worship in communal shrines, its inhabitants leave behind numerous clay figurines and impressions of phallic, feminine, and hunting scenes.


;5500 - 4500 BCE: The [[Proto-Indo-Europeans]] (PIE) emerged, probably within the [[Pontic-Caspian steppe]] (though their exact ''[[urheimat]]'' is [[Proto-Indo-European Urheimat hypotheses|debated]]). The PIE peoples developed a [[Proto-Indo-European religion|religion]] focused on [[Sacrifice|sacrificial ideology]], which would influence the religions of the descendent Indo-European cultures throughout Europe, Anatolia, and the Indian sub-continent.
;5500 - 4500 BC: The [[Proto-Indo-Europeans]] (PIE) emerged, probably within the [[Pontic-Caspian steppe]] (though their exact ''[[urheimat]]'' is [[Proto-Indo-European Urheimat hypotheses|debated]]). The PIE peoples developed a [[Proto-Indo-European religion|religion]] focused on [[Sacrifice|sacrificial ideology]], which would influence the religions of the descendent Indo-European cultures throughout Europe, Anatolia, and the Indian sub-continent.


;~3750 BCE: The [[Proto-Semitic language|Proto-Semitic]] people emerged with a generally accepted ''[[urheimat]]'' in the [[Arabian peninsula]]. The Proto-Semitic people would migrate throughout the [[Near East]] into [[Mesopotamia]], [[Egypt]], [[Ethiopia]], and the eastern shore of the [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]]. Their religion would influence their descendant cultures and faiths, including the [[Abrahamic religions]].
;~3750 BC: The [[Proto-Semitic language|Proto-Semitic]] people emerged with a generally accepted ''[[urheimat]]'' in the [[Arabian peninsula]]. The Proto-Semitic people would migrate throughout the [[Near East]] into [[Mesopotamia]], [[Egypt]], [[Ethiopia]], and the eastern shore of the [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]]. Their religion would influence their descendant cultures and faiths, including the [[Abrahamic religions]].


== Ancient history (33rd century BCE to 3rd century CE) ==
== Ancient history (33rd century BC to 3rd century AD) ==


{{See also|History of religion}}
{{See also|History of religion}}


=== 33rd to 12th century BCE ===
=== 33rd to 12th century BC ===


;3228 - 3102 BCE : Traditionally accepted time of [[Krishna|Krishna's]] life on Earth (One of the revered gods in [[Hinduism]]).<ref name = Knott61>{{Harvnb|Knott|2000|p=61}}</ref><ref name="Raman">See horoscope number 1 in {{cite book | title = Notable Horoscopes | author = Dr. B.V. Raman | isbn = 81-208-0901-7 | year = 1991 | publisher = Motilal Banarsidass | location = Delhi, India }}</ref><ref name="ArunKBansal">Arun K. Bansal's research published in Outlook India, September 13, 2004. {{cite web | title = Krishna (b. July 21, 3228 BC)| url = http://www.hvk.org/articles/0904/29.html }}</ref><ref name="Krishna was born">[[N.S. Rajaram]] takes these dates at face value when he opines that "We have therefore overwhelming evidence showing that Krishna was a historical figure who must have lived within a century on either side of that date, i.e., in the 3200-3000 BC period".{{cite web
;3228 - 3102 BC : Traditionally accepted time of [[Krishna|Krishna's]] life on Earth (One of the revered gods in [[Hinduism]]).<ref name = Knott61>{{Harvnb|Knott|2000|p=61}}</ref><ref name="Raman">See horoscope number 1 in {{cite book | title = Notable Horoscopes | author = Dr. B.V. Raman | isbn = 81-208-0901-7 | year = 1991 | publisher = Motilal Banarsidass | location = Delhi, India }}</ref><ref name="ArunKBansal">Arun K. Bansal's research published in Outlook India, September 13, 2004. {{cite web | title = Krishna (b. July 21, 3228 BC)| url = http://www.hvk.org/articles/0904/29.html }}</ref><ref name="Krishna was born">[[N.S. Rajaram]] takes these dates at face value when he opines that "We have therefore overwhelming evidence showing that Krishna was a historical figure who must have lived within a century on either side of that date, i.e., in the 3200-3000 BC period".{{cite web
|url=http://veda.harekrsna.cz/encyclopedia/historical-krsna.htm|title=Search for the Historical Krishna|publisher= www.swordoftruth.com |date = September 4, 1999|accessdate=2008-06-15|last= Prof. N. S. Rajaram}}</ref><ref>The Bhagavata Purana (1.18.6), Vishnu Purana (5.38.8), and Brahma Purana (212.8) state that the day Krishna left the earth was the day that the Dvapara Yuga ended and the Kali Yuga began.</ref><ref>See: Matchett, Freda, ''"The Puranas"'', p 139 and Yano, Michio, ''"Calendar, astrology and astronomy"'' in {{Cite book|last=Flood| first=Gavin (Ed)| year=2003| title=Blackwell companion to Hinduism| place=| publisher= [[Blackwell Publishing]]| edition=| isbn=0-631-21535-2|ref=harv|postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}}}}</ref>
|url=http://veda.harekrsna.cz/encyclopedia/historical-krsna.htm|title=Search for the Historical Krishna|publisher= www.swordoftruth.com |date = September 4, 1999|accessdate=2008-06-15|last= Prof. N. S. Rajaram}}</ref><ref>The Bhagavata Purana (1.18.6), Vishnu Purana (5.38.8), and Brahma Purana (212.8) state that the day Krishna left the earth was the day that the Dvapara Yuga ended and the Kali Yuga began.</ref><ref>See: Matchett, Freda, ''"The Puranas"'', p 139 and Yano, Michio, ''"Calendar, astrology and astronomy"'' in {{Cite book|last=Flood| first=Gavin (Ed)| year=2003| title=Blackwell companion to Hinduism| place=| publisher= [[Blackwell Publishing]]| edition=| isbn=0-631-21535-2|ref=harv|postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}}}}</ref>


;3100 BCE : The initial form of [[Stonehenge#Stonehenge 1 .28ca. 3100 BC.29|Stonehenge]] is completed. The circular bank and ditch enclosure, about 110 metres (360&nbsp;ft) across, may be complete with a [[timber circle]].
;3100 BC : The initial form of [[Stonehenge#Stonehenge 1 .28ca. 3100 BC.29|Stonehenge]] is completed. The circular bank and ditch enclosure, about 110 metres (360&nbsp;ft) across, may be complete with a [[timber circle]].


;3100 - 2900 BCE : [[Newgrange]], the 250,000 ton (226,796.2 tonne) [[passage tomb]] aligned to the [[winter solstice]] in [[Ireland]], is built.<ref name="planetquest_newgrange">{{cite web | title = PlanetQuest: The History of Astronomy - Newgrange | url = http://www.planetquest.org/learn/newgrange.html}}</ref>
;3100 - 2900 BC : [[Newgrange]], the 250,000 ton (226,796.2 tonne) [[passage tomb]] aligned to the [[winter solstice]] in [[Ireland]], is built.<ref name="planetquest_newgrange">{{cite web | title = PlanetQuest: The History of Astronomy - Newgrange | url = http://www.planetquest.org/learn/newgrange.html}}</ref>


;3000 BCE : [[Sumer]]ian [[Cuneiform]] emerges from the [[Cunieform#Proto-literate period|proto-literate]] [[Uruk period]], allowing the codification of beliefs and creation of detailed historical [[history of religion|religious records]].
;3000 BC : [[Sumer]]ian [[Cuneiform]] emerges from the [[Cunieform#Proto-literate period|proto-literate]] [[Uruk period]], allowing the codification of beliefs and creation of detailed historical [[history of religion|religious records]].
:The [[Stonehenge#Stonehenge 2 .28ca. 3000 BC.29|second phase of Stonehenge]] is completed and appears to function as the first [[enclosed cremation cemetery]] in the [[British Isles]].
:The [[Stonehenge#Stonehenge 2 .28ca. 3000 BC.29|second phase of Stonehenge]] is completed and appears to function as the first [[enclosed cremation cemetery]] in the [[British Isles]].
;2635 - 2610 BCE : The oldest surviving [[Egyptian Pyramids|Egyptian Pyramid]] is commissioned by [[pharaoh]] [[Djoser]].
;2635 - 2610 BC : The oldest surviving [[Egyptian Pyramids|Egyptian Pyramid]] is commissioned by [[pharaoh]] [[Djoser]].
;2600 BCE : Stonehenge begins to take on the form of [[Stonehenge#Stonehenge 3 I .28ca. 2600 BC.29|its final phase]]. The wooden posts are replaced with that of [[bluestone]]. It begins taking on an increasingly complex setup—including [[Altar stone (Stonehenge)|altar]], [[Megalithic architectural elements#Trilithon|portal]], [[Station Stones|station]] stones, etc.—and shows consideration of solar [[Solstice|alignments]].
;2600 BC : Stonehenge begins to take on the form of [[Stonehenge#Stonehenge 3 I .28ca. 2600 BC.29|its final phase]]. The wooden posts are replaced with that of [[bluestone]]. It begins taking on an increasingly complex setup—including [[Altar stone (Stonehenge)|altar]], [[Megalithic architectural elements#Trilithon|portal]], [[Station Stones|station]] stones, etc.—and shows consideration of solar [[Solstice|alignments]].
;2560 BCE : The approximate time accepted as the completion of the [[Great Pyramid of Giza]], the oldest [[pyramid]] of the [[Giza Plateau]].
;2560 BC : The approximate time accepted as the completion of the [[Great Pyramid of Giza]], the oldest [[pyramid]] of the [[Giza Plateau]].
;2494 - 2345 BCE : The first of the oldest surviving religious texts, the [[Pyramid Texts]], are composed in [[Ancient Egypt]].
;2494 - 2345 BC : The first of the oldest surviving religious texts, the [[Pyramid Texts]], are composed in [[Ancient Egypt]].
;2348 BCE : [[Noah's Ark]] and the [[Great Flood]] that wiped out all previous civilizations according to the [[Ussher chronology]].
;2348 BC : [[Noah's Ark]] and the [[Great Flood]] that wiped out all previous civilizations according to the [[Ussher chronology]].
;2200 BCE : [[Minoan Civilization]] in Crete develops. Citizens worship a variety of Goddesses.
;2200 BC : [[Minoan Civilization]] in Crete develops. Citizens worship a variety of Goddesses.
;2150 - 2000 BCE :The earliest surviving versions of the [[Sumerian mythology|Sumerian]] [[Epic of Gilgamesh]] (originally titled "He who Saw the Deep" (Sha naqba īmuru) or "Surpassing All Other Kings" (Shūtur eli sharrī)) were written.
;2150 - 2000 BC :The earliest surviving versions of the [[Sumerian mythology|Sumerian]] [[Epic of Gilgamesh]] (originally titled "He who Saw the Deep" (Sha naqba īmuru) or "Surpassing All Other Kings" (Shūtur eli sharrī)) were written.
;2000 - 1850 BCE : The traditionally accepted period in which the [[Judeochristian]]/[[Islamic]] patriarchal figure [[Abraham]] lived. Likely born in [[Ur Kaśdim]] or [[Haran]] and died in [[Machpelah]], [[Canaan]].
;2000 - 1850 BC : The traditionally accepted period in which the [[Judeochristian]]/[[Islamic]] patriarchal figure [[Abraham]] lived. Likely born in [[Ur Kaśdim]] or [[Haran]] and died in [[Machpelah]], [[Canaan]].
;1700 BCE : Zoroaster (a.k.a. [[Zarathushtra]]), founder of [[Zoroastrianism]] is thought to have been born.
;1700 BC : Zoroaster (a.k.a. [[Zarathushtra]]), founder of [[Zoroastrianism]] is thought to have been born.
;1600 BCE : The ancient development of [[Stonehenge]] comes to an [[Stonehenge#After the monument .281600_BC_on.29|end]].
;1600 BC : The ancient development of [[Stonehenge]] comes to an [[Stonehenge#After the monument .281600_BC_on.29|end]].
;1500 - 1000 BCE : Vedic '[[Samhitas]]' composed ([[Rig-Veda]] : [[Hinduism]] : [[India]])
;1500 - 1000 BC : Vedic '[[Samhitas]]' composed ([[Rig-Veda]] : [[Hinduism]] : [[India]])


=== 13th to 9th century BCE ===
=== 13th to 9th century BC ===


;1367 BCE : Reign of [[Akhenaten]] in [[Ancient Egypt]]. Akhenaten is sometimes credited with starting the earliest known [[monotheistic]] religion. Akenaten's monotheistic beliefs are thought to be the precursor of the monotheistic doctrines of the [[Abrahamic religions]].
;1367 BC : Reign of [[Akhenaten]] in [[Ancient Egypt]]. Akhenaten is sometimes credited with starting the earliest known [[monotheistic]] religion. Akenaten's monotheistic beliefs are thought to be the precursor of the monotheistic doctrines of the [[Abrahamic religions]].
;1300 - 1000 BCE :The "standard" Akkadian version of the [[Epic of Gilgamesh]] was edited by [[Sin-liqe-unninni]].
;1300 - 1000 BC :The "standard" Akkadian version of the [[Epic of Gilgamesh]] was edited by [[Sin-liqe-unninni]].
;1250 BCE : The believed time of the [[Hebrews|Hebrew]] exodus from Egypt.
;1250 BC : The believed time of the [[Hebrews|Hebrew]] exodus from Egypt.
;1200 BCE : The [[Greek Dark Age]] begins.
;1200 BC : The [[Greek Dark Age]] begins.
;1200 BCE : [[Olmecs]] build earliest [[List of Mesoamerican pyramids|pyramids]] and temples in [[Central America]].<ref name="smith">{{cite book|last=Smith|first=Laura| url=http://books.google.com/?id=rpXlOUWttAwC&printsec=frontcover&dq=timeline+of+religion|title= Illustrated Timeline of Religion|isbn=1-4027-3606-1|year=2007}}</ref>
;1200 BC : [[Olmecs]] build earliest [[List of Mesoamerican pyramids|pyramids]] and temples in [[Central America]].<ref name="smith">{{cite book|last=Smith|first=Laura| url=http://books.google.com/?id=rpXlOUWttAwC&printsec=frontcover&dq=timeline+of+religion|title= Illustrated Timeline of Religion|isbn=1-4027-3606-1|year=2007}}</ref>
;950 BCE : The [[Torah]] begins to be written, the core texts of Judaism and foundation of later Abrahamic religions.
;950 BC : The [[Torah]] begins to be written, the core texts of Judaism and foundation of later Abrahamic religions.
;877–777 BCE: [[Parshva]], 23rd [[Tirthankar]] of [[Jainism]].<ref>{{cite book | last =Fisher | first =Mary Pat | title =Living Religions: An Encyclopedia of the World's Faiths | publisher = I.B.Tauris | year =1997 | location =London | isbn =1-86064-148-2 }} p. 115</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia | title =Parshvanatha | encyclopedia =Encyclopædia Britannica | volume =Encyclopædia Britannica Online | year =2007 | url =http://search.eb.com/eb/article-9058576 | accessdate =2007-10-22 }}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia | last =Bowker | first =John | title =Parsva | encyclopedia =The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions | publisher =Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press | year =2000 | url =http://www.oxfordreference.com/views/ENTRY.html?subview=Main&entry=t101.e5504 | accessdate =2007-10-22 }}</ref><ref name="Charpentier">{{cite encyclopedia | title=The History of the Jains | encyclopedia=The Cambridge History of India | accessdate=September 11, 2011 | author=Charpentier, Jarl | year=1922 | volume=1 | location=Cambridge | pages=153}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia | title=Jainism | encyclopedia=The Age of Imperial Unity | accessdate=September 11, 2011 | author=Ghatage, A.M. | editor=Majumdar, R.C. and A.D. Pusalker | year=1951 | location=Bombay | pages=411–412}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | title=History of Jaina monachism from inscriptions and literature | publisher=Deccan College Post-graduate and Research Institute | author=Deo, Shantaram Bhalchandra | year=1956 | location=Poona [Pune, India] | pages=59–60}}</ref>
;877–777 BC: [[Parshva]], 23rd [[Tirthankar]] of [[Jainism]].<ref>{{cite book | last =Fisher | first =Mary Pat | title =Living Religions: An Encyclopedia of the World's Faiths | publisher = I.B.Tauris | year =1997 | location =London | isbn =1-86064-148-2 }} p. 115</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia | title =Parshvanatha | encyclopedia =Encyclopædia Britannica | volume =Encyclopædia Britannica Online | year =2007 | url =http://search.eb.com/eb/article-9058576 | accessdate =2007-10-22 }}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia | last =Bowker | first =John | title =Parsva | encyclopedia =The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions | publisher =Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press | year =2000 | url =http://www.oxfordreference.com/views/ENTRY.html?subview=Main&entry=t101.e5504 | accessdate =2007-10-22 }}</ref><ref name="Charpentier">{{cite encyclopedia | title=The History of the Jains | encyclopedia=The Cambridge History of India | accessdate=September 11, 2011 | author=Charpentier, Jarl | year=1922 | volume=1 | location=Cambridge | pages=153}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia | title=Jainism | encyclopedia=The Age of Imperial Unity | accessdate=September 11, 2011 | author=Ghatage, A.M. | editor=Majumdar, R.C. and A.D. Pusalker | year=1951 | location=Bombay | pages=411–412}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | title=History of Jaina monachism from inscriptions and literature | publisher=Deccan College Post-graduate and Research Institute | author=Deo, Shantaram Bhalchandra | year=1956 | location=Poona [Pune, India] | pages=59–60}}</ref>


=== 8th to 3rd century BCE ===
=== 8th to 3rd century BC ===


;800 BCE : Early [[Brahmanas]] are composed.
;800 BC : Early [[Brahmanas]] are composed.
;800 BCE:The [[Greek Dark Age]] ends.
;800 BC:The [[Greek Dark Age]] ends.
;600 - 500 BCE :Earliest Confucian writing, [[Shu Ching]] incorporates ideas of harmony and heaven.
;600 - 500 BC :Earliest Confucian writing, [[Shu Ching]] incorporates ideas of harmony and heaven.
;599–527 BCE: [[Mahavira]], 24th and last [[Tirthankar]] of [[Jainism]].<ref>"Mahavira." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 2006. Answers.com 28 Nov. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/mahavira</ref>
;599–527 BC: [[Mahavira]], 24th and last [[Tirthankar]] of [[Jainism]].<ref>"Mahavira." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 2006. Answers.com 28 Nov. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/mahavira</ref>
;563 BCE : [[Gautama Buddha]], founder of [[Buddhism]] is born.
;563 BC : [[Gautama Buddha]], founder of [[Buddhism]] is born.
;551 BCE : [[Confucius]], founder of [[Confucianism]], is born.<ref name="smith"/>
;551 BC : [[Confucius]], founder of [[Confucianism]], is born.<ref name="smith"/>
;440 BCE : [[Zoroastrianism]] enters recorded history.
;440 BC : [[Zoroastrianism]] enters recorded history.
;300 BCE : [[Theravada]] [[Buddhism]] is introduced to [[Sri Lanka]] by the [[Venerable Mahindra]].
;300 BC : [[Theravada]] [[Buddhism]] is introduced to [[Sri Lanka]] by the [[Venerable Mahindra]].
;250 BCE : The [[Third Buddhist council]] was convened.
;250 BC : The [[Third Buddhist council]] was convened.


=== 2nd century BCE to 4th century CE ===
=== 2nd century BC to 4th century AD ===


;150 BCE : The oldest surviving Hebrew Bible manuscripts date to about the 2nd century BCE (fragmentary).
;150 BC : The oldest surviving Hebrew Bible manuscripts date to about the 2nd century BC (fragmentary).
;63 BCE : [[Pompey]] captures Jerusalem and annexes [[Judea]] as a [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] client kingdom.
;63 BC : [[Pompey]] captures Jerusalem and annexes [[Judea]] as a [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] client kingdom.
;7 BCE - 36 CE : The approximate time-frame for the life of [[Jesus of Nazareth]], the central figure of [[Christianity]].
;7 BC - 36 AD : The approximate time-frame for the life of [[Jesus of Nazareth]], the central figure of [[Christianity]].
;50-62 : [[Council of Jerusalem]] is held.
;50-62 : [[Council of Jerusalem]] is held.
;70 : Siege of Jerusalem and the [[Destruction of the Temple]].
;70 : Siege of Jerusalem and the [[Destruction of the Temple]].
Line 111: Line 111:
;313 : The [[Edict of Milan]] decrees religious toleration in the Roman empire.
;313 : The [[Edict of Milan]] decrees religious toleration in the Roman empire.
;325 : The first [[Ecumenical Council]], the [[First Council of Nicaea|Council of Nicaea]], is convened to attain a consensus on doctrine through an assembly representing all of [[Christendom]]. It establishes the original [[Nicene Creed]], fixes [[Easter date]], confirms primacy of the sees of [[See of Rome|Rome]], [[See of Alexandria|Alexandria]], and [[Holy See of Antioch|Antioch]], and grants the See of Jerusalem a position of honor.
;325 : The first [[Ecumenical Council]], the [[First Council of Nicaea|Council of Nicaea]], is convened to attain a consensus on doctrine through an assembly representing all of [[Christendom]]. It establishes the original [[Nicene Creed]], fixes [[Easter date]], confirms primacy of the sees of [[See of Rome|Rome]], [[See of Alexandria|Alexandria]], and [[Holy See of Antioch|Antioch]], and grants the See of Jerusalem a position of honor.
; 350 : The oldest record of the complete text survives in a Greek translation called the Septuagint, dating to the (appx. placement here) 4th century CE (Codex Sinaiticus).
; 350 : The oldest record of the complete text survives in a Greek translation called the Septuagint, dating to the (appx. placement here) 4th century AD (Codex Sinaiticus).
;380 : [[Flavius Theodosius|Theodosius I]] [[Flavius Theodosius#Nicene Christianity becomes the state religion|declares]] [[Nicene Christianity]] the state religion of the [[Roman Empire]].
;380 : [[Flavius Theodosius|Theodosius I]] [[Flavius Theodosius#Nicene Christianity becomes the state religion|declares]] [[Nicene Christianity]] the state religion of the [[Roman Empire]].
;381 : The second [[Ecumenical Council]], the [[First Council of Constantinople|Council of Constantinople]], reaffirms/revises the Nicene Creed repudiating [[Arianism]] and [[Macedonianism]].
;381 : The second [[Ecumenical Council]], the [[First Council of Constantinople|Council of Constantinople]], reaffirms/revises the Nicene Creed repudiating [[Arianism]] and [[Macedonianism]].

Revision as of 20:51, 7 January 2013

The timeline of religion is a chronological catalog of important and noteworthy religious events in prehistoric and modern times. This article reaches extensively into prehistoric times, as the bulk of the human religious experience is not relegated to written history. Written history is only approximately 5000 years old (the age of formal writing). A lack of written records is that much knowledge of prehistoric religion is derived from archaeological records, other indirect sources, and suppositions. Much of religious prehistory is subject to continued debate.

Prehistoric period (300th millennium to 34th century BC)

See also: Prehistoric religion, Paleolithic religion, and Evolutionary origin of religions

A commonly held marker for the dawn of religious belief and practice is with the advent of intentional burial marks,[1] thus included in this section.

300th to 51st millennium BC

223,000 - 100,000 BC
The earliest evidence of Hominids, such as Neanderthals[2][3] and even Homo heidelbergensis,[3][4] deliberately disposing of deceased individuals usually in funerary caches. The graves, located throughout Eurasia (e.g. the Pontnewydd Cave, Atapuerca Mountains, Qafzeh, Es Skhul, Krapina),[3] are believed to represent the beginnings of ceremonial rites, although there is some debate about this.[5] Neanderthals placed their deceased in simple graves with little or no concern for grave goods or markers; however, their graves occasionally appeared with limestone blocks in or on them, possibly an archaic form of grave marking.[3] These practices were possibly the result of empathetic feelings towards fellow tribespeople, for example: an infant buried in the Dederiyeh Cave after its joints had disarticulated was placed with concern for the correct anatomical arrangement of its body parts.[3]
98,000 BC
In the area of present-day France and Belgium, Neanderthals begin defleshing their dead, possibly after a period of excarnation prior to burial.[3]

50th to 11th millennium BC

40,000 BC
One of the earliest Anatomically modern humans to be cremated is buried near Lake Mungo.[6][7][8][9][10]
33,000 BC
All convincing evidence for Neanderthal burials ceases. Roughly coinciding with the time period of the Homo sapiens introduction to Europe and decline of the Neanderthals.[3]
25,000 BC
Individual skulls and/or long bones begin appearing heavily stained with red ochre and are separately buried. This practice may be the origins of sacred relics.[3]
The oldest discovered "Venus figurines" appear in graves. Some are deliberately broken or repeatedly stabbed. Possibly representing murders of the men they are buried with[3] or some other unknown social dynamic.
25,000 - 21,000 BC
Clear examples of burials are present in Iberia, Wales, and Eastern Europe. All of these, also, incorporate the heavy use of red ochre. Additionally, various objects are being included in the graves (i.e. periwinkle shells, weighted clothing, dolls, possible drumsticks, mammoth ivory beads, fox teeth pendants, panoply of ivory artifacts, "baton" antlers, flint blades, etc.).[3]
21,000 - 11,000 BC
Convincing evidence of mortuary activity ceases.[3]
13,000 - 8,000 BC
Noticeable burial activity resumes. Prior mortuary activity had either taken a less obvious form or contemporaries retained some of their burial knowledge in the absence of such activity; dozens of men, women, and children were being buried in the same caves which were used for burials 10,000 years beforehand. All these graves are delineated by the cave walls and large limestone blocks. The burials are very similar to each other and share a number of characteristics—ochre, shell and mammoth ivory jewellery—that go back thousands of years. Some burials are double, comprising an adult male with a juvenile male buried by his side. They are now appearing to take on the form of modern cemeteries. Old burials are commonly being redug and moved to make way for the new ones, with the older bones often being gathered and cached together. Large stones may have acted as grave markers. Pairs of ochred antlers are sometimes poles within the cave; this is compared to the modern practice of leaving flowers at one's grave.[3]

100th to 34th century BC

9831
The Neolithic Revolution begins and results in a worldwide population explosion. The first cities, states, kingdoms, and organized religions begin to emerge. The early states were usually theocracies, in which the political power is justified by religious prestige.
9130 - 7370 BC
The apparent lifespan of Göbekli Tepe, the oldest human-made place of worship yet discovered.[11]
8000 BC
Four to five pine posts are erected near the eventual site of Stonehenge.
7500 - 5700 BC
The settlements of Catalhoyuk develop as a likely spiritual center of Anatolia. Possibly practicing worship in communal shrines, its inhabitants leave behind numerous clay figurines and impressions of phallic, feminine, and hunting scenes.
5500 - 4500 BC
The Proto-Indo-Europeans (PIE) emerged, probably within the Pontic-Caspian steppe (though their exact urheimat is debated). The PIE peoples developed a religion focused on sacrificial ideology, which would influence the religions of the descendent Indo-European cultures throughout Europe, Anatolia, and the Indian sub-continent.
~3750 BC
The Proto-Semitic people emerged with a generally accepted urheimat in the Arabian peninsula. The Proto-Semitic people would migrate throughout the Near East into Mesopotamia, Egypt, Ethiopia, and the eastern shore of the Mediterranean. Their religion would influence their descendant cultures and faiths, including the Abrahamic religions.

Ancient history (33rd century BC to 3rd century AD)

See also: History of religion

33rd to 12th century BC

3228 - 3102 BC
Traditionally accepted time of Krishna's life on Earth (One of the revered gods in Hinduism).[12][13][14][15][16][17]
3100 BC
The initial form of Stonehenge is completed. The circular bank and ditch enclosure, about 110 metres (360 ft) across, may be complete with a timber circle.
3100 - 2900 BC
Newgrange, the 250,000 ton (226,796.2 tonne) passage tomb aligned to the winter solstice in Ireland, is built.[18]
3000 BC
Sumerian Cuneiform emerges from the proto-literate Uruk period, allowing the codification of beliefs and creation of detailed historical religious records.
The second phase of Stonehenge is completed and appears to function as the first enclosed cremation cemetery in the British Isles.
2635 - 2610 BC
The oldest surviving Egyptian Pyramid is commissioned by pharaoh Djoser.
2600 BC
Stonehenge begins to take on the form of its final phase. The wooden posts are replaced with that of bluestone. It begins taking on an increasingly complex setup—including altar, portal, station stones, etc.—and shows consideration of solar alignments.
2560 BC
The approximate time accepted as the completion of the Great Pyramid of Giza, the oldest pyramid of the Giza Plateau.
2494 - 2345 BC
The first of the oldest surviving religious texts, the Pyramid Texts, are composed in Ancient Egypt.
2348 BC
Noah's Ark and the Great Flood that wiped out all previous civilizations according to the Ussher chronology.
2200 BC
Minoan Civilization in Crete develops. Citizens worship a variety of Goddesses.
2150 - 2000 BC
The earliest surviving versions of the Sumerian Epic of Gilgamesh (originally titled "He who Saw the Deep" (Sha naqba īmuru) or "Surpassing All Other Kings" (Shūtur eli sharrī)) were written.
2000 - 1850 BC
The traditionally accepted period in which the Judeochristian/Islamic patriarchal figure Abraham lived. Likely born in Ur Kaśdim or Haran and died in Machpelah, Canaan.
1700 BC
Zoroaster (a.k.a. Zarathushtra), founder of Zoroastrianism is thought to have been born.
1600 BC
The ancient development of Stonehenge comes to an end.
1500 - 1000 BC
Vedic 'Samhitas' composed (Rig-Veda : Hinduism : India)

13th to 9th century BC

1367 BC
Reign of Akhenaten in Ancient Egypt. Akhenaten is sometimes credited with starting the earliest known monotheistic religion. Akenaten's monotheistic beliefs are thought to be the precursor of the monotheistic doctrines of the Abrahamic religions.
1300 - 1000 BC
The "standard" Akkadian version of the Epic of Gilgamesh was edited by Sin-liqe-unninni.
1250 BC
The believed time of the Hebrew exodus from Egypt.
1200 BC
The Greek Dark Age begins.
1200 BC
Olmecs build earliest pyramids and temples in Central America.[19]
950 BC
The Torah begins to be written, the core texts of Judaism and foundation of later Abrahamic religions.
877–777 BC
Parshva, 23rd Tirthankar of Jainism.[20][21][22][23][24][25]

8th to 3rd century BC

800 BC
Early Brahmanas are composed.
800 BC
The Greek Dark Age ends.
600 - 500 BC
Earliest Confucian writing, Shu Ching incorporates ideas of harmony and heaven.
599–527 BC
Mahavira, 24th and last Tirthankar of Jainism.[26]
563 BC
Gautama Buddha, founder of Buddhism is born.
551 BC
Confucius, founder of Confucianism, is born.[19]
440 BC
Zoroastrianism enters recorded history.
300 BC
Theravada Buddhism is introduced to Sri Lanka by the Venerable Mahindra.
250 BC
The Third Buddhist council was convened.

2nd century BC to 4th century AD

150 BC
The oldest surviving Hebrew Bible manuscripts date to about the 2nd century BC (fragmentary).
63 BC
Pompey captures Jerusalem and annexes Judea as a Roman client kingdom.
7 BC - 36 AD
The approximate time-frame for the life of Jesus of Nazareth, the central figure of Christianity.
50-62
Council of Jerusalem is held.
70
Siege of Jerusalem and the Destruction of the Temple.
220
Manichaean Gnosticism is formed by prophet Mani
250
Some of the oldest parts of the Ginza Rba, a core text of Mandaean Gnosticism, are written.
250 - 900
Classic Mayan civilization, Stepped pyramids are constructed.
300
The oldest known version of the Tao Te Ching is written on bamboo tablets.
313
The Edict of Milan decrees religious toleration in the Roman empire.
325
The first Ecumenical Council, the Council of Nicaea, is convened to attain a consensus on doctrine through an assembly representing all of Christendom. It establishes the original Nicene Creed, fixes Easter date, confirms primacy of the sees of Rome, Alexandria, and Antioch, and grants the See of Jerusalem a position of honor.
350
The oldest record of the complete text survives in a Greek translation called the Septuagint, dating to the (appx. placement here) 4th century AD (Codex Sinaiticus).
380
Theodosius I declares Nicene Christianity the state religion of the Roman Empire.
381
The second Ecumenical Council, the Council of Constantinople, reaffirms/revises the Nicene Creed repudiating Arianism and Macedonianism.
381 - 391
Theodosius proscripted Paganism within the Roman Empire.
393
The Synod of Hippo, the first time a council of bishops of early Christianity listed and approved a biblical canon.

Middle Ages (5th to 15th century)

See also: History of religions § Middle Ages

5th to 9th century

405
St. Jerome completes the Vulgate, the first Latin translation of the Bible.
410
The Western Roman Empire begins to decline, signaling the onset of the Dark Ages.
424
The Assyrian Church of the East formally separates from the See of Antioch and the western Syrian Church
431
The third Ecumenical Council, the Council of Ephesus, is held as a result of the controversial teachings of Nestorius, of Constantinople. It repudiates Nestorianism, proclaims the Virgin Mary as the Theotokos ("Birth-giver to God", "God-bearer", "Mother of God"), repudiates Pelagianism, and again reaffirmes the Nicene Creed.
449
The Second Council of Ephesus declares support of Eutyches and attacked his opponents. Originally convened as an Ecumenical council, its ecumenicality is rejected and is denounced as a latrocinium by the Chalcedonian.
451
The fourth Ecumenical Council, the Council of Chalcedon rejects the Eutychian doctrine of monophysitism, adopts the Chalcedonian Creed, reinstated those deposed in 449 and deposed Dioscorus of Alexandria, and elevates of the bishoprics of Constantinople and Jerusalem to the status of patriarchates.
451
The Oriental Orthodox Church rejects the christological view put forth by the Council of Chalcedon and is excommunicated.
480 - 547
The Rule of Saint Benedict is written by Benedict of Nursia, the founder of Western Christian monasticism.
553
The fifth Ecumenical Council, Second Council of Constantinople, repudiates the Three Chapters as Nestorian and condemns Origen of Alexandria.
570 - 632
Life-time of Muhammad ibn ‘Abdullāh RA, the founder of Islam and considered by Muslims to be a messenger of God.
632-661
The Rashidun Caliphate(Rightly Guided) brings Arab conquest of Persia, Egypt, Iraq, bringing Islam into those regions.
650
The verses of the Qur'an are compliled in the form of a book in the era of Uthman RA, the third Caliph of Islam.
661-750
The Umayyad Caliphate brings Arab conquest of North Africa, Spain, Central Asia. Marking the greatest extent of the Arab conquests bringing Islam into those regions.
680 - 681
The sixth Ecumenical Council, the Third Council of Constantinople, rejects Monothelitism and Monoenergism.
Circa 680 the split between Sunni and Shiites starts to grow.
692
The Quinisext Council (aka "Council in Trullo"), an amendment to the 5th and 6th Ecumenical Councils, establishes the Pentarchy.
712
Kojiki, the oldest Shinto text is written[19]
754
The latrocinium Council of Hieria supports iconoclasm.
787
The seventh Ecumenical Council, Second Council of Nicaea, restores the veneration of icons and denounces iconoclasm.
850
The oldest extant manuscripts of the vocalized Masoretic text upon which modern editions are based date to the (appx.) 9th century CE.

10th to 15th century

1054
The Great Schism between the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches formally takes place.
1095 - 1099
The first Crusade takes place.
1107 - 1110
Sigurd I of Norway wages the Norwegian Crusade on Muslims in Spain, the Baleares, and in Palestine.
1147 - 1149
The Second Crusade is waged in response to the fall of the County of Edessa.
1189 - 1192
The Third Crusade, European leaders attempt to reconquer the Holy Land from Saladin.
1191
Dehli Sulatanate is stablished.
1199 - 1204
The Fourth Crusade takes place.
1204
Crusaders of the Fourth Crusade sack the Christian Eastern Orthodox city of Constantinople, capital of the Byzantine Empire.
1209 - 1229
The Albigensian Crusade takes place in Occitania, Europe.
1217 - 1221
The Church attempts the Fifth Crusade.
1228 - 1229
The Sixth Crusade occurs.
1229
The Codex Gigas is completed by Herman the Recluse in the Benedictine monastery of Podlažice near Chrudim.
1244
Jerusalem is sacked again, instigating the Seventh Crusade.
1270
The Eighth Crusade is organized.
1271 - 1272
The Ninth Crusade fails.
1320
Pope John XXII lays the groundwork for the future witch-hunts with the formalization of the persecution of witchcraft.
1378 - 1417
The Roman Catholic Church is split during the Western Schism.
1469 - 1539
The life of Guru Nanak, founder of Sikhism.
1484
Pope Innocent VIII marks the beginning of the classical European witch-hunts with his papal bull Summis desiderantes.
1500
African religious systems are introduced to the Americas, with the commencement of the trans-Atlantic forced migration.
1517
Martin Luther, of the Protestant Reformation, posts the 95 theses.
In the Spanish Empire, Catholicism is spread and encouraged through such institutions as missions and the Inquisition.
1562
The Massacre of Vassy spark the first a long series of French Wars of Religion.

Early modern and Modern era (16th to 20th century)

See also: History of religions § Modern period

16th to 18th century

1699
The creation of the Khalsa by Guru Gobind Singh Ji in Sikhism
1708
Death of Guru Gobind Singh, the last human Guru, who, before his death, instituted the Sikh holy book, the Guru Granth Sahib Ji, as the eternal Guru.
1789 - 1799
The Dechristianisation of France during the Revolution.[27][28] The state confiscates Church properties, bans monastic vows, with the passage of the Civil Constitution of the Clergy removes the Church from the Roman Pope and subordinates it as a department of the Government, replaces the traditional Gregorian Calendar, and abolishes Christian holidays.
1791
Freedom of religion, enshrined in the Bill of Rights, is amended into the constitution of the United States forming an early and influential secular government.

19th to 20th century

1801
The situation following the French Revolution, France and Pope Pius VII entered into the Concordat of 1801. While "Catholicism" regains some powers and becomes recognized as "...the religion of the great majority of the French", it's not reafforded the latitude it had enjoyed prior to the Revolution. It's not the official state religion, the Church relinquishes all claims to estate seized after 1790, the clergy is state salaried and must swear allegiance to the State, and religious freedom is maintained.
1819 - 1850
The life of Siyyid `Alí Muḥammad Shírází (Persian: سيد علی ‌محمد شیرازی) Bab (October 20, 1819 – July 9, 1850), the founder of Bábism.
1817 - 1892
The life of Bahá'u'lláh, founder of the Bahá'í Faith.
1830
The Latter Day Saint movement (Mormonism) is founded by Joseph Smith, Jr.
1835 - 1908
Lifetime of Hazrat Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, the founder of the messianic Ahmadiyya Movement in Islam.
1899
Aradia (aka the Gospel of the Witches), one of the earliest books describing post witchhunt European religious Witchcraft, is published by Charles Godfrey Leland.[29]
1904
Thelema founded.
1905
In France the law on the Separation of the Churches and the State is passed, officially establishing it a state secularism and putting and end to the funding of religious groups by the state.[30]
Becoming a place of pilgrimage for neo-druids and other pagans, the Ancient Order of Druids organized the first recorded reconstructionist ceremony in Stonehenge.
1908
The establishment of the Khalifatul Masih after Prophethood in the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community, the Second Manifestation of God's Power.
1917
The October Revolution, in Russia, leads to the annexation of all church properties and subsequent religious suppression.
the 1917 Constitution of Mexico is written making Mexico a secular state.
1926
Cao Dai founded.
The Cristero War is fought in Mexico between the secular governmenr and religious christian rebels ends 1929.
1930s
Rastafari movement, the Nation of Islam is founded.
1932
A neo-Hindu religious movement,the Brahma Kumaris or "Daughters of Brahma" started the origin of BKWSU can be traced to the group "Om Mandali", founded by Lekhraj Kripalani(1884–1969).
1938
The first event of the Holocaust, the Kristallnacht, takes place.
1939 - 1945
Millions of Jews are relocated and killed by the Nazi government during Holocaust.
1947
British India is partitioned on religious lines; into an Islamic country of Pakistan and the secular nation of India with a Hindu majority.
1948
The Jews return to their ancient biblical homeland and the state of Israel is created.
1952
Scientology is created.
1954
Wicca is publicized by Gerald Gardner.[31]
1960s
Various Neopagan and New Age movements gain momentum.
1961
Unitarian Universalism formed from merger of Unitarianism and Universalism.[32]
1962
The Church of All Worlds, the first American neo-pagan church, is formed by a group including Oberon Zell-Ravenheart, Morning Glory Zell-Ravenheart, and Richard Lance Christie.
1962 - 1965
The Second Vatican Council takes place.[33][34][35][36]
1965
Srila Prabhupada establishes the International Society for Krishna Consciousness and introduces translations of the Bhagavad-Gita and Vedic Scriptures in mass production all over the world.
1966
Anton Szandor LaVey's Satanism begins, with Anton Szandor LaVey's founding of the Church of Satan,[37] although Satanism in itself has always been defined by the Christians themselves.
1972 - 1984
The Stonehenge free festivals are held.[38]
1973
Claude Vorilhon established the Raëlian Movement and changed his name to Raël following a purported extraterrestrial encounter in December 1973.
1984
Operation Blue Star occurs at holiest site of the Sikhs, the Golden Temple in Amritsar. 1984 Anti-Sikh riots follow.
1972 - 2004
Germanic Neopaganism (aka Heathenism, Heathenry, Ásatrú, Odinism, Forn Siðr, Vor Siðr, and Theodism) begins to experience a second wave of revival.[39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60]
1979
The Iranian Revolution results in the establishment of an Islamic Republic in Iran.
1981
The Stregherian revival continues. "The Book of the Holy Strega" and "The Book of Ways" Volume I & II are published.
1985
The Battle of the Beanfield forces an end to the Stonehenge free festivals.[38][61][62]
1989
The revolutions of 1989, the overthrow of many Soviet-style states,[63] allows a resurgence in open religious practice in many Eastern European countries.[citation needed]
1990s
European pagan reconstructive movements (Celtic, Hellenic, Roman, Slavic, Baltic, Finnish, etc.) organize.
1993
The European Council convened in Copenhagen, Denmark, agrees to criteria requiring religious freedom within any and all prospective members of the European Union.
1998
The Strega Arician Tradition is founded.[64]

Post-modern period (21st century)

See also: History of religion

21st century

2001
Osama bin Laden's declaration of holy war, by al-Qaeda and not more than this, reaches a climax with 2,993 dead, through al-Qaeda's actions on 11 September.[65][66][67][68][69][70]
2008
The only Hindu Kingdom in the world, Nepal, is declared to be secular by its Constituent Assembly after declaring the state as Republic on 28 May 2008.
2009
The Church of Scientology in France is fined €600,000 and several of its leaders are fined and sentenced to jail for defrauding new recruits out of their savings.[71][72][73] The state fails to disband the church due to legal changes occurring over the same time period.[73][74]

See also

References

Footnotes

  1. ^ Morton, Glenn. [asa.chm.colostate.edu/archive/asa/199706/0103.html "Earliest burial ritual >300,000 years ago"]. American Scientific Affiliation, Colorado State University. Retrieved 26 December 2011. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help)
  2. ^ "Gathering the Jewels". Early Neanderthal jaw fragment, c. 230,000 years old. Culturenet Cymru. 2008. Retrieved 2008-09-25.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l When Burial Begins
  4. ^ Greenspan, Stanley (2006-02-06). How Symbols, Language, and Intelligence Evolved from Early Primates to Modern Human. ISBN 0-306-81449-8.
  5. ^ Robert Gargett argued that the evidence for purposeful Neanderthal burials is weak, and that they can be explained as a result of accidental deposition. Gargett, Robert H. "Middle Palaeolithic burial is not a dead issue: the view from Qafzeh, Saint-Césaire, Kebara, Amud, and Dederiyeh". Journal of Human Evolution, Volume 37, 1999. 27–90.
  6. ^ Bowler JM, Jones R, Allen H, Thorne AG. (1970). "Pleistocene human remains from Australia: a living site and human cremation from Lake Mungo, Western New South Wales". World Archaeol. 2 (1): 39–60. doi:10.1080/00438243.1970.9979463. PMID 16468208. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  7. ^ Barbetti M, Allen H. (1972). "Prehistoric man at Lake Mungo, Australia, by 32,000 years BC". Nature. 240 (5375): 46–8. doi:10.1038/240046a0. PMID 4570638. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  8. ^ Bowler, J.M. 1971. Pleistocene salinities and climatic change: Evidence from lakes and lunettes in southeastern Australia. In: Mulvaney, D.J. and Golson, J. (eds), Aboriginal Man and Environment in Australia. Canberra: Australian National University Press, pp. 47-65.
  9. ^ Bowler JM, Johnston H, Olley JM, Prescott JR, Roberts RG, Shawcross W, Spooner NA. (2003). "New ages for human occupation and climatic change at Lake Mungo, Australia". Nature. 421 (6925): 837–40. doi:10.1038/nature01383. PMID 1259451. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  10. ^ Olleya JM, Roberts RG, Yoshida H and Bowler JM (2006). "Single-grain optical dating of grave-infill associated with human burials at Lake Mungo, Australia". Quaternary Science Reviews. 25 (19–20): 2469–2474. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2005.07.022. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  11. ^ "The World's First Temple", Archaeology magazine, Nov/Dec 2008 p 23.
  12. ^ Knott 2000, p. 61
  13. ^ See horoscope number 1 in Dr. B.V. Raman (1991). Notable Horoscopes. Delhi, India: Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 81-208-0901-7.
  14. ^ Arun K. Bansal's research published in Outlook India, September 13, 2004. "Krishna (b. July 21, 3228 BC)".
  15. ^ N.S. Rajaram takes these dates at face value when he opines that "We have therefore overwhelming evidence showing that Krishna was a historical figure who must have lived within a century on either side of that date, i.e., in the 3200-3000 BC period".Prof. N. S. Rajaram (September 4, 1999). "Search for the Historical Krishna". www.swordoftruth.com. Retrieved 2008-06-15.
  16. ^ The Bhagavata Purana (1.18.6), Vishnu Purana (5.38.8), and Brahma Purana (212.8) state that the day Krishna left the earth was the day that the Dvapara Yuga ended and the Kali Yuga began.
  17. ^ See: Matchett, Freda, "The Puranas", p 139 and Yano, Michio, "Calendar, astrology and astronomy" in Flood, Gavin (Ed) (2003). Blackwell companion to Hinduism. Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-21535-2Template:Inconsistent citations {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  18. ^ "PlanetQuest: The History of Astronomy - Newgrange".
  19. ^ a b c Smith, Laura (2007). Illustrated Timeline of Religion. ISBN 1-4027-3606-1.
  20. ^ Fisher, Mary Pat (1997). Living Religions: An Encyclopedia of the World's Faiths. London: I.B.Tauris. ISBN 1-86064-148-2. p. 115
  21. ^ "Parshvanatha". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 2007. Retrieved 2007-10-22.
  22. ^ Bowker, John (2000). "Parsva". The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions. Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 2007-10-22.
  23. ^ Charpentier, Jarl (1922). "The History of the Jains". The Cambridge History of India. Vol. 1. Cambridge. p. 153. {{cite encyclopedia}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  24. ^ Ghatage, A.M. (1951). "Jainism". In Majumdar, R.C. and A.D. Pusalker (ed.). The Age of Imperial Unity. Bombay. pp. 411–412. {{cite encyclopedia}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  25. ^ Deo, Shantaram Bhalchandra (1956). History of Jaina monachism from inscriptions and literature. Poona [Pune, India]: Deccan College Post-graduate and Research Institute. pp. 59–60.
  26. ^ "Mahavira." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 2006. Answers.com 28 Nov. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/mahavira
  27. ^ Tallet, Frank Religion, Society and Politics in France Since 1789 p. 1, 1991 Continuum International Publishing
  28. ^ Tallet, Frank Religion, Society and Politics in France Since 1789 p. 2, 1991 Continuum International Publishing
  29. ^ Clifton, Chas (1998). "The Significance of Aradia". in Mario Pazzaglini. Aradia, or the Gospel of the Witches, A New Translation. Blaine, Washington: Phoenix Publishing, Inc.. p. 73. ISBN 0-919345-34-4.
  30. ^ http://pewforum.org/docs/?DocID=129
  31. ^ Gardner, Gerald B (1999) [1954]. Witchcraft Today. Lake Toxaway, NC: Mercury Publishing. OCLC 44936549
  32. ^ http://www.oberonzell.com/OZAbout.html
  33. ^ Faculty of Catholic University of America, ed (1967). "Vatican Council II". New Catholic Encyclopedia. XIV (1 ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. 563. OCLC 34184550.
  34. ^ Alberigo, Giuseppe; Sherry, Matthew (2006). A Brief History of Vatican II. Maryknoll: Orbis Books. pp. 69. ISBN 1-57075-638-4.
  35. ^ Hahnenberg, Edward (2007). A Concise Guide to the Documents of Vatican II. City: Saint Anthony Messenger Press. pp. 44. ISBN 0-86716-552-9.
  36. ^ Alberigo, Giuseppe; Sherry, Matthew (2006). A Brief History of Vatican II. Maryknoll: Orbis Books. pp. 1. ISBN 1-57075-638-4.
  37. ^ The Church of Satan: A History of the World's Most Notorious Religion by Blanche Barton (Hell's Kitchen Productions, 1990, ISBN 0-9623286-2-6)
  38. ^ a b McKay, George (1996) Senseless Acts of Beauty: Cultures of Resistance since the Sixties, ch.1 'The free festivals and fairs of Albion', ch. 2 two 'O life unlike to ours! Go for it! New Age travellers'. London: Verso. ISBN 1-85984-028-0
  39. ^ Sveinbjörn Beinteinsson (1992:132).
  40. ^ Pétur Pétursson (1985:21-22).
  41. ^ Sigurður A. Magnússon (1990:198)
  42. ^ Icelandic, "Hugmyndin að Ásatrúarfélaginu byggðist á trú á dulin öfl í landinu, í tengslum við mannfólkið sem skynjaði ekki þessa hluti til fulls nema einstöku menn. Það tengdist síðan þjóðlegum metnaði og löngun til að Íslendingar ættu sína trú, og ræktu hana ekki síður en innflutt trúarbrögð." Sveinbjörn Beinteinsson (1992:140).
  43. ^ Sigurður A. Magnússon (1990:198-9).
  44. ^ Pétur Pétursson (1985:3-4).
  45. ^ Sveinbjörn Beinteinsson (1992:133-34, 141).
  46. ^ "Fyrirspurnartími". Morgunblaðið, November 27, 1973.
  47. ^ Ólafur Jóhannesson. Stjórnskipun Íslands. Hlaðbúð, 1960. Page 429.
  48. ^ Icelandic, "fór fram með tilþrifum og atorku", "Reiddust goðin?" Vísir, August 7, 1973.
  49. ^ ÞS. "Blótuðu Þór í úrhellisrigningu." Vísir, August 7, 1973.
  50. ^ Pétur Pétursson (1985:passim).
  51. ^ Sigurður A. Magnússon (1990:193).
  52. ^ Þorri Jóhannsson. "Leiðirnar að guðdómnum eru margar". Lesbók Morgunblaðsins, November 14, 1992, pages 4-5. Available online at http://timarit.is/view_page_init.jsp?pageId=3309806&issId=242568&lang=en
  53. ^ Sveinbjörn Beinteinsson 1992.
  54. ^ Strmiska (2005:168).
  55. ^ "Increase in pagan priests in Iceland". Iceland Review. 2006-10-10. Retrieved 5 July 2009.
  56. ^ "Ásatrúarfélagið: Fjölgun goða með vígsluréttindi". Ásatrúarfélagið. October 8, 2006. Retrieved 5 July 2009.
  57. ^ McNallen, Stephen A. (2004). "Three Decades of the Ásatrú Revival in America". Tyr: Myth-Culture-Tradition Volume II. Ultra Publishing. pp. 203–219. ISBN 0-9720292-1-4.
  58. ^ Kaplan, Jeffrey. 1996. "The Reconstruction of the Asatru and Odinist Traditions." In Magical Religion and Modern Witchcraft, edited by James R. Lewis, State University of New York Press.
  59. ^ http://timarit.is/view_page_init.jsp?pageId=1448476&issId=115737&lang=en
  60. ^ Forklaring til Forn Siðr´s ansøgning om godkendelse som trossamfund.
  61. ^ Ed. Andy Worthington, 2005, The Battle of the Beanfield, Enabler Publications, ISBN 0-9523316-6-7
  62. ^ Hippies clash with police at Stonehenge (1985), BBC News archive Accessed 22 January 2008.
  63. ^ E. Szafarz, "The Legal Framework for Political Cooperation in Europe" in The Changing Political Structure of Europe: Aspects of International Law, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. ISBN 0-7923-1379-8. p.221.
  64. ^ "Arician tradition". Witchvox. Retrieved February 7, 2006.
  65. ^ "Bin Laden claims responsibility for 9/11". CBC News. October 29, 2004. Retrieved January 11, 2009. Al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden appeared in a new message aired on an Arabic TV station Friday night, for the first time claiming direct responsibility for the 2001 attacks against the United States.
  66. ^ "War Casualties Pass 9/11 Death Toll". CBS News. September 22, 2006. Retrieved September 24, 2008.
  67. ^ "Toxic dust adds to WTC death toll". msnbc.com. May 24, 2007. Retrieved September 6, 2009.
  68. ^ "911 Report chapter 7". U.S. Government Printing Office. ...While training at al Qaeda camps, a dozen of them heard Bin Ladin's speeches, volunteered to become suicide operatives, and eventually were selected as muscle hijackers for the planes operation. Khallad says he met a number of them at the Kandahar airport, where they were helping to provide extra security. He encouraged Bin Ladin to use them. Khallad claims to have been closest with Saeed al Ghamdi, whom he convinced to become a martyr and whom he asked to recruit a friend, Ahmed al Ghamdi, to the same cause. Although Khallad claims not to recall everyone from this group who was later chosen for the 9/11 operation...
  69. ^ "Bin Laden on tape: Attacks 'benefited Islam greatly'". CNN. December 14, 2001. Retrieved May 25, 2010. Reveling in the details of the fatal attacks, bin Laden brags in Arabic that he knew about them beforehand and says the destruction went beyond his hopes. He says the attacks "benefited Islam greatly.
  70. ^ Burke, Jason (2004). Al-Qaeda - The True Story of Radical Islam. London, New York: I.B. Tauris. 162–163. ISBN 1-85043-666-5.
  71. ^ Susan Sachs (October 27, 2009). "Paris court convicts Scientology of fraud". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
  72. ^ "Scientologists convicted of fraud". BBC. 2009-10-27. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
  73. ^ a b Steven Erlanger (October 27, 2009). "French Branch of Scientology Convicted of Fraud". New York Times. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
  74. ^ Devorah Lauter (October 27, 2009). "French Scientology group convicted of fraud". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
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