Eurozone
EU members in ERM II, with an opt-out
Non–EU members using the euro with a monetary agreement
Non–EU members using the euro unilaterally | |
Currency | Euro |
---|---|
Union type | Monetary union |
Established | 1 January 1999 |
Members | |
Governance | |
Political control | Eurogroup |
Group president | Jeroen Dijsselbloem |
Issuing authority | European Central Bank |
ECB president | Mario Draghi |
Affiliated with | European Union |
Statistics | |
Population (2014) | 334,570,678[1] |
GDP (2012) | €9.5 trillion[2] |
Interest rate | 0.05%[3] |
Inflation | 1.6%[4] |
Unemployment | 11.7%[5] |
Trade balance | €82 bn surplus[6] |
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The eurozone ([7] is a monetary union of 19 of the 28 members of the European Union (EU) member states that have adopted the euro (€) as their common currency and sole legal tender.
), officially called the euro area,The eurozone consists of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Spain. Other EU states (except for Denmark and the United Kingdom) are obliged to join once they meet the criteria to do so.[8] No state has left, and there are no provisions to do so or to be expelled.[9] Andorra, Monaco, San Marino, and Vatican City have formal agreements with the EU to use the euro as their official currency and issue their own coins.[10][11][12] Kosovo and Montenegro have adopted the euro unilaterally,[13] but these countries do not officially form part of the eurozone and do not have representation in the ECB or the Eurogroup.[14]
Monetary policy of the zone is the responsibility of the European Central Bank (ECB) which is governed by a president and a board of the heads of national central banks. The principal task of the ECB is to keep inflation under control. Though there is no common representation, governance or fiscal policy for the currency union, some co-operation does take place through the Eurogroup, which makes political decisions regarding the eurozone and the euro. The Eurogroup is composed of the finance ministers of eurozone states, but in emergencies, national leaders also form the Eurogroup.
Since the financial crisis of 2007–08, the eurozone has established and used provisions for granting emergency loans to member states in return for the enactment of economic reforms. The eurozone has also enacted some limited fiscal integration, for example in peer review of each other's national budgets. The issue is political and in a state of flux in terms of what further provisions will be agreed for eurozone reform.
Member states
In 1998 eleven member states of the European Union had met the euro convergence criteria, and the eurozone came into existence with the official launch of the euro (alongside national currencies) on 1 January 1999. Greece qualified in 2000 and was admitted on 1 January 2001 before physical notes and coins were introduced on 1 January 2002 replacing all national currencies. Between 2007 and 2015, seven new states acceded.
State | Adopted | Population (thousand, 2012) |
Nominal GNI nominal (million USD, 2012) |
Relative GNI of total (nominal) |
GNI per capita nominal (USD, 2012) |
Pre-Euro currency | Exceptions | ISO code |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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1999-01-01[15] | 8,430 | 404,279 | 3.18% | 47,031 | Schilling | AT | |
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1999-01-01[15] | 11,128 | 498,767 | 3.93% | 44,820 | Franc | BE | |
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2008-01-01[16] | 1,129 | 22,799 | 0.18% | 26,110 | Pound | Northern Cyprus[a] | CY |
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2011-01-01[17] | 1,329 | 21,684 | 0.17% | 16,310 | Kroon | EE | |
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1999-01-01[15] | 5,414 | 252,262 | 1.99% | 40,838 | Markka | FI | |
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1999-01-01[15] | 65,697 | 2,749,098 | 21.64% | 41,850 | Franc | ![]() ![]() ![]() |
FR |
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1999-01-01[15] | 80,426 | 3,632,832 | 28.60% | 45,170 | Mark | DE | |
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2001-01-01[18] | 11,093 | 263,029 | 2.07% | 23,710 | Drachma | GR | |
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1999-01-01[15] | 4,587 | 179,390 | 1.41% | 48,787 | Pound | IE | |
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1999-01-01[15] | 59,540 | 2,067,214 | 16.27% | 34,720 | Lira | ![]() |
IT |
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2014-01-01[19] | 2,034 | 28,598 | 0.23% | 14,060 | Lats | LV | |
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2015-01-01[20] | 2,944 | 44,060 | 0.35% | 14,900 | Litas | LT | |
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1999-01-01[15] | 531 | 38,125 | 0.30% | 93,174 | Franc | LU | |
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2008-01-01[21] | 419 | 8,274 | 0.07% | 19,730 | Lira | MT | |
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1999-01-01[15] | 16,755 | 806,108 | 6.35% | 48,110 | Guilder | ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
NL |
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1999-01-01[15] | 10,515 | 217,521 | 1.71% | 20,690 | Escudo | PT | |
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2009-01-01[22] | 5,408 | 93,032 | 0.73% | 17,200 | Koruna | SK | |
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2007-01-01[23] | 2,057 | 46,965 | 0.37% | 22,830 | Tolar | SI | |
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1999-01-01[15] | 46,761 | 1,371,856 | 10.80% | 33,711 | Peseta | ES | |
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333,253 | 12,701,834 | 100% | 38,115 |
The 2012 data above of eurozone states were published by World Bank in May 2014. Latvia and Lithuania were not in the eurozone in 2012.
Enlargement
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Supranational_European_Bodies.svg/400px-Supranational_European_Bodies.svg.png)
Nine countries (Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Sweden, and the United Kingdom) are EU members but do not use the euro. Before joining the eurozone, a state must spend two years in the European Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM II). As of 2015, the National Central Bank (NCB) of Denmark participates in ERM II.
Denmark and the United Kingdom obtained special opt-outs in the original Maastricht Treaty. Both countries are legally exempt from joining the eurozone unless their governments decide otherwise, either by parliamentary vote or referendum. Sweden, which joined the EU in 1995 after the Maastricht Treaty was signed, is required to join the eurozone under the terms of its accession treaty as soon as it fulfils the convergence criteria, which include being part of ERM II for two years. However, the Swedish people turned down euro adoption in a 2003 referendum and since then the country has intentionally avoided fulfilling the adoption requirements by not joining ERM II, which is voluntary.[24][25]
Interest in joining the eurozone increased in Denmark, and initially in Poland, as a result of the 2008 financial crisis. In Iceland, there was an increase in interest in joining the European Union, a pre-condition for adopting the euro.[26] However, by 2010 the debt crisis in the eurozone caused interest from Poland, as well as the Czech Republic, to cool.[27] Lithuania adopted the euro in 2015.[28]
Non-member usage
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Eurozone_participation.svg/301px-Eurozone_participation.svg.png)
- European Union member states (special territories not shown)
- 20 in the eurozone1 in ERM II, with an opt-out (Denmark)5 not in ERM II, but obliged to join the eurozone on meeting the convergence criteria (Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and Sweden)
- Non–EU member states
The euro is also used in countries outside the EU. Four states – Andorra, Monaco, San Marino, and Vatican City —[10][13] have signed formal agreements with the EU to use the euro and issue their own coins. Nevertheless, they are not considered part of the eurozone by the ECB and do not have a seat in the ECB or Euro Group.
Kosovo[g] and Montenegro officially adopted the euro as their sole currency without an agreement and, therefore, have no issuing rights.[13] These states are not considered part of the eurozone by the ECB. However, sometimes the term eurozone is applied to all territories that have adopted the euro as their sole currency.[29][30][31] Further unilateral adoption of the euro (euroisation), by both non-euro EU and non-EU members, is opposed by the ECB and EU.[32]
Expulsion and secession
Although the eurozone is open to all EU member states to join once they meet the criteria, the treaty is silent on the matter of states leaving the eurozone, neither prohibiting nor permitting it. Likewise there is no provision for a state to be expelled from the euro.[33] Some, however, including the Dutch government, favour such a provision being created in the event that a heavily indebted state in the eurozone refuses to comply with an EU economic reform policy.[34] Jens Dammann has argued that even now EU law contains an implicit right for member states to leave the eurozone if they no longer meet the criteria that they had to meet in order to join the eurozone.[35]
The outcome of leaving the euro would vary depending on the situation. If the country's own replacement currency was expected to devalue against the euro, the state might experience a large-scale exodus of money, whereas if the currency were expected to appreciate then more money would flow into the economy. A rapidly appreciating currency would be detrimental to the country's exports.[36]
One problem is that if Greece were to replace the euro with a new currency, this cannot be achieved very quickly. Banknotes must be printed for example, which takes up to six months.[37] The changeover would likely require bank deposits be converted from euros to the new devalued currency. The prospect of this could lead to currency leaving the country and people withdrawing cash, causing a bank run and necessitating capital controls.[38]
Administration and representation
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Frankfurt_EZB-Neubau.20130909.jpg/220px-Frankfurt_EZB-Neubau.20130909.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Jeroen_Dijsselbloem_2012_%28highres%29.jpg/170px-Jeroen_Dijsselbloem_2012_%28highres%29.jpg)
The monetary policy of all countries in the eurozone is managed by the European Central Bank (ECB) and the Eurosystem which comprises the ECB and the central banks of the EU states who have joined the eurozone. Countries outside the eurozone are not represented in these institutions. Whereas all EU member states are part of the European System of Central Banks (ESCB). Non EU member states have no say in all three institutions, even those with monetary agreements such as Monaco. The ECB is entitled to authorise the design and printing of euro banknotes and the volume of euro coins minted, and its president is currently Mario Draghi.
The eurozone is represented politically by its finance ministers, known collectively as the Eurogroup, and is presided over by a president, currently Jeroen Dijsselbloem. The finance ministers of the EU member states that use the euro meet a day before a meeting of the Economic and Financial Affairs Council (Ecofin) of the Council of the European Union. The Group is not an official Council formation but when the full EcoFin council votes on matters only affecting the eurozone, only Euro Group members are permitted to vote on it.[39][40][41]
Since the global financial crisis of 2007–08, the Euro Group has met irregularly not as finance ministers, but as heads of state and government (like the European Council). It is in this forum, the Euro summit, that many eurozone reforms have been decided upon. In 2011, former French President Nicolas Sarkozy pushed for these summits to become regular and twice a year in order for it to be a 'true economic government'.
In April 2008 in Brussels, Juncker suggested that the eurozone should be represented at the International Monetary Fund as a bloc, rather than each member state separately: "It is absurd for those 15 countries not to agree to have a single representation at the IMF. It makes us look absolutely ridiculous. We are regarded as buffoons on the international scene."[42] However Finance Commissioner Joaquín Almunia stated that before there is common representation, a common political agenda should be agreed upon.[42]
Economy
Comparison table
Population | GDPa | % world GDP by PPP | Exports | Imports | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Eurozone | 335 million | $11 trillion | 14% | 27% GDP | 25% GDP |
EU (28) | 506 million | $17 trillion | 21% | 18% GDP | 17% GDP |
United States | 314 million | $16 trillion | 20% | 14% GDP | 17% GDP |
China | 1.354 billion | $14.9 trillion | 18% | 26% GDP | 24% GDP |
India | 1.200 billion | $6.8 trillion | 6.66% | 24% GDP | 31% GDP |
Japan | 128 million | $5 trillion | 6% | 15% GDP | 17% GDP |
^a GDP in PPP, exports/imports of goods and services excluding intra-EU trade.
Economy | Nominal GDP (billions in USD) - 2014
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The 20 largest economies in the world including the EU and the eurozone as a single entity, by nominal GDP (2014). The values for EU members that are not also eurozone members are listed both separately and as part of the EU.[45] |
Inflation
HICP figures from the ECB, taken from May of each year:[46]
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Interest rates
Interest rates for the eurozone, set by the ECB since 1999. Levels are in percentages per annum. Between to June 2000 and October 2008, the main refinancing operations were variable rate tenders, as opposed to fixed rate tenders. The figures indicated in the table from 2000 to 2008 refer to the minimum interest rate at which counterparties may place their bids.[3]
Date | Deposit facility | Main refinancing operations | Marginal lending facility |
---|---|---|---|
1999-01-01 | 2.00 | 3.00 | 4.50 |
1999-01-04[h] | 2.75 | 3.00 | 3.25 |
1999-01-22 | 2.00 | 3.00 | 4.50 |
1999-04-09 | 1.50 | 2.50 | 3.50 |
1999-11-05 | 2.00 | 3.00 | 4.00 |
2000-02-04 | 2.25 | 3.25 | 4.25 |
2000-03-17 | 2.50 | 3.50 | 4.50 |
2000-04-28 | 2.75 | 3.75 | 4.75 |
2000-06-09 | 3.25 | 4.25 | 5.25 |
2000-06-28 | 3.25 | 4.25 | 5.25 |
2000-09-01 | 3.50 | 4.50 | 5.50 |
2000-10-06 | 3.75 | 4.75 | 5.75 |
2001-05-11 | 3.50 | 4.50 | 5.50 |
2001-08-31 | 3.25 | 4.25 | 5.25 |
2001-09-18 | 2.75 | 3.75 | 4.75 |
2001-11-09 | 2.25 | 3.25 | 4.25 |
2002-12-06 | 1.75 | 2.75 | 3.75 |
2003-03-07 | 1.50 | 2.50 | 3.50 |
2003-06-06 | 1.00 | 2.00 | 3.00 |
2005-12-06 | 1.25 | 2.25 | 3.25 |
2006-03-08 | 1.50 | 2.50 | 3.50 |
2006-06-15 | 1.75 | 2.75 | 3.75 |
2006-08-09 | 2.00 | 3.00 | 4.00 |
2006-10-11 | 2.25 | 3.25 | 4.25 |
2006-12-13 | 2.50 | 3.50 | 4.50 |
2007-03-14 | 2.75 | 3.75 | 4.75 |
2007-06-13 | 3.00 | 4.00 | 5.00 |
2008-07-09 | 3.25 | 4.25 | 5.25 |
2008-10-08 | 2.75 | 4.75 | |
2008-10-09 | 3.25 | 4.25 | |
2008-10-15 | 3.25 | 3.75 | 4.25 |
2008-11-12 | 2.75 | 3.25 | 3.75 |
2008-12-10 | 2.00 | 2.50 | 3.00 |
2009-01-21 | 1.00 | 2.00 | 3.00 |
2009-03-11 | 0.50 | 1.50 | 2.50 |
2009-04-08 | 0.25 | 1.25 | 2.25 |
2009-05-13 | 0.25 | 1.00 | 1.75 |
2011-04-13 | 0.50 | 1.25 | 2.00 |
2011-07-13 | 0.75 | 1.50 | 2.25 |
2011-11-09 | 0.50 | 1.25 | 2.00 |
2011-12-14 | 0.25 | 1.00 | 1.75 |
2012-07-11 | 0.00 | 0.75 | 1.50 |
2013-05-08 | 0.00 | 0.50 | 1.00 |
2013-11-13 | 0.00 | 0.25 | 0.75 |
2014-06-11 | -0.10 | 0.15 | 0.40 |
Public debt
The following table states the ratio of public debt to GDP in percent for eurozone countries. The euro convergence criterion is 60%.
Country | CIA 2007[47] | OECD 2009[48][49] | IMF 2009[50] | CIA 2009[51] | EuroStat 2010[52] | EuroStat 2011[53] |
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59.10 | 72.7 | 67.10[54] | 66.40 | 72.3 | 72.2 |
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84.60 | 100.4 | 93.70[55] | 101.00 | 96.8 | 98.0 |
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59.60 | 56.20[56] | 56.20 | 60.8 | 71.6 | |
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3.40 | 7.10 | 6.6 | 6.0 | ||
Eurozone | 86.0[57] | |||||
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35.90 | 52.6 | 44.00[58] | 40.30 | 48.4 | 48.6 |
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63.90 | 87.1 | 78.10[59] | 77.60 | 81.7 | 85.8 |
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64.90 | 76.5 | 72.50[60] | 77.20 | 83.2 | 81.2 |
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89.50 | 120.2 | 113.40 | 142.8 | 165.3 | |
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24.90 | 72.7 | 64.00[61] | 64.80 | 96.2 | 108.2 |
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104.00 | 127.7 | 115.8[62] | 115.80 | 119.0 | 120.1 |
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7.40 | 32.50 | ||||
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31.30 | 42.7 | ||||
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6.40 | 18.0 | 16.40[63] | 14.60 | 18.4 | 18.2 |
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69.00 | 68.0 | 72.0 | |||
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45.50 | 69.4 | 58.90[64] | 60.90 | 62.7 | 65.2 |
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63.60 | 86.3 | 75.80[65] | 76.80 | 93.0 | 107.8 |
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35.90 | 39.8 | 35.70[66] | 35.70 | 41.0 | 43.3 |
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23.60 | 44.1 | 31.30 | 38.0 | 47.6 | |
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36.20 | 62.4 | 53.20[67] | 53.20 | 60.1 | 68.5 |
Convergence Criterion | 60.00 | 60.0 | 60.00 | 60.00 | 60.0 | 60.0 |
Fiscal policies
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Government_surplus_or_deficit_%28EU-USA-UK%29.png/220px-Government_surplus_or_deficit_%28EU-USA-UK%29.png)
The primary means for fiscal coordination within the EU lies in the Broad Economic Policy Guidelines which are written for every member state, but with particular reference to the 19 current members of the eurozone. These guidelines are not binding, but are intended to represent policy coordination among the EU member states, so as to take into account the linked structures of their economies.
For their mutual assurance and stability of the currency, members of the eurozone have to respect the Stability and Growth Pact, which sets agreed limits on deficits and national debt, with associated sanctions for deviation. The Pact originally set a limit of 3% of GDP for the yearly deficit of all eurozone member states; with fines for any state which exceeded this amount. In 2005, Portugal, Germany, and France had all exceeded this amount, but the Council of Ministers had not voted to fine those states. Subsequently, reforms were adopted to provide more flexibility and ensure that the deficit criteria took into account the economic conditions of the member states, and additional factors.
The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development downgraded its economic forecasts on 20 March 2008 for the eurozone for the first half of 2008. Europe does not have room to ease fiscal or monetary policy, the 30-nation group warned. For the eurozone, the OECD now forecasts first-quarter GDP growth of just 0.5%, with no improvement in the second quarter, which is expected to show just a 0.4% gain.
The European Fiscal Compact is a proposal for a treaty about fiscal integration described in a decision adopted on 9 December 2011 by the European Council. The participants are the eurozone member states and all other EU members except for the United Kingdom. Treaty text is still to be drafted and participation approvals from national parliaments are still to be granted.[68]
Historical eurozone enlargements and exchange-rate regimes for EU members
The chart below provides a full summary of all applying exchange-rate regimes for EU members, since the European Monetary System with its Exchange Rate Mechanism and the related new common currency ECU was born on 13 March 1979. The euro replaced the ECU 1:1 at the exchange rate markets, on 1 January 1999. During 1979-1999, the D-Mark functioned as a de facto anchor for the ECU, meaning there was only a minor difference between pegging your currency against ECU and pegging it against the D-mark.
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/9w8axc289lfbn59s7nw4tsp3w0guhqp.png)
Sources: EC convergence reports 1996-2014, Italian lira, Spanish peseta, Portuguese escudo, Finnish markka, Greek drachma, Sterling
The eurozone was born with its first 11 Member States on 1 January 1999. The first enlargement of the eurozone, to Greece, took place on 1 January 2001, one year before the euro had physically entered into circulation. The next enlargements were to states which joined the EU in 2004, and then joined the eurozone on 1 January in the mentioned year: Slovenia (2007), Cyprus (2008), Malta (2008), Slovakia (2009), Estonia (2011), Latvia (2014), and Lithuania (2015).
All new EU members having joined the bloc after the signing of the Maastricht treaty in 1992, are obliged to adopt the euro under the terms of their accession treaties. However, the last of the five economic convergence criteria which needs first to be complied with in order to qualify for euro adoption, is the exchange rate stability criterion, which requires having been an ERM-member for a minimum of two years without the presence of "severe tensions" for the currency exchange rate.
In September 2011, a diplomatic source close to the euro adoption preparation talks between the seven remaining new Member States who had yet to adopt the euro (Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland and Romania), claimed that the monetary union (eurozone) they had thought they were going to join upon their signing of the accession treaty may very well end up being a very different union entailing much closer fiscal, economic and political convergence. This changed legal status of the eurozone could potentially cause them to conclude that the conditions for their promise to join were no longer valid, which "could force them to stage new referendums" on euro adoption.[69]
Bailout provisions
The financial crisis of 2007–08 prompted a number of reforms in the eurozone. One was a u-turn on the eurozone's bailout policy that led to the creation of a specific fund to assist eurozone states in trouble. The European Financial Stability Facility (EFSF) and the European Financial Stability Mechanism (EFSM) were created in 2010 to provide, alongside the International Monetary Fund (IMF), a system and fund to bail out members. However the EFSF and EFSM were temporary, small and lacked a basis in the EU treaties. Therefore, it was agreed in 2011 to establish a European Stability Mechanism (ESM) which would be much larger, funded only by eurozone states (not the EU as a whole as the EFSF/EFSM were) and would have a permanent treaty basis. As a result of that its creation involved agreeing an amendment to TEFU Article 136 allowing for the ESM and a new ESM treaty to detail how the ESM would operate. If both are successfully ratified according to schedule, the ESM would be operational by the time the EFSF/EFSM expire in mid-2013.
Peer review
Strong EU oversight in the fields of taxation and budgetary policy and the enforcement mechanisms that go with it have sometimes been described as potential infringements on the sovereignty of eurozone member states[70] However, in June 2010, a broad agreement was finally reached on a controversial proposal for member states to peer review each other's budgets prior to their presentation to national parliaments. Although showing the entire budget to each other was opposed by Germany, Sweden and the UK, each government would present to their peers and the Commission their estimates for growth, inflation, revenue and expenditure levels six months before they go to national parliaments. If a country was to run a deficit, they would have to justify it to the rest of the EU while countries with a debt more than 60% of GDP would face greater scrutiny.[71]
The plans would apply to all EU members, not just the eurozone, and have to be approved by EU leaders along with proposals for states to face sanctions before they reach the 3% limit in the Stability and Growth Pact. Poland has criticised the idea of withholding regional funding for those who break the deficit limits, as that would only impact the poorer states.[71] In June 2010 France agreed to back Germany's plan for suspending the voting rights of members who breach the rules.[72] In March 2011 was initiated a new reform of the Stability and Growth Pact aiming at straightening the rules by adopting an automatic procedure for imposing of penalties in case of breaches of either the deficit or the debt rules.[73][74]
See also
- Sixpack (European Union law)
- Special member state territories and the European Union
- Potential Greek exit from the eurozone
Notes
- ^ The self-declared Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus is not recognised by the EU and uses the Turkish lira. However the euro does circulate widely.
- ^ a b c French Pacific territories use the CFP franc, which is pegged to the euro.(1 franc = 0.00838 euro)
- ^ Uses the Swiss franc. However the euro is also accepted and circulates widely.
- ^ Aruba is part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, but not the EU. It uses the Aruban florin, which is pegged to the US dollar.(1 dollar = 1.79 florins)
- ^ a b Currently uses the Netherlands Antillean guilder and plans to introduce the Caribbean guilder in 2014; [1] [needs update] both are pegged to the US dollar.(1 dollar = 1.79 guilder)
- ^ Uses the US Dollar.
- ^ Template:Kosovo-note
- ^ The ECB announced on 22 December 1998 that, between 4 and 21 January 1999, there would be a narrow corridor of 50 base points interest rates for the marginal lending facility and the deposit facility in order to help the transition to the ECB's interest regime.
References
- ^ "Total population as of 1 January". Epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 18 December 2014.
- ^ "Gross domestic product at market prices". Epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 8 December 2011.
- ^ a b Key ECB interest rates, ECB
- ^ HICP – all items – annual average inflation rate Eurostat
- ^ Harmonised unemployment rate by gender – total – [teilm020,; Total % (SA) Eurostat
- ^ For the whole of 2012. Euroindicators 15 February 2013, Eurostat
- ^ "Countries, languages, currencies". Interinstitutional style guide. the EU Publications Office. Retrieved 2 February 2009.
The euro area, European Central Bank - ^ "Who can join and when?". European Commission. Retrieved 10 September 2012.
- ^ Fox, Benjamin (1 February 2013). "Dutch PM: Eurozone needs exit clause". EUobserver.com. Retrieved 18 June 2013.
- ^ a b "Agreements on monetary relations (Monaco, San Marino, the Vatican and Andorra)". European Communities. 30 September 2004. Retrieved 12 September 2006.
- ^ "The government announces a contest for the design of the Andorran euros". Andorra Mint. 19 March 2013. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
- ^ "Nouvelles d'Andorre" (in French). 1 February 2013. Retrieved 2 February 2013.[dead link]
- ^ a b c "The euro outside the euro area". Europa (web portal). Retrieved 26 February 2011.
- ^ A glossary issued by the ECB defines "euro area", without mention of Monaco, San Marino, or the Vatican.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "COUNCIL DECISION of 3 May 1998 in accordance with Article 109j(4) of the Treaty". Official Journal of the European Union. L (139/30). 11 May 1998. Retrieved 27 October 2014.
- ^ "COUNCIL DECISION of 10 July 2007 in accordance with Article 122(2) of the Treaty on the adoption by Cyprus of the single currency on 1 January 2008". Official Journal of the European Union. L (186/29). 18 July 2007. Retrieved 27 October 2014.
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External links
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