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Demographics of Greece

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Demographics of {{{place}}}
Population10,955,000 (2015 est.)[1]
Growth rate-1.01 people/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Birth rate9.45 births/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Death rate10.51 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Life expectancy79.66 years
 • male77.11 years
 • female82.37 years (2010 est.)
Fertility rate1.42 children born/woman (2011 est.)[2]
Infant mortality rate4.92 deaths per 1,000 live births (2012 est.)[3]
Age structure
0–14 years14.4%
15–64 years66.6%
65 and over19.0%
Sex ratio
At birth1.06 male(s)/female (2008 est.)
Under 151.06 male(s)/female
15–64 years1.00 male(s)/female
65 and over0.78 male(s)/female
Nationality
Nationalitynoun: Greek(s) adjective: Greek
Major ethnicGreeks
Minor ethnicAlbanians, Roma, Turks, Bulgarians and Pomaks,[4] Romanians, Russians, Georgians and Armenians[5]
Language
OfficialGreek
SpokenGreek (Majority), Arvanitika, Macedonian/Bulgarian, Pomak, Aromanian, Turkish

This article is about the demographic features of the population of Greece, including ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population.

The Demographics of Greece refer to the demography of the population that inhabits the Greek peninsula. The population of Greece was estimated by the United Nations to 10,955,000 in 2015.

Historical overview

Greece was inhabited as early as the Paleolithic period. Prior to the 2nd millennium BC, the Greek peninsula was inhabited by various pre-Hellenic peoples, the most notable of which were the Pelasgians. The Greek language ultimately dominated the peninsula and Greece's mosaic of small city-states became culturally similar. The population estimates on the Greeks during the 4th century BC, is approximately 3.5 million on the Greek peninsula and 4 to 6.5 million in the rest of the entire Mediterranean Basin,[6] including all colonies such as those in Magna Graecia, Asia Minor and the shores of the Black Sea.

During the history of the Byzantine Empire, the Greek peninsula was occasionally invaded by the foreign peoples like Goths, Avars, Slavs, Normans, Franks and other Romance-speaking peoples who had betrayed the Crusades. The only group, however, that planned to establish permanent settlements in the region were the Slavs. They settled in isolated valleys of the Peloponnese and Thessaly, establishing segregated communities that were referred by the Byzantines as Sclaveni. Traces of Slavic culture in Greece are very rare and by the 9th century, the Sclaveni in Greece were largely assimilated. However, some Slavic communities managed to survive in rural Macedonia. At the same time a large Sephardi Jewish emigrant community from the Iberian peninsula established itself in Thessaloniki, while there were population movements of Arvanites and Vlachs, who established communities in several parts of the Greek peninsula. The Byzantine Empire ultimately fell to Ottoman Turks in the 15th century and as a result Ottoman colonies were established in the Balkans, notably in Macedonia, the Peloponnese and Crete. Many Greeks either fled to other European nations or to geographically isolated areas (i.e. mountains and heavily forested territories) in order to escape foreign rule. For those reasons, the population decreased in the plains, while increasing on the mountains. The population transfers with Bulgaria and Turkey that took place in the early 20th century, added in total some two million Greeks from to the demography of the Greek Kingdom.

Urbanization

See also: List of cities in Greece
 
Largest cities or towns in Greece
Rank Name Region Pop. Rank Name Region Pop.
Athens
Athens
Thessaloniki
Thessaloniki 		1 Athens Attica 3,155,000 11 Serres Central Macedonia 58,287 Patras
Patras
Piraeus
Piraeus
2 Thessaloniki Central Macedonia 815,000 12 Alexandroupoli Eastern Macedonia and Thrace 57,812
3 Patras Western Greece 177,071 13 Xanthi Eastern Macedonia and Thrace 56,122
4 Piraeus Attica 168,151 14 Katerini Central Macedonia 55,997
5 Heraklion Crete 163,688 15 Kalamata Peloponnese 54,100
6 Larissa Thessaly 148,562 16 Kavala Eastern Macedonia and Thrace 54,027
7 Volos Thessaly 85,803 17 Chania Crete 53,910
8 Ioannina Epirus 65,574 18 Lamia Central Greece 52,006
9 Trikala Thessaly 61,653 19 Komotini Eastern Macedonia and Thrace 50,990
10 Chalcis Central Greece 59,125 20 Rhodes South Aegean 49,541

Population

Main article: Demographic history of Greece
Population of Greece since 1961.

According to the 2001 census the population of Greece was 10,964,020. Eurostat estimations as of January 2008 gave the number of 11,214,992 inhabitants in the Greek peninsula. According to the official 2011 census, which used sophisticated methodology, the population of Greece was 10,816,286.

Census Population Change
1971 8,768,372 -
1981 9,739,589 11.1%
1991 10,259,900 5.3%
2001 10,964,020 6.9%
2011 10,816,286 -0.88%

By region

Greece is divided into nine geographic regions. The population of each region according to the 2001 census:

Region Population
Aegean Islands 508,807
Central Greece 4,591,568
Crete 601,131
Epirus 353,822
Ionian Islands 212,984
Macedonia 2,424,765
Peloponnese 1,155,019
Thessaly 753,888
Thrace 362,038
Total 10,964,020

Cyprus 2250000

Age structure

Being part of the phenomenon of the aging of Europe, the Greek population shows a rapid increase of the percentage of the elderly people. Greece's population census of 1961 found that 10.9% of the total population was above the age of 65, while the percentage of this group age increased to 19.0% in 2011. On the contrary, the percentage of the population of the ages 0–14 had a total decrease of 10.2% between 1961 and 2011.

Age group 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011
Population % Population % Population % Population % Population %
0–14 2,223,904 25.4 2,307,297 23.7 1,974,867 19.2 1,664,085 15.2 1,576,500 14.4
15–64 5,587,352 63.7 6,192,751 63.6 6,880,681 67.1 7,468,395 68.1 7,122,830 66.6
65+ 957,116 10.9 1,239,541 12.7 1,404,352 13.7 1,831,540 16.7 2,108,807 19.0
Total 8,768,372 9,739,589 10,259,900 10,964,020 10,816,286

Vital statistics[12][13][14]

Greece total fertility rate by region (2014)
  1.5 - 1.7
  1.4 - 1.5
  1.3 - 1.4
  < 1.3
Average population (x 1000) Live births Deaths Natural change Crude birth rate (per 1000) Crude death rate (per 1000) Natural change (per 1000) Fertility rates
1921 5 050 107 000 69 000 38 000 21.2 13.7 7.5
1922 5 097 110 000 82 000 18 000 21.6 16.1 3.5
1923 6 010 113 926 102 042 11 884 19.0 17.0 2.0
1924 6 000 117 014 93 320 23 694 19.5 15.6 3.9
1925 5 958 156 367 88 633 67 734 26.2 14.9 11.4
1926 6 042 181 278 84 136 97 142 30.0 13.9 16.1
1927 6 127 176 527 100 020 76 507 28.8 16.3 12.5
1928 6 210 189 250 105 665 83 585 30.5 17.0 13.5
1929 6 286 181 870 115 561 66 309 28.9 18.4 10.5
1930 6 367 199 565 103 811 95 754 31.3 16.3 15.0
1931 6 463 199 243 114 369 84 874 30.8 17.7 13.1
1932 6 544 185 523 117 593 67 930 28.4 18.0 10.4
1933 6 625 189 583 111 447 78 136 28.6 16.8 11.8
1934 6 727 208 929 100 651 108 278 31.1 15.0 16.1
1935 6 837 192 511 101 416 91 095 28.2 14.8 13.3
1936 6 936 193 343 105 005 88 338 27.9 15.1 12.7
1937 7 029 183 878 105 674 78 204 26.2 15.0 11.1
1938 7 122 184 509 93 766 90 743 25.9 13.2 12.7
1939 7 222 178 852 100 459 78 393 24.8 13.9 10.9
1940 7 319 179 480 93 830 85 670 24.5 12.8 11.7
1941 7 370 134 760 125 710 9 050 18.3 17.1 1.2
1942 7 350 132 640 191 030 -58 390 18.0 26.0 -7.9
1943 7 280 122 170 111 320 10 850 16.8 15.3 1.5
1944 7 300 145 530 110 810 34 720 19.9 15.2 4.8
1945 7 310 183 470 85 540 97 930 25.1 11.7 13.4
1946 7 430 209 360 73 500 135 860 28.2 9.9 18.3
1947 7 520 206 400 70 340 136 060 27.4 9.4 18.1
1948 7 500 210 000 96 000 114 000 28.0 12.8 15.2
1949 7 480 139 108 59 450 79 658 18.6 7.9 10.6
1950 7 554 151 314 53 755 97 559 20.0 7.1 12.9
1951 7 646 155 422 57 508 97 914 20.3 7.5 12.8
1952 7 733 149 637 53 377 96 260 19.4 6.9 12.4
1953 7 817 143 765 56 680 87 085 18.4 7.3 11.1
1954 7 893 151 892 55 625 96 267 19.2 7.0 12.2
1955 7 966 154 263 54 781 99 482 19.4 6.9 12.5
1956 8 031 156 187 59 460 96 727 19.4 7.4 12.0
1957 8 096 155 192 61 664 93 528 19.2 7.6 11.6
1958 8 173 155 359 58 160 97 199 19.0 7.1 11.9
1959 8 258 160 199 60 852 99 347 19.4 7.4 12.0
1960 8 334 157 239 60 563 96 676 18.9 7.3 11.6 2.28
1961 8 398 150 716 63 955 86 761 17.9 7.6 10.3 2.19
1962 8 448 152 158 66 554 85 604 18.0 7.9 10.1 2.23
1963 8 480 148 249 66 813 81 436 17.5 7.9 9.6 2.22
1964 8 510 153 109 69 429 83 680 18.0 8.1 9.8 2.31
1965 8 551 151 448 67 269 84 179 17.7 7.8 9.8 2.30
1966 8 614 154 613 67 912 86 701 17.9 7.9 10.1 2.38
1967 8 686 162 839 71 975 90 864 18.7 8.3 10.4 2.55
1968 8 741 160 338 73 309 87 029 18.3 8.4 10.0 2.53
1969 8 773 154 077 71 825 82 252 17.6 8.2 9.4 2.50
1970 8 793 144 928 74 009 70 919 16.5 8.4 8.1 2.34
1971 8 831 141 126 73 819 67 307 16.0 8.4 7.6 2.30
1972 8 889 140 891 76 859 64 032 15.9 8.6 7.2 2.32
1973 8 929 137 526 77 648 59 878 15.4 8.7 6.7 2.28
1974 8 962 144 069 76 303 67 766 16.1 8.5 7.6 2.39
1975 9 047 142 273 80 077 62 196 15.7 8.9 6.9 2.33
1976 9 167 146 566 81 818 64 748 16.0 8.9 7.1 2.35
1977 9 269 143 739 83 750 59 989 15.4 9.0 6.4 2.28
1978 9 395 146 588 81 615 64 973 15.5 8.7 6.9 2.29
1979 9 534 147 965 82 338 65 627 15.5 8.6 6.9 2.26
1980 9 643 148 134 87 282 60 852 15.4 9.1 6.3 2.23
1981 9 729 140 953 86 261 54 692 14.5 8.9 5.6 2.10
1982 9 790 137 275 86 345 50 930 14.0 8.8 5.2 2.03
1983 9 847 132 608 90 586 42 022 13.5 9.2 4.3 1.94
1984 9 896 125 724 88 397 37 327 12.7 8.9 3.8 1.82
1985 9 934 116 481 92 886 23 595 11.7 9.4 2.4 1.68
1986 9 967 112 250 91 469 20 781 11.3 9.2 2.1 1.60
1987 10 001 105 899 95 232 10 667 10.6 9.5 1.1 1.50
1988 10 037 107 668 93 031 14 637 10.7 9.3 1.5 1.50
1989 10 090 101 149 92 717 8 432 10.0 9.2 0.8 1.40
1990 10 161 102 229 94 152 8 077 10.1 9.3 0.8 1.39
1991 10 257 102 620 95 498 7 122 10.0 9.3 0.7 1.38
1992 10 370 104 081 98 231 5 850 10.0 9.5 0.6 1.38
1993 10 466 101 799 97 419 4 380 9.7 9.3 0.4 1.34
1994 10 553 103 763 97 807 5 956 9.8 9.3 0.6 1.35
1995 10 635 101 495 100 158 1 337 9.5 9.4 0.1 1.32
1996 10 710 100 718 100 740 - 22 9.4 9.4 -0.0 1.30
1997 10 777 102 038 99 738 2 300 9.5 9.3 0.2 1.31
1998 10 835 100 894 102 668 -1 774 9.3 9.5 -0.2 1.29
1999 10 883 100 643 103 304 -2 661 9.2 9.5 -0.2 1.28
2000 10 918 103 267 105 219 -1 952 9.5 9.6 -0.2 1.26
2001 10 950 102 282 102 559 - 277 9.3 9.4 -0.0 1.25
2002 10 988 103 838 103 915 - 77 9.5 9.5 -0.0 1.27
2003 11 024 104 420 105 529 -1 109 9.5 9.6 -0.1 1.28
2004 11 062 105 655 104 942 713 9.6 9.5 0.1 1.30
2005 11 104 107 545 105 091 2 454 9.7 9.5 0.2 1.33
2006 11 148 112 042 105 476 6 566 10.1 9.5 0.6 1.40
2007 11 193 111 926 109 895 2 031 10.0 9.8 0.2 1.41
2008 11 237 118 302 107 979 10 323 10.5 9.6 0.9 1.55
2009 11 278 117 933 108 316 9 617 10.5 9.6 0.9 1.57
2010 11 290 114 766 109 084 5 682 10.2 9.7 0.5 1.53
2011 10 816 106 428 111 099 -4 671 9.8 10.3 -0.5 1.42
2012[15] 11 123 100 371 116 670 -16 299 9.1 10.6 -1.5 1.34
2013[16] 11 062 94 134 111 794 -17 660 8.5 10.2 -1.7 1.28
2014[17] 10 858 93 429 114 088 -20 659 8.4 10.4 -2.0 1.30
2015[18] 10 793 91 900 120 800 -29 000 8.5 11.2 -2.7

Immigration

Main article: Immigration to Greece
Foreign citizens in Greece in 1998 by country of citizenship,

Greece has received a large number of immigrants since the early 1990s. The majority of them come from the neighbouring countries. As of 2011, the number of foreigners in an enumerated total of 10,815,197 people was 911,299.

Citizenship Census 2011 [1] %
 Greece 9,903,268 91.56
 Albania 480,824 4.45
 Bulgaria 75,915 0.70
 Romania 46,523 0.43
 Pakistan 34,177 0.31
 Georgia 27,400 0.25
 Ukraine 17,006 0.16
 United Kingdom 15,386 0.14
 Cyprus 14,446 0.13
 Poland 14,145 0.13
 Russia 13,807 0.12
 India 11,333 0.10
 Bangladesh 11,076 0.10
 Germany 10,778 0.09
 Egypt 10,455 0.09
 Moldova 10,391 0.09
 Philippines 9,804 0.09
Other 108,436 1
Total 10,815,197 100

Illegal immigration

Greece has received many illegal immigrants beginning in the 1990s and continuing during the 2000s. Migrants make use of the many islands in the Aegean Sea, directly west of Turkey. A spokesman for the European Union's border control agency said that the Greek-Albanian border is "one of Europe's worst-affected external land borders." Migrants across the Evros region bordering Turkey face land-mines. Principal illegal immigrants include Albanians, Indians, Kurds, Afghans, Iraqis and Somalis.[19][20]

Ethnic groups, languages and religion

Main articles: Minorities in Greece, Languages of Greece, and Religion in Greece

The population of northern Greece has primarily been ethnically, religiously and linguistically diverse.[21] The Muslim minority of Greece is the only explicitly recognized minority in Greece by the government. The officials define it as a group Greek Muslims, numbering 97,605 people or 0.91% of the total population, consisting of Turks (50%), Pomaks (35%) and Romani (15%). No other minorities are acknowledged and the Greek government has followed assimilatory policies and has discriminated against them.[22][23] There is not any official information for the size of the ethnic, linguistic and religious minorities because asking the population questions pertaining to the topic have been abolished since 1951.[24]

Map showing the distribution of major Modern Greek dialect areas
Note: Greek is the dominant language throughout Greece; inclusion in a non-Greek language zone does not necessarily imply that the relevant minority language is still spoken there, or that its speakers consider themselves an ethnic minority.

Religion in Greece (2010) [25]

  Eastern Orthodoxy and other Christian (88.1%)
  Islam (5.3%)
  no religion (6.1%)
  others (0.5%)

Minorities in Greece according to Minority Rights Group International:[26]

The official language of Greece is Greek, spoken by almost all as a second language at least. Additionally, there are a number of linguistic minority groups that are bilingual in a variety of non-Greek languages, and parts of these groups identify ethnically as Greeks. The most common of all these dialects, the groups that speak them and the regions where they are considered native are:

Dialect Spoken by Estimated population Region
Greek dialects
Cretan Cretans 600,000 Crete
Maniot Maniots 25,000 Mani (southern Peloponnese)
Pontic Pontians 200,000 Macedonia
Sarakatsanika Sarakatsani 80,000 Central Greece, Thessaly, Epirus
Tsakonian Tsakonians 1,200 Tsakonia (eastern Peloponnese)
Other languages
Arvanitika Arvanites 50,000[28] Attica, southern Euboea, Boeotia, Peloponnese
Aromanian Aromanians 50,000[28] Epirus, Thessaly, West Macedonia
Hebrew Jews 5,000[28]
Bulgarian/Macedonian Slavic Slavic-speakers of Greek Macedonia, Pomaks 50-80,000 (Macedonia), 10-40,000 (Thrace)[29][30][31] Macedonia, Thrace
Turkish Turks 128,380 (Thrace)[32] 6,000 (Dodecanese) Thrace
Romani Romani 300,000-350,000
Native speakers census 1913 census 1928[22][33] census 1940[33][34] census 1951[35]
Number % Number % Number % Number %
Greek 7,297,878 95.6
Turkish[29][36] 86,506- 230,000 1.4- 3.7 94,509- 180,000 1.3- 2.5 179,895 2.4
Slavic[29] 300,000- 500,000 6.3- 10.6 81,844- 100,000 1.3- 1.6 86,079- 100,000 1.2- 1.4 41,017- 60,000 0.5- 0.8
Aromanian 19,679 0.3 57,263 0.8 39,855 1.2
Albanian 18,598 0.3 20,000 0.3 22,736 0.3
Armenian[29] 31,038 0.5 26,796 0.4 9,000 0.1
Hebrew/Ladino[28][29] 63,000 1.0 52,706 0.7 1,300 0.0
Others 51,420 0.7
Total 4,734,990 6,204,684 7,344,860 7,632,801
Religious population in Greece at the 1951 Census [35]
Orthodox 7,472,559 (97.9%)
Muslim 112,665 (0.4%)
Catholic 28,430 (0.4%)
Protestant and other Christian 12,677 (0.2%)
Jewish 6,325 (0.1%)
Total 7,632,801

According to the Greek constitution, Eastern Orthodox Christianity is recognized as the "prevailing religion" in Greece. During the centuries that Greece was part of the Ottoman Empire, besides its spiritual mandate, the Orthodox Church, based in Constantinople (present-day Istanbul), also functioned as an official representative of the Christian population of the empire. The Church is often credited with the preservation of the Greek language, values, and national identity during Ottoman times. The Church was also an important rallying point in the war for independence, although this latter position is somewhat controversial as the official Church in Constantinople initially condemned the breakout of armed struggle against the Empire. The Church of Greece was established shortly after the formation of a Greek national state. Its authority to this day extends only to the areas included in the independent Greek state before the Balkan Wars of 1912-1913. There is a Muslim minority concentrated in Thrace and officially protected by the Treaty of Lausanne. Besides Pomaks (Muslim Bulgarian[4] speakers) and Roma, it consists mainly of ethnic Turks, who speak Turkish and receive instruction in Turkish at special government-funded schools. There are also a number of Jews in Greece, most of whom live in Thessaloniki. There are also some Greeks who adhere to a reconstruction of the ancient Greek religion.[37] A place of worship has been recognized as such by court.[38]

Education

Main article: Education in Greece

Greek education is free and compulsory for children between the ages of 5 and 15. English study is compulsory from first grade through high school. University education, including books, is also free, contingent upon the student's ability to meet stiff entrance requirements. A high percentage of the student population seeks higher education. More than 100,000 students are registered at Greek universities, and 15% of the population currently holds a university degree. Admission in a university is determined by state-administered exams, the candidate's grade-point average from high school, and his/her priority choices of major. About one in four candidates gains admission to Greek universities.

Greek law does not currently offer official recognition to the graduates of private universities that operate in the country, except for those that offer a degree valid in another European Union country, which is automatically recognized by reciprocity. As a result, a large and growing number of students are pursuing higher education abroad. The Greek Government decides through an evaluation procedure whether to recognize degrees from specific foreign universities as qualification for public sector hiring. Other students attend private, post-secondary educational institutions in Greece that are not recognized by the Greek Government. At the moment extensive public talk is made for the reform of the Constitution in order to recognize private higher education in Greece as equal with public and to place common regulations for both.

The number of Greek students studying at European institutions is increasing along with EU support for educational exchange. In addition, nearly 5,000 Greeks are studying in the United States, about half of whom are in graduate school. Greek per capita student representation in the US (one every 2,200) is among the highest in Europe.

CIA World Factbook demographic statistics

The following demographic statistics are from the CIA World Factbook, unless otherwise indicated.[39]

Age structure

0-14 years: 14.2% (male 787,143/female 741,356)
15-64 years: 66.2% (male 3,555,447/female 3,567,383)
65 years and over: 19.6% (male 923,177/female 1,185,630) (2011 est.)

Median age

total: 42.5 years
male: 41.4 years
female: 43.6 years (2011 est.)

Urbanization

urban population: 61% of total population (2010)
rate of urbanization: 0.6% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)

Life expectancy at birth

total population: 80.05 years
male: 77.48 years
female: 82.79 years (2012 est.)

See also

References

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  28. ^ a b c d Peter Trudgill & Daniel Schreier, "Greece and Cyprus", in: Sociolinguistics (HSK 3.3), 2nd ed., Berlin & New York: de Gruyter, p. 1881-1889, esp. p. 1883
  29. ^ a b c d e Peter Trudgill & Daniel Schreier, "Greece and Cyprus", in: Sociolinguistics (HSK 3.3), 2nd ed., Berlin & New York: de Gruyter, p. 1881-1889, esp. p. 1885
  30. ^ Poulton, Hugh (1995). Who are the Macedonians?. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. p. 167. ISBN 1-85065-238-4.
  31. ^ Shea, John (1 January 1997). "Macedonia and Greece: The Struggle to Define a New Balkan Nation". McFarland – via Google Books.
  32. ^ Ethnologue
  33. ^ a b "Οι εθνικές μειονότητες [The National Minorities]".
  34. ^ "Macedonia and Greece: The Struggle to Define a New Balkan Nation".
  35. ^ a b Clogg, Richard (1 January 2002). "Minorities in Greece: Aspects of a Plural Society". Hurst – via Google Books.
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  37. ^ "Ancient Greek gods' new believers". BBC News. 21 January 2007. Retrieved 24 August 2008.
  38. ^ Smith, Helena (5 May 2006). "Greek gods prepare for comeback". London: Guardian.co.uk. Retrieved 24 August 2008.
  39. ^ Greece: People, CIA World Factbook, 2012. Retrieved on 6 April 2012
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