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Samangan Province

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Samangan
سمنگان
Province
Samangan Province
Samangan Province
Map of Afghanistan with Samangan highlighted
Location of Samangan within Afghanistan
Country Afghanistan
CapitalAybak
Government
 • GovernorMohammad Dawood Kalakani
Area
 • Total11,262 km2 (4,348 sq mi)
Population
 (2021)[1]
 • Total438,235
 • Density39/km2 (100/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+04:30 (Afghanistan Time)
ISO 3166 codeAF-SAM
Main language(s)Persian, Uzbeki and Turkmeni

Samangan (Dari: سمنگان; Pashto: سمنګان) is one of the thirty-four provinces of Afghanistan, located north of the Hindu Kush mountains in the central part of the country. The province covers 11,218 square kilometres (4,331 sq mi) and is surrounded by Sar-e Pol Province in the west, Balkh in the north, Baghlan in the east, and Bamyan in the south.

Samangan province is divided into 7 districts and contains 674 villages.[2] It has a population of about 438,000,[1] which is multi-ethnic and mostly a rural society. The city of Samangan serves as the provincial capital.

History

Further information: History of Afghanistan

The earliest known history of the province is linked to the identification of the Samangan by Aoros Ptolemy as the place of the Varni or Uarni and the fortified city of Samangan on the banks of the Khulm River identical to the Bhaktria regi on the Dargydus river south east of Zariaspa. The ruins found here established the city's founding by Eukratides, the King of Bactria. It was then known as Edrisi the size of the Khulm city.[3][4]

Below Buddhist stupa is a series of five caves, former monks’ cells for meditation.
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Historicity of the Samangan town dates to the time of the Kushan Empire during the 4th and 5th centuries when it was a famous Buddhist centre. Witness to this period is seen now in the form of ruins at a place called the Takht-e-Rostam, which is located 3 km from the town on a hilltop. Arabs and Mongols came to this place when it was already famous as a Buddhist religious centre. Aibak was the name given to this place when, during the medieval period, caravans used to stop here.[4]

Afghanistan has various archaeological sites where caves were hewn out of rocks and inhabited by Buddhists. "One of the most spectacular sites is that of Takth i Raustam, near Samangan (Haybak), north of Hindu Kush passes. It includes a complex of stupa with monastery, hewn out of the rock. Other caves have been found near Jalalabad and at the site of Humay Qal'a southwest of Ghazni.[5]

The Buddhist in Takth i Raustam here in the form of a mound, located on the hilltop, represents the earliest link to the evolution of Buddhist architecture in Afghanistan[4]

The area was conquered by the Hephthalites followed by the Saffarids who brought Islam. The Samanids took it and controlled it until the Ghaznavids rose to power in the 10th century, they were replaced by the Ghorids. After the Mongol invasion the Timurids took possession.

Between the early 16th century and the mid-18th century, the Province was ruled by the Khanate of Bukhara.[citation needed] It was given to Ahmad Shah Durrani by Murad Beg of Bukhara after a treaty of friendship was reached in or about 1750, and became part of the Durrani Empire.[citation needed] It was ruled by the Durranis followed by the Barakzai dynasty, and was untouched by the British during the three Anglo-Afghan wars that were fought in the 19th and 20th centuries.[citation needed] It remained peaceful for about one hundred years until the 1980s Soviet–Afghan War.

Recent history

After the Afghan Civil War, the town of Darra Souf in Samangan Province was occupied by Ustad Mohammad Mohaqiq and the Taliban in late 1999. The Taliban forces gained control of the area from January to March 2000 including nearby Sar-e-Pol and Baghlan provinces, where they were reported to have massacred an unknown number of civilians.[6]

On May 8, 2000, several men from Baghlan were driven up to the Robotak Pass in Samangan province, approximately 20 miles north of the city of Samangan (100 miles south of Mazar-i-Sharif) and were executed, later found by local farmers in shallow graves which the Taliban had dug for them.[6]

After the removal of the Taliban government in late 2001, the Karzai administration took over control of Afghanistan. In the meantime, the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) established a Provincial Reconstruction Team (PRT) in the province. After getting training by ISAF, the Afghan National Security Forces (ANSF) are providing security for the population of the province.

The province has a fairly good security situation, with the United Nations Department for Safety and Security (UNDSS) reporting a calm and stable condition. However, on 15 February 2011 an ISAF peacekeeper from Finland was killed in a roadside bombing near Samangan City, and on 14 July 2012, Ahmed Khan Samangani, a member of the National Assembly of Afghanistan, was killed when a suicide bomber infiltrated his daughter's wedding party in the city of Samangan. The bomb also killed the provincial head of the National Directorate of Security (NDS), and 13 other guests, and 60 were injured, including senior police and army commanders. The deputy provincial governor, Ghulam Sarkhi, claimed that the death toll was likely to rise.[7]

Politics and governance

Further information: List of governors of Samangan and Politics of Afghanistan

The current governor of the province is Mohammad Dawood Kalakani.[8] There is a provincial Police Chief who is responsible for all law enforcement activities within the province. The Police Chief represents the Ministry of the Interior in Kabul.

The Provincial Development Committee (PDC), under the directive of the Ministry of Economy of Afghanistan, was formed for the province in January 2006. It has the responsibility to implement the Provincial Development Plan, through the government departments. Stakeholder groups in the province are also involved in this process. Further, at the community and village level there are 424 Community Development Councils (CDC) in the province to implement the development plans at the district and village level. The PDC and CDC have the basic tasks of creating infrastructure facilities of water supply and sanitation, energy, transport and communications to further economic growth with involvement of the private sector.

The U.S. backed president Ashraf Ghani attempted to remove governor Abdulkarim Khaddam from office in 2018, but he refused to step down, joining ranks with Atta Mohammad Noor, governor of neighbouring Balkh Province, who also openly defied Ghani's will.[9]

Healthcare

Further information: Health in Afghanistan and Education in Afghanistan

Health services provided by the Ministry of Health are fairly basic with 6 health centres and 3 hospitals with 60 beds. They are reasonably well staffed with 21 doctors and 33 nurses. To cater to the pharmaceutical needs of the patients, there are 24 pharmacies, two are run by the government and the rest are privately owned. In 2006, two dozen women completed a midwifery course.[10] The percentage of households with clean drinking water increased from 7% in 2005 to 18% in 2011.[11] The percentage of births attended to by a skilled birth attendant fell from 29% in 2005 to 20% in 2011.[11]

Education

Samangan School

The overall literacy rate (6+ years of age) increased from 19% in 2005 to 27% in 2011.[11] The overall net enrolment rate (6–13 years of age) increased from 37% in 2005 to 47% in 2011.[11]

Owing to its relative isolation, Samangan province is underdeveloped with no energy infrastructure and has a high rate of illiteracy,[12] although some students have access to education in neighbouring Mazari Sharif. Educational facilities in the province is at a low level with literacy rate recorded at only 19% for the province as a whole, with 28% literacy rate among men and a low of 10% among women. The Kuchi people are the least literate, recording a literacy rate of only 3%, that too among men only. The province has 159 primary and secondary schools with attendance of 59,915 students; 83% of schools are boys’ schools with 68% students. While the village schools are within easy reach, the high schools are generally about 10 km away from the villages.

Economy

Further information: Economy of Afghanistan
Villagers in Samangan province receiving food parcels
Flat agricultural fields with mountains in the background

Agriculture and some small scale mining are the main industries of the province. Economic condition of the people is very hard with nearly 12% households finding it difficult to meet the food requirements to sustain. This has resulted in allocations of food aid to the province.

In October 2010, the first dish-making factory run by women began operations. The women were trained for several months and now work in two shifts. During the last few years, thousands of other women have worked on a variety of different projects such as tailoring and carpet knitting.[13]

Status of infrastructure

As of 2005, safe drinking water access is available to 7% of households (falls to a low of 4% in rural areas). However, some drinking water facility is available in some form to about 71% of households. Still many households have to travel for long hours to the nearest source of water.

Electricity supply is minimal, limited to only about 5% of the population with 80% supplied from government sources. The transport sector is still underdeveloped. Only 28% of roads are good for use by motorized traffic throughout the year with this percentage rising to 41% in some seasons. However roads are non-existent in 28% of the province.

Education is still in a nascent state of development with only 19% being literate, as of 2005, with literacy among men limited to 28% and literacy among women limited to a mere 10%; literacy among the Kuchis population is the least at about 3% of men only. There are 59 primary and secondary schools in the province with enrolment of 59,915 students. However, travelling distance to the schools varies, with primary schools being most accessible while High Schools involve about 10 km of travel.

As of 2005, basic health services maintained by the Ministry of Health were fairly developed with 6 health centres and 3 hospitals with a total of 60 beds. The health centres were well staffed with 21 doctors and 33 nurses.

Food security is a major issue since nearly 12% of the population receive less than the minimum daily caloric intake to sustain good health. Food consumption is poor in both rural and urban areas and as a result food aid has become essential.

From the security angle, the United Nations Department of Safety and Security (UNDSS) has reported security situation in the province calm and stable.

Mineral resource

Marble export sustains Afghan economy. The marble is extracted and processed in 21 factories in the country, including the famous brown marble from Samangan province. This adds to the economy of the province.[14]

Agriculture

Pistachio farmers

The economy revolves around agriculture, with farmers in Samangan province cultivating grains, fruits, and nuts on the region's fertile river plains.[12] The province of Samangan is second only to the northwestern Afghan province of Badghis in terms of pistachio production. As of 2005, 10 Agricultural cooperatives were functioning in the province with 665 enrolled members controlling an area of 5532 ha which brought prosperity to its members. The staple food crops grown in the province are wheat, barley and potato and flax. The horticultural or garden crops grown are grapes, pomegranates and other fruit and nut trees. Cash crops grown in a few villages were sesame, cotton and tobacco; and they are mostly in Dara-i-Soofi-Payin and Aybek districts; cotton was major crop in Hazrat-i-Sultan district while tobacco was produced on a large scale in the Roi-Do-Ab district. Use of fertilizers is also common among 60% of the on both field and garden crops Industries are almost non existent in the province, except for minor leather industry producing the karakul skin and a few small scale handicrafts producing rugs, shawls, jewellery and carpets.

Horse breeding also sustains the economy of the province as it caters particularly for the popular sport of buzkashi in Afghanistan.[15] Buzkashi is a traditional Central Asian team sport played on horseback in Afghanistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, northern Pakistan and Kazakhstan.[16]

Irrigation

The agricultural economy of the province is further enhanced with irrigation facility provided to 21,242 ha. The irrigated areas deciphered from the land-cover maps, under a collaborative project of FAO, the United Nations Development Programme and the Afghan Geodesy and Cartography Head Office, Kabul are in Aybak, Samangan - 5 426ha, Dara-I-Suf, Samangan - 4 149ha, Hazrati Sult, Samangan -6 884 ha, Khuram Wa Sa, Samangan - 1 733 ha and Ruyi Du Ab, Samangan -3,049 ha.[17]

Cultural heritage

Further information: Buddhism in Afghanistan
Remains of the Buddhist stupa and monastery on a hill above Samangan. Instead of being built up, it has been carved out of the rock so is completely below ground level!

The historical cultural heritage in the province which is mainly at Samangan City, the provincial headquarters of Samangan are the Takt-e Rostam and the adjacent Buddhist caves and stupas on a top of hill.

Takht-i Rustam

Takht-i Rustam (Haibak), literal meaning the throne of Rustam, named after Rustam, a king in Persian mythology, is a hilltop settlement. It is dated to the 4th and 5th centuries of the Kushano-Sassanian period, which is corroborated by archaeological, architectural and numismatic evidence. It is located 3 km to the southwest of Samangan town. It is the location of a stupa-monastery complex which is fully carved into the mountain rock. The monastery of major Buddhist tradition of Theravada Buddhism, has five chambers, two are sanctuaries and one is a domed ceiling with an intricate lotus leaf beautification. In the adjacent hill is the stupa, which has a harmika, with several caves at its base. Above one of the caves, there is square building in which there are two conference halls; one is 22 metres square and the other is circular. In one of these caves, Archaeological excavations have revealed a cache of Ghaznavid coins.[18][19] The Buddhist temples near the Takht are 10 numbers known locally as Kie Tehe.[15]

Hazar Sum

Hazar Sum is another ancient Buddhist centre in north central Afghanistan where several caves have been found and in one of these caves a Buddhist stupa has been carved.[20]

Geography

Further information: Geography of Afghanistan
Map of the Khulm River basin

Samangan is located in northern central Afghanistan, delimited by Baghlan province in the east, Bamyan in the south, Sar-e-Pul in the south-west and Balkh province in the northwest. Samangan encompasses an area of 11218 km2 consisting 59% of mountainous terrain, 21% of semi mountainous terrain, 12% of flat land, 4.8% of semi-flat land and the balance 2.2% is unclassified land.

Some parts of the province are characterised by distinctive rolling hills and mountains and rich green valleys. The provincial jurisdiction is spread over seven administrative districts, with Samangan City as its capital. This town is located on the banks of the Khulm River, in the valley formed below the junction of Hindu Kush mountains and the Central Asian Steppe; the valley has very fertile agricultural land. The highest mountain ranges of the province thus lie to the southwest of the province, southwest of Samangan City. Only 12% of the provincial area consists of flat land.[4] The city of Samangan lies in the Khulm River valley, with mountains to the west and east. It is located to the northwest of the city of Baghlan and about is 190 km (120 mi) north-west of the capital Kabul and the same distance south-east of Mazar-i-Sharif city.[21]

Samangan Province has a long history of earthquakes which has led to the loss of thousands of people and their homes. In 1998, two earthquakes struck measuring 5.9 and 6.6 on the Richter scale, claiming some 6,000 lives along the border with Tajikistan.[21] A series of earthquakes struck nearby Baghlan province on March 3, 2002, killing roughly 1,000 people. In April 2010 at least 11 people were killed and more than 70 injured when a 5.7 magnitude quake at a depth of 10 km struck the province. It damaged some 300 houses and killed hundreds of cattle, causing landslides which blocks some of the main roads.[21]

Demography

Further information: Demography of Afghanistan

As of 2021, the total population of the province is about 438,000,[1] which is predominately rural with only 7% living in urban centres.

"Samangan like most of Afghanistan is ethnically diverse with Tajiks, Uzbeks, Hazara, Turkomen and even a minority of Pashtuns living throughout the province."[22] Roughly 72.5% people of the province speak Persian with ethnic Tajiks comprising more than 65% of the province's population[23] and 22.1% people speak Uzbek as their native language.

The estimated figures for the ethnic groups of the province are as follows: 65% Tajik, 30% Uzbek, remaining 5% is Hazara, Arabs, Tatar and Pashtuns.[24]

Districts

Current Map of the Districts of Samangan (as linked to on the Districts of Afghanistan page)

Districts of Samangan Province
District Capital Population[1] Area Number of villages and ethnic groups
Aybak Samangan 120,833 1,553 km2 96 villages. 40% Uzbek, 45% Tajik, 5% Pashtun, 10% other.[25]
Darah Sof Balla Dari Suf Bala 74,349 2,911 km2 146 villages. 100% Hazara.[26]
Darah Sof Payan Dari Suf Payan 82,190 1,707.98 km2 209 villages. 70% Tajik and 30% Uzbek.[27]
Feroz Nakhchir Feroz Nakhchir 15,004 1,211 km2 22 villages. Uzbek, Pashtun, Tajik.[28]
Hazrat Sultan Hazrat Sultan 47,583 985 km2 66 villages. Tajik, Pashtun, Uzbek, Arab.[29]
Khuram Wa Sarbagh Khuram Wa Sarbagh 45,826 2,122 km2 52 villages. Tajiks.[30]
Ruyi Du Ab Ruyi 52,450 2,414.4 km2 83 villages. Tajiks.[31]

Towns and villages

According to Afghanistan's Ministry of Rural Rehabilitation and Development, the province has 674 villages.[2]

References

  1. ^ a b c d "Estimated Population of Afghanistan 2021-22" (PDF). National Statistic and Information Authority (NSIA). April 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 29, 2021. Retrieved June 21, 2021. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; June 24, 2021 suggested (help)
  2. ^ a b "Samangan Province". Government of Afghanistan and United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). Ministry of Rural Rehabilitation and Development. Retrieved 2012-10-24.
  3. ^ Royal Numismatic Society (Great Britain) (1846). The Numismatic chronicle, Volume 8. Royal Numismatic Society. pp. 107–108.
  4. ^ a b c d Clammer, Paul (2007). Afghanistan. Lonely Planet. p. 158. ISBN 978-1-74059-642-8. Retrieved 2010-10-15.
  5. ^ The Afghans By Willem Vogelsang Edition: illustrated Published by Wiley-Blackwell, 2002 Page 157 ISBN 0-631-19841-5
  6. ^ a b Gutman, Roy (2008). How we missed the story: Osama bin Laden, the Taliban, and the hijacking of Afghanistan. US Institute of Peace Press. p. 216. ISBN 978-1-60127-024-5.
  7. ^ Graham-Harrison, Emma; Amiri, Mokhtar (14 July 2012). "Afghan MP Killed by Suicide Bomber at Daughter's Wedding". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 14 July 2012.
  8. ^ "Ghani appoints new governors for five provinces of Afghanistan". The Khaama Press News Agency. 2020-07-07. Retrieved 2020-07-12.
  9. ^ "Second Afghan governor defies President Ghani". Reuters. 18 February 2018. Retrieved 2018-02-18.
  10. ^ "Samangan". Pajhwok Afghan News. August 23, 2006. Archived from the original on 13 March 2012. Retrieved 29 October 2010.
  11. ^ a b c d Archive, Civil Military Fusion Centre, "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2014-05-31. Retrieved 2014-05-30.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  12. ^ a b "Samangan". USAID. Archived from the original on 2011-09-02. Retrieved 2010-10-28.
  13. ^ "Women Creates Dish Making Factory in Samangan". Bakhtarnews. Bakhtar News Agency. October 23, 2010. Archived from the original on 4 September 2011. Retrieved 29 October 2010.
  14. ^ "Marbles of Afghanistan" (PDF). Afghan Minserals. Retrieved 2010-10-28.
  15. ^ a b "Samangan Provincial Government" (PDF). Visiting Arts: Samangan Provincial Department of Information and Culture. Retrieved 2010-10-28.[permanent dead link]
  16. ^ "The traditional Oglak Tartis among the Kirghiz of the Pamirs". The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland. 1985. Retrieved 2010-10-28.
  17. ^ "Global Map of Irrigation Areas". FAO. Archived from the original on 2010-07-27. Retrieved 2010-10-28.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  18. ^ "Takht-i Rustam monastery, (near) Samangan, Velayat-e Samangan, AF". Mapping of Buddhist Monasteries. Retrieved 2010-10-28.
  19. ^ "Takht e Rustam". Afghanistan Cultural Profile. Retrieved 2010-10-28.
  20. ^ "Hazar Sum" (PDF). Visiting Arts: Samangan Provincial Department of Information and Culture. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2005-05-10. Retrieved 2010-10-28.
  21. ^ a b c "'Seven dead' as earthquake rocks Afghanistan". BBC News. 2010-04-19. Retrieved 2010-10-28.
  22. ^ "Balkh Province". Program for Culture & Conflict Studies. Naval Postgraduate School. Retrieved 2013-06-16.
  23. ^ "Samangan - Program for Culture and Conflict Studies - Naval Postgraduate School".
  24. ^ "Samangan - Program for Culture and Conflict Studies - Naval Postgraduate School". nps.edu. Retrieved 2020-10-09.
  25. ^ "Aibak District" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-11-01. Retrieved 2012-10-25.
  26. ^ "Dari Suf Bala District" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-04-07. Retrieved 2012-10-25.
  27. ^ "Dari Suf Payan District" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-04-07. Retrieved 2012-10-25.
  28. ^ "Aibak District Feroz Nakhchir District" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-04-07. Retrieved 2012-10-25.
  29. ^ "Hazrat Sultan District" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-04-07. Retrieved 2012-10-25.
  30. ^ "Khoram & Sarbagh District" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-04-07. Retrieved 2012-10-25.
  31. ^ "Ruye Du Aab District" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-01-06. Retrieved 2012-10-25.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Samangan Province.
  • Dupree, Nancy Hatch (1977): An Historical Guide to Afghanistan. 1st Edition: 1970. 2nd Edition. Revised and Enlarged. Afghan Tourist Organization.
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