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Uttarakhand
उत्तराखण्डम्
उत्तराखण्ड
State
Official seal of Uttarakhand
Seal
Location of Uttarakhand in India
Location of Uttarakhand in India
Map of Uttarakhand
Map of Uttarakhand
CountryIndia
Established9 November 2000
CapitalDehradun†
Largest cityDehradun
Districts13
Government
 • GovernorMargaret Alva
 • Chief MinisterDr. Ramesh Pokhriyal
 • LegislatureUnicameral (71‡ seats)
 • Parliamentary constituency5
 • High CourtUttarakhand High Court
Area
 • Total53,566 km2 (20,682 sq mi)
 • Rank18th
Population
 (2011)
 • Total10,116,752
 • Rank19th
 • Density190/km2 (490/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+05:30 (IST)
ISO 3166 codeIN-UL
HDIIncrease 0.628 (medium)
HDI rank12th (2005)
Literacy72% (10th)
Official languagesHindi, Sanskrit[1]
Websiteua.nic.in
^† Dehradun is the provisional capital of the state. The new capital has not yet been chosen.
^‡ 70 (elected) + 1 (nominated Anglo-Indian)

Uttarakhand (Sanskrit: उत्तराखण्डम्, Uttarākhanḍam, Hindi: उत्तराखण्ड, Uttarākhanḍ), formerly Uttaranchal, is a state located in the northern part of India. It is often referred to as the Land of Gods (Hindi: देव भूमि, Dēv bhūmi) due to the many holy Hindu temples and cities found throughout the state, some of which are among Hinduism's most spiritual and auspicious places of pilgrimage and worship. Known for its natural beauty and wealth of the Himalayas, the Bhabhar and the Terai, the state was carved out of the Himalayan and adjoining north-western districts of Uttar Pradesh on 9 November 2000, becoming the 27th state of the Republic of India.[3] It borders the Tibet Autonomous Region on the north, Nepal on the east and the Indian states of Uttar Pradesh to the south, Haryana to the west and Himachal Pradesh to the north west.

The region is traditionally referred to as Uttarakhand in Hindu scriptures and old literature, a term which derives from Sanskrit uttara (उत्तर) meaning north, and khaṇḍ (खण्ड्) meaning country or part of a country. It has an area of 20,682 sq mi (53,566 km²).

In January 2007, the name of the state was officially changed from Uttaranchal, its interim name, to Uttarakhand. The provisional capital of Uttarakhand is Dehradun, which is also a rail-head and the largest city in the region. The small hamlet of Gairsain has been mooted as the future capital owing to its geographic centrality but controversies and lack of resources have led Dehradun to remain provisional capital. The High Court of the state is in Nainital.

Recent developments in the region include initiatives by the state government to capitalise on handloom and handicrafts, the burgeoning tourist trade as well as tax incentives to lure high-tech industry to the state. The state also has big-dam projects, controversial and often criticised in India, such as the very large Tehri dam on the Bhagirathi-Bhilangana rivers, conceived in 1953 and about to reach completion.[4] Uttarakhand is also well known as the birthplace of the Chipko environmental movement,[5] and other social movements including the mass agitation in the 1990s that led to its formation.

History

Main article: History of Uttarakhand
A stone sculpture (Mahabalipuram, Tamil Nadu) depicting Bhagiratha in penance for the salvation of 60,000 of his ancestors

Literally North Country or Section in Sanskrit, the name of Uttarakhand finds mention in the early Hindu scriptures as the combined region of Kedarkhand (present day Garhwal) and Manaskhand (present day Kumaon). Uttarakhand was also the ancient Puranic term for the central stretch of the Indian Himalayas. It is well-known for the presence of a multitude of Hindu pilgrimage spots. The Pauravas, Kushanas, Kunindas, Guptas, Katyuris, Raikas, Palas, the Chands, and gurjar Parmaras or gurjar of Panwars gotra and the British have ruled Uttarakhand in turns.[6]

The historical temples at Jageshwar, preserved by the Archaeological Survey of India

The region was originally settled by Kols, an aboriginal people of the austro- Asiatic physical type who were later joined by Indo-Aryan Khas tribes that arrived from the northwest by the Vedic period. At that time, present-day Uttarakhand also served as a haunt for Rishis and Sadhus. It is believed that Sage Vyasa scripted the Mahabharata here as the Pandavas are believed to have traveled and camped in the region. Among the first major dynasties of Garhwal and Kumaon were the Kunindas in the 2nd century B.C. who practiced an early form of Shaivism. They traded salt with Western Tibet. It is evident from the Ashokan edict at Kalsi in Western Garhwal that Buddhism made inroads in this region. Folk shamanic practices deviating from Hindu orthodoxy also persisted here. However, Garhwal and Kumaon were restored to nominal Brahmanical rule due to the travails of Shankaracharya and the arrival of migrants from the plains. Between the 4th and 14th centuries, the Katyuri dynasty of Khas origin dominated lands of varying extent from the Katyur (modern day Baijnath) valley in Kumaon. The historically significant temples at Jageshwar are believed to have been built by the Katyuris and later remodeled by the Chands. Other peoples of the Tibeto-Burman group known as Kiratas are thought to have settled in the northern highlands as well as in pockets throughout the region, and believed to be the ancestors to the modern day Bhotiya, Raji, Buksha, and Tharu peoples.[7]

Uttarakhand as a part of the United Province, 1903

By the medieval period, the region was consolidated under the Garhwal Kingdom in the west and the Kumaon Kingdom in the east. From the 13th–18th century, Kumaon prospered under the Chand Rajas who had their origins in the plains of India. During this period, learning and new forms of painting (the Pahari school of art) developed.[8] Modern-day Garhwal was likewise unified under the rule of Parmar/Panwar Rajas, who along with a mass migration of Brahmins and Rajputs, also arrived from the plains.[9] In 1791, the expanding Gurkha Empire of Nepal, overran Almora, the seat of the Kumaon Kingdom. In 1803, the Garhwal Kingdom also fell to the Gurkhas. With the conclusion of the Anglo-Nepalese War in 1816, a rump portion of the Garhwal Kingdom was reestablished from Tehri, and eastern British Garhwal and Kumaon ceded to the British as part of the Treaty of Sugauli.

In the post-independence period, the Tehri princely state was merged into Uttar Pradesh state, where Uttarakhand composed the Garhwal and Kumaon Divisions.[10] Until 1998, Uttarakhand was the name most commonly used to refer to the region, as various political groups including most significantly the Uttarakhand Kranti Dal (Uttarakhand Revolutionary Party est. 1979), began agitating for separate statehood under its banner. Although the erstwhile hill kingdoms of Garhwal and Kumaon were traditional rivals with diverse lingual and cultural influences due to the proximity of different neighbouring ethnic groups, the inseparable and complementary nature of their geography, economy, culture, language, and traditions created strong bonds between the two regions.[11] These bonds formed the basis of the new political identity of Uttarakhand, which gained significant momentum in 1994, when demand for separate statehood (within the Union of India) achieved almost unanimous acceptance among the local populace as well as political parties at the national level.[12] Most notable incident during this period was the Rampur Tiraha firing case on the night of 1 October 1994, which led to public uproar.[13] On 24 September 1998 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly passed the 'Uttar Pradesh Reorganisation Bill', 1998, which eventually led to the creation of the state,[14] eventually the Parliament passed the Indian Federal Legislation - Uttar Pradesh Reorganisation Act 2000, and thus on 9 November 2000,[15] Uttarakhand became the 27th state in the Republic of India.

However, the term Uttaranchal came into use when the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)-led central and Uttar Pradesh state governments initiated a new round of state reorganization in 1998 and introduced its preferred name. Chosen for its allegedly less separatist connotations, the name change generated enormous controversy among the rank and file of the separate state activists who saw it as a political act,[16] however they were not quite as successful as Jharkhand state that successfully thwarted a similar move to impose the name Vananchal. Nevertheless, the name Uttarakhand remained popular in the region, even while Uttaranchal was promulgated through official usage.

In August 2006, India's Union Cabinet assented to the four-year-old demand of the Uttaranchal state assembly and leading members of the Uttarakhand movement to rename Uttaranchal state as Uttarakhand. Legislation to that effect was passed by the State Legislative Assembly in October 2006,[17] and the Union Cabinet brought in the bill in the winter session of Parliament. The bill was passed by Parliament and signed into law by the President in December 2006. Since then, Uttarakhand denotes a state in the Union of India.

Geography

Main article: Geography of Uttarakhand
Nanda Devi is the second-highest mountain in India.
Valley of Flowers National Park, a UNESCO World Heritage Site

Uttarakhand has a total geographic area of 51,125 km², of which 93% is mountainous and 64% is covered by forest. Most of the northern parts of the state are part of Greater Himalaya ranges, covered by the high Himalayan peaks and glaciers, while the lower foothills were densely forested till denuded by the British log merchants and later, after independence, by forest contractors. Recent efforts in reforestation, however, have been successful in restoring the situation to some extent. The unique Himalayan ecosystem plays host to a large number of animals (including bharal, snow leopards, leopards and tigers), plants and rare herbs. Two of India's mightiest rivers, the Ganges and the Yamuna take birth in the glaciers of Uttarakhand, and are fed by myriad lakes, glacial melts and streams in the region.[18]

Uttarakhand lies on the southern slope of the Himalaya range, and the climate and vegetation vary greatly with elevation, from glaciers at the highest elevations to subtropical forests at the lower elevations. The highest elevations are covered by ice and bare rock. Below them, between 3,000 and 5,000 metres (9,800 and 16,400 ft) are montane grasslands and shrublands: the western Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows. Temperate coniferous forests, the western Himalayan subalpine conifer forests, grow just below the tree line. At 3,000 to 2,600 metres (9,800 to 8,500 ft) elevation they transition to the temperate western Himalayan broadleaf forests, which lie in a belt from 2,600 to 1,500 metres (8,500 to 4,900 ft) elevation. Below 1,500 metres (4,900 ft) elevation lie the Himalayan subtropical pine forests. The Upper Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests and the drier Terai-Duar savanna and grasslands cover the lowlands along the Uttar Pradesh border. This belt is locally known as Bhabhar. These lowland forests have mostly been cleared for agriculture, but a few pockets remain.[19]

Indian National Parks in Uttarakhand include the Jim Corbett National Park (the oldest national park of India) at Ramnagar in Nainital District, Valley of Flowers National Park and Nanda Devi National Park in Chamoli District, which together are a UNESCO World Heritage Site, Rajaji National Park in Haridwar District, and Govind Pashu Vihar National Park and Gangotri National Park in Uttarkashi District.

A panorama of Garhwal Himalaya from Dhanachuli

Demographics

Woman from Than Gaon in Uttarakhand, with two goat kids
File:Traditional Garhwali.jpg
A Garhwali lady in traditional attire.
Mindroling Monastery in Clement Town.
See also: Garhwali people and Kumauni People

Template:IndiaCensusPop According to 2001 India census, Uttarakhand had a population of approximately 8.48 million. A population exceeding 10 million is expected by the next census of 2011. The native people of Uttarakhand are generally called either Kumaoni or Garhwali depending on their place of origin in either the Garhwal or Kumaon region.

Another well known category is Gujjar, they were the rulers of a kingdom with capital at Landhaura and which covered the whole of today's Haridwar District. Gujjars King Raja Ramdayal Singh Panwar had helped the Tehri ruler against the Gorkhas and the Present MLA from Laksar in Haridwar is Kunwar Pranav Singh Champion is the descendent of that King. Gujjar is a dominant community of Haridwar District.gurjar is a khatriya cast they also brhaman and known as a super sub cast of brhamn like gur brhaman,in hardwar region all panda is gur brhaman Kumaoni and Garhwali dialects of Central Pahari are spoken in Kumaon and Garhwal region respectively. Jaunsari and Bhotiya dialects are also spoken by tribal communities in the west and north respectively. The urban population however converses mostly in Hindi. Sanskrit has got the official status in the state.

Hindus form the majority of the population at 85.0%, Muslims form 10.5%, Sikhs 2.5% and Christians, Buddhists, Jains and others about 0.5%. It has male-female ratio of .964 and has a literacy rate of 72%. The largest cities in the state include Dehradun (530,263), Haridwar (220,767), Haldwani (158,896), Roorkee (115,278) and Rudrapur (88,720). The state government recognizes 15,620 villages and 81 cities and urban areas.

Historians of Kumaon and Garhwal say that in the beginning there were only three castes: Rajput, Brahmin and Shilpkar. Main occupation of Rajput were Zamindari and law enforcement. Occupation of Brahmins were to perform religious rituals in temples and religious occasions. Shilpkar were mainly working for rajputs, in their lands and were expert in handcrafts. The famous surnames Kalakoti, Chauhan, Bisht, Bhayera, Rawat, Dhapola, Rautela and Negi are used by Rajputs. According to a 2007 study, Uttarakhand has the highest percentage of brahmins of any community in India, with approximately 20% of the population being brahmin.[20] Landhora Riyasat owns glorious history of 250 years. Around year 1700, Gurjar descendents of Raja Sabhachandra Ji fought Mogul rulers to acquire it. These gurjars were related to Pratihar dynasty. Landhora Riyasat experienced its golden era in 18th century under Raja Ramdayal Singh Ji, when it boasted of owning 1100 villages. Under his ruling, Landhora estate always fought with British rulers for its glory.for more details see www.landhoraestate.com Gujjar Community > Gujjar Population in India > Landhora Gujjar

Landhora Gujjar, Uttar Pradesh Landhora Gujjar came to immense power during the rule of the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb. The Gujjars in Landhora, a town in Uttar Pradesh, possessed this entire region.


Landhora is a town 25 miles east of Sharanpur district in Uttar Pradesh. Landhora Gujjars rose to power during the rule of Aurangzeb. The Parmar (Pawar-Khubad) Gurjar were entitled Bud Gurjars due to their high character and chivalry. In the west of the district, Chauhan Gurjars took the whole area into their possession and thus the whole region became famous by the name of Gurjarat in Aurangzeb`s time. At Dehradun, the Gurjar of Chokar sub caste established their own principalities.

In the year 1739, Nadir Shah looted Delhi and the Mughal Empire, openly lost its dignity. He gave 600 villages to Raja Sabha Chand to set right the unruly Jagirdars of the area. In 1759 Shah Alam the nominal emperor of Delhi came under protection of Maratha. The Rohilla robbers wanted to occupy Delhi. They had freed themselves from the Nawab of Lucknow but in their west the rising power of the Gujjars was hindrance in their way to Delhi, so Najibuddulah Rohilla surrendered a track of land in Rohilkhand it self along the eastern bank of the river Ganges in favour of Raja Nahar Singh, who had a long claim on the track. When Najibuddulah was appointed governor he accepted the full right of Nahar Singh over another 505 villages. Raja Nahar Singh extended his sway up to Ambala in the west and Meerut in the south.

Raja Ram Dayal, who was the elder son of Raja Nahar Singh, was considered brave and also a saintly man. He was famous for his kind and benevolent deeds. He was a great almsgiver to the poor. He Built temples, inns and Ghats. He also constructed palace courts and stables at Landhora. Khushal Singh ascended the throne of Landhora after his father`s death. During the British rule, at the time of Raja Ram Dayal, the British officers established a cantonment at Roorkee with the vivid intentions of suppressing the Gujjar Community. The British officers did not recommend Landhora for a treaty pact to Governor General. A major portion of the state was shown as Khanakhali in the revenue records. Again in the year 1810, another land settlement was carried out. The Emperor advised the Raja to cooperate with the settlement officers but Raja or his representative never talked to the settlement officer so more land was recorded as Khanakhali. After independence of the country, Landhora estate was merged into the Indian union and Gurjar Degree College was established.

Government and politics

Bhagirathi River at Gangotri, source stream of the Ganges.

The present Chief Minister of Government of Uttarakhand is Dr. Ramesh Pokhriyal.He was appointed as the fifth Chief Minister of Uttarakhand by then Governor of Uttarakhand Mr. B. L. Joshi on 27 June 2009. The last state elections in Uttarakhand were held on 21 February 2007. The Bharatiya Janata Party emerged as the largest party with 34 seats in the 70-seat Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly. One seat short of forming a majority, the BJP have had to rely on support from the Uttarakhand Kranti Dal and three independents to form the government. The Indian National Congress is the official opposition, holding 21 seats.

Chief Ministers of Uttarakhand

Districts

Districts of Uttarakhand

There are 13 districts in Uttarakhand which are grouped into two divisions. Kumaon division and Garhwal division

The Kumaon division includes six districts.

The Garhwal division includes seven districts.

Important cities

View of the 'Evening Aarti' at Brahmakund,Har ki Pauri (Haridwar)
File:Rishikesh-laxman-jhula-lg.jpg
Laxman Jhula Bridge over the Ganges river in Rishikesh
File:Nainital-lake-lg.jpg
A view of the Nainital lake.
City Population District
Dehradun 778593 Dehradun
Haridwar 254372 Haridwar
Haldwani 151942 Nainital
Roorkee 113082 Haridwar
Kashipur 116497 Udham Singh Nagar
Rudrapur 119281 Udham Singh Nagar
Rishikesh 75020 Dehradun(Mainly in Dehradun)/(Partly in)Haridwar/Tehri/Pauri Grahwal
Pithoragarh 66378 Pithoragrah
Ramnagar 47099 Nainital
Nainital 38560 Nainital
Almora 30613 Almora
Mussoorie 26069 Dehradun
Kotdwara 25400 Pauri Garhwal
Srinagar 19861 Pauri Garhwal
Gopeshwar 19855 Chamoli
Ranikhet 19049 Almora
Uttarkashi 16220 (2001) Uttarkashi
Tanakpur 15810 Champawat
Khatima 14378 Udham Singh Nagar
Vikasnagar 12485 Dehradun
Bageshwar 7803 Bageshwar
Banbasa 7138 Champawat
Karanprayag 6976 Chamoli
Champawat 3958 Champawat
Rudraprayag 2242 Rudraprayag
Devprayag 2144 Pauri Garhwal

Economy

Evening prayers at Har ki Pauri in Haridwar, one of the most sacred cities of Hinduism

Uttarakhand's gross state domestic product for 2004 is estimated at $6 billion in current prices. Born out of the division of Uttar Pradesh, the new state of Uttarakhand produces about 8% of the output of the old Uttar Pradesh state. Consolidated Finvest and Holdings, a S&P CNX 500 conglomerate has its corporate office in Uttarakhand. It reported a gross income of ₹137 million for 2005. [citation needed]

In 2003, a new industrial policy for the state with generous tax benefits for investors was initiated that has led to a massive upsurge of capital investment. SIDCUL, the State Industrial Development Corporation of Uttarakhand has established seven industrial estates in the southern periphery of the state, while dozens of hydroelectric dams are being built in the upper reaches. However, hill development remains an uphill challenge as out migration of local peoples continues from the highland hinterlands.

Transport

Uttarakhand is well connected with Rail, Road and Air modes of transport

Airports

Tourism

Chota Char Dham
Yamunotri
Gangotri
Kedarnath
Badrinath
This box:
Gurudwara Hemkund Sahib, an important pilgrimage site for Sikhs.

Leisure, adventure, and religious tourism play a prominent role in Uttarakhand's economy, with the Corbett National Park and Tiger Reserve and the nearby hill-stations of Nainital, Mussoorie, Almora, Kausani, Bhimtal and Ranikhet being amongst the most frequented destinations of India. The state also contains numerous peaks of interest to mountaineers, although Nanda Devi, the highest and best-known of these, has been off-limits since 1982. Other national wonders include the Valley of Flowers, which along with Nanda Devi National Park, form a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

To Uttarakhand, long called "abode of the gods" (Devbhumi), belong some of the holiest Hindu shrines, and for more than a thousand years, pilgrims have been visiting the region in the hopes of salvation and purification from sin. Gangotri and Yamunotri, the sources of both the Ganges and Yamuna fall in the upper reaches of the state and together with Badrinath (dedicated to Vishnu) and Kedarnath (dedicated to Shiva) form the Char Dham, one of Hinduism's most spiritual and auspicious pilgrimage circuits. Haridwar, meaning "Gateway to God" is a prime Hindu destination. Haridwar hosts the Kumbha Mela every twelve years, in which millions of pilgrims take part from all parts of the India and the world. Rishikesh near Haridwar is known as the preeminent yoga centre of India. The state has an abundance of temples and shrines, many dedicated to local deities or manifestations of Shiva and Durga, references to many of which can be found in Hindu scriptures and legends.[21] The architecture of most of these temples is typical of the region and slightly different from other parts of India. The ancient temples at Jageshwar (a complex of 124 temples in a deodar woodland) are historically the most prominent for their distinct architectural features. Uttarakhand is, however, a place of pilgrimage not only for the Hindus. Hemkund nested in the Himalayas is a prime pilgrimage center for the Sikhs. Tibetan Buddhism has also made itself felt with the recent reconstruction of Mindroling Monastery and its Buddha Stupa, touted as the world's highest,[22] southwest of Dehradun.

The state has always been a destination for mountaineering, hiking and rock climbing in India. A recent development in adventure tourism in the region has been white water rafting and other adventures sports. Eco tourism, agritourism and rural tourism have also found new grounds in many villages of the state.

Education

Main (Administrative) Building, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee
Forest Research Institute, Dehradun, distant view.
File:IMA 3.jpg
Indian Military Academy, Dehradun
Facade of St. George's College, Mussoorie, estb. 1853

Uttarakhand is home to several important educational institutions, including the oldest engineering colleges in Asia, the Indian Institute of Technology at Roorkee and Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture & Technology in Pantnagar.Other universities and institutes of prime importance include, Indian Military Academy in Dehradun, Forest Research Institute in Dehradun, Govind Ballabh Pant Engineering College in Pauri and Kumaon Engineering College, Dwarahat.

Uttarakhand is home to several reputed and prestigious day and boarding schools including St. Joseph's College (Nainital), The Doon School (Dehradun), Welham Girls School (Dehradun), Welham Boys School (Dehradun), SelaQui International School (Dehradun), Brightlands (Dehradun), St. Joseph's Academy (Dehradun), Woodstock School (Landour), St. George's College (Mussoorie), Delhi Public School (Ranipur, Haridwar), Birla Vidya Mandir (Nainital), Sherwood College (Nainital), All Saints' College (Nainital), St. Mary's Convent (Nainital), Sainik School Ghorakhal near Bhowali and G D Birla Memorial School (Ranikhet). Several Indian luminaries have attended these schools including former prime ministers and film stars.

Historically, Uttarakhand is believed to be the land where the Vedas and the Shastras were composed and the great epic, the Mahabharata, was written. Rishikesh is widely considered the Yoga capital of the world.

Universities

Garhwal and Kumaun Universities were founded in 1973 as part of the upsurge of regional sentiment that led to the Uttarakhand statehood. The most famous universities of Uttarakhand are:

Name Location
Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee Central University Roorkee
Indian Institute of Remote Sensing Central University Dehradun
All India Institute of Medical Sciences from 2012 Central University Rishikesh
Indian Institute of Management from 2012 Central University Kashipur
Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture & Technology State University Pantnagar
Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University Central University Tehri Garhwal, Srinagar & Pauri
Kumaun University State University Nainital and Almora
Uttarakhand Technical University State University Dehradun
Doon University State University Dehradun
University of Petroleum and Energy Studies Private University Dehradun
Himgiri Nabh Vishwavidyalaya (University in the Sky) Private University Dehradun
Institute of Chartered Financial Analysts of India (ICFAI) Private University Dehradun
Forest Research Institute Deemed University Dehradun
Himalayan Institute of Hospital Trust Deemed University Dehradun
Graphic Era University Deemed University Dehradun
Gurukul Kangri University Deemed University Haridwar
University of Patanjali (Patanjali Yogpeeth) Private University Haridwar
Dev Sanskrit Vishwavidyalaya Private University Haridwar
Uttarakhand Open University State University Haldwani
Gurukul Kangri University Hardwar
Central Deemed University

Leading colleges

Entertainment Industry

Although the entertainment industry of Uttarakhand is in its infant stage, yet there is a rapid growth in terms of audio visual entertainment. The pure folk seems to be disappearing from villages, so is the younger generation. Still there are many options one can get close to the folk music. Recently, in the honor of all who gave Bedupako Baramaasa folk tune an international fame and also to make Uttarakhand folk available all around the world 24X7, an online radio, which is one of the only and very first on-line radio of Uttarakhand available on web, was created by the name of bedupako.

See also

References

  1. ^ "Sanskrit made second official language". Retrieved 2009-12-28.
  2. ^ http://www.harbanskapoor.com
  3. ^ Uttarakhand Govt. of India, Official website.
  4. ^ Yadav, K. P. S. (2002). Going Under: Tehri prepares for a watery grave as the controversial dam becomes a grim reality. Its residents are in mourning, their grief compounded by an uncertain future. Down To Earth, 10(16), 20.
  5. ^ Guha, R. (2000). The unquiet woods: ecological change and peasant resistance in the Himalaya (Expanded ed.). Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press.
  6. ^ Kandari, O. P., & Gusain, O. P. (Eds.). (2001). Garhwal Himalaya: Nature, Culture & Society. Srinagar, Garhwal: Transmedia.
  7. ^ Saklani, D. P. (1998). Ancient communities of the Himalaya. New Delhi: Indus Pub. Co.
  8. ^ Pande, B. D. (1993). History of Kumaun: English version of "Kumaun ka itihas". Almora, U.P., India: Shyam Prakashan: Shree Almora Book Depot.
  9. ^ Rawat, A. S. (1989). History of Garhwal, 1358-1947: an erstwhile kingdom in the Himalayas. New Delhi: Indus Pub. Co.
  10. ^ Saklani, A. (1987). The history of a Himalayan princely state: change, conflicts and awakening: an interpretative history of princely state of Tehri Garhwal, U.P., A.D. 1815 to 1949 A.D. (1st ed.). Delhi: Durga Publications.
  11. ^ Aggarwal, J. C., Agrawal, S. P., & Gupta, S. S. (Eds.). (1995). Uttarakhand: past, present, and future. New Delhi: Concept Pub. Co.
  12. ^ Kumar, P. (2000). The Uttarakhand Movement: Construction of a Regional Identity. New Delhi: Kanishka Publishers.
  13. ^ Rampur Tiraha firing The Times of India, 31 Jul 2003.
  14. ^ Reorganisation Bill passed by UP Govt The Indian Express, 24 September 1998.
  15. ^ Uttarakhand Govt. of India, Official website.
  16. ^ Negi, B. (2001). "Round One to the Lobbyists, Politicians and Bureaucrats." Indian Express, 2 January.
  17. ^ UNI. (2006). "Uttaranchal becomes Uttarakhand." Tribune (India), 12 October.
  18. ^ Negi, S. S. (1991). Himalayan rivers, lakes, and glaciers. New Delhi: Indus Pub. Co.
  19. ^ Negi, S. S. (1995). Uttarakhand: land and people. New Delhi: MD Pub.
  20. ^ [1] Outlook India.
  21. ^ Dilwali, A., & Pant, P. (1987). The Garhwal Himalayas, ramparts of heaven. New Delhi: Lustre Press.
  22. ^ PTI. (2002). "Dalai Lama Inaugurates World's Highest Stupa." 28 October.

Further reading

State symbols
State animal Musk Deer
State bird Monal
State tree Rhododendron
State flower Brahma Kamal
  • Rivett-Carnac, J. H. (1879). Archaeological notes on ancient sculpturings on rocks in Kumaon, India. Calcutta : G.H. Rouse.
  • Upreti, Ganga Dutt (1894). Proverbs & folklore of Kumaun and Garhwal. Lodiana Mission Press.
  • Oakley, E Sherman (1905). Holy Himalaya; the religion, traditions, and scenery of Himalayan province (Kumaon and Garwhal). Oliphant Anderson & Ferrier, London.
  • of Kumaon, Raja Rudradeva (1910). Syanika sastra: or A Book on Hawking. Asiatic Society, Calcutta. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  • Umachand Handa (2002). History of Uttaranchal. Indus Publishing. ISBN 81-7387-134-5. Excerpts
  • Husain, Z. (1995). Uttarakhand movement: the politics of identity and frustration, a psycho-analytical study of the separate state movement, 1815-1995. Bareilly: Prakash Book Depot. ISBN 81-85897-17-4
  • Śarmā, D. (1989). Tibeto-Himalayan languages of Uttarakhand. Studies in Tibeto-Himalayan languages, 3. New Delhi, India: Mittal Publications. ISBN 81-7099-171-4
  • Fonia, K. S. (1987). Uttarakhand, the land of jungles, temples, and snows. New Delhi, India: Lancer Books.
  • Mukhopadhyay, R. (1987). Uttarakhand movement a sociological analysis. Centre for Himalayan Studies special lecture, 8. Raja Rammohunpur, Dt. Darjeeling: University of North Bengal.
  • Uma Prasad Thapliyal (2005). Uttaranchal: Historical and cultural perspectives. B.R. Pub. Corp.,. ISBN 81-7646-463-5.
  • Nationalistic part of Greater Nepal Region
  • Vijaypal Singh Negi, Jawahernagar,Post -Agastyamuni,Dist.- Rudraprayag, The Great HimalaysPublication Date- 1998,
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