Federal subjects of Russia

Russia is a federation which, since March 1, 2008, consists of 83 federal subjects (Russian: субъект федерации, subyekt federatsii).^[1] They are also known as the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. In 1993, when the Constitution of Russia was adopted, there were 89 federal subjects listed. By 2008, the number of federal subjects had been decreased to 83 because of several mergers.

The federal subjects are of equal federal rights in the sense that they have equal representation—two delegates each—in the Federation Council (upper house of the Federal Assembly). They do, however, differ in the degree of autonomy they enjoy.

Federal subjects should not be confused with Federal districts of Russia which are much larger and each encompass many federal subjects. There are 83 federal subjects in the Russian Federation; while there are only 8 federal districts.

Terminology

The official government translation of the Constitution of Russia in Article 5 states:^[2] "1. The Russian Federation shall consist of republics, krays, oblasts, cities of federal significance, an autonomous oblast and autonomous okrugs, which shall have equal rights as constituent entities of the Russian Federation."

The term was also one of several discussed during the 49th annual American Translators Association conference in Orlando, in which Tom Fennel, a freelancer, gave an opinion that the term "constituent entity of the Russian Federation" is preferred to "subject".^[3] This recommendation is also shared by Tamara Nekrasova, Head of Translation Department, Goltsblat BLP, who in her "Traps & Mishaps in Legal Translation" presentation in Paris stated that "constituent entity of the Russian Federation is more appropriate than subject of the Russian Federation (subject would be OK for a monarchy)".^[4] The term is also used in the UN documents.^{[citation needed]} Other academic sources use the term "subject".^{[citation needed]}

Types

Federal subjects of Russia

Each federal subject belongs to one of the following types:

	21 republics (Russian: республика, respublika) — nominally autonomous, each has its own constitution and legislature; is represented by the federal government in international affairs; is meant to be home to a specific ethnic minority.
	46 oblasts (provinces; Russian: область, oblast') — most common type of federal subjects with federally appointed governor and locally elected legislature. Commonly named after their administrative centers.
	9 krais (territories; Russian: край, kray)—essentially the same as oblasts. The title "territory" is historic, originally given because they were once considered frontier regions.
	1 autonomous oblast (autonomous province; Russian: автономная область, avtonomnaya oblast')—the only autonomous oblast is the Jewish Autonomous Oblast
	4 autonomous okrugs (autonomous districts; Russian: автономный округ, avtonomny okrug) — with substantial or predominant ethnic minority.
	2 federal cities (Russian: город федерального значения, gorod federal'nogo znacheniya) — major cities that function as separate regions.

List of federal subjects

The subjects have both numerical codes and two- or three-letter ISO 3166-2:RU codes. The numerical codes span from 01 to 92, although nine of them (41, 59, 75, 80, 81, 82, 84, 85, and 88) are no longer in use after mergers.

Template:List of federal subjects of Russia

Oblasts

There are 46 oblasts (Russian: область; "provinces").

1. Amur
2. Arkhangelsk
3. Astrakhan
4. Belgorod
5. Bryansk
6. Chelyabinsk
7. ~~Chita~~
8. Irkutsk
9. Ivanovo
10. Kaliningrad
11. Kaluga
12. Kemerovo
13. Kirov
14. Kostroma
15. Kurgan
16. Kursk

17. Leningrad
18. Lipetsk
19. Magadan
20. Moscow
21. Murmansk
22. Nizhny Novgorod
23. Novgorod
24. Novosibirsk
25. Omsk
26. Orenburg
27. Oryol
28. Penza
29. Pskov
30. Rostov
31. Ryazan
32. Sakhalin

33. Samara
34. Saratov
35. Smolensk
36. Sverdlovsk
37. Tambov
38. Tomsk
39. Tver
40. Tula
41. Tyumen
42. Ulyanovsk
43. Vladimir
44. Volgograd
45. Vologda
46. Voronezh
47. Yaroslavl

Krais

There are 9 krais (Russian: край; territories).

Federal cities

There are 2 federal cities: Moscow and Saint Petersburg.

Map #	Code	ISO Code	Name	Flag	Coat of arms	Federal district	Economic region	Area (km²)^[5]	Population^[6]
1	77	MOW	Moscow			Central	Central	1,100	10,382,754
2	78	SPE	Saint Petersburg			Northwestern	Northwestern	1,439	4,662,547

Autonomous oblast

There is one autonomous oblast, the Jewish Autonomous Oblast.

Mergers

Starting in 2005, some of the federal subjects were merged into larger territories. The merging process was finished on March 1, 2008. No new mergers have been planned since March 2008.

Original territories	Original codes	New code	Date of referendum	Date of merger	Merger
1, 1a	59 (1), 81 (1a)	90	December 7, 2003	December 1, 2005	Perm Oblast (1) + Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug (1a) → Perm Krai
2, 2a, 2b	24 (2), 88 (2a), 84 (2b)	24	April 17, 2005	January 1, 2007	Krasnoyarsk Krai (2) + Evenk Autonomous Okrug (2a) + Taymyr Autonomous Okrug (2b) → Krasnoyarsk Krai
3, 3a	41 (3), 82 (3a)	91	October 23, 2005	July 1, 2007	Kamchatka Oblast (3) + Koryak Autonomous Okrug (3a) → Kamchatka Krai
4, 4a	38 (4), 85 (4a)	38	April 16, 2006	January 1, 2008	Irkutsk Oblast (4) + Ust-Orda Buryat Autonomous Okrug (4a) → Irkutsk Oblast
5, 5a	75 (5), 80 (5a)	92	March 11, 2007	March 1, 2008	Chita Oblast (5) + Agin-Buryat Autonomous Okrug (5a) → Zabaykalsky Krai

Further proposals for mergers

The following merger proposals have been made in recent years; most have since become inactive.

Proposals	Federal subjects	Map
6, 6a	Arkhangelsk Oblast + Nenets Autonomous Okrug = Pomorsky Krai
7, 7a, 7b	Khabarovsk Krai + Jewish Autonomous Oblast + Amur Oblast = Amur Krai
8, 8a	Magadan Oblast + Chukotka Autonomous Okrug = Magadan Krai
9, 9a, 9b	Irkutsk Oblast + Buryat Republic + Zabaykalsky Krai = Baykalsky Krai
10, 10a, 10b	Tyumen Oblast + Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug + Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug = Tyumen Krai
11, 11a, 11b	Novosibirsk Oblast + Omsk Oblast + Tomsk Oblast = Novosibirsk Krai
12, 12a, 12b	Kemerovo Oblast + Altai Republic + Altai Krai = Altai Krai
13	St. Petersburg + Leningrad Oblast = St. Petersburg Oblast
14	Moscow + Moscow Oblast = Moscow Oblast
15, 15a	Yaroslavl Oblast + Kostroma Oblast = Yaroslavl Krai
16, 16a	Novgorod Oblast + Pskov Oblast = Novgorod Krai
17, 17a	Krasnodar Krai + Republic of Adygea = Krasnodar Krai
18, 18a	Republic of Ingushetia + Chechen Republic = Checheno-Ingushetia

References

^ Constitution, Article 65
^ http://www.government.ru/eng/gov/base/54.html
^ http://www.ata-divisions.org/SLD/slavfile/winter-2009.pdf
^ http://eulita.eu/sites/default/files/Tammy_presentation.pdf
^ Федеральная служба государственной статистики (Federal State Statistics Service) (2004-05-21). "Территория, число районов, населённых пунктов и сельских администраций по субъектам Российской Федерации[[Category:Articles containing Russian-language text]] (Territory, Number of Districts, Inhabited Localities, and Rural Administration by Federal Subjects of the Russian Federation)". Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года (All-Russia Population Census of 2002) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved 2008-04-18. {{cite web}}: URL–wikilink conflict (help)
^ Федеральная служба государственной статистики (Federal State Statistics Service) (2004-05-21). "Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек[[Category:Articles containing Russian-language text]] (Population of Russia, its federal districts, federal subjects, districts, urban localities, rural localities—administrative centers, and rural localities with population of over 3,000)". Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года (All-Russia Population Census of 2002) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved 2008-06-23. {{cite web}}: URL–wikilink conflict (help)

Sources

12 декабря 1993 г. «Конституция Российской Федерации», в ред. Федерального конституционного закона №7-ФКЗ от 30 декабря 2008 г. Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Российская газета", №237, 25 декабря 1993 г. (December 12, 1993 Constitution of the Russian Federation, as amended by the Federal Constitutional Law #7-FKZ of December 30, 2008. Effective as of the official publication date.).

Template:Link FL

[Constitution65-1] Constitution, Article 65

[2] ttp://www.government.ru/eng/gov/base/54.html

[3] ttp://www.ata-divisions.org/SLD/slavfile/winter-2009.pdf

[4] ttp://eulita.eu/sites/default/files/Tammy_presentation.pdf

[5] Федеральная служба государственной статистики (Federal State Statistics Service) (2004-05-21). "Территория, число районов, населённых пунктов и сельских администраций по субъектам Российской Федерации[[Category:Articles containing Russian-language text]] (Territory, Number of Districts, Inhabited Localities, and Rural Administration by Federal Subjects of the Russian Federation)". Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года (All-Russia Population Census of 2002) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved 2008-04-18. {{cite web}}: URL–wikilink conflict (help)

[6] Федеральная служба государственной статистики (Federal State Statistics Service) (2004-05-21). "Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек[[Category:Articles containing Russian-language text]] (Population of Russia, its federal districts, federal subjects, districts, urban localities, rural localities—administrative centers, and rural localities with population of over 3,000)". Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года (All-Russia Population Census of 2002) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved 2008-06-23. {{cite web}}: URL–wikilink conflict (help)

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v t e Lists of federal subjects of Russia
By	Population (density [ru]) Gross Regional Product GDP per capita poverty rate Salary Literacy rate Total fertility rate Substance abuse HDI Forest cover Life expectancy Highest point Murder rate Unemployment Name etymology
Other	Flags Coats of arms Governors

v t e First-level administrative divisions in European countries
Sovereign states	Albania Andorra Armenia² Austria Azerbaijan¹ Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus² Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia¹ Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan¹ Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands North Macedonia Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia¹ San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey¹ Ukraine United Kingdom
States with limited recognition	Abkhazia² Kosovo Northern Cyprus² South Ossetia² Transnistria
Table of administrative divisions by country ¹ Spans the conventional boundary between Europe and another continent. ² Considered European for cultural, political and historical reasons but is geographically in Western Asia.

v t e Articles on first-level administrative divisions of Asian countries
Sovereign states	Afghanistan Armenia² Azerbaijan¹ Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus² East Timor Egypt¹ Georgia¹ India Indonesia¹ Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan¹ North Korea province special city South Korea province provincial-level city Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia¹ Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey¹ Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen¹
States with limited recognition	Abkhazia² Northern Cyprus² Palestine South Ossetia² Taiwan
Table of administrative divisions by country ¹ Spans the conventional boundary between Asia and another continent. ² Considered European for cultural, political and historical reasons but is geographically in Western Asia.