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Citizens of the [[United States|United States of America]] are referred to as '''Americans'''. Although citizens make up the majority of Americans, non-citizen residents, dual citizens and expatriates may also claim an American identity.<ref>{{cite book |last=Petersen |first=William |last2=Novak |first2=Michael |last3=Gleason |first3=Philip |title=Concepts of Ethnicity |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=7Mkxdz_3d-oC&lpg=PA62&vq=To%20be%20or%20to%20become%20an%20American&pg=PA62#v=snippet&q=To%20be%20or%20to%20become%20an%20American&f=false |accessdate=February 1, 2013 |year=1982 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=9780674157262 |page=62 |quote=...from Thomas Paine's plea in 1783...to Henry Clay's remark in 1815... "It is hard for us to believe ... how conscious these early Americans were of the job of developing American character out of the regional and generational polaritities and contradictions of a nation of immigrants and migrants." ... To be or to become an American, a person did not have to be of any particular national, linguistic, religious, or ethnic background. All he had to do was to commit himself to the political ideology centered on the abstract ideals of liberty, equality, and republicanism. Thus the universalist ideological character of American nationality meant that it was open to anyone who willed to become an American. }}</ref> The country is home to people of many different national origins. As a result, Americans do not equate their [[nationality]] with [[ethnicity]], but with [[citizenship]] and [[allegiance]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=Christine Barbour|author2=Gerald C Wright|title=Keeping the Republic: Power and Citizenship in American Politics, 6th Edition The Essentials|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=40dPkS2aRZEC&pg=PA31|date=15 January 2013|publisher=CQ Press|isbn=978-1-4522-4003-9|pages=31–33|quote=Who Is An American? Native-born and naturalized citizens|accessdate=6 January 2015}}<br/>{{cite book |last=Shklar |first=Judith N. |title=American Citizenship: The Quest for Inclusion |series=The Tanner Lectures on Human Values |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=8n829DOw1PMC&lpg=PA4&dq=American%20nationality%20citizenship&pg=PA3#v=onepage&q=American%20nationality%20citizenship&f=false |accessdate=December 17, 2012 |year=1991 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=9780674022164 |pages=3–4 }}<br />{{cite journal |last1=Slotkin |first1=Richard |year=2001 |title=Unit Pride: Ethnic Platoons and the Myths of American Nationality |journal=American Literary History |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=469–498 |publisher=Oxford University Press |doi= 10.1093/alh/13.3.469|url=http://wesscholar.wesleyan.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1028&context=div2facpubs |accessdate=December 17, 2012 |quote=But it also expresses a myth of American nationality that remains vital in our political and cultural life: the idealized self-image of a multiethnic, multiracial democracy, hospitable to differences but united by a common sense of national belonging. }}<br />{{cite book |last=Eder |first=Klaus |last2=Giesen |first2=Bernhard |title=European Citizenship: Between National Legacies and Postnational Projects |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=lL-FiY6xhfUC&lpg=PA26&dq=%22American%20nationality%22%20citizenship&pg=PA25#v=onepage&q=%22American%20nationality%22%20citizenship&f=false |accessdate=February 1, 2013 |year=2001 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780199241200 |pages=25–26 |quote=In inter-state relations, the American nation state presents its members as a monistic political body-despite ethnic and national groups in the interior. }}<br />{{cite book |last=Petersen |first=William |last2=Novak |first2=Michael |last3=Gleason |first3=Philip |title=Concepts of Ethnicity |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=7Mkxdz_3d-oC&lpg=PA62&vq=To%20be%20or%20to%20become%20an%20American&pg=PA62#v=snippet&q=To%20be%20or%20to%20become%20an%20American&f=false |accessdate=February 1, 2013 |year=1982 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=9780674157262 |page=62 |quote=To be or to become an American, a person did not have to be of any particular national, linguistic, religious, or ethnic background. All he had to do was to commit himself to the political ideology centered on the abstract ideals of liberty, equality, and republicanism. Thus the universalist ideological character of American nationality meant that it was open to anyone who willed to become an American. }}<br/>{{cite book|author1=Charles Hirschman|author2=Philip Kasinitz|author3=Josh Dewind|title=The Handbook of International Migration: The American Experience|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=nPsWAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA300|date=4 November 1999|publisher=Russell Sage Foundation|isbn=978-1-61044-289-3|page=300}}<br/>{{cite book|author=David Halle|title=America's Working Man: Work, Home, and Politics Among Blue Collar Property Owners|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=1KCdTkq56zoC&pg=PA233|date=15 July 1987|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-31366-5|page=233|quote=The first, and central, way involves the view that Americans are all those persons born within the boundries of the United States or admitted to citizenship by the government.}}</ref> The majority of Americans or their [[Immigration to the United States|ancestors immigrated]] within the past five centuries, with the exception of the [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] population and people from [[Hawaii]], [[Puerto Rico]], [[Guam]], and the [[Philippine Islands]] who became American through expansion of the country in the 19th century,<ref>Fiorina, Morris P., and Paul E. Peterson (2000). ''The New American Democracy''. London: Longman, p. 97. ISBN 0-321-07058-5.</ref> and [[American Samoa]], the [[U.S. Virgin Islands]] and [[Northern Mariana Islands]] in the 20th century.<ref>U.S. Census Bureau. [https://www.census.gov/population/foreign/about/faq.html|Foreign-Born Population Frequently asked Questions] viewed January 19, 2015. The U.S. Census Bureau uses the terms native and native born to refer to anyone born in Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Guam, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, or the U.S. Virgin Islands.</ref>
Citizens of the [[United States|United States of America]] are referred to as '''Americans'''.<ref name="Citizen"/> The country is home to people of many different national origins. As a result, Americans do not equate their [[nationality]] with [[ethnicity]], but with [[citizenship]] and [[allegiance]].<ref name="Citizen">{{cite book|author1=Christine Barbour|author2=Gerald C Wright|title=Keeping the Republic: Power and Citizenship in American Politics, 6th Edition The Essentials|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=40dPkS2aRZEC&pg=PA31|date=15 January 2013|publisher=CQ Press|isbn=978-1-4522-4003-9|pages=31–33|quote=Who Is An American? Native-born and naturalized citizens|accessdate=6 January 2015}}<br/>{{cite book |last=Shklar |first=Judith N. |title=American Citizenship: The Quest for Inclusion |series=The Tanner Lectures on Human Values |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=8n829DOw1PMC&lpg=PA4&dq=American%20nationality%20citizenship&pg=PA3#v=onepage&q=American%20nationality%20citizenship&f=false |accessdate=December 17, 2012 |year=1991 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=9780674022164 |pages=3–4 }}<br />{{cite journal |last1=Slotkin |first1=Richard |year=2001 |title=Unit Pride: Ethnic Platoons and the Myths of American Nationality |journal=American Literary History |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=469–498 |publisher=Oxford University Press |doi= 10.1093/alh/13.3.469|url=http://wesscholar.wesleyan.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1028&context=div2facpubs |accessdate=December 17, 2012 |quote=But it also expresses a myth of American nationality that remains vital in our political and cultural life: the idealized self-image of a multiethnic, multiracial democracy, hospitable to differences but united by a common sense of national belonging. }}<br />{{cite book |last=Eder |first=Klaus |last2=Giesen |first2=Bernhard |title=European Citizenship: Between National Legacies and Postnational Projects |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=lL-FiY6xhfUC&lpg=PA26&dq=%22American%20nationality%22%20citizenship&pg=PA25#v=onepage&q=%22American%20nationality%22%20citizenship&f=false |accessdate=February 1, 2013 |year=2001 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780199241200 |pages=25–26 |quote=In inter-state relations, the American nation state presents its members as a monistic political body-despite ethnic and national groups in the interior. }}<br />{{cite book |last=Petersen |first=William |last2=Novak |first2=Michael |last3=Gleason |first3=Philip |title=Concepts of Ethnicity |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=7Mkxdz_3d-oC&lpg=PA62&vq=To%20be%20or%20to%20become%20an%20American&pg=PA62#v=snippet&q=To%20be%20or%20to%20become%20an%20American&f=false |accessdate=February 1, 2013 |year=1982 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=9780674157262 |page=62 |quote=To be or to become an American, a person did not have to be of any particular national, linguistic, religious, or ethnic background. All he had to do was to commit himself to the political ideology centered on the abstract ideals of liberty, equality, and republicanism. Thus the universalist ideological character of American nationality meant that it was open to anyone who willed to become an American. }}<br/>{{cite book|author1=Charles Hirschman|author2=Philip Kasinitz|author3=Josh Dewind|title=The Handbook of International Migration: The American Experience|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=nPsWAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA300|date=4 November 1999|publisher=Russell Sage Foundation|isbn=978-1-61044-289-3|page=300}}<br/>{{cite book|author=David Halle|title=America's Working Man: Work, Home, and Politics Among Blue Collar Property Owners|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=1KCdTkq56zoC&pg=PA233|date=15 July 1987|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-31366-5|page=233|quote=The first, and central, way involves the view that Americans are all those persons born within the boundries of the United States or admitted to citizenship by the government.}}</ref> Although citizens make up the majority of Americans, non-citizen residents, dual citizens and expatriates may also claim an American identity.<ref>{{cite book |last=Petersen |first=William |last2=Novak |first2=Michael |last3=Gleason |first3=Philip |title=Concepts of Ethnicity |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=7Mkxdz_3d-oC&lpg=PA62&vq=To%20be%20or%20to%20become%20an%20American&pg=PA62#v=snippet&q=To%20be%20or%20to%20become%20an%20American&f=false |accessdate=February 1, 2013 |year=1982 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=9780674157262 |page=62 |quote=...from Thomas Paine's plea in 1783...to Henry Clay's remark in 1815... "It is hard for us to believe ... how conscious these early Americans were of the job of developing American character out of the regional and generational polaritities and contradictions of a nation of immigrants and migrants." ... To be or to become an American, a person did not have to be of any particular national, linguistic, religious, or ethnic background. All he had to do was to commit himself to the political ideology centered on the abstract ideals of liberty, equality, and republicanism. Thus the universalist ideological character of American nationality meant that it was open to anyone who willed to become an American. }}</ref> The majority of Americans or their [[Immigration to the United States|ancestors immigrated]] within the past five centuries, with the exception of the [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] population and people from [[Hawaii]], [[Puerto Rico]], [[Guam]], and the [[Philippine Islands]] who became American through expansion of the country in the 19th century,<ref>Fiorina, Morris P., and Paul E. Peterson (2000). ''The New American Democracy''. London: Longman, p. 97. ISBN 0-321-07058-5.</ref> and [[American Samoa]], the [[U.S. Virgin Islands]] and [[Northern Mariana Islands]] in the 20th century.<ref>U.S. Census Bureau. [https://www.census.gov/population/foreign/about/faq.html|Foreign-Born Population Frequently asked Questions] viewed January 19, 2015. The U.S. Census Bureau uses the terms native and native born to refer to anyone born in Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Guam, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, or the U.S. Virgin Islands.</ref>
Despite its multi-ethnic composition,<ref name="DD">Adams, J.Q., and Pearlie Strother-Adams (2001). ''Dealing with Diversity''. Chicago: Kendall/Hunt. ISBN 0-7872-8145-X.</ref><ref name="Society in Focus">Thompson, William, and Joseph Hickey (2005). ''Society in Focus''. Boston: Pearson. ISBN 0-205-41365-X.</ref> the [[culture of the United States]] held in common by most Americans can also be referred to as [[mainstream]] "American culture", a [[Western culture]] largely derived from the traditions of [[Northern Europe|Northern]] and [[Western Europe]]an colonists, settlers, and immigrants.<ref name="DD"/> It also includes influences of [[African-American culture]].<ref>Holloway, Joseph E. (2005). ''Africanisms in American Culture'', 2d ed. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, pp. 18–38. ISBN 0-253-34479-4. Johnson, Fern L. (1999). ''Speaking Culturally: Language Diversity in the United States''. Thousand Oaks, California, London, and New Delhi: Sage, p. 116. ISBN 0-8039-5912-5.</ref> Westward expansion integrated the [[Louisiana Creole people|Creoles]] and [[Cajun]]s of Louisiana and the [[Hispanos]] of the Southwest and brought close contact with the [[culture of Mexico]]. Large-scale immigration in the late 19th and early 20th centuries from [[Southern Europe|Southern]] and [[Eastern Europe]] introduced a variety of elements. Immigration from [[History of Asian American immigration|Asia]], [[Africa]], and [[Latin America]] has also had impact. A cultural [[melting pot]], or pluralistic [[Salad bowl (cultural idea)|salad bowl]], describes the way in which generations of Americans have celebrated and exchanged distinctive cultural characteristics.<ref name="DD"/>
Despite its multi-ethnic composition,<ref name="DD">Adams, J.Q., and Pearlie Strother-Adams (2001). ''Dealing with Diversity''. Chicago: Kendall/Hunt. ISBN 0-7872-8145-X.</ref><ref name="Society in Focus">Thompson, William, and Joseph Hickey (2005). ''Society in Focus''. Boston: Pearson. ISBN 0-205-41365-X.</ref> the [[culture of the United States]] held in common by most Americans can also be referred to as [[mainstream]] "American culture", a [[Western culture]] largely derived from the traditions of [[Northern Europe|Northern]] and [[Western Europe]]an colonists, settlers, and immigrants.<ref name="DD"/> It also includes influences of [[African-American culture]].<ref>Holloway, Joseph E. (2005). ''Africanisms in American Culture'', 2d ed. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, pp. 18–38. ISBN 0-253-34479-4. Johnson, Fern L. (1999). ''Speaking Culturally: Language Diversity in the United States''. Thousand Oaks, California, London, and New Delhi: Sage, p. 116. ISBN 0-8039-5912-5.</ref> Westward expansion integrated the [[Louisiana Creole people|Creoles]] and [[Cajun]]s of Louisiana and the [[Hispanos]] of the Southwest and brought close contact with the [[culture of Mexico]]. Large-scale immigration in the late 19th and early 20th centuries from [[Southern Europe|Southern]] and [[Eastern Europe]] introduced a variety of elements. Immigration from [[History of Asian American immigration|Asia]], [[Africa]], and [[Latin America]] has also had impact. A cultural [[melting pot]], or pluralistic [[Salad bowl (cultural idea)|salad bowl]], describes the way in which generations of Americans have celebrated and exchanged distinctive cultural characteristics.<ref name="DD"/>

Revision as of 23:14, 27 January 2015

This article is about the people of the United States of America. For other uses, see American (disambiguation). For the meanings of American in various contexts, see American (word). For a similar title, see The Americans.

Americans
Flag of the United States
Regions with significant populations
Mexico738,100–1,000,000[1][2]
Canada316,350–1,000,000[3][4]
Philippines300,000[5]
Israel200,000[6][7]
United Kingdom139,000–197,143[8][9]
Liberia160,000[10]
Costa Rica130,000[11]
South Korea120,000–158,000[12]
France100,000[13]
Germany99,600[14]
China71,493[15]
Brazil70,000[16]
Colombia60,000[17]
Hong Kong60,000[18]
India60,000[19]
Australia56,276[20]
Japan51,321[21]
Italy50,000[22]
Saudi Arabia40,000[23]
Argentina37,000[24]
Norway33,509[25]
Bahamas30,000[26]
Lebanon25,000[27]
Panama25,000[28]
El Salvador19,000[29]
New Zealand17,751[30]
Honduras15,000[31]
Chile12,000[32]
Taiwan10,645[33]
Austria10,175[34]
Bermuda8,000[35]
Kuwait8,000[36]
Languages
Primarily English, but also Spanish and others
Religion
Primarily Christian (Protestantism, Catholicism, and Mormonism)[37]
Unaffiliated (no religion, agnosticism, and atheism)[37]
Various non-Christian religions (Judaism and others)[37]

Citizens of the United States of America are referred to as Americans.[39] The country is home to people of many different national origins. As a result, Americans do not equate their nationality with ethnicity, but with citizenship and allegiance.[39] Although citizens make up the majority of Americans, non-citizen residents, dual citizens and expatriates may also claim an American identity.[40] The majority of Americans or their ancestors immigrated within the past five centuries, with the exception of the Native American population and people from Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippine Islands who became American through expansion of the country in the 19th century,[41] and American Samoa, the U.S. Virgin Islands and Northern Mariana Islands in the 20th century.[42]

Despite its multi-ethnic composition,[43][44] the culture of the United States held in common by most Americans can also be referred to as mainstream "American culture", a Western culture largely derived from the traditions of Northern and Western European colonists, settlers, and immigrants.[43] It also includes influences of African-American culture.[45] Westward expansion integrated the Creoles and Cajuns of Louisiana and the Hispanos of the Southwest and brought close contact with the culture of Mexico. Large-scale immigration in the late 19th and early 20th centuries from Southern and Eastern Europe introduced a variety of elements. Immigration from Asia, Africa, and Latin America has also had impact. A cultural melting pot, or pluralistic salad bowl, describes the way in which generations of Americans have celebrated and exchanged distinctive cultural characteristics.[43]

In addition to the United States, Americans and people of American descent can be found internationally. As many as seven million Americans are estimated to be living abroad, and make up the American diaspora.[46][47][48]

Racial and ethnic groups

Main article: Race and ethnicity in the United States
See also: Demographics of the United States

The United States of America is a diverse country, racially and ethnically.[49] Six races are officially recognized by the U.S. Census Bureau for statistical purposes: White, American Indian and Alaska Native, Asian, Black or African American, Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, and people of two or more races. "Some other race" is also an option in the census and other surveys.[50][51][52]

2010 U.S Census [53]Table 1[54]
Self-identified Race Percent of population
White alone
 
 72.4%
African American
 
 12.6%
Asian
 
 4.8%
American Indians and Alaska Natives
 
 0.9%
Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders
 
 0.2%
Two or more races
 
 2.9%
Some Other Race
 
 6.2%
Total
 
 100%
Hispanic and Latino American (of any race): 16.3%[55]

The United States Census Bureau also classifies Americans as "Hispanic or Latino" and "Not Hispanic or Latino", which identifies Hispanic and Latino Americans as a racially diverse ethnicity that comprises the largest minority group in the nation.[50][51][56]

White and European Americans

Main articles: European American, White American, White Hispanic and Latino Americans, Iranian American, Arab American, and Jewish American

People of European descent, or whites, constitute the majority of the 308 million people living in the United States, with 74.8% of the population in the 2010 United States Census.[a][53][58] They are considered people who trace their ancestry to the original peoples of Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa.[53] Of those reporting to be White American, 7,487,133 reported to be Multiracial; with largest combination being white and black.[58] Additionally, there are 29,184,290 White Hispanics or Latinos.[58] Non-Hispanic Whites are the majority in 46 states. There are four minority-majority states: California, Texas, New Mexico, and Hawaii.[53] In addition, the District of Columbia has a non-white majority.[53] The state with the highest percentage of non-Hispanic White Americans is Maine.[59]

The largest continental ancestral group of Americans are that of Europeans who have origins in any of the original peoples of Europe. This includes people via African, North American, Caribbean, Central American or South American and Oceanian nations that have a large European diaspora.[60]

The Spanish were the first Europeans to establish a continuous presence in what is now the United States.[61] Martín de Argüelles born 1566, San Agustín, La Florida, was the first person of European descent born in what is now the United States.[62] Twenty-one years later, Virginia Dare born 1587 Roanoke Island in present-day North Carolina, was the first child born in the Thirteen Colonies to English parents.

In 2009, German Americans (16.5%), Irish Americans (11.9%), and English Americans (9.0%) were the three largest self-reported ancestry groups in the United States, collectively comprising 37.4% of the population.[63]

Overall, as the largest group, European Americans have the lowest poverty rate[64] and the second highest educational attainment levels, median household income,[65] and median personal income[66] of any racial demographic in the nation.

Population by ancestry group[67][68]
Rank Ancestry group Percentage
of total est. population 		Pop. estimates John Steinbeck John Fitzgerald "Jack" Kennedy George Washington
John Basilone Martha Stewart Paul Revere
Samuel "Sam" Houston Thomas Alva Edison Norma Jeane Mortenson
John Steinbeck (German), John F. Kennedy (Irish), George Washington (English), John Basilone (Italian), Martha Stewart (Polish), Paul Revere (French), Sam Houston (Scottish), Thomas Edison (Dutch), Marilyn Monroe (Norwegian)
1 German 16.50% 47,911,129
2 Irish 11.50% 35,186,074
3 English 9.00% 26,349,212
4 American 6.75% 20,875,080
5 Italian 5.65% 17,488,984
6 Polish 3.12% 9,660,864
7 French (except Basque) 2.87% 8,891,224
8 Scottish 1.79% 5,562,022
9 Dutch 1.51% 4,687,636
10 Norwegian 1.45% 4,491,712
White and European American (total) 231,040,398
2010 United States Census[58]
2009–2011 American Community Survey

Hispanic and Latino Americans

Main article: Hispanic and Latino Americans

Hispanic or Latino Americans (of any race) make up the largest ethnic minority in the United States and form the second largest group after non-Hispanic Whites in the United States, making up 16.3% of the population, according to the 2010 United States Census.[b][69][70]

Hispanic/Latino Americans are very racially diverse, and as a result form an ethnic category, rather than a race.[71][72][73][74]

People of Spanish or Hispanic descent have lived in what is now the United States since the founding of St. Augustine, Florida in 1565 by Pedro Menendez de Aviles. In the State of Texas, Spaniards first settled the region in the late 1600s and formed a unique cultural group known as Tejanos.

Population by national origin[75][76]
Rank National origin Percentage
of total est. population 		Pop. Cesar ChavezHumbert Roque VersaceFélix Ismael Rodríguez Mendigutia
Anita PageAl HorfordDaphne Zuniga
Cesar Chavez (Mexican), Humbert Roque Versace (Puerto Rican), Félix Rodríguez (Cuban)
Anita Page (Salvadoran), Al Horford (Dominican), Daphne Zuniga (Guatemalan)
1 Mexican 10.29% 31,798,258
2 Puerto Rican 1.49% 4,623,716
3 Cuban 0.57% 1,785,547
4 Salvadoran 0.53% 1,648,968
5 Dominican 0.45% 1,414,703
6 Guatemalan 0.33% 1,044,209
All other 2.64% 8,162,193
Hispanic and Latino American (total) 16.34% 50,477,594
2010 United States Census

Black and African Americans

Main articles: African American and Black Hispanic and Latino Americans

African Americans (also referred to as Black Americans or Afro-Americans, and formerly as American Negroes) are citizens or residents of the United States who have origins in any of the black populations of Africa.[77] According to the Office of Management and Budget, the racial category include those who self-identify as African American, Sub-Saharan Africans, and Afro-Caribbeans.[78] According to the 2009 American Community Survey, there were 38,093,725 blacks in the United States, which represented 12.4% of the population. In addition, there were 37,144,530 non-Hispanic blacks, which represented 12.1% of the population.[79] This number increased to 42 million according to the 2010 United States Census, when including Multiracial African Americans,[78] making up 14% of the total population of the United States.[c][80] African Americans make up the second largest race in the United States, but the third largest group after White Americans and Hispanic or Latino Americans (of any race);[69] the majority of the population (55%) live in the South, while compared to 2000 Census there is a decrease of African Americans in the Northeast and Midwest.[80]

Most African Americans are the direct descendants of captive Africans who survived the slavery era within the boundaries of the present United States, although some are—or are descended from—immigrants from African, Caribbean, Central American or South American nations.[81] As an adjective, the term is usually spelled African-American.[82] More recent immigrants from Africa may, or may not, self-identify as "African-American";[83][84] and may experience conflict with American-born African-Americans.[85][86][87][88]

The first African slaves were brought to Jamestown, Virginia in 1619. The English settlers treated these captives as indentured servants and released them after a number of years. This practice was gradually replaced by the system of race-based slavery used in the Caribbean.[89] All the American colonies had slavery, but it was usually the form of personal servants in the North (where 2% of the people were slaves), and field hands in plantations in the South (where 25% were slaves);[90] by the beginning of the American Revolutionary War 1/5th of the total population was enslaved.[91] During the revolution, some would serve in the Continental Army or Continental Navy,[92][93] while others would serve the British Empire in Lord Dunmore's Ethiopian Regiment, and other units.[94] By 1804, the northern states (north of the Mason-Dixon Line) had abolished slavery.[95] However, slavery would persist in the southern states until the end of the American Civil War and the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment.[96] Following the end of the Reconstruction Era, which saw the first African American representation in Congress,[97] African Americans became disenfranchised and subject to Jim Crow laws,[98] legislation that would persist until the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act due to the Civil Rights Movement.[99]

Population by ancestry group[68]
Rank Ancestry group Percentage
of total est. population 		Pop. estimates Dred Scott Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey John Arthur Johnson
William Edward Burghardt "W. E. B." Du BoisMartin Luther King, Jr. Shirley Anita St. Hill Chisholm
Colin PowellKareem Abdul-Jabbar Levardis Robert Martyn Burton, Jr.

Dred Scott, Frederick Douglass, Jack Johnson (Ghanaian), W. E. B. Du Bois (Haitian & Ghanaian), Martin Luther King, Jr., Shirley Chisholm (Barbadian), Colin Powell (Jamaican and Scottish), Kareem Abdul-Jabbar (Trinidadian and Tobagonian), LeVar Burton (Nigerian)

1 Jamaican 0.31% 986,897
2 Haitian 0.28% 873,003
3 Nigerian 0.08% 259,934
4 Trinidadian and Tobagonian 0.06% 193,233
5 Ghanaian 0.03% 94,405
6 Barbadian 0.01% 59,236
Sub-Saharan African (total) 0.92% 2,864,067
West Indian (total) (except Hispanic groups) 0.85% 2,633,149
Black and African Americans (total) 42,020,743
2010 United States Census[78]
2009–2011 American Community Survey

Asian Americans

Main articles: Asian American and Asian Hispanic and Latino Americans

Another significant population is the Asian American population, comprising 17.3 million in 2010, or 5.6% of the U.S. population.[d][100][101] California is home to 5.6 million Asian Americans, the greatest number in any state.[102] In Hawaii, Asian Americans make up the highest proportion of the population (57 percent).[102] Asian Americans live across the country, yet are heavily urbanized, with significant populations in the Greater Los Angeles Area, New York metropolitan area, and the San Francisco Bay Area.[103]

They are by no means a monolithic group. The largest sub-groups are immigrants or descendants of immigrants from Cambodia, Mainland China, India, Japan, Korea, Laos, Pakistan, the Philippines, Taiwan, Thailand, and Vietnam. Asians overall have higher income levels than all other racial groups in the United States, including whites, and the trend appears to be increasing in relation to those groups.[104] Additionally, Asians have a higher education attainment level than all other racial groups in the United States.[105][106] For better or worse, the group has been called a model minority.[107][108][109]

While Asian American have been in what is now the United States since before the Revolutionary War,[110][111][112] relatively large waves of Chinese, Filipino, and Japanese immigration did not begin until the mid-to-late 19th century.[112] Immigration and significant population growth continue to this day.[113] Due to a number of factors, Asian Americans have been stereotyped as "perpetual foreigners".[114][115]

Asian ancestries[100]
Rank Ancestry Percentage
of total population 		Pop. Anna May WongJose CalugasKalpana ChawlaMargaret Denise Quigley
Seo Jae-pilEllison OnizukaAli S. KhanFrançois Chau
Anna May Wong (Chinese), Jose Calugas (Filipino), Kalpana Chawla (Indian), Maggie Q (Vietnamese),
Seo Jae-pil (Korean), Ellison Onizuka (Japanese), Ali S. Khan (Pakistani), François Chau (Cambodian)
1 Chinese 1.2% 3,797,379
2 Filipino 1.1% 3,417,285
3 Indian 1.0% 3,183,063
4 Vietnamese 0.5% 1,737,665
5 Korean 0.5% 1,707,027
6 Japanese 0.4% 1,304,599
Other Asian 0.9% 2,799,448
Asian American (total) 5.6% 17,320,856
2010 United States Census

American Indians and Alaska Natives

Main article: Native Americans in the United States
See also: Blood quantum laws and Bureau of Indian Affairs

According to the 2010 Census, there are 5.2 million people who are American Indian or Alaska Native alone, or in combination with one or more races; they make up 1.7% of the total population.[e][116] According to the Office of Management and Budget (OMB), a "American Indian or Alaska Native" is a person whose ancestry have origins in any of the original peoples of North, Central, or South America.[116] 2.3 million individuals who are American Indian or Alaskan Native are multiracial;[116] additionally the plurality of American Indians reside in the Western United States (40.7%).[116] Collectively and historically this race has been known by several names;[117] as of 1995, 50% of those who fall within the OMB definition prefer the term "American Indian", 37% prefer "Native American" and the remainder have no preference or prefer a different term altogether.[118]

Native Americans, whose ancestry is indigenous to the Americas, originally migrated to the two continents between 10,000-45,000 years ago.[119] These Paleoamericans spread throughout the two continents and evolved into hundreds of distinct cultures during the pre-Columbian era.[120] Following the first voyage of Christopher Columbus,[121] the European colonization of the Americas began, with St. Augustine, Florida becoming the first permanent European settlement in the continental United States.[122] From the 16th through the 19th centuries, the population of Native Americans declined in the following ways: epidemic diseases brought from Europe;[123] genocide and warfare at the hands of European explorers and colonists,[124][125][126] as well as between tribes;[127][128] displacement from their lands;[129] internal warfare,[130] enslavement;[131] and intermarriage.[132][133]

Population by selected tribal groups[116][134]
Rank National origin Percentage
of total population 		Pop. Florence Owens Thompson Navajo Code Talkers Pushmataha
Charles Albert "Chief" Bender Sitting Bull Geronimo
1 Cherokee 0.26% 819,105
2 Navajo 0.1% 332,129
3 Choctaw 0.06% 195,764
4 Mexican American Indian 0.05% 175,494
5 Chippewa 0.05% 170,742
6 Sioux 0.05% 170,110
All other 1.08% 3,357,235
American Indian (total) 1.69% 5,220,579
2010 United States Census Florence Owens Thompson (Cherokee), Code talkers (Navajo), Pushmataha (Choctaw)
Chief Bender (Chippewa), Sitting Bull (Sioux), Geronimo (Apache)

Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders

Main article: Pacific Islands American

As defined by the United States Census Bureau and the Office of Management and Budget, Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders are "persons having origins in any of the original peoples of Hawaii, Guam, Samoa, or other Pacific Islands."[135] Previously called Asian Pacific American, along with Asian Americans beginning in 1976, this was changed in 1997.[136] As of the 2010 United States Census there are 1.2 million who reside in the United States, and make up 0.4% of the nation's total population, of whom 56% are multiracial.[f][137] 14% of the population have at least a bachelors degree,[137] and 15.1% live in poverty, below the poverty threshold.[137] As compared to the 2000 United States Census this population grew by 40%;[135] and 71% live in the West; of those over half (52%) live in either Hawaii or California, with no other states having populations greater than 100,000.[135] The largest concentration of Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders, is Honolulu County in Hawaii,[137] and Los Angeles County in the continental United States.[135]

Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander by ancestries[135]
Rank Ancestry Percentage Pop. Duke Paoa Kahinu Mokoe Hulikohola Kahanamoku Dwayne Douglas Johnson
Sonny Sandoval Sione Sonasi "Bo" Po'uha
1 Hawaiian 0.17% 527,077
2 Samoan 0.05% 184,440
3 Chamorro 0.04% 147,798
4 Tongan 0.01% 57,183
Other Pacific Islanders 0.09% 308,697
Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander (total) 0.39% 1,225,195
2010 United States Census Duke Kahanamoku (Hawaiian), Dwayne Johnson (Samoan)
Sonny Sandoval (Chamorro), Sione Pouha (Tongan)

Two or more races

Main article: Multiracial American

The U.S. has a growing multiracial identity movement. Multiracial Americans numbered 7.0 million in 2008, or 2.3% of the population;[101] by the 2010 census the Multiracial increased to 9,009,073, or 2.9% of the total population.[138] They can be any combination of races (White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian or Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, "Some other race") and ethnicities.[139] The largest population of Multiracial Americans were those of White and African American descent, with a total of 1,834,212 self-identifying individuals.[138] Barack Obama, 44th President of the United States, is biracial with his mother being of English and Irish descent and his father being of Kenyan birth;[140][141] however, Obama only self-identifies as being African American.[142][143]

Population by selected Two or More Races Population[144]
Rank Specific Combinations Percentage
of total population 		Pop. Booker T. Washington Olivia Munn
Elvis Presley Edmonia Lewis
1 White; Black 0.59% 1,834,212
2 White; Some Other Race 0.56% 1,740,924
3 White; Asian 0.52% 1,623,234
4 White; Native American 0.46% 1,432,309
5 African American; Some Other Race 0.1% 314,571
6 African American; Native American 0.08% 269,421
All other specific combinations 0.58% 1,794,402
Multiracial Americans (Total) 2.9% 9,009,073
2010 United States Census Booker T. Washington (African American and White), Olivia Munn (Asian (Chinese) and White (German and Irish)))
Elvis Presley (Native American (Cherokee) and White (French Norman, German, Scots-Irish, Scottish)), Edmonia Lewis (African American and Native American (Mississauga and Ojibwe))

National personification

"Uncle Sam" is a national personification of the United States. The image bears resemblance to the real Samuel Wilson. The female personification, primarily popular during the 18th and 19th centuries, is "Columbia".

A national personification is an anthropomorphism of a nation or its people; it can appear in both editorial cartoons and propaganda.

Uncle Sam is a national personification of the United States and sometimes more specifically of the American government, with the first usage of the term dating from the War of 1812. He is depicted as a stern elderly white man with white hair and a goatee beard, and dressed in clothing that recalls the design elements of the flag of the United States – for example, typically a top hat with red and white stripes and white stars on a blue band, and red and white striped trousers.

Columbia is a poetic name for the Americas and the feminine personification of the United States of America, made famous by African-American poet Phillis Wheatley during the American Revolutionary War in 1776. It has inspired the names of many persons, places, objects, institutions, and companies in the Western Hemisphere and beyond, including the District of Columbia, the seat of government of the United States.

Language

Main articles: Languages of the United States, English language, American English, and English-only
Languages spoken at home by more than 1 million persons in 2010[145]
Language Percent of
population		 Number of
speakers
English 80% 233,780,338
Combined total of all languages
other than English		 20% 57,048,617
Spanish
(excluding Puerto Rico and Spanish Creole)		 12% 35,437,985
Chinese
(including Cantonese and Mandarin)		 0.9% 2,567,779
Tagalog 0.5% 1,542,118
Vietnamese 0.4% 1,292,448
French 0.4% 1,288,833
Korean 0.4% 1,108,408
German 0.4% 1,107,869

English is the de facto national language. Although there is no official language at the federal level, some laws—such as U.S. naturalization requirements—standardize English. In 2007, about 226 million, or 80% of the population aged five years and older, spoke only English at home. Spanish, spoken by 12% of the population at home, is the second most common language and the most widely taught second language.[146][147] Some Americans advocate making English the country's official language, as it is in at least twenty-eight states.[148] Both Hawaiian and English are official languages in Hawaii by state law.[149]

While neither has an official language, New Mexico has laws providing for the use of both English and Spanish, as Louisiana does for English and French.[150] Other states, such as California, mandate the publication of Spanish versions of certain government documents. The latter include court forms.[151] Several insular territories grant official recognition to their native languages, along with English: Samoan and Chamorro are recognized by American Samoa and Guam, respectively; Carolinian and Chamorro are recognized by the Northern Mariana Islands; Spanish is an official language of Puerto Rico.

Religion

Main article: Religion in the United States
Religious affiliation in the U.S. (2014)[152]
Affiliation % of U.S. population
Christian 78.5 78.5
 
Evangelical Protestant 26.3 26.3
 
Catholic 23.9 23.9
 
Mainline Protestant 18.1 18.1
 
Black Protestant 6.9 6.9
 
Mormon 1.7 1.7
 
Other Christian 1.6 1.6
 
Judaism 1.7 1.7
 
Buddhism 0.7 0.7
 
Islam 0.6 0.6
 
Hinduism 0.4 0.4
 
Other faith 1.2 1.2
 
Unaffiliated 16.1 16.1
 
Don't know/refused answer 0.8 0.8
 
Total 100 100
 


Religion in the United States has a high adherence level, compared to other developed countries, and diversity in beliefs. The First Amendment to the country's Constitution prevents the Federal government from making any "law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof." The U.S. Supreme Court has interpreted this as preventing the government from having any authority in religion. A majority of Americans report that religion plays a "very important" role in their lives, a proportion unusual among developed countries, although similar to the other nations of the Americas.[153] Many faiths have flourished in the United States, including both later imports spanning the country's multicultural immigrant heritage, as well as those founded within the country; these have led the United States to become the most religiously diverse country in the world.[154]

The majority of Americans (76%) identify themselves as Christians, mostly within Protestant and Catholic denominations, accounting for 51% and 25% of the population respectively.[155] Non-Christian religions (including Buddhism, Hinduism, Islam, and Judaism), collectively make up about 4% to 5% of the adult population.[155][156][157] Another 15% of the adult population identifies as having no religious belief or no religious affiliation.[155] According to the American Religious Identification Survey, religious belief varies considerably across the country: 59% of Americans living in Western states (the "Unchurched Belt") report a belief in God, yet in the South (the "Bible Belt") the figure is as high as 86%.[155][158]

Several of the original Thirteen Colonies were established by settlers who wished to practice their own religion without discrimination: the Massachusetts Bay Colony was established by English Puritans, Pennsylvania by Irish and English Quakers, Maryland by English and Irish Catholics, and Virginia by English Anglicans. Although some individual states retained established religious confessions well into the 19th century, the United States was the first nation to have no official state-endorsed religion.[159] Modeling the provisions concerning religion within the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom, the framers of the Constitution rejected any religious test for office, and the First Amendment specifically denied the federal government any power to enact any law respecting either an establishment of religion or prohibiting its free exercise, thus protecting any religious organization, institution, or denomination from government interference. The decision was mainly influenced by European Rationalist and Protestant ideals, but was also a consequence of the pragmatic concerns of minority religious groups and small states that did not want to be under the power or influence of a national religion that did not represent them.[160]

Culture

Main article: Culture of the United States
American shepherd with his horse and dog.

The culture of the United States is primarily a Western culture but is influenced by Native American, African, Asian, Polynesian, and Latin American cultures. The United States of America has its own unique social and cultural characteristics such as dialect, music, arts, social habits, cuisine, and folklore.[44]

Its chief early European influences came from English, Scottish, Welsh, and Irish settlers of colonial America during British rule. British culture, due to colonial ties with Britain that spread the English language, legal system and other cultural inheritances, had a formative influence.[161] Other important influences came from other parts of Europe, especially Germany,[162] France,[163] and Italy.[citation needed]

Original elements also play a strong role, such as Jeffersonian democracy.[164] Thomas Jefferson's Notes on the State of Virginia was perhaps the first influential domestic cultural critique by an American and a reactionary piece to the prevailing European consensus that America's domestic originality was degenerate.[164] Prevalent ideas and ideals that evolved domestically, such as national holidays, uniquely American sports, military tradition,[165] and innovations in the arts and entertainment give a strong sense of national pride among the population as a whole.[166]

American culture includes both conservative and liberal elements, scientific and religious competitiveness, political structures, risk taking and free expression, materialist and moral elements. Despite certain consistent ideological principles (e.g. individualism, egalitarianism, and faith in freedom and democracy), American culture has a variety of expressions due to its geographical scale and demographic diversity.

American diaspora

See also: Amerasian

See also

Footnotes

  1. ^ Of the foreign-born population from Europe (4,817 thousand), in 2010, 61.8% were naturalized.[57]
  2. ^ Of the foreign-born population from Latin America and the Caribbean (21,224 thousand), in 2010, 32.1% were naturalized.[57]
  3. ^ Of the foreign-born population from Africa (1,607 thousand), in 2010, 46.1% were naturalized.[57]
  4. ^ Of the foreign-born population from Asia (11,284 thousand), in 2010, 57.7% were naturalized.[57]
  5. ^ Of the foreign-born population from Northern America (807 thousand), in 2010, 44.3% were naturalized.[57]
  6. ^ Of the foreign-born population from Oceania (217 thousand), in 2010, 36.9% were naturalized.[57]

References

  1. ^ People live in Mexico, INEGI, 2010
  2. ^ Smith, Dr. Claire M. (August 2010). "These are our Numbers: Civilian Americans Overseas and Voter Turnout" (PDF). OVF Research Newsletter. Overseas Vote Foundation. Retrieved December 11, 2012. Previous research indicates that the number of U.S. Americans living in Mexico is around 1 million, with 600,000 of those living in Mexico City.
  3. ^ "Ethnic origins, 2006 counts, for Canada, provinces and territories - 20% sample data". Statistics Canada. Government of Canada. June 10, 2010. Retrieved February 17, 2013. Ethnic origins Americans Total responses 316,350
  4. ^ Barrie McKenna (June 27, 2012). "Tax amnesty offered to Americans in Canada". The Globe and Mail. Ottawa. Retrieved December 17, 2012. There are roughly a million Americans in Canada – many with little or no ties to the United States.
  5. ^ "U.S. Relations With the Philippines". Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs. United States Department of State. January 31, 2014. Retrieved November 17, 2014. There are an estimated four million Americans of Philippine ancestry in the United States, and more than 300,000 U.S. citizens in the Philippines, including a large presence of United States veterans.
  6. ^ Daphna Berman (January 23, 2008). "Need an appointment at the U.S. Embassy? Get on line!". Haaretz. Retrieved December 11, 2012. According to estimates, some 200,000 American citizens live in Israel and the Palestinian territories.
  7. ^ Michele Chabin (March 19, 2012). "In vitro babies denied U.S. citizenship". USA Today. Jerusalem. Retrieved December 11, 2012. Most of the 200,000 U.S. citizens in Israel have dual citizenship, and fertility treatments are common because they are free.
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  11. ^ "Background Note: Costa Rica". Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs. United States Department of State. April 9, 2012. Retrieved December 11, 2012. Over 130,000 private American citizens, including many retirees, reside in the country and more than 700,000 American citizens visit Costa Rica annually.
  12. ^ "U.S. Citizen Services". Embassy of the United States Seoul, Korea. United States Department of State. Retrieved December 11, 2012. This website is updated daily and should be your primary resource when applying for a passport, Consular Report of Birth Abroad, notarization, or any of the other services we offer to the estimated 120,000 U.S. citizens traveling, living, and working in Korea.
    "North Korea propganda video depicts invasion of South Korea, US hostage taking". Advertiser. Agence France-Presse. March 22, 2013. Retrieved March 23, 2013. According to official immigration figures, South Korea has an American population of more than 130,000 civilians and 28,000 troops.
  13. ^ "Americans in France". Embassy of the United States, Paris. United States Department of STate. Retrieved December 11, 2012. Today, although no official figure is available it is estimated that over 100,000 American citizens reside in France, making France one of the top 10 destinations for American expatriates.
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  16. ^ "Brazil (11/30/11)". Previous Editions of Brazil Background Note. United States Department of State. November 30, 2012. Retrieved December 11, 2012. The consular section of the embassy, the consulates, and the consular agents provide vital services to the estimated 70,000 U.S. citizens residing in Brazil.
  17. ^ "Colombia (03/28/13)". United States Department of State. Retrieved February 27, 2014. Based on Colombian statistics, an estimated 60,000 U.S. citizens reside in Colombia and 280,000 U.S. citizens travel, study and do business in Colombia each year.
  18. ^ "Hong Kong (10/11/11)". Previous Editions of Hong Kong Background Note. United States Department of State. October 11, 2011. Retrieved December 11, 2012. There are some 1,400 U.S. firms, including 817 regional operations (288 regional headquarters and 529 regional offices), and over 60,000 American residents in Hong Kong.
  19. ^ Barry Bearak; Seth Mydans (June 8, 2002). "Many Americans, Unfazed, Go On Doing Business in India". New York Times. Retrieved December 17, 2012. The number of Americans living in India is often estimated at 60,000.
  20. ^ "ibid, Ancestry (full classification list) by Sex – Australia". Retrieved October 19, 2014.
  21. ^ "Table 10.1 Registered Foreigners by Nationality: 1950-2006" (PDF). Ministry of Justice, . Annual Report of Statistics on Legal Migrants. National Institute of Population and Social Security Research. 2008. Retrieved December 11, 2012.
  22. ^ Kelly Carter (May 17, 2005). "High cost of living crush Americans' dreams of Italian living". USA Today. Positano, Italy. Retrieved December 17, 2012. Nearly 50,000 Americans lived in Italy at the end of 2003, according to Italy's immigration office.
  23. ^ "SAUDI-U.S. TRADE". Commerce Office. Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia in Washington D.C. Retrieved February 14, 2012. Furthermore, there are approximately 40,000 Americans living and working in the Kingdom.
  24. ^ "Argentina (03/12/12)". Previous Editions of Argentina Background Note. United States Department of State. March 12, 2012. Retrieved December 24, 2012. The Embassy's Consular Section monitors the welfare and whereabouts of some 37,000 U.S. citizen residents of Argentina and more than 500,000 U.S. tourists each year.
  25. ^ "Statistics Norway – Persons with immigrant background by immigration category and country background. January 1, 2010". Retrieved October 19, 2014.
  26. ^ "Bahamas, The (01/25/12)". Previous Editions of Panama Background Note. United States Department of State. January 25, 2012. Retrieved December 29, 2012. The countries share ethnic and cultural ties, especially in education, and The Bahamas is home to approximately 30,000 American residents.
  27. ^ Kate King (July 18, 2006). "U.S. family: Get us out of Lebanon". CNN. Retrieved February 14, 2012. About 350 of the estimated 25,000 American citizens in Lebanon had been flown to Cyprus from the U.S. Embassy in Beirut by nightfall Tuesday, Maura Harty, the assistant secretary of state for consular affairs, told reporters.
  28. ^ "Panama (03/09)". Previous Editions of Panama Background Note. United States Department of State. March 2009. Retrieved December 17, 2012. About 25,000 American citizens reside in Panama, many retirees from the Panama Canal Commission and individuals who hold dual nationality.
  29. ^ "El Salvador (01/10)". United States Department of State. Retrieved April 11, 2014. More than 19,000 American citizens live and work full-time in El Salvador
  30. ^ "North Americans: Facts and figures". Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand.
  31. ^ "Honduras (11/23/09)". Previous Editions of Honduras Background Note. United States Department of State. November 23, 2009. Retrieved December 17, 2012. U.S.-Honduran ties are further strengthened by numerous private sector contacts, with an average of between 80,000 and 110,000 U.S. citizens visiting Honduras annually and about 15,000 Americans residing there.
  32. ^ "Chile (07/08)". Previous Editions of Chile Background Note. United States Department of State. July 2008. Retrieved December 17, 2012. The Consular Section of the Embassy provides vital services to the more than 12,000 U.S. citizens residing in Chile.
  33. ^ "06-08 外僑居留人數 Foreign Residents". National Immigration Agency, MOI. Department of Statistics, Ministry of the Interior. 2011. Retrieved December 17, 2012.
  34. ^ "STATISTIK AUSTRIA - Bevölkerung nach Staatsangehörigkeit und Geburtsland". Retrieved October 19, 2014.
  35. ^ "Bermuda (12/09/11)". Previous Editions of Bermuda Background Note. United States Department of State. December 9, 2011. Retrieved December 29, 2012. An estimated 8,000 registered U.S. citizens live in Bermuda, many of them employed in the international business community.
  36. ^ Tatiana Morales (August 2, 2009). "Americans in Kuwait: When To Go?". CBS News. Retrieved December 17, 2012. There are about 8,000 Americans who live in Kuwait.
  37. ^ a b c Luis Lug; Sandra Stencel; John Green; Gregory Smith; Dan Cox; Allison Pond; Tracy Miller; Elixabeth Podrebarac; Michelle Ralston (February 2008). "U.S. Religious Landscape Survey" (PDF). Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life. Pew Research Center. Retrieved February 12, 2012.
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  39. ^ a b Christine Barbour; Gerald C Wright (January 15, 2013). Keeping the Republic: Power and Citizenship in American Politics, 6th Edition The Essentials. CQ Press. pp. 31–33. ISBN 978-1-4522-4003-9. Retrieved January 6, 2015. Who Is An American? Native-born and naturalized citizens
    Shklar, Judith N. (1991). American Citizenship: The Quest for Inclusion. The Tanner Lectures on Human Values. Harvard University Press. pp. 3–4. ISBN 9780674022164. Retrieved December 17, 2012.
    Slotkin, Richard (2001). "Unit Pride: Ethnic Platoons and the Myths of American Nationality". American Literary History. 13 (3). Oxford University Press: 469–498. doi:10.1093/alh/13.3.469. Retrieved December 17, 2012. But it also expresses a myth of American nationality that remains vital in our political and cultural life: the idealized self-image of a multiethnic, multiracial democracy, hospitable to differences but united by a common sense of national belonging.
    Eder, Klaus; Giesen, Bernhard (2001). European Citizenship: Between National Legacies and Postnational Projects. Oxford University Press. pp. 25–26. ISBN 9780199241200. Retrieved February 1, 2013. In inter-state relations, the American nation state presents its members as a monistic political body-despite ethnic and national groups in the interior.
    Petersen, William; Novak, Michael; Gleason, Philip (1982). Concepts of Ethnicity. Harvard University Press. p. 62. ISBN 9780674157262. Retrieved February 1, 2013. To be or to become an American, a person did not have to be of any particular national, linguistic, religious, or ethnic background. All he had to do was to commit himself to the political ideology centered on the abstract ideals of liberty, equality, and republicanism. Thus the universalist ideological character of American nationality meant that it was open to anyone who willed to become an American.
    Charles Hirschman; Philip Kasinitz; Josh Dewind (November 4, 1999). The Handbook of International Migration: The American Experience. Russell Sage Foundation. p. 300. ISBN 978-1-61044-289-3.
    David Halle (July 15, 1987). America's Working Man: Work, Home, and Politics Among Blue Collar Property Owners. University of Chicago Press. p. 233. ISBN 978-0-226-31366-5. The first, and central, way involves the view that Americans are all those persons born within the boundries of the United States or admitted to citizenship by the government.
  40. ^ Petersen, William; Novak, Michael; Gleason, Philip (1982). Concepts of Ethnicity. Harvard University Press. p. 62. ISBN 9780674157262. Retrieved February 1, 2013. ...from Thomas Paine's plea in 1783...to Henry Clay's remark in 1815... "It is hard for us to believe ... how conscious these early Americans were of the job of developing American character out of the regional and generational polaritities and contradictions of a nation of immigrants and migrants." ... To be or to become an American, a person did not have to be of any particular national, linguistic, religious, or ethnic background. All he had to do was to commit himself to the political ideology centered on the abstract ideals of liberty, equality, and republicanism. Thus the universalist ideological character of American nationality meant that it was open to anyone who willed to become an American.
  41. ^ Fiorina, Morris P., and Paul E. Peterson (2000). The New American Democracy. London: Longman, p. 97. ISBN 0-321-07058-5.
  42. ^ U.S. Census Bureau. Population Frequently asked Questions viewed January 19, 2015. The U.S. Census Bureau uses the terms native and native born to refer to anyone born in Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Guam, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, or the U.S. Virgin Islands.
  43. ^ a b c Adams, J.Q., and Pearlie Strother-Adams (2001). Dealing with Diversity. Chicago: Kendall/Hunt. ISBN 0-7872-8145-X.
  44. ^ a b Thompson, William, and Joseph Hickey (2005). Society in Focus. Boston: Pearson. ISBN 0-205-41365-X. Cite error: The named reference "Society in Focus" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  45. ^ Holloway, Joseph E. (2005). Africanisms in American Culture, 2d ed. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, pp. 18–38. ISBN 0-253-34479-4. Johnson, Fern L. (1999). Speaking Culturally: Language Diversity in the United States. Thousand Oaks, California, London, and New Delhi: Sage, p. 116. ISBN 0-8039-5912-5.
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  48. ^ "The American Diaspora". Esquire. Hurst Communications, Inc. Retrieved December 17, 2012. he most frequently cited estimate of nonmilitary U. S. citizens living overseas is between three and six million, based on a very rough State Department calculation in 1999--and never updated.
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