Abortion law: Difference between revisions

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Abortion laws vary widely between countries and have changed over time. Such laws range from abortion being freely available on request, to regulation or restrictions of various kinds, to outright prohibition in all circumstances. Almost all countries that allow abortion have gestational limits for the procedure depending on the reason; with the majority being up to 12 weeks for abortion on request, up to 24 weeks for social, economic, rape, or incest reasons, and more for fetal impairment or threats to the woman's health or life.^[1]^: 26

Abortion continues to be a controversial subject in many societies on religious, moral, ethical, practical, and political grounds. Though it has been banned and otherwise limited by law in many jurisdictions, abortions continue to be common in many areas, even where they are illegal. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), abortion rates are similar in countries where the procedure is legal and in countries where it is not,^[2] due to unavailability of modern contraceptives in areas where abortion is illegal.^[3]

Also according to the WHO, the number of abortions worldwide is declining due to increased access to contraception.^[2] Almost two-thirds of the world's women currently reside in countries where abortion may be obtained on request for a broad range of social, economic, or personal reasons.

History

Abortion has existed since ancient times, with natural abortifacients being found amongst a wide variety of tribal people and in most written sources. The earliest known records of abortion techniques and general reproductive regulation date as far back as 2700 BC in China and 1550 BC in Egypt.^[4] Early texts contain no mention of abortion or abortion law. When it does appear, it is entailed in concerns about male property rights, preservation of social order, and the duty to produce fit citizens for the state or community. The harshest penalties were generally reserved for a woman who procured an abortion against her husband's wishes, and for slaves who produced abortion in a woman of high status. Religious texts often contained severe condemnations of abortion, recommending penance but seldom enforcing secular punishment. As a matter of common law in England and the United States, abortion was illegal anytime after quickening—when the movements of the fetus could first be felt by the woman. Under the born alive rule, the fetus was not considered a "reasonable being" in Rerum Natura; and abortion was not treated as murder in English law.

In the 20th century, many Western countries began to codify abortion laws or place further restrictions on the practice. Anti-abortion movements, also referred to as Pro-life movements, were led by a combination of groups opposed to abortion on moral grounds, and by medical professionals who were concerned about the danger presented by the procedure and the regular involvement of non-medical personnel in performing abortions. Nevertheless, it became clear that illegal abortions continued to take place in large numbers even where abortions were rigorously restricted. It was difficult to obtain sufficient evidence to prosecute the women and abortion doctors, and judges and juries were often reluctant to convict. For example, Henry Morgentaler, a Canadian pro-choice advocate, was never convicted by a jury. He was acquitted by a jury in the 1973 court case, but the acquittal was overturned by five judges on the Quebec Court of Appeal in 1974. He went to prison, appealed, and was again acquitted. In total, he served 10 months, suffering a heart attack while in solitary confinement. Many were also outraged at the invasion of privacy and the medical problems resulting from abortions taking place illegally in medically dangerous circumstances. Political movements soon coalesced around the legalization of abortion and liberalization of existing laws.

By the mid 20th century, many countries had begun to liberalize abortion laws, at least when performed to protect the woman's life and in some cases on the woman's request. Under Vladimir Lenin, the Soviet Union legalized abortions on request in 1920.^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9] The Bolsheviks saw abortion as a social evil created by the capitalist system, which left women without the economic means to raise children, forcing them to perform abortions. The Soviet state initially preserved the tsarist ban on abortion, which treated the practice as premeditated murder. However, abortion had been practiced by Russian women for decades and its incidence skyrocketed further as a result of the Russian Civil War, which had left the country economically devastated and made it extremely difficult for many people to have children. The Soviet state recognized that banning abortion would not stop the practice because women would continue using the services of private abortionists. In rural areas, these were often old women who had no medical training, which made their services very dangerous to women's health. In November 1920 the Soviet regime legalized abortion in state hospitals. The state considered abortion as a temporary necessary evil, which would disappear in the future communist society, which would be able to provide for all the children conceived.^[10] In 1936, Joseph Stalin placed prohibitions on abortions, which restricted them to medically recommended cases only, in order to increase population growth after the enormous loss of life in World War I and the Russian Civil War.^[11]^[12]^[13] In the 1930s, several countries (Poland, Turkey, Denmark, Sweden, Iceland, Mexico) legalized abortion in some special cases (pregnancy from rape, threat to mother's health, fetal malformation). In 1948 abortion was legalized in Japan, 1952 in Yugoslavia (on a limited basis), and 1955 in the Soviet Union (on demand). Some Soviet allies (Poland, Hungary, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Romania) legalized abortion in the late 1950s under pressure from the Soviets.^[how?]^[14]^{[better source needed]}

In the United Kingdom, the Abortion Act of 1967 clarified and prescribed abortions as legal up to 28 weeks (later reduced to 24 weeks). Other countries soon followed, including Canada (1969), the United States (1973 in most states, pursuant to Roe v. Wade—the U.S. Supreme Court decision which legalized abortion nationwide), Tunisia (1973), Denmark (1973), Austria (1974), France (1975), Sweden (1975), New Zealand (1977), Italy (1978), the Netherlands (1984), and Belgium (1990). However, these countries vary greatly in the circumstances under which abortion was to be permitted. In 1975, the West German Supreme Court struck down a law legalizing abortion, holding that they contradict the constitution's human rights guarantees. In 1976, a law was adopted which enabled abortions up to 12 weeks. After Germany's reunification, despite the legal status of abortion in former East Germany, a compromise was reached which deemed most abortions up to 12 weeks legal. In jurisdictions governed under sharia law, abortion after the 120th day from conception (19 weeks from LMP) is illegal, especially for those who follow the recommendations of the Hanafi legal school, while most jurists of the Maliki legal school "believe that ensoulment occurs at the moment of conception, and they tend to forbid abortion at any point [similar to the Roman Catholic Church]. The other schools hold intermediate positions. [..] The penalty prescribed for an illegal abortion varies according to particular circumstances involved. According to sharia, it should be limited to a fine that is paid to the father or heirs of the fetus".^[15] See also: Islam and abortion.

Timeline of abortion on request

The table below lists in chronological order the UN member states that have legalized abortion on request in at least some initial part of the pregnancy, or that have fully decriminalized abortion.

Notes: Where a country has legalized abortion on request, prohibited it, and legalized it again (e.g. former Soviet Union, Romania), only the later year is included. Countries that result from the merger of states where abortion on request was legal at the moment of unification show the year when it became legal across the whole national territory (e.g. Germany, Vietnam). Similarly, countries where not all subnational jurisdictions have legalized abortion on request are not included (e.g. leading to the exclusion of Australia, Mexico and the United Kingdom). Countries are counted even if they were not yet independent at the time. The year refers to when the relevant law or judicial decision came into force, which may be different from the year when it was approved.

Year legalised	Countries	Countries per year	Cumulative countries
1950	North Korea^[16]	1	1
1955	( Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Estonia Georgia Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Latvia Lithuania Moldova Russia Tajikistan Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan as part of the Soviet Union)	15	16
1965	Cuba	1	17
1973	Denmark Tunisia^[17] United States^[a]^[b]	3	20
1974	Singapore Sweden	2	22
1975	Austria France Vietnam^[a]	3	25
1977	( Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia Montenegro North Macedonia Serbia Slovenia as part of Yugoslavia)	6	31
1978	Italy Luxembourg	2	33
1979	China Norway^[c]	2	35
1983	Turkey	1	36
1984	Netherlands	1	37
1986	Cape Verde ( Czech Republic Slovakia as part of Czechoslovakia) Greece	4	41
1988	Canada	1	42
1989	Mongolia^[19]	1	43
1990	Belgium Bulgaria Romania	3	46
1992	Germany^[a]	1	47
1995	Albania Guyana	2	49
1997	Cambodia South Africa	2	51
2002	Nepal Switzerland	2	53
2007	Portugal	1	54
2010	Spain	1	55
2012	São Tomé and Príncipe^[20] Uruguay	2	57
2015	Mozambique^[d]	1	58
2018	Cyprus Ireland	2	60
2019	Iceland	1	61
2020	New Zealand	1	62
2021	Argentina^[e] South Korea Thailand	3	65

International law

There are no international or multinational treaties that deal directly with abortion but human rights law and International criminal law touch on the issues.

The Nuremberg Military Tribunal decided the case of United States v Greifelt & others [1948] on the basis that abortion was a crime within its jurisdiction according to the law defining crimes against humanity and thus within its definition of murder and extermination.^[23]

The Catholic Church remains highly influential in Latin America, and opposes the legalisation of abortion.^[24] The American Convention on Human Rights, which in 2013 had 23 Latin American parties, declares human life as commencing with conception. In Latin America, abortion on request is only legal in Cuba (1965), Uruguay (2012),^[25] Argentina (2021),^[22] and in parts of Mexico.^[26]^[27] Abortions are completely banned in Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua and the Dominican Republic and only allowed in certain restricted circumstances in most other Latin American nations.^[24]

In the 2010 case of A, B and C v Ireland, the European Court of Human Rights found that the European Convention on Human Rights did not include a right to an abortion.

In 2005, the United Nations Human Rights Committee ordered Peru to compensate a woman (known as K.L.) for denying her a medically indicated abortion; this was the first time a United Nations Committee had held any country accountable for not ensuring access to safe, legal abortion, and the first time the committee affirmed that abortion is a human right.^[28] K.L. received the compensation in 2016.^[28] In the 2016 case of Mellet v Ireland, the UN HRC found Ireland's abortion laws violated International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights because Irish law banned abortion in cases of fatal fetal abnormalities.

National laws

While abortions are legal at least under certain conditions in almost all countries, these conditions vary widely. According to a United Nations report with data gathered up to 2019,^[1] abortion is allowed in 98% of countries in order to save a woman's life. Other commonly-accepted reasons are preserving physical (72%) or mental health (69%), in cases of rape or incest (61%), and in cases of fetal impairment (61%). Performing an abortion because of economic or social reasons is accepted in 37% of countries. Performing abortion only on the basis of a woman's request is allowed in 34% of countries, including in the United States, Canada, most European countries and China.^[1]

The exact scope of each legal ground also varies. For example, the laws of some countries cite health risks and fetal impairment as general grounds for abortion and allow a broad interpretation of such terms in practice, while other countries restrict them to a specific list of medical conditions or subcategories. Almost all countries that allow abortion have gestational limits for the procedure depending on the reason; with the majority being up to 12 weeks for abortion on request, up to 24 weeks for social, economic, rape, or incest reasons, and more for fetal impairment or threats to the woman's health or life.^[1]^: 26

In some countries, additional procedures must be followed before the abortion can be carried out even if the basic grounds for it are met. For example, in Finland, where abortions are not granted based merely on a woman's request, approval for each abortion must be obtained from two doctors (or one in special circumstances).^[29]^[30] The vast majority, 90% of abortions in Finland are performed for socio-economic reasons.^[31] How strictly all of the procedures dictated in the legislation are followed in practice is another matter. For example, in the United Kingdom, a Care Quality Commission's report in 2012 found that several NHS clinics were circumventing the law, using forms pre-signed by one doctor, thus allowing abortions to patients who only met with one doctor.^[32]

Summary tables

Legend
permitted	In many cases, abortion is permitted only up to a certain gestational age. If this limit is known and does not vary by subdivision, it is shown instead of "permitted".
permitted, with complex legality or practice
varies by subdivision
prohibited, with complex legality or practice
prohibited

Independent countries

The table below summarizes the legal grounds for abortion in all United Nations member states and United Nations General Assembly observer states and some countries with limited recognition. This table is mostly based on data compiled by the United Nations up to 2019,^[33] with some updates, additions and clarifications citing other sources.

Legal grounds on which abortion is permitted in independent countries^[33]
Country	Risk to life	Risk to health	Rape	Fetal impairment	Economic or social	On request
Abkhazia^[34]^[35]	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Afghanistan^{[needs update?]}	permitted^[f]	prohibited	prohibited	permitted^[f]	prohibited^[f]	prohibited
Albania^[42]	22 weeks	22 weeks	22 weeks	no limit	22 weeks	12 weeks
Algeria^[43]	permitted	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Andorra	prohibited^[g]	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Angola^[h]	permitted	permitted	16 weeks	permitted	prohibited	prohibited
Antigua and Barbuda^[48]	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Argentina^[22]	permitted	permitted	permitted	14 weeks	14 weeks	14 weeks
Armenia^[49]	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	22 weeks	12 weeks
Australia^[50] [subdivisions]	no limit	permitted	varies^[i]	permitted	permitted	varies^[j]^[i]
Australian Capital Territory^[53]^[54]	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit
Christmas Island^[k]	no limit	no limit	20 weeks	no limit	20 weeks	20 weeks
Cocos Islands^[l]	no limit	no limit	20 weeks	no limit	20 weeks	20 weeks
Jervis Bay Territory^[m]	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit
New South Wales^[58]	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	22 weeks
Norfolk Island^[n]	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	22 weeks
Northern Territory^[60]^[51]	no limit	23 weeks	23 weeks	23 weeks	23 weeks	prohibited
Queensland^[61]	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	22 weeks
South Australia^[i]	no limit	28 weeks	prohibited	28 weeks	28 weeks	prohibited
Tasmania^[66]	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	16 weeks
Victoria^[67]	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	24 weeks
Western Australia^[68]	no limit	no limit	20 weeks	no limit	20 weeks	20 weeks
Austria^[69]	no limit	no limit	3 months^[o]	no limit	3 months^[o]	3 months^[o]
Azerbaijan^[70]	no limit	no limit	permitted	permitted	22 weeks	12 weeks
Bahamas^[71]	permitted	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Bahrain	permitted	prohibited^[p]	prohibited^[p]	prohibited^[p]	prohibited^[p]	prohibited^[p]
Bangladesh	no limit	prohibited^[q]	prohibited^[q]	prohibited^[q]	prohibited^[q]	prohibited^[q]
Barbados^[74]	no limit	no limit	12 weeks	no limit	12 weeks	prohibited
Belarus^[r]	no limit	no limit	22 weeks	no limit	22 weeks	12 weeks
Belgium	no limit	no limit	14 weeks^[s]	no limit	14 weeks^[s]	14 weeks^[s]
Belize	no limit	no limit	prohibited	no limit	permitted	prohibited
Benin	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	prohibited	prohibited
Country	Risk to life	Risk to health	Rape	Fetal impairment	Economic or social	On request
Bhutan^[t]	180 days	180 days^[u]	180 days	180 days^[u]	prohibited	prohibited
Bolivia	22 weeks	22 weeks	22 weeks	22 weeks^[v]	prohibited	prohibited
Bosnia and Herzegovina [subdivisions]	no limit	no limit	permitted	permitted	permitted	10 weeks
Brčko District^[w]	no limit	no limit	20 weeks	20 weeks	10 weeks	10 weeks
Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina^[w]	no limit	no limit	20 weeks	20 weeks	10 weeks	10 weeks
Republika Srpska^[84]	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	10 weeks
Botswana^[85]	16 weeks	16 weeks	16 weeks	16 weeks	prohibited	prohibited
Brazil	22 weeks^[x]	prohibited	22 weeks^[x]	prohibited^[x]	prohibited	prohibited
Brunei	no limit	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Bulgaria^[90]	no limit	20 weeks	permitted	no limit	12 weeks	12 weeks
Burkina Faso^[91]	no limit	no limit	14 weeks	no limit	prohibited	prohibited
Burundi^[92]	permitted	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Cambodia^[93]	no limit	12 weeks	no limit	no limit	12 weeks	12 weeks
Cameroon^[94]	permitted	28 weeks	28 weeks	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Canada^[y] [subdivisions]	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted
Alberta	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	24 weeks
British Columbia	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	24 weeks and 6 days
Manitoba	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	19 weeks and 6 days
New Brunswick	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	16 weeks
Newfoundland and Labrador	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	15 weeks
Northwest Territories	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	19 weeks and 6 days
Nova Scotia	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	16 weeks
Nunavut	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	12 weeks
Ontario	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	24 weeks
Prince Edward Island	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	12 weeks and 6 days
Quebec	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	23 weeks
Saskatchewan	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	18 weeks and 6 days
Yukon	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	12 weeks and 6 days
Cape Verde	no limit	no limit	12 weeks	permitted	12 weeks	12 weeks
Central African Republic	8 weeks	prohibited	8 weeks	8 weeks	prohibited	prohibited
Chad	no limit	permitted	permitted	no limit	prohibited	prohibited
Chile	no limit	prohibited	12 weeks^[z]	permitted	prohibited	prohibited
China^[aa]	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit
Colombia	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	prohibited	prohibited
Comoros	permitted	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Congo	permitted^[ab]	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Country	Risk to life	Risk to health	Rape	Fetal impairment	Economic or social	On request
Costa Rica	permitted	permitted	prohibited^[ac]	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Croatia	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	10 weeks	10 weeks
Cuba	no limit	22 weeks	no limit	35 weeks	22 weeks	12 weeks
Cyprus	permitted	permitted	19 weeks	permitted	12 weeks	12 weeks
Czech Republic	24 weeks	24 weeks	24 weeks	24 weeks	12 weeks	12 weeks
Democratic Republic of the Congo	permitted^[ad]	permitted^[ae]	permitted^[ae]	permitted^[ae]	prohibited	prohibited
Denmark	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	12 weeks
Djibouti^[102]^[103]^[104]	permitted	permitted^[af]	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Dominica	permitted^[ab]	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Dominican Republic	prohibited^[ag]	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
East Timor^[ah]	no limit	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Ecuador	permitted	permitted	permitted^[ai]	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Egypt	permitted	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
El Salvador^[112]	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Equatorial Guinea	permitted	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Eritrea	permitted	permitted	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Estonia	22 weeks	22 weeks	12 weeks	22 weeks	12 weeks	12 weeks
Eswatini	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	prohibited	prohibited
Ethiopia	28 weeks	28 weeks	28 weeks	28 weeks	prohibited	prohibited
Fiji^[113]	no limit	no limit	20 weeks	no limit	prohibited	prohibited
Country	Risk to life	Risk to health	Rape	Fetal impairment	Economic or social	On request
Finland^[aj]	20 weeks	20 weeks	12 weeks	24 weeks	12 weeks	prohibited
France^[ak]	no limit	no limit	14 weeks^[al]	no limit	14 weeks^[al]	14 weeks^[al]
Gabon^[117]	10 weeks	prohibited	10 weeks	10 weeks	prohibited	prohibited
Gambia^[118]^[119]^[120]	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	permitted	prohibited	prohibited
Georgia	22 weeks	22 weeks	22 weeks	22 weeks	12 weeks	12 weeks
Germany	no limit	no limit	12 weeks	12 weeks	12 weeks	12 weeks
Ghana	28 weeks	28 weeks	28 weeks	28 weeks	prohibited	prohibited
Greece	no limit	no limit	19 weeks	24 weeks	12 weeks	12 weeks
Grenada	permitted	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Guatemala	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Guinea	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	prohibited	prohibited
Guinea-Bissau	permitted^[ab]	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Guyana	no limit	no limit	16 weeks	16 weeks	8 weeks	8 weeks
Haiti^[am]	permitted^[ab]	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Honduras^[122]	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Hungary^[123]	no limit	12 weeks^[an]	12 weeks^[an]	20 weeks^[ao]	12 weeks^[an]	prohibited
Iceland	no limit	no limit	permitted	no limit	permitted	22 weeks
India^[124]	no limit	24 weeks	24 weeks	no limit	24 weeks	prohibited
Indonesia	no limit	prohibited	6 weeks	no limit	prohibited	prohibited
Iran	16 weeks	permitted	prohibited^[ap]	16 weeks	prohibited	prohibited
Country	Risk to life	Risk to health	Rape	Fetal impairment	Economic or social	On request
Iraq	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	permitted	prohibited	prohibited
Ireland^[127]	viability^[aq]	viability^[aq]	12 weeks	permitted	12 weeks	12 weeks
Israel	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted^[ar]	prohibited
Italy^[129]	no limit	viability	90 days	90 days	90 days	90 days
Ivory Coast	permitted	prohibited^[as]	permitted	prohibited^[as]	prohibited	prohibited
Jamaica	permitted^[at]	permitted^[au]	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Japan	22 weeks	22 weeks	22 weeks	prohibited	22 weeks	prohibited
Jordan^[136]	permitted	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Kazakhstan	no limit	no limit	permitted	permitted	12 weeks	12 weeks
Kenya	permitted	permitted	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Kiribati	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Kosovo^[137]	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	10 weeks
Kuwait^[138]	permitted	4 months	prohibited	4 months	prohibited	prohibited
Kyrgyzstan^[139]^[140]	no limit	no limit	22 weeks	22 weeks	22 weeks	12 weeks
Laos	permitted^[av]	28 weeks^[av]	28 weeks^[av]	28 weeks^[av]	28 weeks^[av]	prohibited^[av]
Latvia	permitted	permitted	12 weeks	12 weeks	12 weeks	12 weeks
Lebanon	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Lesotho	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	prohibited	prohibited
Liberia^[144]	24 weeks	24 weeks	24 weeks	24 weeks	prohibited	prohibited
Libya^[145]^[146]	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Country	Risk to life	Risk to health	Rape	Fetal impairment	Economic or social	On request
Liechtenstein	permitted	permitted	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Lithuania	no limit	no limit	12 weeks	no limit	12 weeks	12 weeks
Luxembourg	no limit	no limit	14 weeks	no limit	14 weeks	14 weeks
Madagascar	permitted^[ab]	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Malawi^[147]	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Malaysia^[148]	22 weeks	22 weeks	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Maldives^[aw]	no limit	prohibited	120 days	120 days^[ax]	prohibited	prohibited
Mali^[153]^[154]	permitted	permitted	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Malta	prohibited^[ay]	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Marshall Islands	permitted^[ab]	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Mauritania	permitted^[ab]	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Mauritius	no limit	no limit	14 weeks	no limit	prohibited	prohibited
Mexico^[157] [subdivisions]	varies^[az]	varies^[ba]	no limit^[bb]	varies^[ba]	varies^[ba]	varies^[ba]
Aguascalientes	permitted	prohibited^[ba]	no limit	prohibited^[ba]	prohibited^[ba]	prohibited^[ba]
Baja California	permitted	prohibited^[ba]	no limit	prohibited^[ba]	prohibited^[ba]	prohibited^[ba]
Baja California Sur	permitted	permitted	no limit	permitted	prohibited^[ba]	prohibited^[ba]
Campeche	permitted	permitted	no limit	prohibited^[ba]	prohibited^[ba]	prohibited^[ba]
Chiapas	permitted	prohibited^[ba]	no limit	permitted	prohibited^[ba]	prohibited^[ba]
Chihuahua	permitted	permitted	no limit	prohibited^[ba]	prohibited^[ba]	prohibited^[ba]
Coahuila	permitted	permitted^[bc]	no limit	permitted	permitted^[bc]	permitted^[bc]
Colima	permitted	permitted	no limit	permitted	prohibited^[ba]	prohibited^[ba]
Durango	permitted	prohibited^[ba]	no limit	prohibited^[ba]	prohibited^[ba]	prohibited^[ba]
Guanajuato	prohibited^[ba]	prohibited^[ba]	no limit	prohibited^[ba]	prohibited^[ba]	prohibited^[ba]
Guerrero	permitted	permitted	no limit	permitted	prohibited^[ba]	prohibited^[ba]
Hidalgo^[160]	permitted	permitted	no limit	permitted	permitted	12 weeks
Jalisco	permitted	permitted	no limit	prohibited^[ba]	prohibited^[ba]	prohibited^[ba]
Mexico City^[161]	permitted	permitted	no limit	permitted	permitted	12 weeks
Mexico State	permitted	prohibited^[ba]	no limit	permitted	prohibited^[ba]	prohibited^[ba]
Michoacán	permitted	permitted	no limit	permitted	permitted	prohibited^[ba]
Morelos	permitted	prohibited^[ba]	no limit	permitted	prohibited^[ba]	prohibited^[ba]
Nayarit	permitted	permitted	no limit	prohibited^[ba]	prohibited^[ba]	prohibited^[ba]
Nuevo León	permitted	permitted	no limit	prohibited^[ba]	prohibited^[ba]	prohibited^[ba]
Oaxaca^[162]	permitted	permitted	no limit	permitted	permitted	12 weeks
Puebla	permitted	prohibited^[ba]	no limit	permitted	prohibited^[ba]	prohibited^[ba]
Querétaro	prohibited^[ba]	prohibited^[ba]	no limit	prohibited^[ba]	prohibited^[ba]	prohibited^[ba]
Quintana Roo	permitted	prohibited^[ba]	no limit	permitted	prohibited^[ba]	prohibited^[ba]
San Luis Potosí	permitted	prohibited^[ba]	no limit	prohibited^[ba]	prohibited^[ba]	prohibited^[ba]
Sinaloa	permitted	prohibited^[ba]	no limit	prohibited^[ba]	prohibited^[ba]	prohibited^[ba]
Sonora	permitted	prohibited^[ba]	no limit	prohibited^[ba]	prohibited^[ba]	prohibited^[ba]
Tabasco	permitted	prohibited^[ba]	no limit	prohibited^[ba]	prohibited^[ba]	prohibited^[ba]
Tamaulipas	permitted	permitted	no limit	prohibited^[ba]	prohibited^[ba]	prohibited^[ba]
Tlaxcala	permitted	permitted	no limit	permitted	prohibited^[ba]	prohibited^[ba]
Veracruz^[163]	permitted	permitted	no limit	permitted	permitted	12 weeks
Yucatán	permitted	prohibited^[ba]	no limit	permitted	permitted	prohibited^[ba]
Zacatecas	permitted	permitted	no limit	prohibited^[ba]	prohibited^[ba]	prohibited^[ba]
Micronesia	permitted^[ab]	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Moldova	21 weeks	21 weeks	21 weeks	21 weeks	21 weeks	12 weeks
Monaco	no limit	no limit	12 weeks	no limit	prohibited	prohibited
Mongolia	23 weeks	23 weeks	permitted	permitted	14 weeks	14 weeks
Montenegro	32 weeks	32 weeks	20 weeks	20 weeks	10 weeks	10 weeks
Morocco^[bd]	no limit	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Mozambique^[168]	no limit	no limit	16 weeks	24 weeks^[be]	12 weeks	12 weeks
Country	Risk to life	Risk to health	Rape	Fetal impairment	Economic or social	On request
Myanmar^[169]	no limit	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Namibia	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	prohibited	prohibited
Nauru	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	prohibited	prohibited
Nepal^[170]	28 weeks	28 weeks	28 weeks	28 weeks	12 weeks	12 weeks
Netherlands^[bf]	no limit	no limit	24 weeks	no limit	24 weeks	24 weeks
New Zealand^[173]	no limit	no limit	permitted	permitted	permitted	20 weeks
Nicaragua	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Niger	permitted	permitted	prohibited	permitted	prohibited	prohibited
Nigeria [subdivisions]	permitted	varies^[bg]	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Abia	permitted	permitted^[bh]	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Adamawa	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Akwa Ibom	permitted	permitted^[bh]	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Anambra	permitted	permitted^[bh]	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Bauchi	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Bayelsa	permitted	permitted^[bh]	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Benue	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Borno	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Cross River	permitted	permitted^[bh]	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Delta	permitted	permitted^[bh]	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Ebonyi	permitted	permitted^[bh]	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Edo	permitted	permitted^[bh]	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Ekiti	permitted	permitted^[bh]	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Enugu	permitted	permitted^[bh]	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Federal Capital Territory	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Gombe	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Imo	permitted	permitted^[bh]	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Jigawa	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Kaduna	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Kano	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Katsina	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Kebbi	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Kogi	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Kwara	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Lagos	permitted	permitted^[bh]	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Nasarawa	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Niger	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Ogun	permitted	permitted^[bh]	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Ondo	permitted	permitted^[bh]	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Osun	permitted	permitted^[bh]	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Oyo	permitted	permitted^[bh]	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Plateau	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Rivers	permitted	permitted^[bh]	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Sokoto	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Taraba	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Yobe	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Zamfara	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Northern Cyprus^[174]^[175]	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	10 weeks
North Korea^[bi]	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted
North Macedonia^[180]	no limit	no limit	22 weeks^[bj]	22 weeks^[bj]	22 weeks^[bj]	12 weeks
Norway^[bk]	no limit	no limit	22 weeks	22 weeks	22 weeks	12 weeks
Oman^[182]	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Pakistan^[183]^[184]^[185]	no limit	organ formation	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Palau	permitted^[ab]	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Palestine^[186]	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited^[bl]	prohibited	prohibited
Panama	no limit	prohibited	8 weeks	24 weeks	prohibited	prohibited
Papua New Guinea	permitted	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Paraguay	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Country	Risk to life	Risk to health	Rape	Fetal impairment	Economic or social	On request
Peru	22 weeks	22 weeks	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Philippines	permitted^[ab]	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Poland	no limit	no limit	13 weeks	prohibited^[bm]	prohibited^[bm]	prohibited
Portugal^[191]	no limit	no limit	16 weeks	24 weeks	10 weeks	10 weeks
Qatar	no limit	16 weeks	prohibited	16 weeks	prohibited	prohibited
Romania^[192]	no limit	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	14 weeks
Russia	no limit	no limit	22 weeks	no limit	12 weeks	12 weeks
Rwanda^[193]	no limit	no limit	22 weeks	no limit	prohibited	prohibited
Saint Kitts and Nevis	permitted^[bh]	permitted^[bh]	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Saint Lucia	no limit	no limit	12 weeks	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines^[194]	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	prohibited
Samoa^[195]	20 weeks	20 weeks	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
San Marino^[bn]	permitted^[ab]	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
São Tomé and Príncipe	no limit	no limit	no limit	16 weeks	12 weeks	12 weeks
Saudi Arabia^[199]	no limit	4 months	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Senegal^[200]	permitted^[ab]	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Serbia	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	10 weeks	10 weeks
Seychelles	12 weeks	12 weeks	12 weeks	12 weeks	prohibited	prohibited
Sierra Leone	permitted	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Singapore	no limit	no limit	24 weeks	24 weeks	24 weeks	24 weeks
Country	Risk to life	Risk to health	Rape	Fetal impairment	Economic or social	On request
Slovakia^[201]^[202]	no limit	24 weeks	permitted	permitted	12 weeks	12 weeks
Slovenia^[203]	no limit	no limit	10 weeks	10 weeks	10 weeks	10 weeks
Solomon Islands	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Somalia	no limit^[ab]	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
South Africa	no limit	20 weeks	20 weeks	no limit	20 weeks	12 weeks
South Korea^[bo]	permitted	24 weeks	24 weeks	permitted	permitted^[bp]	permitted^[bp]
South Sudan	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Spain	22 weeks	22 weeks	14 weeks	no limit	14 weeks	14 weeks
Sri Lanka	no limit	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Sudan^[207]	no limit	prohibited	90 days^[bq]	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Suriname	permitted^[ab]	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Sweden^[208]	no limit	no limit	18 weeks	18 weeks	18 weeks	18 weeks
Switzerland^[209]	no limit	no limit	12 weeks	12 weeks	12 weeks	12 weeks
Syria^[210]	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Taiwan^[211]	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	prohibited
Tajikistan^[212]	permitted	22 weeks	22 weeks	22 weeks	22 weeks	12 weeks
Tanzania^[br]	no limit	permitted^[bs]	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Thailand^[216]	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	20 weeks	12 weeks
Togo^[217]	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	prohibited	prohibited
Tonga	permitted^[ab]	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Country	Risk to life	Risk to health	Rape	Fetal impairment	Economic or social	On request
Trinidad and Tobago^[218]	permitted^[ab]	permitted^[ab]	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Tunisia	no limit	no limit	12 weeks	no limit	12 weeks	12 weeks
Turkey	permitted	permitted	20 weeks	permitted	10 weeks	10 weeks
Turkmenistan	no limit	no limit	permitted	permitted	22 weeks	12 weeks
Tuvalu	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Uganda	28 weeks	28 weeks	28 weeks	28 weeks	prohibited	prohibited
Ukraine	22 weeks	22 weeks	22 weeks	22 weeks	12 weeks	12 weeks
United Arab Emirates	no limit	prohibited	prohibited	16 weeks^[bt]	prohibited	prohibited
United Kingdom [subdivisions]	no limit	24 weeks	permitted^[bu]	no limit	prohibited	varies^[bv]
England^[222]	no limit	no limit	permitted^[bu]	no limit	24 weeks	prohibited
Northern Ireland^[221]	no limit	no limit	permitted	no limit	24 weeks	12 weeks
Scotland^[222]	no limit	no limit	permitted^[bu]	no limit	24 weeks	prohibited
Wales^[222]	no limit	no limit	permitted^[bu]	no limit	24 weeks	prohibited
United States^[223]^[224] [subdivisions]	no limit	no limit^[bw]	permitted^[bw]^[b]	permitted^[bw]^[b]	permitted^[bw]^[b]	permitted^[bw]^[b]
Alabama	no limit	no limit	22 weeks^[bh]	22 weeks^[bh]	22 weeks^[bh]	22 weeks^[bh]
Alaska	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit
Arizona	no limit	no limit^[bh]	viability^[bh]	viability^[bh]	viability^[bh]	viability^[bh]
Arkansas^[226]^[227]	no limit	no limit^[bh]	no limit^[bh]	22 weeks^[bh]	22 weeks^[bh]	22 weeks^[bh]
California	no limit	no limit	viability	viability	viability	viability
Colorado	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit
Connecticut	no limit	no limit	viability	viability	viability	viability
Delaware	no limit	no limit	viability	no limit	viability	viability
District of Columbia	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit
Florida	no limit	no limit	24 weeks	24 weeks	24 weeks	24 weeks
Georgia	no limit	no limit	22 weeks	no limit	22 weeks	22 weeks
Hawaii	no limit	no limit	viability	viability	viability	viability
Idaho^[228]	no limit	no limit^[bh]	viability	viability^[bh]	viability^[bh]	viability^[bh]
Illinois	no limit	no limit	viability	viability	viability	viability
Indiana	no limit	no limit	22 weeks	22 weeks	22 weeks	22 weeks
Iowa	no limit	no limit	22 weeks	22 weeks	22 weeks	22 weeks
Kansas	no limit	no limit	22 weeks	22 weeks	22 weeks	22 weeks
Kentucky^[229]	no limit	no limit	22 weeks^[bh]	22 weeks^[bh]	22 weeks^[bh]	22 weeks^[bh]
Louisiana^[230]	no limit	no limit	22 weeks^[bh]	no limit^[bh]	22 weeks^[bh]	22 weeks^[bh]
Maine	no limit	no limit	viability	viability	viability	viability
Maryland	no limit	no limit	viability	no limit	viability	viability
Massachusetts	no limit	no limit	24 weeks	no limit	24 weeks	24 weeks
Michigan	no limit	no limit^[bh]	viability^[bh]	viability^[bh]	viability^[bh]	viability^[bh]
Minnesota	no limit	no limit	viability	viability	viability	viability
Mississippi	no limit	no limit^[bh]	20 weeks	no limit^[bh]	20 weeks^[bh]	20 weeks^[bh]
Missouri^[231]	no limit	no limit	viability^[bh]	viability^[bh]	viability^[bh]	viability^[bh]
Montana	no limit	no limit	viability	viability	viability	viability
Nebraska	no limit	no limit	22 weeks	22 weeks	22 weeks	22 weeks
Nevada	no limit	no limit	24 weeks	24 weeks	24 weeks	24 weeks
New Hampshire	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit
New Jersey	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit
New Mexico^[232]	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit
New York	no limit	no limit	viability	viability	viability	viability
North Carolina	no limit	no limit	viability	viability	viability	viability
North Dakota^[233]	no limit	no limit^[bh]	22 weeks	22 weeks^[bh]	22 weeks^[bh]	22 weeks^[bh]
Ohio	no limit	no limit	22 weeks	22 weeks	22 weeks	22 weeks
Oklahoma	no limit	no limit^[bh]	22 weeks^[bh]	22 weeks^[bh]	22 weeks^[bh]	22 weeks^[bh]
Oregon	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit
Pennsylvania	no limit	no limit	24 weeks	24 weeks	24 weeks	24 weeks
Rhode Island	no limit	no limit	viability	viability	viability	viability
South Carolina	no limit	no limit	22 weeks	no limit	22 weeks	22 weeks
South Dakota^[234]	no limit	no limit^[bh]	22 weeks^[bh]	22 weeks^[bh]	22 weeks^[bh]	22 weeks^[bh]
Tennessee^[235]	no limit	no limit	viability^[bh]	viability^[bh]	viability^[bh]	viability^[bh]
Texas^[bx]	no limit	no limit^[bh]	heartbeat or viability^[bh]^[b]	heartbeat or viability^[bh]^[b]	heartbeat or viability^[bh]^[b]	heartbeat or viability^[bh]^[b]
Utah^[237]	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	viability^[bh]	viability^[bh]
Vermont	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit
Virginia	no limit	no limit	6 months	6 months	6 months	6 months
Washington	no limit	no limit	viability	viability	viability	viability
West Virginia	no limit	no limit^[bh]	22 weeks^[bh]	22 weeks^[bh]	22 weeks^[bh]	22 weeks^[bh]
Wisconsin	no limit	no limit^[bh]	22 weeks^[bh]	22 weeks^[bh]	22 weeks^[bh]	22 weeks^[bh]
Wyoming	no limit	no limit	viability	viability	viability	viability
Uruguay^[238]	no limit	no limit	14 weeks^[by]	no limit	12 weeks^[by]	12 weeks
Uzbekistan	permitted	22 weeks	22 weeks	22 weeks	22 weeks	12 weeks
Vanuatu	permitted	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Vatican City	prohibited^[bz]	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Venezuela^[247]^[248]	22 weeks	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Vietnam	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	22 weeks^[ca]
Yemen	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Zambia^[252]	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	prohibited
Zimbabwe^[253]	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	prohibited	prohibited
Country	Risk to life	Risk to health	Rape	Fetal impairment	Economic or social	On request

Autonomous jurisdictions

The table below summarizes the legal grounds for abortion in autonomous jurisdictions not included in the previous table.

Legal grounds on which abortion is permitted in other autonomous jurisdictions
Jurisdiction	Risk to life	Risk to health	Rape	Fetal impairment	Economic or social	On request
Akrotiri and Dhekelia^[254]	permitted	permitted	prohibited	permitted	permitted	prohibited
American Samoa^[255]^[256]	permitted	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Anguilla^[257]	no limit	28 weeks	prohibited	28 weeks	prohibited	prohibited
Aruba^[258]	permitted^[cb]	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Bermuda^[260]	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	prohibited	prohibited
British Virgin Islands^[261]	no limit	28 weeks	prohibited	28 weeks	prohibited	prohibited
Cayman Islands^[262]	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Cook Islands^[33]	permitted	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Curaçao^[263]	permitted^[cb]	prohibited^[cc]	prohibited^[cc]	prohibited^[cc]	prohibited^[cc]	prohibited^[cc]
Falkland Islands^[265]	no limit	no limit	prohibited	no limit	24 weeks	prohibited
Faroe Islands^[266]	no limit	no limit	16 weeks	16 weeks	prohibited	prohibited
Gibraltar^[267]	no limit	no limit	12 weeks^[cd]	no limit	12 weeks^[ce]	prohibited
Greenland^[269]	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	12 weeks
Guam^[270]	no limit	no limit^[cf]	26 weeks^[cf]	26 weeks^[cf]	13 weeks^[cf]	13 weeks^[cf]
Guernsey [subdivisions]	permitted^[cg]	permitted^[cg]	prohibited	varies^[ch]	varies^[ch]	prohibited
Alderney^[272]	permitted^[cg]	permitted^[cg]	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Guernsey^[274]^[ci]	no limit	no limit	prohibited	24 weeks	12 weeks	prohibited
Sark^[272]	permitted^[cg]	permitted^[cg]	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Hong Kong^[277]	no limit	24 weeks	24 weeks	24 weeks	24 weeks^[cj]	prohibited
Isle of Man^[278]	no limit	no limit	23 weeks	no limit	23 weeks	14 weeks
Jersey^[279]	no limit	no limit	12 weeks	24 weeks	12 weeks	12 weeks
Macau^[280]	no limit	no limit	24 weeks	24 weeks	prohibited	prohibited
Montserrat^[281]	no limit	viability	prohibited	viability	prohibited	prohibited
Niue^[33]	permitted	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Northern Mariana Islands^[282]	no limit^[ck]	no limit^[ck]	viability^[ck]	viability^[ck]	viability^[ck]	viability^[ck]
Pitcairn Islands^[cl]	no limit	no limit	prohibited	no limit	24 weeks	prohibited
Puerto Rico^[285]	no limit	no limit	viability^[cm]	viability^[cm]	viability^[cm]	viability^[cm]
Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha^[cn]	no limit	no limit	prohibited	no limit	24 weeks	prohibited
Sint Maarten^[289]	permitted^[cb]	prohibited^[co]	prohibited^[co]	prohibited^[co]	prohibited^[co]	prohibited^[co]
Tokelau^[290]	permitted^[cp]	permitted^[cp]	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Turks and Caicos Islands^[292]	permitted^[cq]	permitted^[cq]	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
U.S. Virgin Islands^[293]	no limit	no limit	24 weeks	24 weeks	24 weeks	24 weeks
Jurisdiction	Risk to life	Risk to health	Rape	Fetal impairment	Economic or social	On request

Europe

Despite a wide variation in the restrictions under which it is permitted, abortion is legal in most European countries. The exceptions are the mini-state of Malta^[296], the micro-states of Vatican City, Liechtenstein, and Andorra, and the large state of Poland, where abortion is illegal or severely restricted.^[297]^[298] The other state with existent, but less severe restrictions is Monaco. All the remaining states make abortion legal on request or for social and economic reasons during the first trimester. When it comes to later-term abortions, there are very few with laws as liberal as those of the United States.^[299] Restrictions on abortion are most stringent in a few countries that are strongly observant of the Catholic religion.^[297]

North America

Canada

Abortion in Canada is legal throughout pregnancy and is publicly funded as a medical procedure under the combined effects of the federal Canada Health Act and provincial health-care systems.^[300] However, access to services and resources varies by region.^[301] While some restrictions exist,^[300] Canada is one of the few nations with no criminal restrictions on abortion.^[302]^[303] Abortion is subject to provincial healthcare regulatory rules and guidelines for physicians.^[304]^[305] No province offers abortion on request at 24 weeks and beyond, although there are exceptions for certain medical complications.^[306]^[307]

United States

In 1973, the U.S. Supreme Court decision Roe v. Wade legalized abortion nationwide. It established a minimal period during which abortion must be legal (with more or fewer restrictions throughout the pregnancy). This basic framework, modified in Planned Parenthood v. Casey (1992), is still in effect today. In accordance with Planned Parenthood v. Casey, states cannot place legal restrictions posing an undue burden for "the purpose or effect of placing a substantial obstacle in the path of a woman seeking an abortion of a nonviable fetus."^[308] Although this legal framework established by the Supreme Court is very liberal (particularly with regard to the gestational age), in practice the effective availability of abortion varies significantly from state to state.^[309] On 29 June 2020, the U.S. Supreme Court reaffirmed abortion rights after striking down a Louisiana law limiting abortion.^[310] On September 1, 2021, the state of Texas passed one of the most restrictive abortion laws in the nation, banning most procedures after six weeks.^[311] The Supreme Court will hear a case in 2021 that challenges a Mississippi law banning abortion after 15 weeks. Roe v. Wade will also be revisited.

Countries with more restrictive laws

According to a report by Women on Waves, approximately 25% of the world's population lives in countries with "highly restrictive abortion laws"—that is, laws which either completely ban abortion, or allow it only to save the mother's life. This category includes several countries in Latin America, Africa, the Middle East, the Asia-Pacific region, as well as Malta in Europe.^[296]^[312] The Centre For Reproductive Rights report that 'The inability to access safe and legal abortion care impacts 700 million women of reproductive age' ^[313]

Latin America is the region with the most restrictive abortion laws. Fewer than 3%^{[needs update]} of the women in this region live in countries with liberal abortion laws—that is, where abortion is permitted either without restriction as to reason or on socioeconomic grounds.^[314] Some of the countries of Central America, notably El Salvador, have also come to international attention due to very forceful enforcement of the laws, including the incarceration of a gang-rape victim for homicide when she gave birth to a stillborn son and was accused of attempting an illegal abortion.^[315]^[316]^[317]

Beginning of pregnancy controversy

Controversy over the beginning of pregnancy occurs in different contexts, particularly in a legal context, and is particularly discussed within the abortion debate from the point of measuring the gestational age of the pregnancy. Pregnancy can be measured from a number of convenient points, including the day of last menstruation, ovulation, fertilization, implantation and chemical detection. A common medical way to calculate gestational age is to measure pregnancy from the first day of the last menstrual cycle.^[cr] However, not all legal systems use this measure for the purpose of abortion law; for example countries such as Belgium, France, Luxembourg use the term "pregnancy" in the abortion law to refer to the time elapsed from the sexual act that led to conception, which is presumed to be 2 weeks after the end of the last menstrual period.^[cs]

Exceptions in abortion law

Exceptions in abortion laws occur either in countries where abortion is as a general rule illegal or in countries that have abortion on request with gestational limits (for example if a country allows abortion on request until 12 weeks, it may create exceptions to this general gestation limit for later abortions in specific circumstances).^[324]

There are a few exceptions commonly found in abortion laws. Legal domains which do not have abortion on demand will often allow it when the health of the mother is at stake. "Health of the mother" may mean something different in different areas: for example, prior to December 2018, the Republic of Ireland allowed abortion only to save the mother's life, whereas abortion opponents in the United States argue health exceptions are used so broadly as to render a ban essentially meaningless.^[325]

Laws allowing abortion in cases of rape or incest often differ. For example, before Roe v. Wade, thirteen US states allowed abortion in the case of either rape or incest, but only Mississippi permitted abortion of pregnancies due to rape, and no state permitted it for just incest.^[326]

Many^[vague] countries allow for abortion only through the first or second trimester, and some may allow abortion in cases of fetal defects, e.g., Down syndrome or where the pregnancy is the result of a sexual crime.

Other related laws

Laws in some countries with liberal abortion laws protect access to abortion services. Such legislation often seeks to guard abortion clinics against obstruction, vandalism, picketing, and other actions, or to protect patients and employees of such facilities from threats and harassment. Other laws create a perimeter around a facility, known variously as a "buffer zone", "bubble zone", or "access zone", where demonstrations opposing abortion are not permitted. Protests and other displays are restricted to a certain distance from the building, which varies depending on the law. Similar zones have also been created to protect the homes of abortion providers and clinic staff. Bubble zone laws are divided into "fixed" and "floating" categories. Fixed bubble zone laws apply to the static area around the facility itself, and floating laws to objects in transit, such as people or cars.^[327] Because of conflicts between anti-abortion activists on one side and women seeking abortion and medical staff who provides abortion on the other side, some laws are quite strict: in South Africa for instance, any person who prevents the lawful termination of a pregnancy or obstructs access to a facility for the termination of a pregnancy faces up to 10 years in prison (section 10.1 (c) of the Choice on Termination of Pregnancy Act^[328]).

On 3 November 2020, an association of 20 Kenyan charities urged the government of Kenya to withdraw from the Geneva Consensus Declaration (GCD), a US-led international accord that sought to limit access to abortion for girls and women around the world. GCD was signed by 33 nations, on 22 October 2020.^[329]

Judicial decisions

Jurisdiction	Year	Description	Abortion access affirmed or expanded?
Canada	1879	Abortion trial of Emily Stowe
United Kingdom	1938	R v Bourne: Abortion in case of risk to physical and mental health included in risk to life. Decision also implemented by some British territories and their successors.	Partially
Canada	1952	Azoulay v R
Australia	1969	R v Davidson (Menhennitt ruling) [1969] VicRp 85, VR 667, Supreme Court (Vic, Australia)	Partially
United States	1973	Roe v. Wade: Supreme Court legalized abortion on demand in the entire country.	Yes
United States	1973	Doe v. Bolton: Supreme Court stated that a woman may obtain an abortion after viability, if necessary to protect her health.	Yes
Germany	1975	German Federal Constitutional Court abortion decision	Law restricted
Canada	1976	Morgentaler v R	Restrictions upheld
Puerto Rico	1980	Pueblo v. Duarte: Application of Roe v. Wade (United States) to Puerto Rico.^[285]	Yes
United States	1981	H. L. v. Matheson	Restrictions upheld
United States	1983	City of Akron v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health	Yes
Canada	1988	R v Morgentaler	Yes
Canada	1989	Borowski v Canada (AG)
United States	1989	Webster v. Reproductive Health Services	Restrictions upheld
Canada	1989	Tremblay v Daigle	Yes
United States	1990	Hodgson v. Minnesota	Partially
Ireland	1992	Attorney General v. X: Irish Supreme Court established the right of Irish women to an abortion if a pregnant woman's life was at risk because of pregnancy, including the risk of suicide.	Partially
United States	1992	Planned Parenthood v. Casey	Yes
United States	1993	Bray v. Alexandria Women's Health Clinic
Canada	1993	R v Morgentaler	Yes
Poland	1997	Abortion for economic or social reasons ruled unconstitutional.^[190]	Law restricted
South Africa	1998	Christian Lawyers Association v Minister of Health: Law allowing abortion on demand was ruled constitutional.	Legalization upheld
United States	2000	Stenberg v. Carhart: Supreme Court struck down Nebraska's partial-birth abortion ban.	Yes
Australia	2006	R v Sood (No 3) [2006] NSWSC 762, Supreme Court (NSW, Australia)
United States	2006	Ayotte v. Planned Parenthood of New England
United States	2006	Gonzales v. Carhart: Supreme Court upheld the Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act of 2003	Restrictions upheld
Colombia	2006	Constitutional Court allowed abortion in case of rape, danger to woman's health and fetal deformation.^[330]	Partially
Slovakia	2007	Constitutional Court ruled law allowing abortion on demand constitutional.^[331]	Legalization upheld
Council of Europe	2009	A, B and C v Ireland: The court rejected the argument that article 8 conferred a right to abortion, but found that Ireland had violated the European Convention on Human Rights by failing to provide an accessible and effective procedure by which a woman can have established whether she qualifies for a legal abortion.	Partially
Nepal	2009	Lakshmi v. Government of Nepal: Supreme Court upheld and expanded legal abortion.^[332]	Yes
Brazil	2012	ADPF 54: Abortion allowed in case of anencephaly.	Partially
Dominican Republic	2015	Constitutional Court ruled law allowing abortion in certain cases unconstitutional.^[333]	Law restricted
United States	2016	Whole Woman's Health v. Hellerstedt	Yes
Chile	2017	Constitutional Court ruled law allowing abortion in certain cases constitutional.^[334]	Partially
Croatia	2017	Constitutional Court ruled law allowing abortion on demand constitutional.^[335]	Legalization upheld
United Kingdom	2018	Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission v Department of Justice
South Korea	2019	Abortion allowed on request. Decision took effect in 2021.^[205]	Yes
Kenya	2019	Abortion allowed in case of rape.^[336]	Partially
Poland	2020	Constitutional Court ruled abortion in case of fetal deformity unconstitutional. Decision was implemented on 27 January 2021.	Law restricted
Colombia	2020	Constitutional Court ruled law allowing abortion in certain cases constitutional rejecting both total ban and legalization.^[337]	Law upheld
Ecuador	2021	Abortion allowed in case of rape.^[111]	Partially
Mexico	2021	Penalties for abortion ruled unconstitutional.^[26]^[27]	Partially

Notes

^ ^a ^b ^c Year when all subnational jurisdictions legalized abortion on request.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ In Texas, a law took effect on 1 September 2021 prohibiting abortion after an embryonic or fetal heartbeat is detected, except for medical emergencies, conflicting with judicial precedent.^[225]
^ The law legalising abortion on request was approved in 1978 and came into force in 1979.^[18]
^ The law legalising abortion on request was approved in 2014 and came into force in 2015.^[21]
^ The law legalising abortion on request was approved in 2020 and came into force in 2021.^[22]
^ ^a ^b ^c The law of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan consisted primarily of statutory law and a limited use of Islamic jurisprudence.^[36] The Afghan penal code criminalized abortion and only removed the penalty if the abortion was prescribed by a doctor to save the woman's life,^[37]^[38] but other sources said that Afghanistan also allowed abortion in case of fetal impairment,^[39] and rarely for economic reasons if accepted by a religious council.^[40] After the 2021 Taliban offensive, the new government announced its intention to implement Islamic law exclusively, and it is unclear which legal grounds for abortion it accepts.^[41]
^ The UN source says that this ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law^[44] but it is accepted as a general legal principle. However, other sources say that abortion is not legally allowed under any circumstance in Andorra.^[45]
^ The UN source incorrectly shows Angola as allowing abortion on request, citing a penal code draft from 2014 that did not become law.^[46] The version of the penal code enacted in 2020 and entered into force in 2021 allows abortion only in certain circumstances.^[47]
^ ^a ^b ^c In South Australia, abortion is permitted for risk to the woman's life or health and for fetal impairment, and the law says that "account may be taken of the pregnant woman's actual or reasonably foreseeable environment".^[62] A bill legalizing abortion on request up to 22 weeks and 6 days of gestation has been passed and received royal assent but still awaits a proclamation to establish the commencement date.^[63]^[64]^[65]
^ This ground is permitted in all subdivisions except South Australia and the Northern Territory.^[51]^[52]
^ Applies the laws of Western Australia.^[55]
^ Applies the laws of Western Australia.^[56]
^ Applies the laws of the Australian Capital Territory.^[57]
^ Applies the laws of New South Wales.^[59]
^ ^a ^b ^c If the girl was below the age of 14 when getting pregnant, no limit is specified.^[69]
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e The UN source marks it as a legal ground because the Penal Code explicitly prohibits abortion only if performed without the consent of the woman and of a medical practitioner.^[72] However, the decree regulating medical practice prohibits abortion unless the pregnancy threatens the woman's life.^[73]
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e The UN source does not explicitly mark this legal ground for abortion but says that "Menstrual regulation is available on request for women with a last menstrual period of 10 weeks or less."^[33]
^ The law permits abortion for medical reasons without gestational limit, for social reasons up to 22 weeks of gestation, and on request up to 12 weeks of gestation.^[75] By regulation, fetal impairment is included as a medical reason,^[76] and rape is included as a social reason.^[77]
^ ^a ^b ^c Defined as 12 weeks from conception, considered as 14 weeks from the last menstrual period.^[78]
^ The penal code prohibits abortion except to save the woman's life, when the pregnancy is a result of rape or incest, or when the woman is of unsound mental condition.^[79] Guidelines for health workers mention grounds of risk to the woman's health and fetal impairment, and define a gestational limit of 180 days.^[80]
^ ^a ^b This ground is only cited in guidelines for health workers, not by law.^[79]^[80]
^ This ground is established by a regulation implementing a judicial decision, although it is not mentioned in the decision itself or in the law.^[81]
^ ^a ^b Continues to apply the abortion law of the Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina.^[82]^[83]
^ ^a ^b ^c The penal code criminalizes abortion and only removes the penalty if the abortion is done to save the woman's life or if the pregnancy is the result of rape.^[86] Due to a decision by the Supreme Federal Court, abortion is also permitted in case of anencephaly, and it may also be authorized by court order in other fatal cases of fetal impairment.^[87]^[88]^[89]
^ There is no abortion law in Canada, but its subdivisions and professional bodies have regulations restricting the procedure to various grounds or gestational limits.^[95]^[96]
^ In the case of a girl under the age of 14, the gestational limit is 14 weeks.^[97]
^ Mainland China.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is accepted as a general legal principle.
^ A judicial pardon may be granted to the woman for an abortion on this ground.^[98]
^ This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is accepted as a general legal principle, allowed by regulation and established by treaty.^[99]^[100]
^ ^a ^b ^c This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is established by treaty, whose application is requested by the Constitutional Court.^[99]^[101]
^ The penal code says that abortion is permitted for therapeutic purposes but is unclear whether it means only to save the woman's life or also to preserve her health.
^ The UN source says that this ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is accepted as a general legal principle. However, other sources say that abortion is not legally allowed under any circumstance in the Dominican Republic.^[105]^[106]
^ The UN source shows East Timor as allowing abortion also in case of risk to the woman's health or fetal impairment, citing the penal code enacted in March 2009 and entered into force in June 2009.^[107]^[108] However, the penal code was amended in July 2009 to restrict abortion only to save the woman's life.^[109]^[108]^[110]
^ This ground is explicitly mentioned in the law only in case of rape of a woman with a mental disability, but it is also established by judicial decision in case of rape of any woman.^[111]
^ Including the Åland Islands.^[114]
^ Including Overseas France.^[115]
^ ^a ^b ^c Defined as 12 weeks of pregnancy, considered as 14 weeks from the last menstrual period.^[116]
^ A new penal code, published by presidential decree in July 2020, would allow abortion on request in the first 12 weeks of pregnancy. The code is set to take effect in July 2022 unless modified by the parliament to be elected before then.^[121]
^ ^a ^b ^c Up to 18 weeks if the woman is incapacitated or did not recognize the pregnancy due to illness or medical error, or in case of failure of a health institution.^[123]
^ Up to 24 weeks in case of prolongation of the diagnostic procedure, or no limit in case of fetal abnormality incompatible with life after birth.^[123]
^ This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law,^[125] but it may be included in other legal grounds if the pregnancy causes unbearable hardship, such as significant harm to mental health or risk of suicide.^[126]^{[better source needed]}
^ ^a ^b If the risk to life or health is immediate, no gestational limit is specified.^[127]
^ If the woman is under age 18 or over age 40, or if she is not married or the pregnancy is not from marriage.^[128]
^ ^a ^b The UN source marks it as a legal ground but it is only established by treaty, not by law and not implemented as of 2020.^[130]^[131]
^ This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is accepted as a general legal principle and established by judicial decision.^[132]^[133]^[134]^[135]
^ This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is established by judicial decision.^[132]^[133]^[134]^[135]
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f The penal code prohibits "unlawful abortion", defined as "abortion not authorized by medical doctor commission". The penal code also lists the principles of legitimate defense and necessity to save one's life, which lead to exemption from penal liability.^[141] A decision by the Ministry of Health states that abortion is medically authorized, up to 28 weeks of gestation, due to certain medical conditions of the woman or fetus, rape, contraception failure, and certain socioeconomic conditions of the woman or her family.^[142] A WHO source also shows Laos as allowing abortion on request up to 12 weeks of gestation, citing guidelines for health workers from 2016,^[143] but they were issued before the penal code of 2017 defined "unlawful abortion" and are not mentioned in the decision by the Ministry of Health of 2021.
^ The law of Maldives is a combination of statutory and Islamic law.^[149] The Maldivian penal code criminalizes abortion after 120 days of gestation, except for risk to the woman's life.^[150] The Maldivian Islamic jurisprudence allows abortion only for risk to the woman's life, without gestational limit, or in cases of rape, incest, or certain medical conditions of a fetus conceived in marriage, up to 120 days of gestation.^[151]^[152]
^ Only for certain medical conditions of a fetus conceived in marriage.^[151]^[152]
^ Law prohibits abortion without exceptions. In practice only indirect abortion is allowed under the principle of double effect.^[155]^[156]
^ This ground is permitted by law in all subdivisions except Guanajuato and Querétaro. In these two states, people who violate it may be prosecuted but not imprisoned, and they may request judicial relief by amparo.^[26]^[27]
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av ^aw ^ax ^ay ^az ^ba ^bb ^bc ^bd ^be ^bf ^bg ^bh ^bi ^bj ^bk ^bl ^bm ^bn ^bo ^bp ^bq ^br ^bs ^bt ^bu ^bv ^bw ^bx ^by ^bz ^ca ^cb ^cc ^cd ^ce ^cf ^cg ^ch ^ci ^cj ^ck This ground is permitted by law in some states and Mexico City. In other states, people who violate it may be prosecuted but not imprisoned, and they may request judicial relief by amparo.^[26]^[27]
^ Each state stipulates in its penal code a different gestational limit; namely, 90 days, 12 weeks, 3 months from conception, and some do not specify a limit. In July 2021, the Supreme Court ruled that it is unconstitutional to set a limit for an abortion on this ground.^[158]^[159]
^ ^a ^b ^c This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is established by judicial decision.^[26]^[27]
^ In 2016, the government of Morocco proposed allowing abortion in cases of rape, incest, mental disability and fetal impairment. However, the parliament did not approve the proposal,^[164]^[165] and as of 2021 the abortion articles in the penal code remain unchanged.^[166]^[167]
^ May be permitted with no gestational limit in case the fetus is not viable.^[168]
^ Including the Caribbean Netherlands.^[171]^[172]
^ This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is established by judicial decision in the southern states.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av ^aw ^ax ^ay ^az ^ba ^bb ^bc ^bd ^be ^bf ^bg ^bh ^bi ^bj ^bk ^bl ^bm ^bn ^bo ^bp ^bq ^br ^bs ^bt ^bu ^bv ^bw ^bx ^by ^bz ^ca ^cb ^cc ^cd ^ce ^cf ^cg ^ch ^ci ^cj ^ck ^cl ^cm ^cn ^co This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is established by judicial decision.
^ The criminal law of North Korea, as amended up to 2009, does not mention abortion.^[176] In 2015 the North Korean government issued a directive prohibiting medical professionals from performing abortions but did not indicate a penalty for doing so.^[177] In 2016, the government stated that abortion was "legal" and "provided upon request by the woman concerned for reasons of risks to her life, physical and mental health and fetal malformation", but it is unclear whether these were the only permitted reasons.^[178] It has also been reported that repatriated pregnant women are forced to have abortions to prevent children of mixed ethnicity.^[179]
^ ^a ^b ^c May be permitted with no gestational limit in some cases.^[180]
^ Including Svalbard.^[181]
^ Some sources say that, although not commonly, Palestine also allows abortion in case of fetal impairment.^[187]^[188] They also say that it is extremely difficult to get one in any case.^[189]
^ ^a ^b This ground is mentioned in the law but it was invalidated by a judicial decision.^[190]
^ On 26 September 2021, a referendum was approved proposing to legalize abortion on request up to 12 weeks of gestation or for risk to the woman's life or health, or fetal impairment. The parliament of San Marino must still make the relevant changes to the law before the proposal can take effect.^[196]^[197]^[198]
^ The laws of South Korea prohibited abortion except for risk to the woman's health, rape, incest, or certain medical conditions, up to 24 weeks of gestation.^[204] On 11 April 2019, the Constitutional Court ruled that the abortion restrictions were unconstitutional, giving the legislature until the end of 2020 to amend the laws to allow abortion on request with some gestational limit. In October 2020 the government proposed a limit of 14 weeks for abortion on request and 24 weeks for certain other cases, but the legislature did not approve this or any other proposal on the subject before the end of the year, so the abortion laws became automatically invalid on 1 January 2021.^[205] As of August 2021, the legislature had still not approved any of the proposals, leaving abortion decriminalized without a clear gestational limit.^[206]
^ ^a ^b This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is established by judicial decision.^[205]
^ From conception.
^ In mainland Tanzania, articles 150 to 152 of the penal code prohibit abortion done "unlawfully", and article 230 of the same law permits abortion to preserve the woman's life. Article 219 additionally prohibits "child destruction", meaning abortion after fetal viability, presumed at 28 weeks of pregnancy, but still permits it to preserve the woman's life.^[213] In Zanzibar, the penal act has equivalent articles 129 to 131, 213 and 200.^[214]
^ This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law. A judicial decision by the East African Court of Appeal, with jurisdiction over the predecessors of Tanzania, allowed abortion also to preserve the woman's health, and sources state that this decision remains binding after independence.^[215]
^ Lethal anomalies only.^[219]
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d In Great Britain, this ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is considered to be included in the ground for preserving physical or mental health.^[220]
^ This ground is permitted only in Northern Ireland, up to 12 weeks of gestation.^[221]
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e In some states, this ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is established by judicial decision.
^ A state law prohibits abortion unless the mother's life is in danger, but this law is invalidated by a judicial decision. Another law prohibits abortion after an embryonic or fetal heartbeat is detected, except for medical emergencies,^[225] and ordinances in about 30 cities prohibit abortion except when the woman's life is in danger,^[236] conflicting with judicial precedent.
^ ^a ^b A judge may also remove the penalty for abortion on this ground in the first 3 months from conception.^[239]
^ The law of Vatican City is primarily based on the canon law of the Catholic Church and applies the Italian penal code in force in 1929 with local modifications.^[240] Both sources of law prohibit abortion without explicitly mentioning any exception.^[241]^[242] Article 49 of the penal code lists the principle of necessity to save one's life, which removes punishment for any action that would otherwise be a crime,^[243]^[244] but the Church's official interpretation of canon 1398 is more restrictive, allowing in such cases only indirect abortion under the principle of double effect.^[245]^[246]
^ Depending on the capacity at each level of hospital.^[249]^[250]^[251]
^ ^a ^b ^c This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is accepted as a general legal principle.^[259]
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Although illegal, the government does not prosecute abortions performed under rules similar to other countries, including on request.^[264]
^ This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is considered to be included in the ground for preserving physical or mental health.^[267]^[268]
^ This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it says that "account may be taken of the pregnant woman's actual or reasonably foreseeable environment."^[267]
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Although the law permits abortions on request, no medical providers in the territory perform them except to save the woman's life.^[256]^[271]
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f In Alderney and Sark, this ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law.^[272] A judicial decision on an identical law in the parent country clarified that the law always implicitly allowed abortion at least to save the woman's life, and the decision allowed it also to preserve her health.^[273] It is unclear whether Alderney and Sark apply only the original legal principle or also the judicial decision.
^ ^a ^b This ground is permitted in the jurisdiction of Guernsey, but not in Alderney or Sark.^[272]
^ In July 2021, the parliament passed a law removing the gestational limit on abortion for fetal impairment and increasing it to 24 weeks for social reasons, but it still awaits royal assent and regulations to establish the commencement date.^[275]^[276]
^ This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it says that "account may be taken of the pregnant woman's actual or reasonably foreseeable environment."^[277]
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f The territory's constitution prohibits abortion "except as provided by law", and the territory has no law about the subject. However, according to an opinion issued by the territory's attorney general, U.S. judicial decisions on abortion apply to the territory, thus allowing abortion on request.^[282] Yet, in practice, authorized medical providers in the territory perform abortions only to save the woman's life and possibly in case of rape.^[283]^[256]
^ Applies English law in force in 2010 unless locally modified.^[284]
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is established by judicial decision.^[286]
^ Applies English law in force on 1 January 2006 unless locally modified, in each part of the territory.^[287] Tristan da Cunha explicitly applies the abortion law of the United Kingdom with minor modifications.^[288]
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Although illegal, the government does not prosecute abortions performed under rules similar to other countries, including on request.^[259]
^ ^a ^b This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law. The judicial handbook says that abortion is permitted for medical reasons but is unclear whether it means only to save the woman's life or also to preserve her health.^[291]
^ ^a ^b This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law. A judicial decision on an identical law in the parent country clarified that the law always implicitly allowed abortion at least to save the woman's life, and the decision allowed it also to preserve her health.^[273] It is unclear whether the territory applies only the original legal principle or also the judicial decision.
^ Some examples of gestational age calculated from the first day of the last menstrual cycle:^[318]^[319]^[320]^[321]^[322]
^ For example Luxembourg abortion law states: "Avant la fin de la 12e semaine de grossesse ou avant la fin de la 14e semaine d'aménorrhée[...]" which translates to "Before the end of the 12th week of pregnancy or before the end of the 14th week of amenorrhea".^[323]

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^ "'I am a criminal. What is my crime?': the human toll of abortion in Afghanistan". The Guardian. 26 April 2017.
^ Explainer: The Taliban and Islamic law in Afghanistan, Al Jazeera, 23 August 2021.
^ Law Nr. 8045, On the Interruption of Pregnancy, Government of Albania, 7 December 1995 (in Albanian).
^ http://www.santemaghreb.com/algerie/recueil_txt_regl.pdf art. 72
^ http://www.opcw.org/fileadmin/OPCW/LAO/article_VII/legislation_database/AD_Codi%20Penal%2023-03-05%20i%20altres%20Bopa17-025.pdf arts. 107–109
^ Bernhard, Meg (22 October 2019). "Andorra's abortion rights revolution". POLITICO. Retrieved 25 April 2021.
^ Penal code draft, Global Abortion Policies Database, World Health Organization (in Portuguese).
^ Law that approves the Angolan Penal Code, Journal of the Republic of Angola, 11 November 2020 (in Portuguese).
^ Infant Life (Preservation) Act, Laws of Antigua and Barbuda.
^ Law of the Republic of Armenia on Reproductive Health and Reproductive Rights, Government of Armenia (in Russian).
^ Australian abortion law and practice, Children by Choice, 17 June 2020.
^ ^a ^b Abortion law: a national perspective, Tom Gotsis and Laura Ismay, NSW Parliamentary Research Service, May 2017, pp. 13, 40. This government publication, reflecting laws up to 2017 (including the Termination of Pregnancy Law Reform Act 2017 in the Northern Territory), lists New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia and the Northern Territory as the subdivisions of Australia not allowing abortion on request. Since then, laws allowing abortion on request have entered into force in Queensland (2018) and New South Wales (2019).
^ Abortion is no longer a crime in Australia. But legal hurdles to access remain, The Conversation, 3 March 2021. "With the exception of the Northern Territory, where abortion remains a medical practitioner's decision regardless of the gestation, and the ACT, where no gestational limits apply, Australian jurisdictions now permit abortion on request up to varying points in a pregnancy."
^ Crimes Act 1900, ACT Legislation Register.
^ Health Act 1993, ACT Legislation Register.
^ Christmas Island Act 1958, Federal Register of Legislation.
^ Cocos (Keeling) Islands Act 1955, Federal Register of Legislation.
^ Jervis Bay Territory Acceptance Act 1915, Federal Register of Legislation.
^ Abortion Law Reform Act 2019 No 11, NSW legislation.
^ Norfolk Island Act 1979, Federal Register of Legislation.
^ Termination of Pregnancy Law Reform Act 2017, Northern Territory Legislation.
^ Termination of Pregnancy Act 2018, Queensland Legislation.
^ Criminal Law Consolidation Act 1935, South Australian Legislation.
^ Termination of Pregnancy Bill 2021, South Australian Legislation.
^ South Australian Government Gazette No. 16, Government of South Australia, 11 March 2021.
^ Proclamations and notices made by the Governor of South Australia, Government of South Australia, 2021.
^ Reproductive Health (Access to Terminations) Act 2013, Tasmanian Legislation.
^ Abortion Law Reform Act 2008, Victorian Legislation.
^ Health (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1911, Western Australian Legislation.
^ ^a ^b Criminal Code (1975, amended 2019), Legislationline.org. Section 97 (in German).
^ Law of the Republic of Azerbaijan on Protection of Public Health, Ministry of Public Health (in Azerbaijani).
^ Penal Code, Statue Law of the Bahamas. Article 313.
^ Bahrain Penal Code, 1976, Global Abortion Policies Database, World Health Organization.
^ Legislative decree no. 7 for 1989 on the practice of human medicine and dentistry, Ministry of Health of Bahrain, Global Abortion Policies Database, World Health Organization.
^ Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act, Government of Barbados, 10 May 1983.
^ Law of the Republic of Belarus on health care, National Legal Internet Portal of the Republic of Belarus (in Russian).
^ Resolution of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Belarus on the establishment of a list of medical indications for artificial termination of pregnancy, National Legal Internet Portal of the Republic of Belarus, 24 December 2014 (in Russian).
^ Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus on the establishment of a list of social indications for artificial termination of pregnancy, National Legal Internet Portal of the Republic of Belarus (in Russian).
^ Family planning, Belgian Federal Public Service (in French).
^ ^a ^b Penal Code of Bhutan, Judiciary of Bhutan.
^ ^a ^b Standard Guidelines for the Health Workers on Management of Complication of Abortion, Ministry of Health of Bhutan.
^ Technical procedure for the provision of health services in the framework of the Plurinational Constitutional Sentence 0206/2014, Ministry of Health of Bolivia, 2015. (in Spanish)
^ Human rights in the field of sexual and reproductive health in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Human Rights Ombudsman of Bosnia and Herzegovina, United Nations Population Fund, January 2021 (in Serbo-Croatian).
^ Abortion Legislation, Bosnia Herzegovina, Russia, Ukraine, Law Library of Congress, July 2007.
^ Law on the conditions and procedure for interruption of pregnancy, National Assembly of Republika Srpska.
^ Penal Code, Government of Botswana. Article 160.
^ Penal Code, Decree-Law no. 2848, of 7 December 1940, Presidency of Brazil (in Portuguese).
^ Reproductive rights: legal abortion, Public Defenders' Office of the State of São Paulo, July 2018 (in Portuguese).
^ Malformation that renders baby's life inviable justifies authorization for abortion, judge decides, Consultor Jurídico, 20 January 2020 (in Portuguese).
^ Woman obtains judicial authorization to interrupt risky pregnancy, Brazilian Family Law Institute, 11 August 2020 (in Portuguese).
^ https://www.lex.bg/mobile/ldoc/-552069119
^ https://academiedepolice.bf/index.php/telechargement/category/38-codes?download=163:la-loi-portant-code-penal art. 513
^ https://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/ELECTRONIC/110597/137609/F-831780004/BDI-110597.pdf art. 534
^ Royal Kram on Abortion, Ministry of Health of Cambodia, 12 November 1997.
^ Norms and Standards in Reproductive Health-Family Planning in Cameroon, Ministry of Health of Cameroon, 2018 (in French).
^ Abortion Coverage by Region, National Abortion Federation Canada.
^ Quebec abortion guidelines under review after woman denied procedure at 30 weeks, CTV News, 20 December 2016.
^ Law 21.030, Depenalization of Voluntary Interruption of Pregnancy in Three Causes, Ministry of Health of Chile, 23 September 2017 (in Spanish).
^ Penal Code of Costa Rica, Government of Costa Rica (in Spanish).
^ ^a ^b Is the abortion of a rape victim permitted in Congolese law?, Leganews.cd, 29 October 2019. (in French)
^ Ordinance 70-158 of 30 April 1970 determining the rules of medical deontology, Leganet.cd. (in French)
^ Memorandum no. 04/SPCSM/CFLS/EER/2018 of 6 April 2018 regarding the execution of the provisions of article 14 of the Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa, Official Journal of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, 5 June 2008. (in French)
^ Law 59/AN/94 of 5 January 1995 bearing the Penal Code, VERTIC (in French).
^ Decree no. 2008-0098/PR/MS regarding the Code of Medical Deontology, National Order of Medical Professions of Djibouti (in French).
^ Abortion in Djibouti, Human Village, April 2015 (in French).
^ The total criminalization of abortion in the Dominican Republic, Human Rights Watch, 19 November 2018.
^ Presa Release: Dominican Republic: Chamber of Deputies puts life and health of millions of women and girls at risk, Amnesty International, 20 June 2021.
^ Penal code of the Democratic Republic of Timor Leste, Global Abortion Policies Database, World Health Organization.
^ ^a ^b Penal Code, Court of Appeals of East Timor, March 2010 (in Portuguese).
^ Attitudes towards the legal context of unsafe abortion in Timor-Leste, Suzanne Belton, Andrea Whittaker, Zulmira Fonseca, Tanya Wells-Brown, and Patricia Pais, Reproductive Health Matters 17(34):55-64, November 2009.
^ Abortion Policy Landscape: Timor Leste, World Health Organization.
^ ^a ^b Ecuador abortion: Terminations in cases of rape decriminalised, BBC News, 29 April 2021.
^ Salvadoran president rules out allowing abortion, same-sex marriage, Swissinfo.ch, 17 September 2021.
^ https://www.steptoe.com/images/content/2/3/v1/2393/3984.pdf pp. 1104–1105
^ Act on the autonomy of Åland, Finlex, May 2014.
^ Law No. 2001-588 of 4 July 2011 regarding voluntary interruption of pregnancy and contraception, Légifrance (in French).
^ What are the deadlines to abort?, Ministry of Solidarity and Health of France, 9 March 2017 (in French).
^ Penal Code, Official Journal of the Gabonese Republic, 30 June 2020 (in French).
^ The Gambia's Political Transition to Democracy: Is Abortion Reform Possible?, Satang Nabaneh, Health and Human Rights Journal, 9 December 2019.
^ Criminal Code (Act No. 25 of 1933), Gambia, International Labour Organization. Chapter XV, sections 140 to 142, and chapter XX, sections 198 and 199.
^ Women's Act, 2010, Office of the Vice President and Ministry for Women Affairs of Gambia, July 2010. Section 30.
^ Toward a decriminalisation of abortion in Haiti, Le Figaro, 16 July 2020 (in French).
^ Honduras ratifies a reform that prohibits abortion and same-sex marriage, El Periódico Extremadura, 29 January 2021 (in Spanish).
^ ^a ^b ^c Law on the protection of fetal life, Wolters Kluwer (in Hungarian). Retrieved 27 September 2021.
^ The Medical Termination of Pregnancy (Amendment) Bill, 2020, PRS Legislative Research.
^ Abortion in Iranian Legal System, Mahmoud Abbasi, Ehsan Shamsi Gooshki, and Neda Allahbedashti, Iranian Journal of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology, vol. 13, no. 1, February 2014.
^ Abortion, in case of disgrace and unbearable hardship, Islam Quest, 17 Farvardin 1394 (6 April 2015) (in Persian).
^ ^a ^b Health (Regulation of Termination of Pregnancy) Act 2018, Government of Ireland.
^ Induced Abortion, Ministry of Health of Israel.
^ Law No. 194 of 22 May 1978, Rules for the Social Protection of Maternity and on the Voluntary Interruption of Pregnancy, Ministry of Health of Italy (in Italian).
^ Ivory Coast: advocacy for medical abortions as in the case of rapes, Abidjan.net, 19 July 2020 (in French).
^ Law no. 2019-574 carrying the Penal Code, Official Journal of the Republic of Ivory Coast, 10 July 2019 (in French).
^ ^a ^b Offences Against the Person Act, Ministry of Justice of Jamaica, 7 April 2014.
^ ^a ^b Abortion Policy Review Advisory Group Final Report, Ministry of Health of Jamaica, 19 February 2007.
^ ^a ^b Abortion 'right'?, The Gleaner, 25 August 2013.
^ ^a ^b Abortion attitudes, training, and experience among medical students in Jamaica, West Indies, Glenmarie Matthews, Jessica Atrio, Horace Fletcher, Nathalie Medley, Leo Walker, and Nerys Benfield, Contraceptive and Reproductive Medicine, 1 May 2020.
^ Public Health Law No. 47 of 2008, FAOLEX Database (in Arabic). Article 12.
^ Abortion in Kosovo, an almost impossible mission, Kosovox, 1 July 2017 (in French).
^ Ministerial Decree No. 24 of 1981, Concerning the Practice of Human Medicine and Dentistry and the Professions Supporting Them, Global Abortion Policies Database, 22 February 1981 (in Arabic).
^ https://abortion-policies.srhr.org/documents/countries/02-Kyrgyzstan-Law-on-reproductive-rights-2007.pdf
^ https://abortion-policies.srhr.org/documents/countries/07-Kyrgyzstan-Clinical-protocol-Medical%20abortion-in-the-first-and-second-trimester-Ministry-of-Health-2017.pdf
^ Penal Code, Government of the Lao People's Democratic Republic, 26 June 2017.
^ ຂໍ້ຕົກລົງ ວ່າດ້ວຍ ການຄຸ້ມຄອງ ການໃຫ້ຖືພາແທນ ແລະ ການໃຫ້ຫຼຸລູກ [Decision on the Management of Surrogacy and Abortion] (Decision 2077) (in Lao). Ministry of Health of Laos. 8 July 2021. Archived from the original on 13 September 2021. Retrieved 23 September 2021.
^ Situation of abortion in the Lao People's Democratic Republic, World Health Organization, 2017.
^ Offenses Against the Family, Chapter 16: Penal Law - Title 26 - Liberian Code of Laws Revised, Legal Information Institute.
^ Law No. 106 of 1973 Promulgating the Health Law, Ministry of Justice of Libya, 13 December 1978 AD (in Arabic).
^ Law No. 17 of 1986 on Medical Liability, Ministry of Justice of Libya, 24 November 1986 AD (in Arabic).
^ Penal Code, Malawi Legal Information Institute. Article 243.
^ Guidelines on Termination of Pregnancy (TOP) for Hospitals in the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Health of Malaysia, 19 September 2012.
^ Constitution of the Republic of Maldives 2008, Attorney General's Office of Maldives.
^ Law no. 6/2014, Penal Code of the Maldives, University of Pennsylvania Law School.
^ ^a ^b Country Profile on Sexual and Reproductive Rights: Maldives, Asian-Pacific Resource and Research Centre for Women, 2017.
^ ^a ^b "Ruling 6/2013" (PDF) (in Divehi). Islamic Fiqh Academy, Ministry of Islamic Affairs of Maldives. 11 December 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 June 2014.
^ https://www.droit-afrique.com/uploads/Mali-Code-2001-penal-MAJ-2016.pdf
^ https://scorecard.prb.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/Loi-n%C2%B0-02-044-Relative-a%CC%80-la-Sante%CC%81-de-la-Reproduction-2002.-Mali.pdf
^ Malta does allow for abortions in case of life or death situations, The Malta Independent, 5 May 2013.
^ Abortions carried out in certain circumstances in Malta, The Malta Independent, 16 December 2018.
^ Aborto legal, Andar (in Spanish).
^ The Supreme Court eliminates the deadlines to abort in cases of rape, El País, 7 July 2021 (in Spanish).
^ Press Release No. 196/2021: The time limit for the legal interruption of pregnancy as a result of rape constitutes an act of violence against the woman, which strikes against her rights to free development of personality and to mental health, Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation, 7 July 2021 (in Spanish).
^ Decree No. 728, Official Journal of the State of Hidalgo, 6 July 2021 (in Spanish).
^ Decree by which the penal code for the Federal District is reformed and the health law for the Federal District is added, Official Gazette of the Federal District, 26 April 2007 (in Spanish).
^ Decree No. 806, Official Journal of the State of Oaxaca, 27 October 2019 (in Spanish).
^ Decree No. 857, Official Gazette of the State of Veracruz, 20 July 2021 (in Spanish).
^ Moroccan women are still waiting for the abortion reform wanted by Mohammed VI, Le Monde, 18 March 2018 (in French).
^ In Morocco, the Hajar Raissouni case revives the debate on abortion, France 24, 24 September 2019 (in French).
^ Penal code, consolidated version of 5 July 2018, Ministry of Justice of Morocco (in French).
^ Penal code, consolidated version of 14 June 2021, Ministry of Justice of Morocco (in Arabic).
^ ^a ^b Law of Revision of the Penal Code, Bulletin of the Republic of Mozambique, 24 December 2019 (in Portuguese).
^ Abortion Policy Landscape: Myanmar, World Health Organization.
^ The Right to Safe Motherhood and Reproductive Health Act, 2075, Government of Nepal, 18 September 2018.
^ Abortion permit for hospital in Bonaire, Dutch Caribbean Legal Portal, 16 June 2012.
^ Termination of pregnancy law, Government of the Netherlands (in Dutch).
^ Abortion Legislation: Information for Health Practitioners, Ministry of Health of New Zealand, 26 June 2020.
^ "The Right to Abortion in north Cyprus: Social-cultural, religious and legal aspects - Εντροπία".
^ "Cyprus Turkish Medical Association "Medical Professional Code of Ethics"" (PDF) (in Turkish). TRNC Prime Ministry Department of Regulations. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 27 September 2021.
^ The Criminal Law of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (2009), Citizens' Alliance for North Korean Human Rights.
^ North Korea forbids doctors to perform abortions, implant birth control devices, Radio Free Asia, 14 October 2015.
^ Consideration of reports submitted by States parties under article 18 of the Convention, Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, 1 June 2016.
^ Written Contribution for Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK), Tomás Ojea Quintana, for his upcoming report to the 46th Human Rights Council session in March 2021.
^ ^a ^b Law of Termination of Pregnancy, Assembly of the Republic of North Macedonia, 22 May 2019 (in Macedonian).
^ Regulation on interruption of pregnancy (abortion regulation), Lovdata, 10 May 2013 (in Norwegian).
^ Abortion in Oman versus abortion in India, American Hospital Bangalore.
^ Pakistan's Abortion Provisions, Center for Reproductive Rights.
^ Abortion in Pakistan, Guttmacher Institute, November 2009.
^ Why Deadly Abortions Keep Killing Women in Pakistan, Pulitzer Center, 15 July 2021. "Because laws on abortion are vague, the decision to provide an abortion or not often comes down to a provider's personal or religious beliefs, which for many, makes the prospect unthinkable."
^ http://www.hdip.org/public%20health%20law%20English.pdf
^ The Unique Landscape of Abortion Law and Access in the Occupied Palestinian Territories, Health and Human Rights Journal, 9 December 2019. "As one lawyer from Gaza explained in an interview, "[...] [Abortion] is only allowed for health reasons for the mother or for fetal anomalies."
^ For Palestinian women, abortion can mean lies, jail or worse, Reuters, 8 March 2016. "When fetal impairment is detected, an abortion can be performed if both parents consent, [...] the ministry said."
^ Palestine’s Abortion Problem, Foreign Policy, 4 December 2015. "Abortion, after all, is illegal under Palestinian law; while it is technically legal in order to protect the life of the mother, in practice, according to experts, it is impossible to get such a procedure. Especially for those [...] who might want an abortion without the knowledge of their husbands."
^ ^a ^b Law of 7 January 1993 on family planning, protection of the human fetus and conditions of admissibility of interruption of pregnancy, Internet System of Legal Acts, Sejm of the Republic of Poland (in Polish).
^ Penal Code, Electronic Journal of the Republic (in Portuguese).
^ Criminal Code of the Republic of Romania (2009, amended 2017), Legislationline.org.
^ Ministerial Order no. 002/MoH/2019 of 08/04/2019 determining conditions to be satisfied for a medical doctor to perform an abortion, Official Gazette of Rwanda, no. 14, 8 April 2019 (in Kinyarwanda, English, and French).
^ Criminal Code, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. Section 149.
^ Crimes Act 2013, Ministry of Police of Samoa, 1 May 2013.
^ San Marino voters overwhelmingly back legal abortion, Associated Press, 26 September 2021. "With the 'yes' votes winning, San Marino's Parliament must now draft a bill to legalize the procedure."
^ San Marino voters approve abortion three to one in referendum, France 24, 27 September 2021. "But he said the government would propose a law within six months to implement the abortion change, that would then be put to parliament."
^ San Marino. Abortion referendum, overwhelming victory of the yes, Libertas, 26 September 2021. "An important fact, which will now obligate the Government and the Grand and General Council to translate into law the content of the question" (in Italian).
^ Ministerial resolution no. 39644/1/12, dated 14/5/1427 AH, Ministry of Health of Saudi Arabia, c. 10 June 2006 (in Arabic).
^ Penal code, General Staff of the Land Forces, 1965 (in French).
^ https://www.slov-lex.sk/static/pdf/1986/73/ZZ_1986_73.pdf
^ https://www.slov-lex.sk/static/pdf/1986/74/ZZ_1986_74_20210301.pdf
^ http://pisrs.si/Pis.web/npbDocPdf?idPredpisa=ZAKO2518&idPredpisaChng=ZAKO408&type=pdf
^ Enforcement Decree of the Mother and Child Health Act, Government of South Korea.
^ ^a ^b ^c South Korea: Abortion decriminalized since January 1, 2021, Library of Congress, 18 March 2021.
^ 'Abortion consultation' included in health insurance, The Korea Times, 3 August 2021.
^ Penal Code, European Country of Origin Information Network, 1991.
^ https://www.riksdagen.se/sv/dokument-lagar/dokument/svensk-forfattningssamling/abortlag-1974595_sfs-1974-595
^ Swiss penal code (Interruption of pregnancy), Federal Assembly of Switzerland (in French).
^ Legislative decree 12 of 1970, Law on the practice of medical professions in the Syrian Arab Republic, People's Assembly of Syria (in Arabic). Article 47.B.
^ Genetic Health Act, Laws and Regulations Database of the Republic of China, 8 July 2009.
^ Abortion legislation and its implementation in Europe and Central Asia, International Planned Parenthood Federation, December 2019.
^ The Penal Code, revised edition of 2019, Tanzania Legal Information Institute.
^ Penal Act, 2018, Zanzibar House of Representatives, 16 March 2018.
^ A technical guide to understanding the legal and policy framework on termination of pregnancy in mainland Tanzania, Center for Reproductive Rights, 2012.
^ Act, Amendment of the Criminal Code (No. 28), Royal Government Gazette of Thailand, 6 February 2021 (in Thai).
^ Law No. 2007-005, On Reproductive Health, Official Journal of the Togolese Republic, 10 January 2007 (in French).
^ Code of Ethics in the Practice of Medicine: Responsibilities to Profession, Medical Board of Trinidad and Tobago.
^ Women's reproductive and sexual healthcare, Government of the United Arab Emirates, 11 July 2021.
^ Rape and abortion, EFC.
^ ^a ^b The Abortion (Northern Ireland) (No. 2) Regulations 2020, Legislation.gov.uk.
^ ^a ^b ^c Abortion Act 1967, Legislation.gov.uk.
^ Abortion policy in the absence of Roe, Guttmacher Institute, 1 September 2021.
^ State bans on abortion throughout pregnancy, Guttmacher Institute, 1 September 2021.
^ ^a ^b 87(R) SB 8, Texas Legislature, 2021.
^ SB149, Arkansas General Assembly, 2019.
^ SB6, Arkansas General Assembly, 2021.
^ S1385, Idaho Legislature, 2020.
^ HB148, Kentucky General Assembly, 2019.
^ Human Life Protection Act, RS 40:1061, Louisiana State Legislature.
^ HB126, Missouri General Assembly, 2019.
^ Gov. Lujan Grisham signs Senate Bill 10, repealing 1969 abortion ban, KOB, 26 February 2021.
^ HB 1466, North Dakota Legislative Assembly, 2007.
^ Chapter 187, South Dakota Legislature, 2005.
^ SB1257, Tennessee General Assembly, 2019.
^ Durkee, Alison (2 June 2021). "Texas City Cleared To Become Anti-Abortion 'Sanctuary City' As Federal Judge Dismisses Planned Parenthood Challenge". Forbes.
^ SB174, Utah State Legislature, 2020.
^ Law on voluntary interruption of pregnancy. Abortion law, National Directorate of Prints and Official Publications, 30 October 2012 (in Spanish).
^ Penal Code, National Directorate of Prints and Official Publications, updated on 9 July 2020 (in Spanish).
^ Law on the sources of law, Acta Apostolicae Sedis, Supplement for the laws and provisions of Vatican City State, 1 October 2008. (in Italian)
^ Title VI. Delicts against human life and freedom, Code of Canon Law, Holy See.
^ Penal code for the Kingdom of Italy, 1889, University of Brescia College of Law. (in Italian)
^ Report to His Majesty the King from the Minister Keeper of the Seals (Zanardelli) at the hearing of 30 June 1889 for the approval of the final text of the penal code, pp. 145–146. "On the agreed proposal of the parliamentary commissions, the provision that was read in the bill, according to which it was declared 'not punishable the doctor or surgeon, when he justifies having acted in order to save the woman's life, endangered by the pregnancy or by childbirth', was deleted"; "The vote expressed in agreement in parliament led me to the aforesaid deletion, not to exclude the application of the concept that was expressed there, but because it was superfluous and inappropriate to declare it, providing if needed article 49 number 3, the application of which would be only, and without reason, restricted." (in Italian)
^ Criminal abortion in the Italian penal code, Pasquale Tuozzi, Filippo Serafini Legal Archive, 1902, vol. 10, no. 3, p. 29. "However, if you want to search for a provision in our code that covers the surgeon, in addition to article 45, in which the aforesaid reason is rooted, there is also number 3 of article 49, where it is declared the nonresponsibility of one who acts compelled by the need to save himself or others from a serious and imminent danger to the person, to which he did not voluntarily give cause, and which he could not otherwise avoid. Well, these extremes of the state of necessity all apply in the case of the surgeon, who, put in the harsh condition, not created by him, extinguishes an imperfect and perhaps uncertain existence, to save a certain and real existence, which is that of the woman in childbirth." (in Italian)
^ Abortion and the Catholic Church, Pro-Life Activist's Encyclopedia, American Life League.
^ Under Vatican ruling, abortion triggers automatic excommunication, National Catholic Reporter, 17 January 2003.
^ https://www.oas.org/juridico/spanish/mesicic3_ven_anexo6.pdf art. 435
^ https://www.paho.org/ven/images/stories/VEN/protocolos/obstetrico/PROTOCOLO_OBSTETRICO.pdf?ua=1
^ Second Trimester Abortion in Viet Nam: Changing to Recommended Methods and Improving Service Delivery, Tuyet T.D. Hoang, Thuy Phan and Trang N.K. Huynh, 2 September 2008.
^ Termination of Pregnancy and Abortion in Vietnam, Angloinfo.
^ Country Profile on Sexual and Reproductive Rights: Vietnam, Asian-Pacific Resource and Research Centre for Women, 2017.
^ The Termination of Pregnancy Act, National Assembly of Zambia.
^ Induced Abortion and Postabortion Care in Zimbabwe, Guttmacher Institute, October 2018. "In practice, it is extremely difficult to obtain a legal abortion; as a result, most abortions are clandestine and potentially unsafe."
^ Abortion Ordinance, Sovereign Base Areas Gazette, 21 October 1974.
^ 46.3903 Authorized abortions, Annotated Code of American Samoa, American Samoa Bar Association.
^ ^a ^b ^c Abortions are legal in Guam, but doctors won't perform them, Associated Press, 7 June 2019. "The other U.S. territories in the Pacific – American Samoa and the Northern Mariana Islands – both prohibit abortions except in very limited circumstances."
^ Criminal Code of Anguilla, Government of Anguilla, 15 December 2014.
^ Criminal Code of Aruba, Government of Aruba, 3 July 2020. (in Dutch)
^ ^a ^b Safe illegal abortion: an inter-island study in the northeast Caribbean, Gail Pheterson and Yamila Azize, c. 2005.
^ Criminal Code Act 1907, Bermuda Laws Online, 30 August 2020.
^ Criminal Code of the Virgin Islands, Government of the British Virgin Islands, 1997.
^ Penal Code, Government of the Cayman Islands, 2019.
^ Criminal Code, Government of Curaçao, 2019. (in Dutch)
^ Much-needed abortion law is missing, Antilliaans Dagblad, 17 February 2015. (in Dutch)
^ Crimes Ordinance 2014, Falkland Islands Government, 2019.
^ Why 'restrictive' abortion laws still exist in the Faroe Islands, Nordpolitik, 23 November 2019.
^ ^a ^b ^c Crimes (Amendment) Act 2019, Government of Gibraltar.
^ Gibraltar votes 'yes' to easing abortion laws, The Guardian, 25 June 2021.
^ Law No. 232, Law for Greenland about Termination of Pregnancy, Government of Greenland, 12 June 1975 (in Danish).
^ Offenses against the family, Compiler of Laws of Guam, 2018.
^ No abortion providers on Guam, Pacific Daily News, 30 June 2018.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Law on abortion, Guernsey Legal Resources, 1910. (in French)
^ ^a ^b Rex v. Bourne, Central Criminal Court of England and Wales, 18–19 July 1938.
^ Abortion (Guernsey) Law, 1997, Guernsey Legal Resources.
^ The Abortion (Guernsey) (Amendment) Law, 2021, States of Guernsey.
^ The Abortion (Guernsey) (Amendment) Law, 2021, States of Guernsey, 22 July 2021.
^ ^a ^b Cap. 212 Offences against the person ordinance, Hong Kong e-Legislation.
^ Abortion Reform Act 2019, Isle of Man Legislation.
^ Termination of Pregnancy (Jersey) Law 1997, Jersey Legal Information Board, 2019.
^ Decree-Law no. 59/95/M, Official Press of Macau, 2004. (in Portuguese)
^ "Penal Code" (PDF). Government of Montserrat. 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 December 2018.
^ ^a ^b Attorney General Opinion, Commonwealth Law Revision Commission, 10 March 1995.
^ Health clinics performing abortions?, Saipan Tribune, 25 May 2000.
^ Pitcairn laws, Government of the Pitcairn Islands.
^ ^a ^b Penal Code of Puerto Rico of 2012, with amendments up to 27 August 2021, Government of Puerto Rico. (in Spanish)
^ El Pueblo de Puerto Rico v. Pablo Duarte Mendoza, Decisiones de Puerto Rico, 17 April 1980. (in Spanish)
^ General Introduction to Legislation, Saint Helena Government.
^ Abortion Act (UK) (Tristan da Cunha) Ordinance, 1967, Saint Helena Government, 2017.
^ Criminal Code, Government of Sint Maarten, 2013. (in Dutch)
^ Crimes, Procedure and Evidence Rules 2003, Pacific Islands Legal Information Institute, 2016.
^ Handbook for the Law Commissioners of Tokelau, Government of Tokelau, August 2008.
^ Offences Against the Person Ordinance, Government of the Turks and Caicos Islands, 31 March 2018.
^ Abortion, 2019 US Virgin Islands Code, Title 14 § 151.
^ Network, European Data Journalism. "Even where abortion is legal, access is not granted".
^ "Malta now only EU country without life-saving abortion law". The Malta Independent. 14 July 2013.
^ ^a ^b In Malta abortions are de facto allowed to save the mother's life through observance of the principle of double effect.^[295]
^ ^a ^b Ostergren, Robert C.; Le Bossé, Mathias (7 March 2011). The Europeans: A Geography of People, Culture, and Environment. Guilford Press. p. 203. ISBN 978-1-59385-384-6. Retrieved 30 December 2011.
^ Kelly, Jon (8 April 2016). "Why are Northern Ireland's abortion laws different to the rest of the UK?". BBC News.
^ Jenkins, Philip (11 May 2007). God's continent: Christianity, Islam, and Europe's religious crisis. Oxford University Press. p. 91. ISBN 978-0-19-531395-6. Retrieved 30 December 2011.
^ ^a ^b J. Cherie Strachan; Lori M. Poloni-Staudinger; Shannon Jenkins; Candice D. Ortbals (2019). Why Don't Women Rule the World?: Understanding Women's Civic and Political Choices. SAGE Publications. p. 115. ISBN 978-1-5443-1727-4.
^ Sethna, Christabelle; Doull, Marion (2013). "Spatial disparities and travel to freestanding abortion clinics in Canada". Women's Studies International Forum. 38. Elsevier BV: 52–62. doi:10.1016/j.wsif.2013.02.001. ISSN 0277-5395.
^ Sally Sheldon; Kaye Wellings (March 2020). Decriminalising Abortion in the UK: What Would It Mean?. Policy Press. pp. 104–105. ISBN 978-1-4473-5401-7.
^ Christine Ammer; JoAnn E. Manson (February 2009). The Encyclopedia of Women's Health. Infobase Publishing. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-8160-7407-5. Retrieved November 28, 2011.
^ Shannon Stettner; Kristin Burnett; Travis Hay, eds. (1 December 2017). Abortion: History, Politics, and Reproductive Justice after Morgentaler. UBC Press. p. 224. ISBN 978-0-7748-3576-3. OCLC 1013541249.
^ Sheldon, Sally; Wellings, Kaye, eds. (23 March 2020). Decriminalising Abortion in the UK: What Would It Mean?. Policy Press. pp. 107–. ISBN 978-1-4473-5402-4. OCLC 1145588167.
^ "Abortion Coverage by Region". National Abortion Federation Canada.
^ "Access at a Glance: Abortion Services in Canada | Action Canada for Sexual Health and Rights". Action Canada for Sexual Health & Rights. While abortions after 20 weeks are statistically very rare (<2.5% of all abortions), there are people in Canada who require abortion beyond 20 weeks for serious and important reasons. There are only three service locations in Canada that offer abortion up to 23 weeks and 6 days (one in British Columbia, one in Southern Ontario, and one in Quebec). No providers in Canada offer abortion care beyond 23 weeks and 6 days.
^ Casey, 505 U.S. at 877.
^ Alesha Doan (2007). Opposition and Intimidation: The Abortion Wars and Strategies of Political Harassment. University of Michigan Press. p. 57. ISBN 9780472069750.
^ Liptak, Adam (29 June 2002). "Supreme Court Strikes Down Louisiana Abortion Law, With Roberts the Deciding Vote". The New York Times.
^ "Answers to Questions About the Texas Abortion Law". The New York Times. By Roni Caryn Rabin. Published Sept. 1, 2021. Updated Sept. 23, 2021. [1]
^ Worrell, Marc. "Abortion Laws Worldwide". Women on Waves.
^ "The World's Abortion Laws | Center for Reproductive Rights". reproductiverights.org. Retrieved 7 January 2020.
^ "Abortion in Latin America and the Caribbean". 10 May 2016.
^ Reuters (6 September 2019). "El Salvador will seek third trial of woman accused of 'murdering' stillborn". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 7 January 2020. {{cite news}}: |last= has generic name (help)
^ "El Salvador: Rape survivor sentenced to 30 years in jail under extreme anti-abortion law". www.amnesty.org.
^ "El Salvador: Women jailed for miscarriages". BBC News. 28 April 2015.
^ "How Doctors Date Pregnancies, Explained". Rewire.
^ Choices, NHS (18 October 2017). "Abortion". www.nhs.uk.
^ "Pregnancy—first day of the last menstrual period". meteor.aihw.gov.au.
^ "Estimated Date of Delivery (EDD) Pregnancy Calculator". reference.medscape.com.
^ "gestational age". TheFreeDictionary.com.
^ "Loi du 17 décembre 2014 portant modification 1) du Code pénal et 2) de la loi du 15 novembre 1978 relative à l'information sexuelle, à la prévention de l'avortement clandestin et à la réglementation de l'interruption volontaire de grossesse". legilux.public.lu.
^ helsedepartementet, Sosial–og (18 May 2000). "About the Abortion Act". Government.no.
^ "'Health' of the Mother". Newsweek. 15 October 2008.
^ "States probe limits of abortion policy". Stateline. 22 June 2006.
^ Center for Reproductive Rights. (n.d.). Picketing and Harassment. Retrieved 14 December 2006. Archived 30 November 2006 at the Wayback Machine
^ "Choice on Termination of Pregnancy Act, 1996 [No. 92 of 1996] – G 17602". www.saflii.org.
^ Bhalla, Nita (3 November 2020). "Kenyan charities urge government to quit U.S.-led anti-abortion pact". Reuters. Retrieved 3 November 2020.
^ Sentencia C-355/06 (Constitutional Court 10 May 2006).
^ Adriana Lamačková: Women’s Rights in the Abortion Decision of the Slovak Constitutional Court, 2014
^ Nepal Supreme Court: Abortion Is a Right, 3 January 2011
^ Dominican Republic Constitutional Court Repeals Abortion Law, 12 April 2015
^ "El Tribunal Constitucional de Chile da luz verde a la despenalización del aborto en tres causales en histórica decisión". BBC Mundo. 21 August 2017. Retrieved 21 August 2017.
^ "Ne prihvaćaju se prijedlozi za ocjenu ustavnosti TZV. Zakona o pobačaju".
^ High Court Rules Abortion Remains Illegal In Kenya, 13 June 2019
^ Colombia's Constitutional Court rules against legalizing abortion in first 16 weeks of pregnancy, 3 March 2020

Abortion Laws of the World. (n.d.). Annual Review of Population Law. Retrieved 14 July 2006.
Appel, JM (2005). "Judicial diagnosis 'conscience' vs. care how refusal clauses are reshaping the rights revolution". Med Health R I. 88 (8): 279–81. PMID 16273974.
Rahman, Anika; Katzive, Laura; Henshaw, Stanley K (1998). "A Global Review of Laws on Induced Abortion, 1985–1997". International Family Planning Perspectives. 24 (2): 56–64. doi:10.2307/2991926. JSTOR 2991926. PMID 14627052.
United Nations Population Division. (2002). Abortion Policies: A Global Review. Retrieved 14 July 2006.
IPPF European Network. (2004). Abortion Legislation in Europe. Retrieved 27 October 2006.
Center for Reproductive Rights. (2005). law sidebars10.pdf Abortion and the Law: Ten Years of Reform. Retrieved 22 November 2006. (archived from the original^{[permanent dead link]} on 2009-03-27)
The Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life. (November 2006). Abortion Laws Around The World. Retrieved 18 April 2007.
Europe's Abortion Laws. (12 February 2007). BBC News. Retrieved 12 February 2007.
United Nations Population Division. (2007). World Abortion Policies 2007. Retrieved 3 October 2007.
Pollitt, Katha. Pro: Reclaiming Abortion Rights. Picador, 2015.

External links

Global Abortion Policies Database of the World Health Organization
The World's Abortion Laws interactive website of the Center for Reproductive Rights
The World's Abortion Laws downloadable wallchart, Center for Reproductive Rights
Pregnant Pause: Summary of Abortion Laws Around the World
Laws on Abortion in the Second Trimesters, The International Consortium for Medical Abortion (ICMA)
Abortion: Judicial History and Legislative Response Congressional Research Service
"Despite overall expansion in the legal grounds for abortion, Policies remain restrictive in many countries" (PDF). Population Facts. 2014 (1). Population Division, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. August 2014.

[sub-18] Year when all subnational jurisdictions legalized abortion on request.

[ustx-19] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ In Texas, a law took effect on 1 September 2021 prohibiting abortion after an embryonic or fetal heartbeat is detected, except for medical emergencies, conflicting with judicial precedent.^[225]

[21] The law legalising abortion on request was approved in 1978 and came into force in 1979.^[18]

[25] The law legalising abortion on request was approved in 2014 and came into force in 2015.^[21]

[27] The law legalising abortion on request was approved in 2020 and came into force in 2021.^[22]

[af-47] The law of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan consisted primarily of statutory law and a limited use of Islamic jurisprudence.^[36] The Afghan penal code criminalized abortion and only removed the penalty if the abortion was prescribed by a doctor to save the woman's life,^[37]^[38] but other sources said that Afghanistan also allowed abortion in case of fetal impairment,^[39] and rarely for economic reasons if accepted by a religious council.^[40] After the 2021 Taliban offensive, the new government announced its intention to implement Islamic law exclusively, and it is unclear which legal grounds for abortion it accepts.^[41]

[52] The UN source says that this ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law^[44] but it is accepted as a general legal principle. However, other sources say that abortion is not legally allowed under any circumstance in Andorra.^[45]

[55] The UN source incorrectly shows Angola as allowing abortion on request, citing a penal code draft from 2014 that did not become law.^[46] The version of the penal code enacted in 2020 and entered into force in 2021 allows abortion only in certain circumstances.^[47]

[ausa-59] In South Australia, abortion is permitted for risk to the woman's life or health and for fetal impairment, and the law says that "account may be taken of the pregnant woman's actual or reasonably foreseeable environment".^[62] A bill legalizing abortion on request up to 22 weeks and 6 days of gestation has been passed and received royal assent but still awaits a proclamation to establish the commencement date.^[63]^[64]^[65]

[62] This ground is permitted in all subdivisions except South Australia and the Northern Territory.^[51]^[52]

[66] Applies the laws of Western Australia.^[55]

[68] Applies the laws of Western Australia.^[56]

[70] Applies the laws of the Australian Capital Territory.^[57]

[73] Applies the laws of New South Wales.^[59]

[at-84] If the girl was below the age of 14 when getting pregnant, no limit is specified.^[69]

[bh-89] The UN source marks it as a legal ground because the Penal Code explicitly prohibits abortion only if performed without the consent of the woman and of a medical practitioner.^[72] However, the decree regulating medical practice prohibits abortion unless the pregnancy threatens the woman's life.^[73]

[bd-90] The UN source does not explicitly mark this legal ground for abortion but says that "Menstrual regulation is available on request for women with a last menstrual period of 10 weeks or less."^[33]

[95] The law permits abortion for medical reasons without gestational limit, for social reasons up to 22 weeks of gestation, and on request up to 12 weeks of gestation.^[75] By regulation, fetal impairment is included as a medical reason,^[76] and rape is included as a social reason.^[77]

[be-97] Defined as 12 weeks from conception, considered as 14 weeks from the last menstrual period.^[78]

[100] The penal code prohibits abortion except to save the woman's life, when the pregnancy is a result of rape or incest, or when the woman is of unsound mental condition.^[79] Guidelines for health workers mention grounds of risk to the woman's health and fetal impairment, and define a gestational limit of 180 days.^[80]

[bt-101] This ground is only cited in guidelines for health workers, not by law.^[79]^[80]

[103] This ground is established by a regulation implementing a judicial decision, although it is not mentioned in the decision itself or in the law.^[81]

[ba-106] Continues to apply the abortion law of the Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina.^[82]^[83]

[br-113] The penal code criminalizes abortion and only removes the penalty if the abortion is done to save the woman's life or if the pregnancy is the result of rape.^[86] Due to a decision by the Supreme Federal Court, abortion is also permitted in case of anencephaly, and it may also be authorized by court order in other fatal cases of fetal impairment.^[87]^[88]^[89]

[121] There is no abortion law in Canada, but its subdivisions and professional bodies have regulations restricting the procedure to various grounds or gestational limits.^[95]^[96]

[123] In the case of a girl under the age of 14, the gestational limit is 14 weeks.^[97]

[124] Mainland China.

[principle-125] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is accepted as a general legal principle.

[127] A judicial pardon may be granted to the woman for an abortion on this ground.^[98]

[130] This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is accepted as a general legal principle, allowed by regulation and established by treaty.^[99]^[100]

[cd-132] This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is established by treaty, whose application is requested by the Constitutional Court.^[99]^[101]

[136] The penal code says that abortion is permitted for therapeutic purposes but is unclear whether it means only to save the woman's life or also to preserve her health.

[139] The UN source says that this ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is accepted as a general legal principle. However, other sources say that abortion is not legally allowed under any circumstance in the Dominican Republic.^[105]^[106]

[144] The UN source shows East Timor as allowing abortion also in case of risk to the woman's health or fetal impairment, citing the penal code enacted in March 2009 and entered into force in June 2009.^[107]^[108] However, the penal code was amended in July 2009 to restrict abortion only to save the woman's life.^[109]^[108]^[110]

[146] This ground is explicitly mentioned in the law only in case of rape of a woman with a mental disability, but it is also established by judicial decision in case of rape of any woman.^[111]

[150] Including the Åland Islands.^[114]

[152] Including Overseas France.^[115]

[fr-154] Defined as 12 weeks of pregnancy, considered as 14 weeks from the last menstrual period.^[116]

[160] A new penal code, published by presidential decree in July 2020, would allow abortion on request in the first 12 weeks of pregnancy. The code is set to take effect in July 2022 unless modified by the parliament to be elected before then.^[121]

[hu-163] Up to 18 weeks if the woman is incapacitated or did not recognize the pregnancy due to illness or medical error, or in case of failure of a health institution.^[123]

[164] Up to 24 weeks in case of prolongation of the diagnostic procedure, or no limit in case of fetal abnormality incompatible with life after birth.^[123]

[168] This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law,^[125] but it may be included in other legal grounds if the pregnancy causes unbearable hardship, such as significant harm to mental health or risk of suicide.^[126]^{[better source needed]}

[ie-170] If the risk to life or health is immediate, no gestational limit is specified.^[127]

[172] If the woman is under age 18 or over age 40, or if she is not married or the pregnancy is not from marriage.^[128]

[ci-176] The UN source marks it as a legal ground but it is only established by treaty, not by law and not implemented as of 2020.^[130]^[131]

[181] This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is accepted as a general legal principle and established by judicial decision.^[132]^[133]^[134]^[135]

[182] This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is established by judicial decision.^[132]^[133]^[134]^[135]

[la-191] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f The penal code prohibits "unlawful abortion", defined as "abortion not authorized by medical doctor commission". The penal code also lists the principles of legitimate defense and necessity to save one's life, which lead to exemption from penal liability.^[141] A decision by the Ministry of Health states that abortion is medically authorized, up to 28 weeks of gestation, due to certain medical conditions of the woman or fetus, rape, contraception failure, and certain socioeconomic conditions of the woman or her family.^[142] A WHO source also shows Laos as allowing abortion on request up to 12 weeks of gestation, citing guidelines for health workers from 2016,^[143] but they were issued before the penal code of 2017 defined "unlawful abortion" and are not mentioned in the decision by the Ministry of Health of 2021.

[201] The law of Maldives is a combination of statutory and Islamic law.^[149] The Maldivian penal code criminalizes abortion after 120 days of gestation, except for risk to the woman's life.^[150] The Maldivian Islamic jurisprudence allows abortion only for risk to the woman's life, without gestational limit, or in cases of rape, incest, or certain medical conditions of a fetus conceived in marriage, up to 120 days of gestation.^[151]^[152]

[202] Only for certain medical conditions of a fetus conceived in marriage.^[151]^[152]

[207] Law prohibits abortion without exceptions. In practice only indirect abortion is allowed under the principle of double effect.^[155]^[156]

[209] This ground is permitted by law in all subdivisions except Guanajuato and Querétaro. In these two states, people who violate it may be prosecuted but not imprisoned, and they may request judicial relief by amparo.^[26]^[27]

[mx-210] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av ^aw ^ax ^ay ^az ^ba ^bb ^bc ^bd ^be ^bf ^bg ^bh ^bi ^bj ^bk ^bl ^bm ^bn ^bo ^bp ^bq ^br ^bs ^bt ^bu ^bv ^bw ^bx ^by ^bz ^ca ^cb ^cc ^cd ^ce ^cf ^cg ^ch ^ci ^cj ^ck This ground is permitted by law in some states and Mexico City. In other states, people who violate it may be prosecuted but not imprisoned, and they may request judicial relief by amparo.^[26]^[27]

[213] Each state stipulates in its penal code a different gestational limit; namely, 90 days, 12 weeks, 3 months from conception, and some do not specify a limit. In July 2021, the Supreme Court ruled that it is unconstitutional to set a limit for an abortion on this ground.^[158]^[159]

[mxco-214] This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is established by judicial decision.^[26]^[27]

[223] In 2016, the government of Morocco proposed allowing abortion in cases of rape, incest, mental disability and fetal impairment. However, the parliament did not approve the proposal,^[164]^[165] and as of 2021 the abortion articles in the penal code remain unchanged.^[166]^[167]

[225] May be permitted with no gestational limit in case the fetus is not viable.^[168]

[230] Including the Caribbean Netherlands.^[171]^[172]

[232] This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is established by judicial decision in the southern states.

[judicial-233] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av ^aw ^ax ^ay ^az ^ba ^bb ^bc ^bd ^be ^bf ^bg ^bh ^bi ^bj ^bk ^bl ^bm ^bn ^bo ^bp ^bq ^br ^bs ^bt ^bu ^bv ^bw ^bx ^by ^bz ^ca ^cb ^cc ^cd ^ce ^cf ^cg ^ch ^ci ^cj ^ck ^cl ^cm ^cn ^co This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is established by judicial decision.

[240] The criminal law of North Korea, as amended up to 2009, does not mention abortion.^[176] In 2015 the North Korean government issued a directive prohibiting medical professionals from performing abortions but did not indicate a penalty for doing so.^[177] In 2016, the government stated that abortion was "legal" and "provided upon request by the woman concerned for reasons of risks to her life, physical and mental health and fetal malformation", but it is unclear whether these were the only permitted reasons.^[178] It has also been reported that repatriated pregnant women are forced to have abortions to prevent children of mixed ethnicity.^[179]

[mk-242] May be permitted with no gestational limit in some cases.^[180]

[244] Including Svalbard.^[181]

[253] Some sources say that, although not commonly, Palestine also allows abortion in case of fetal impairment.^[187]^[188] They also say that it is extremely difficult to get one in any case.^[189]

[pl-255] This ground is mentioned in the law but it was invalidated by a judicial decision.^[190]

[264] On 26 September 2021, a referendum was approved proposing to legalize abortion on request up to 12 weeks of gestation or for risk to the woman's life or health, or fetal impairment. The parliament of San Marino must still make the relevant changes to the law before the proposal can take effect.^[196]^[197]^[198]

[273] The laws of South Korea prohibited abortion except for risk to the woman's health, rape, incest, or certain medical conditions, up to 24 weeks of gestation.^[204] On 11 April 2019, the Constitutional Court ruled that the abortion restrictions were unconstitutional, giving the legislature until the end of 2020 to amend the laws to allow abortion on request with some gestational limit. In October 2020 the government proposed a limit of 14 weeks for abortion on request and 24 weeks for certain other cases, but the legislature did not approve this or any other proposal on the subject before the end of the year, so the abortion laws became automatically invalid on 1 January 2021.^[205] As of August 2021, the legislature had still not approved any of the proposals, leaving abortion decriminalized without a clear gestational limit.^[206]

[kr-274] This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is established by judicial decision.^[205]

[276] From conception.

[284] In mainland Tanzania, articles 150 to 152 of the penal code prohibit abortion done "unlawfully", and article 230 of the same law permits abortion to preserve the woman's life. Article 219 additionally prohibits "child destruction", meaning abortion after fetal viability, presumed at 28 weeks of pregnancy, but still permits it to preserve the woman's life.^[213] In Zanzibar, the penal act has equivalent articles 129 to 131, 213 and 200.^[214]

[286] This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law. A judicial decision by the East African Court of Appeal, with jurisdiction over the predecessors of Tanzania, allowed abortion also to preserve the woman's health, and sources state that this decision remains binding after independence.^[215]

[291] Lethal anomalies only.^[219]

[gb-293] In Great Britain, this ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is considered to be included in the ground for preserving physical or mental health.^[220]

[gbni-295] This ground is permitted only in Northern Ireland, up to 12 weeks of gestation.^[221]

[us-299] In some states, this ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is established by judicial decision.

[312] A state law prohibits abortion unless the mother's life is in danger, but this law is invalidated by a judicial decision. Another law prohibits abortion after an embryonic or fetal heartbeat is detected, except for medical emergencies,^[225] and ordinances in about 30 cities prohibit abortion except when the woman's life is in danger,^[236] conflicting with judicial precedent.

[uy-316] A judge may also remove the penalty for abortion on this ground in the first 3 months from conception.^[239]

[324] The law of Vatican City is primarily based on the canon law of the Catholic Church and applies the Italian penal code in force in 1929 with local modifications.^[240] Both sources of law prohibit abortion without explicitly mentioning any exception.^[241]^[242] Article 49 of the penal code lists the principle of necessity to save one's life, which removes punishment for any action that would otherwise be a crime,^[243]^[244] but the Church's official interpretation of canon 1398 is more restrictive, allowing in such cases only indirect abortion under the principle of double effect.^[245]^[246]

[330] Depending on the capacity at each level of hospital.^[249]^[250]^[251]

[awcwsx-339] This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is accepted as a general legal principle.^[259]

[cw-345] Although illegal, the government does not prosecute abortions performed under rules similar to other countries, including on request.^[264]

[gi-350] This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is considered to be included in the ground for preserving physical or mental health.^[267]^[268]

[351] This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it says that "account may be taken of the pregnant woman's actual or reasonably foreseeable environment."^[267]

[gu-355] Although the law permits abortions on request, no medical providers in the territory perform them except to save the woman's life.^[256]^[271]

[gg1-358] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f In Alderney and Sark, this ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law.^[272] A judicial decision on an identical law in the parent country clarified that the law always implicitly allowed abortion at least to save the woman's life, and the decision allowed it also to preserve her health.^[273] It is unclear whether Alderney and Sark apply only the original legal principle or also the judicial decision.

[gg2-359] This ground is permitted in the jurisdiction of Guernsey, but not in Alderney or Sark.^[272]

[363] In July 2021, the parliament passed a law removing the gestational limit on abortion for fetal impairment and increasing it to 24 weeks for social reasons, but it still awaits royal assent and regulations to establish the commencement date.^[275]^[276]

[365] This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it says that "account may be taken of the pregnant woman's actual or reasonably foreseeable environment."^[277]

[mp-372] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f The territory's constitution prohibits abortion "except as provided by law", and the territory has no law about the subject. However, according to an opinion issued by the territory's attorney general, U.S. judicial decisions on abortion apply to the territory, thus allowing abortion on request.^[282] Yet, in practice, authorized medical providers in the territory perform abortions only to save the woman's life and possibly in case of rape.^[283]^[256]

[374] Applies English law in force in 2010 unless locally modified.^[284]

[pr-377] This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is established by judicial decision.^[286]

[380] Applies English law in force on 1 January 2006 unless locally modified, in each part of the territory.^[287] Tristan da Cunha explicitly applies the abortion law of the United Kingdom with minor modifications.^[288]

[sx-382] Although illegal, the government does not prosecute abortions performed under rules similar to other countries, including on request.^[259]

[tk-385] This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law. The judicial handbook says that abortion is permitted for medical reasons but is unclear whether it means only to save the woman's life or also to preserve her health.^[291]

[tc-387] This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law. A judicial decision on an identical law in the parent country clarified that the law always implicitly allowed abortion at least to save the woman's life, and the decision allowed it also to preserve her health.^[273] It is unclear whether the territory applies only the original legal principle or also the judicial decision.

[418] Some examples of gestational age calculated from the first day of the last menstrual cycle:^[318]^[319]^[320]^[321]^[322]

[420] For example Luxembourg abortion law states: "Avant la fin de la 12e semaine de grossesse ou avant la fin de la 14e semaine d'aménorrhée[...]" which translates to "Before the end of the 12th week of pregnancy or before the end of the 14th week of amenorrhea".^[323]

[UN2019report-1] World Population Policies 2017: Abortion Laws and Policies, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, 2020.

[kaiser-2] "Abortion Rates Similar In Countries That Legalize, Prohibit Procedure, Study Says". I.C.M.A. Archived from the original on 23 March 2014. Retrieved 23 March 2014.

[Singh-3] Singh, Susheela et al. Adding it Up: The Costs and Benefits of Investing in Family Planning and Newborn Health, pages 17, 19, and 27 (New York: Guttmacher Institute and United Nations Population Fund 2009): "Some 215 million women in the developing world as a whole have an unmet need for modern contraceptives[...] If the 215 million women with unmet need used modern family planning methods....[that] would result in about 22 million fewer unplanned births; 25 million fewer abortions; and seven million fewer miscarriages....If women's contraceptive needs were addressed (and assuming no changes in abortion laws)...the number of unsafe abortions would decline by 73% from 20 million to 5.5 million." A few of the findings in that report were subsequently changed, and are available at: "Facts on Investing in Family Planning and Maternal and Newborn Health Archived March 24, 2012, at the Wayback Machine" (Guttmacher Institute 2010).

[4] Joffe, Carole (2009), "Abortion and Medicine: A Sociopolitical History", Management of Unintended and Abnormal Pregnancy, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, pp. 1–9, doi:10.1002/9781444313031.ch1, ISBN 978-1444313031, S2CID 43673269

[5] "Women's & LGBT Liberation In Revolutionary Russia". 16 January 2016. Retrieved 12 January 2017.

[6] "The Communist Women's Movement". isreview.org. Retrieved 13 January 2017.

[7] Smith, Sharon (2015). Women and Socialism: Essays on Women's Liberation. Haymarket Books. pp. 12, 199. ISBN 978-1608461806.

[:0-8] "Abstract – Abortion in Russia". South African Medical Journal. 1935.

[9] "Women's liberation and socialism". Retrieved 13 January 2017.

[Wendy_Z._Goldman_2004-10] Overy, Richard (2004). Women, the State and Revolution: Soviet Family Policy and Social Life, 1917-1936. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521458160.

[Richard_Overy_2004-11] Overy, Richard (2004). The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia. W. W. Norton Company, Inc. ISBN 978-0141912240.

[12] Heer, David (1965). "Abortion, Contraception, and Population Policy in the Soviet Union". Demography. 2: 531–39. doi:10.2307/2060137. JSTOR 2060137. S2CID 46960030.

[13] Alexandre Avdeev, Alain Blum, and Irina Troitskaya. "The History of Abortion Statistics in Russia and the USSR from 1900 to 1991." Population (English Edition) 7, (1995), 42.

[14] M., Akrivopoulou, Christina (2015). Protecting the Genetic Self from Biometric Threats: Autonomy, Identity, and Genetic Privacy: Autonomy, Identity, and Genetic Privacy. IGI Global. p. 160. ISBN 978-1-4666-8154-5.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[15] Campo, Juan Eduardo (2009). Encyclopedia of Islam. Infobase Publishing. p. 7. ISBN 978-1-4381-2696-8.

[16] "Democratic People's Republic of Korea". UN. Archived from the original on 14 May 2011.

[17] "The Right to Abortion in Tunisia after the Revolution in 2011". Health and Human Rights Journal. 9 December 2019.

[20] Law on interruption of pregnancy (abortion law), Lovdata. "amendment law of 16 June 1978 no. 66 from 1 January 1979 according to resolution of 1 December 1978" (in Norwegian)

[22] "Abortion law in Mongolia". Women on Waves.

[23] "World Abortion Map – Liberalization of Abortion Laws since ICPD" (PDF). Center for Reproductive Rights.

[24] Law of revision of the Penal Code, Gazette of the Republic of Mozambique, 31 December 2014. "The present law enters into force one hundred and eighty days after its publication." (in Portuguese)

[ar-26] Law 27.610, Access to Voluntary Interruption of Pregnancy, Ministry of Health of Argentina, 15 January 2021 (in Spanish).

[28] Law Reports of Trials of War Criminals (PDF). Vol. XIII. London: United Nations War Crimes Commission. 1949. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 July 2021. Retrieved 22 September 2021.

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[mx2-32] Mexico decriminalizes abortion: what will happen now in the states of the country?, El País, 8 September 2021. "They will be able to, thus, continue sending to court the women who abort outside of the local norms, but the judicial process will not allow them to enter jail." "It is possible that there are still judges who dictate jail for some women, and this would force them to sue in local and federal processes first and then apply for an amparo before a district judge. This one would have to follow, finally, the judicial precedent." (in Spanish)

[huffingtonpost.com-33] Grimes, David A. (25 January 2016). "United Nations Committee Affirms Abortion As A Human Right". HuffPost. Retrieved 22 September 2021.

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[49] ttp://www.santemaghreb.com/algerie/recueil_txt_regl.pdf art. 72

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[61] Abortion is no longer a crime in Australia. But legal hurdles to access remain, The Conversation, 3 March 2021. "With the exception of the Northern Territory, where abortion remains a medical practitioner's decision regardless of the gestation, and the ACT, where no gestational limits apply, Australian jurisdictions now permit abortion on request up to varying points in a pregnancy."

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[71] Abortion Law Reform Act 2019 No 11, NSW legislation.

[72] Norfolk Island Act 1979, Federal Register of Legislation.

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[82] Health (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1911, Western Australian Legislation.

[at-83] Criminal Code (1975, amended 2019), Legislationline.org. Section 97 (in German).

[85] Law of the Republic of Azerbaijan on Protection of Public Health, Ministry of Public Health (in Azerbaijani).

[86] Penal Code, Statue Law of the Bahamas. Article 313.

[87] Bahrain Penal Code, 1976, Global Abortion Policies Database, World Health Organization.

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[91] Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act, Government of Barbados, 10 May 1983.

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[96] Family planning, Belgian Federal Public Service (in French).

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[114] ttps://www.lex.bg/mobile/ldoc/-552069119

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[118] Norms and Standards in Reproductive Health-Family Planning in Cameroon, Ministry of Health of Cameroon, 2018 (in French).

[119] Abortion Coverage by Region, National Abortion Federation Canada.

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[126] Penal Code of Costa Rica, Government of Costa Rica (in Spanish).

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[134] Decree no. 2008-0098/PR/MS regarding the Code of Medical Deontology, National Order of Medical Professions of Djibouti (in French).

[135] Abortion in Djibouti, Human Village, April 2015 (in French).

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[138] Presa Release: Dominican Republic: Chamber of Deputies puts life and health of millions of women and girls at risk, Amnesty International, 20 June 2021.

[140] Penal code of the Democratic Republic of Timor Leste, Global Abortion Policies Database, World Health Organization.

[tl-141] Penal Code, Court of Appeals of East Timor, March 2010 (in Portuguese).

[142] Attitudes towards the legal context of unsafe abortion in Timor-Leste, Suzanne Belton, Andrea Whittaker, Zulmira Fonseca, Tanya Wells-Brown, and Patricia Pais, Reproductive Health Matters 17(34):55-64, November 2009.

[143] Abortion Policy Landscape: Timor Leste, World Health Organization.

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[147] Salvadoran president rules out allowing abortion, same-sex marriage, Swissinfo.ch, 17 September 2021.

[148] ttps://www.steptoe.com/images/content/2/3/v1/2393/3984.pdf pp. 1104–1105

[149] Act on the autonomy of Åland, Finlex, May 2014.

[151] Law No. 2001-588 of 4 July 2011 regarding voluntary interruption of pregnancy and contraception, Légifrance (in French).

[153] What are the deadlines to abort?, Ministry of Solidarity and Health of France, 9 March 2017 (in French).

[155] Penal Code, Official Journal of the Gabonese Republic, 30 June 2020 (in French).

[156] The Gambia's Political Transition to Democracy: Is Abortion Reform Possible?, Satang Nabaneh, Health and Human Rights Journal, 9 December 2019.

[157] Criminal Code (Act No. 25 of 1933), Gambia, International Labour Organization. Chapter XV, sections 140 to 142, and chapter XX, sections 198 and 199.

[158] Women's Act, 2010, Office of the Vice President and Ministry for Women Affairs of Gambia, July 2010. Section 30.

[159] Toward a decriminalisation of abortion in Haiti, Le Figaro, 16 July 2020 (in French).

[161] Honduras ratifies a reform that prohibits abortion and same-sex marriage, El Periódico Extremadura, 29 January 2021 (in Spanish).

[hu-162] Law on the protection of fetal life, Wolters Kluwer (in Hungarian). Retrieved 27 September 2021.

[165] The Medical Termination of Pregnancy (Amendment) Bill, 2020, PRS Legislative Research.

[166] Abortion in Iranian Legal System, Mahmoud Abbasi, Ehsan Shamsi Gooshki, and Neda Allahbedashti, Iranian Journal of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology, vol. 13, no. 1, February 2014.

[167] Abortion, in case of disgrace and unbearable hardship, Islam Quest, 17 Farvardin 1394 (6 April 2015) (in Persian).

[ie-169] Health (Regulation of Termination of Pregnancy) Act 2018, Government of Ireland.

[171] Induced Abortion, Ministry of Health of Israel.

[173] Law No. 194 of 22 May 1978, Rules for the Social Protection of Maternity and on the Voluntary Interruption of Pregnancy, Ministry of Health of Italy (in Italian).

[174] Ivory Coast: advocacy for medical abortions as in the case of rapes, Abidjan.net, 19 July 2020 (in French).

[175] Law no. 2019-574 carrying the Penal Code, Official Journal of the Republic of Ivory Coast, 10 July 2019 (in French).

[jm1-177] Offences Against the Person Act, Ministry of Justice of Jamaica, 7 April 2014.

[jm2-178] Abortion Policy Review Advisory Group Final Report, Ministry of Health of Jamaica, 19 February 2007.

[jm3-179] Abortion 'right'?, The Gleaner, 25 August 2013.

[jm4-180] Abortion attitudes, training, and experience among medical students in Jamaica, West Indies, Glenmarie Matthews, Jessica Atrio, Horace Fletcher, Nathalie Medley, Leo Walker, and Nerys Benfield, Contraceptive and Reproductive Medicine, 1 May 2020.

[183] Public Health Law No. 47 of 2008, FAOLEX Database (in Arabic). Article 12.

[184] Abortion in Kosovo, an almost impossible mission, Kosovox, 1 July 2017 (in French).

[185] Ministerial Decree No. 24 of 1981, Concerning the Practice of Human Medicine and Dentistry and the Professions Supporting Them, Global Abortion Policies Database, 22 February 1981 (in Arabic).

[186] ttps://abortion-policies.srhr.org/documents/countries/02-Kyrgyzstan-Law-on-reproductive-rights-2007.pdf

[187] ttps://abortion-policies.srhr.org/documents/countries/07-Kyrgyzstan-Clinical-protocol-Medical%20abortion-in-the-first-and-second-trimester-Ministry-of-Health-2017.pdf

[188] Penal Code, Government of the Lao People's Democratic Republic, 26 June 2017.

[189] ຂໍ້ຕົກລົງ ວ່າດ້ວຍ ການຄຸ້ມຄອງ ການໃຫ້ຖືພາແທນ ແລະ ການໃຫ້ຫຼຸລູກ [Decision on the Management of Surrogacy and Abortion] (Decision 2077) (in Lao). Ministry of Health of Laos. 8 July 2021. Archived from the original on 13 September 2021. Retrieved 23 September 2021.

[190] Situation of abortion in the Lao People's Democratic Republic, World Health Organization, 2017.

[192] Offenses Against the Family, Chapter 16: Penal Law - Title 26 - Liberian Code of Laws Revised, Legal Information Institute.

[193] Law No. 106 of 1973 Promulgating the Health Law, Ministry of Justice of Libya, 13 December 1978 AD (in Arabic).

[194] Law No. 17 of 1986 on Medical Liability, Ministry of Justice of Libya, 24 November 1986 AD (in Arabic).

[195] Penal Code, Malawi Legal Information Institute. Article 243.

[196] Guidelines on Termination of Pregnancy (TOP) for Hospitals in the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Health of Malaysia, 19 September 2012.

[197] Constitution of the Republic of Maldives 2008, Attorney General's Office of Maldives.

[198] Law no. 6/2014, Penal Code of the Maldives, University of Pennsylvania Law School.

[mv1-199] Country Profile on Sexual and Reproductive Rights: Maldives, Asian-Pacific Resource and Research Centre for Women, 2017.

[mv2-200] "Ruling 6/2013" (PDF) (in Divehi). Islamic Fiqh Academy, Ministry of Islamic Affairs of Maldives. 11 December 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 June 2014.

[203] ttps://www.droit-afrique.com/uploads/Mali-Code-2001-penal-MAJ-2016.pdf

[204] ttps://scorecard.prb.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/Loi-n%C2%B0-02-044-Relative-a%CC%80-la-Sante%CC%81-de-la-Reproduction-2002.-Mali.pdf

[205] Malta does allow for abortions in case of life or death situations, The Malta Independent, 5 May 2013.

[206] Abortions carried out in certain circumstances in Malta, The Malta Independent, 16 December 2018.

[208] Aborto legal, Andar (in Spanish).

[211] The Supreme Court eliminates the deadlines to abort in cases of rape, El País, 7 July 2021 (in Spanish).

[212] Press Release No. 196/2021: The time limit for the legal interruption of pregnancy as a result of rape constitutes an act of violence against the woman, which strikes against her rights to free development of personality and to mental health, Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation, 7 July 2021 (in Spanish).

[215] Decree No. 728, Official Journal of the State of Hidalgo, 6 July 2021 (in Spanish).

[216] Decree by which the penal code for the Federal District is reformed and the health law for the Federal District is added, Official Gazette of the Federal District, 26 April 2007 (in Spanish).

[217] Decree No. 806, Official Journal of the State of Oaxaca, 27 October 2019 (in Spanish).

[218] Decree No. 857, Official Gazette of the State of Veracruz, 20 July 2021 (in Spanish).

[219] Moroccan women are still waiting for the abortion reform wanted by Mohammed VI, Le Monde, 18 March 2018 (in French).

[220] In Morocco, the Hajar Raissouni case revives the debate on abortion, France 24, 24 September 2019 (in French).

[221] Penal code, consolidated version of 5 July 2018, Ministry of Justice of Morocco (in French).

[222] Penal code, consolidated version of 14 June 2021, Ministry of Justice of Morocco (in Arabic).

[mz-224] Law of Revision of the Penal Code, Bulletin of the Republic of Mozambique, 24 December 2019 (in Portuguese).

[226] Abortion Policy Landscape: Myanmar, World Health Organization.

[227] The Right to Safe Motherhood and Reproductive Health Act, 2075, Government of Nepal, 18 September 2018.

[228] Abortion permit for hospital in Bonaire, Dutch Caribbean Legal Portal, 16 June 2012.

[229] Termination of pregnancy law, Government of the Netherlands (in Dutch).

[231] Abortion Legislation: Information for Health Practitioners, Ministry of Health of New Zealand, 26 June 2020.

[234] "The Right to Abortion in north Cyprus: Social-cultural, religious and legal aspects - Εντροπία".

[235] "Cyprus Turkish Medical Association "Medical Professional Code of Ethics"" (PDF) (in Turkish). TRNC Prime Ministry Department of Regulations. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 27 September 2021.

[236] The Criminal Law of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (2009), Citizens' Alliance for North Korean Human Rights.

[237] North Korea forbids doctors to perform abortions, implant birth control devices, Radio Free Asia, 14 October 2015.

[238] Consideration of reports submitted by States parties under article 18 of the Convention, Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, 1 June 2016.

[239] Written Contribution for Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK), Tomás Ojea Quintana, for his upcoming report to the 46th Human Rights Council session in March 2021.

[mk-241] Law of Termination of Pregnancy, Assembly of the Republic of North Macedonia, 22 May 2019 (in Macedonian).

[243] Regulation on interruption of pregnancy (abortion regulation), Lovdata, 10 May 2013 (in Norwegian).

[245] Abortion in Oman versus abortion in India, American Hospital Bangalore.

[246] Pakistan's Abortion Provisions, Center for Reproductive Rights.

[247] Abortion in Pakistan, Guttmacher Institute, November 2009.

[248] Why Deadly Abortions Keep Killing Women in Pakistan, Pulitzer Center, 15 July 2021. "Because laws on abortion are vague, the decision to provide an abortion or not often comes down to a provider's personal or religious beliefs, which for many, makes the prospect unthinkable."

[249] ttp://www.hdip.org/public%20health%20law%20English.pdf

[250] The Unique Landscape of Abortion Law and Access in the Occupied Palestinian Territories, Health and Human Rights Journal, 9 December 2019. "As one lawyer from Gaza explained in an interview, "[...] [Abortion] is only allowed for health reasons for the mother or for fetal anomalies."

[251] For Palestinian women, abortion can mean lies, jail or worse, Reuters, 8 March 2016. "When fetal impairment is detected, an abortion can be performed if both parents consent, [...] the ministry said."

[252] Palestine’s Abortion Problem, Foreign Policy, 4 December 2015. "Abortion, after all, is illegal under Palestinian law; while it is technically legal in order to protect the life of the mother, in practice, according to experts, it is impossible to get such a procedure. Especially for those [...] who might want an abortion without the knowledge of their husbands."

[pl-254] Law of 7 January 1993 on family planning, protection of the human fetus and conditions of admissibility of interruption of pregnancy, Internet System of Legal Acts, Sejm of the Republic of Poland (in Polish).

[256] Penal Code, Electronic Journal of the Republic (in Portuguese).

[257] Criminal Code of the Republic of Romania (2009, amended 2017), Legislationline.org.

[258] Ministerial Order no. 002/MoH/2019 of 08/04/2019 determining conditions to be satisfied for a medical doctor to perform an abortion, Official Gazette of Rwanda, no. 14, 8 April 2019 (in Kinyarwanda, English, and French).

[259] Criminal Code, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. Section 149.

[260] Crimes Act 2013, Ministry of Police of Samoa, 1 May 2013.

[261] San Marino voters overwhelmingly back legal abortion, Associated Press, 26 September 2021. "With the 'yes' votes winning, San Marino's Parliament must now draft a bill to legalize the procedure."

[262] San Marino voters approve abortion three to one in referendum, France 24, 27 September 2021. "But he said the government would propose a law within six months to implement the abortion change, that would then be put to parliament."

[263] San Marino. Abortion referendum, overwhelming victory of the yes, Libertas, 26 September 2021. "An important fact, which will now obligate the Government and the Grand and General Council to translate into law the content of the question" (in Italian).

[265] Ministerial resolution no. 39644/1/12, dated 14/5/1427 AH, Ministry of Health of Saudi Arabia, c. 10 June 2006 (in Arabic).

[266] Penal code, General Staff of the Land Forces, 1965 (in French).

[267] ttps://www.slov-lex.sk/static/pdf/1986/73/ZZ_1986_73.pdf

[268] ttps://www.slov-lex.sk/static/pdf/1986/74/ZZ_1986_74_20210301.pdf

[269] ttp://pisrs.si/Pis.web/npbDocPdf?idPredpisa=ZAKO2518&idPredpisaChng=ZAKO408&type=pdf

[270] Enforcement Decree of the Mother and Child Health Act, Government of South Korea.

[kr-271] South Korea: Abortion decriminalized since January 1, 2021, Library of Congress, 18 March 2021.

[272] 'Abortion consultation' included in health insurance, The Korea Times, 3 August 2021.

[275] Penal Code, European Country of Origin Information Network, 1991.

[277] ttps://www.riksdagen.se/sv/dokument-lagar/dokument/svensk-forfattningssamling/abortlag-1974595_sfs-1974-595

[278] Swiss penal code (Interruption of pregnancy), Federal Assembly of Switzerland (in French).

[279] Legislative decree 12 of 1970, Law on the practice of medical professions in the Syrian Arab Republic, People's Assembly of Syria (in Arabic). Article 47.B.

[280] Genetic Health Act, Laws and Regulations Database of the Republic of China, 8 July 2009.

[281] Abortion legislation and its implementation in Europe and Central Asia, International Planned Parenthood Federation, December 2019.

[282] The Penal Code, revised edition of 2019, Tanzania Legal Information Institute.

[283] Penal Act, 2018, Zanzibar House of Representatives, 16 March 2018.

[285] A technical guide to understanding the legal and policy framework on termination of pregnancy in mainland Tanzania, Center for Reproductive Rights, 2012.

[287] Act, Amendment of the Criminal Code (No. 28), Royal Government Gazette of Thailand, 6 February 2021 (in Thai).

[288] Law No. 2007-005, On Reproductive Health, Official Journal of the Togolese Republic, 10 January 2007 (in French).

[289] Code of Ethics in the Practice of Medicine: Responsibilities to Profession, Medical Board of Trinidad and Tobago.

[290] Women's reproductive and sexual healthcare, Government of the United Arab Emirates, 11 July 2021.

[292] Rape and abortion, EFC.

[gbni-294] The Abortion (Northern Ireland) (No. 2) Regulations 2020, Legislation.gov.uk.

[gb-296] Abortion Act 1967, Legislation.gov.uk.

[297] Abortion policy in the absence of Roe, Guttmacher Institute, 1 September 2021.

[298] State bans on abortion throughout pregnancy, Guttmacher Institute, 1 September 2021.

[ustx-300] 87(R) SB 8, Texas Legislature, 2021.

[301] SB149, Arkansas General Assembly, 2019.

[302] SB6, Arkansas General Assembly, 2021.

[303] S1385, Idaho Legislature, 2020.

[304] HB148, Kentucky General Assembly, 2019.

[305] Human Life Protection Act, RS 40:1061, Louisiana State Legislature.

[306] HB126, Missouri General Assembly, 2019.

[307] Gov. Lujan Grisham signs Senate Bill 10, repealing 1969 abortion ban, KOB, 26 February 2021.

[308] HB 1466, North Dakota Legislative Assembly, 2007.

[309] Chapter 187, South Dakota Legislature, 2005.

[310] SB1257, Tennessee General Assembly, 2019.

[311] Durkee, Alison (2 June 2021). "Texas City Cleared To Become Anti-Abortion 'Sanctuary City' As Federal Judge Dismisses Planned Parenthood Challenge". Forbes.

[313] SB174, Utah State Legislature, 2020.

[314] Law on voluntary interruption of pregnancy. Abortion law, National Directorate of Prints and Official Publications, 30 October 2012 (in Spanish).

[315] Penal Code, National Directorate of Prints and Official Publications, updated on 9 July 2020 (in Spanish).

[317] Law on the sources of law, Acta Apostolicae Sedis, Supplement for the laws and provisions of Vatican City State, 1 October 2008. (in Italian)

[318] Title VI. Delicts against human life and freedom, Code of Canon Law, Holy See.

[it1889-319] Penal code for the Kingdom of Italy, 1889, University of Brescia College of Law. (in Italian)

[320] Report to His Majesty the King from the Minister Keeper of the Seals (Zanardelli) at the hearing of 30 June 1889 for the approval of the final text of the penal code, pp. 145–146. "On the agreed proposal of the parliamentary commissions, the provision that was read in the bill, according to which it was declared 'not punishable the doctor or surgeon, when he justifies having acted in order to save the woman's life, endangered by the pregnancy or by childbirth', was deleted"; "The vote expressed in agreement in parliament led me to the aforesaid deletion, not to exclude the application of the concept that was expressed there, but because it was superfluous and inappropriate to declare it, providing if needed article 49 number 3, the application of which would be only, and without reason, restricted." (in Italian)

[321] Criminal abortion in the Italian penal code, Pasquale Tuozzi, Filippo Serafini Legal Archive, 1902, vol. 10, no. 3, p. 29. "However, if you want to search for a provision in our code that covers the surgeon, in addition to article 45, in which the aforesaid reason is rooted, there is also number 3 of article 49, where it is declared the nonresponsibility of one who acts compelled by the need to save himself or others from a serious and imminent danger to the person, to which he did not voluntarily give cause, and which he could not otherwise avoid. Well, these extremes of the state of necessity all apply in the case of the surgeon, who, put in the harsh condition, not created by him, extinguishes an imperfect and perhaps uncertain existence, to save a certain and real existence, which is that of the woman in childbirth." (in Italian)

[322] Abortion and the Catholic Church, Pro-Life Activist's Encyclopedia, American Life League.

[323] Under Vatican ruling, abortion triggers automatic excommunication, National Catholic Reporter, 17 January 2003.

[325] ttps://www.oas.org/juridico/spanish/mesicic3_ven_anexo6.pdf art. 435

[326] ttps://www.paho.org/ven/images/stories/VEN/protocolos/obstetrico/PROTOCOLO_OBSTETRICO.pdf?ua=1

[327] Second Trimester Abortion in Viet Nam: Changing to Recommended Methods and Improving Service Delivery, Tuyet T.D. Hoang, Thuy Phan and Trang N.K. Huynh, 2 September 2008.

[328] Termination of Pregnancy and Abortion in Vietnam, Angloinfo.

[329] Country Profile on Sexual and Reproductive Rights: Vietnam, Asian-Pacific Resource and Research Centre for Women, 2017.

[331] The Termination of Pregnancy Act, National Assembly of Zambia.

[332] Induced Abortion and Postabortion Care in Zimbabwe, Guttmacher Institute, October 2018. "In practice, it is extremely difficult to obtain a legal abortion; as a result, most abortions are clandestine and potentially unsafe."

[333] Abortion Ordinance, Sovereign Base Areas Gazette, 21 October 1974.

[334] 46.3903 Authorized abortions, Annotated Code of American Samoa, American Samoa Bar Association.

[gumpas-335] Abortions are legal in Guam, but doctors won't perform them, Associated Press, 7 June 2019. "The other U.S. territories in the Pacific – American Samoa and the Northern Mariana Islands – both prohibit abortions except in very limited circumstances."

[336] Criminal Code of Anguilla, Government of Anguilla, 15 December 2014.

[337] Criminal Code of Aruba, Government of Aruba, 3 July 2020. (in Dutch)

[awcwsx-338] Safe illegal abortion: an inter-island study in the northeast Caribbean, Gail Pheterson and Yamila Azize, c. 2005.

[340] Criminal Code Act 1907, Bermuda Laws Online, 30 August 2020.

[341] Criminal Code of the Virgin Islands, Government of the British Virgin Islands, 1997.

[342] Penal Code, Government of the Cayman Islands, 2019.

[343] Criminal Code, Government of Curaçao, 2019. (in Dutch)

[344] Much-needed abortion law is missing, Antilliaans Dagblad, 17 February 2015. (in Dutch)

[346] Crimes Ordinance 2014, Falkland Islands Government, 2019.

[347] Why 'restrictive' abortion laws still exist in the Faroe Islands, Nordpolitik, 23 November 2019.

[gi-348] Crimes (Amendment) Act 2019, Government of Gibraltar.

[349] Gibraltar votes 'yes' to easing abortion laws, The Guardian, 25 June 2021.

[gl-352] Law No. 232, Law for Greenland about Termination of Pregnancy, Government of Greenland, 12 June 1975 (in Danish).

[353] Offenses against the family, Compiler of Laws of Guam, 2018.

[354] No abortion providers on Guam, Pacific Daily News, 30 June 2018.

[gg1-356] Law on abortion, Guernsey Legal Resources, 1910. (in French)

[bourne-357] Rex v. Bourne, Central Criminal Court of England and Wales, 18–19 July 1938.

[360] Abortion (Guernsey) Law, 1997, Guernsey Legal Resources.

[361] The Abortion (Guernsey) (Amendment) Law, 2021, States of Guernsey.

[362] The Abortion (Guernsey) (Amendment) Law, 2021, States of Guernsey, 22 July 2021.

[hk-364] Cap. 212 Offences against the person ordinance, Hong Kong e-Legislation.

[366] Abortion Reform Act 2019, Isle of Man Legislation.

[367] Termination of Pregnancy (Jersey) Law 1997, Jersey Legal Information Board, 2019.

[368] Decree-Law no. 59/95/M, Official Press of Macau, 2004. (in Portuguese)

[369] "Penal Code" (PDF). Government of Montserrat. 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 December 2018.

[mp-370] Attorney General Opinion, Commonwealth Law Revision Commission, 10 March 1995.

[371] Health clinics performing abortions?, Saipan Tribune, 25 May 2000.

[373] Pitcairn laws, Government of the Pitcairn Islands.

[pr-375] Penal Code of Puerto Rico of 2012, with amendments up to 27 August 2021, Government of Puerto Rico. (in Spanish)

[376] El Pueblo de Puerto Rico v. Pablo Duarte Mendoza, Decisiones de Puerto Rico, 17 April 1980. (in Spanish)

[378] General Introduction to Legislation, Saint Helena Government.

[379] Abortion Act (UK) (Tristan da Cunha) Ordinance, 1967, Saint Helena Government, 2017.

[381] Criminal Code, Government of Sint Maarten, 2013. (in Dutch)

[383] Crimes, Procedure and Evidence Rules 2003, Pacific Islands Legal Information Institute, 2016.

[384] Handbook for the Law Commissioners of Tokelau, Government of Tokelau, August 2008.

[386] Offences Against the Person Ordinance, Government of the Turks and Caicos Islands, 31 March 2018.

[388] Abortion, 2019 US Virgin Islands Code, Title 14 § 151.

[EDJNet-389] Network, European Data Journalism. "Even where abortion is legal, access is not granted".

[MI2013-07-14-390] "Malta now only EU country without life-saving abortion law". The Malta Independent. 14 July 2013.

[maltanote-391] In Malta abortions are de facto allowed to save the mother's life through observance of the principle of double effect.^[295]

[OstergrenBossé2011-392] Ostergren, Robert C.; Le Bossé, Mathias (7 March 2011). The Europeans: A Geography of People, Culture, and Environment. Guilford Press. p. 203. ISBN 978-1-59385-384-6. Retrieved 30 December 2011.

[Kelly-393] Kelly, Jon (8 April 2016). "Why are Northern Ireland's abortion laws different to the rest of the UK?". BBC News.

[Jenkins2007-394] Jenkins, Philip (11 May 2007). God's continent: Christianity, Islam, and Europe's religious crisis. Oxford University Press. p. 91. ISBN 978-0-19-531395-6. Retrieved 30 December 2011.

[Abortion_in_Canada_StrachanPoloni-Staudinger2019-395] J. Cherie Strachan; Lori M. Poloni-Staudinger; Shannon Jenkins; Candice D. Ortbals (2019). Why Don't Women Rule the World?: Understanding Women's Civic and Political Choices. SAGE Publications. p. 115. ISBN 978-1-5443-1727-4.

[Abortion_in_Canada_Sethna_Doull_2013_pp._52–62-396] Sethna, Christabelle; Doull, Marion (2013). "Spatial disparities and travel to freestanding abortion clinics in Canada". Women's Studies International Forum. 38. Elsevier BV: 52–62. doi:10.1016/j.wsif.2013.02.001. ISSN 0277-5395.

[Abortion_in_Canada_SheldonWellings2020-397] Sally Sheldon; Kaye Wellings (March 2020). Decriminalising Abortion in the UK: What Would It Mean?. Policy Press. pp. 104–105. ISBN 978-1-4473-5401-7.

[Abortion_in_Canada_AmmerManson2009-398] Christine Ammer; JoAnn E. Manson (February 2009). The Encyclopedia of Women's Health. Infobase Publishing. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-8160-7407-5. Retrieved November 28, 2011.

[Abortion_in_Canada_StettnerBurnettHay2017-399] Shannon Stettner; Kristin Burnett; Travis Hay, eds. (1 December 2017). Abortion: History, Politics, and Reproductive Justice after Morgentaler. UBC Press. p. 224. ISBN 978-0-7748-3576-3. OCLC 1013541249.

[Abortion_in_Canada_SallyKaye2020-400] Sheldon, Sally; Wellings, Kaye, eds. (23 March 2020). Decriminalising Abortion in the UK: What Would It Mean?. Policy Press. pp. 107–. ISBN 978-1-4473-5402-4. OCLC 1145588167.

[Abortion_in_Canada_auto1-401] "Abortion Coverage by Region". National Abortion Federation Canada.

[Abortion_in_Canada_Action-402] "Access at a Glance: Abortion Services in Canada | Action Canada for Sexual Health and Rights". Action Canada for Sexual Health & Rights. While abortions after 20 weeks are statistically very rare (<2.5% of all abortions), there are people in Canada who require abortion beyond 20 weeks for serious and important reasons. There are only three service locations in Canada that offer abortion up to 23 weeks and 6 days (one in British Columbia, one in Southern Ontario, and one in Quebec). No providers in Canada offer abortion care beyond 23 weeks and 6 days.

[403] Casey, 505 U.S. at 877.

[Doan3-404] Alesha Doan (2007). Opposition and Intimidation: The Abortion Wars and Strategies of Political Harassment. University of Michigan Press. p. 57. ISBN 9780472069750.

[405] Liptak, Adam (29 June 2002). "Supreme Court Strikes Down Louisiana Abortion Law, With Roberts the Deciding Vote". The New York Times.

[406] "Answers to Questions About the Texas Abortion Law". The New York Times. By Roni Caryn Rabin. Published Sept. 1, 2021. Updated Sept. 23, 2021. [1]

[407] Worrell, Marc. "Abortion Laws Worldwide". Women on Waves.

[408] "The World's Abortion Laws | Center for Reproductive Rights". reproductiverights.org. Retrieved 7 January 2020.

[409] "Abortion in Latin America and the Caribbean". 10 May 2016.

[410] Reuters (6 September 2019). "El Salvador will seek third trial of woman accused of 'murdering' stillborn". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 7 January 2020. {{cite news}}: |last= has generic name (help)

[411] "El Salvador: Rape survivor sentenced to 30 years in jail under extreme anti-abortion law". www.amnesty.org.

[412] "El Salvador: Women jailed for miscarriages". BBC News. 28 April 2015.

[413] "How Doctors Date Pregnancies, Explained". Rewire.

[414] Choices, NHS (18 October 2017). "Abortion". www.nhs.uk.

[415] "Pregnancy—first day of the last menstrual period". meteor.aihw.gov.au.

[416] "Estimated Date of Delivery (EDD) Pregnancy Calculator". reference.medscape.com.

[417] "gestational age". TheFreeDictionary.com.

[419] "Loi du 17 décembre 2014 portant modification 1) du Code pénal et 2) de la loi du 15 novembre 1978 relative à l'information sexuelle, à la prévention de l'avortement clandestin et à la réglementation de l'interruption volontaire de grossesse". legilux.public.lu.

[421] sedepartementet, Sosial–og (18 May 2000). "About the Abortion Act". Government.no.

[422] "'Health' of the Mother". Newsweek. 15 October 2008.

[423] "States probe limits of abortion policy". Stateline. 22 June 2006.

[cfr-424] Center for Reproductive Rights. (n.d.). Picketing and Harassment. Retrieved 14 December 2006. Archived 30 November 2006 at the Wayback Machine

[425] "Choice on Termination of Pregnancy Act, 1996 [No. 92 of 1996] – G 17602". www.saflii.org.

[426] Bhalla, Nita (3 November 2020). "Kenyan charities urge government to quit U.S.-led anti-abortion pact". Reuters. Retrieved 3 November 2020.

[427] Sentencia C-355/06 (Constitutional Court 10 May 2006).

[428] Adriana Lamačková: Women’s Rights in the Abortion Decision of the Slovak Constitutional Court, 2014

[429] Nepal Supreme Court: Abortion Is a Right, 3 January 2011

[430] Dominican Republic Constitutional Court Repeals Abortion Law, 12 April 2015

[431] "El Tribunal Constitucional de Chile da luz verde a la despenalización del aborto en tres causales en histórica decisión". BBC Mundo. 21 August 2017. Retrieved 21 August 2017.

[432] "Ne prihvaćaju se prijedlozi za ocjenu ustavnosti TZV. Zakona o pobačaju".

[433] High Court Rules Abortion Remains Illegal In Kenya, 13 June 2019

[434] Colombia's Constitutional Court rules against legalizing abortion in first 16 weeks of pregnancy, 3 March 2020

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@@ Line 747: / Line 747: @@
 |{{flag+link|Abortion in the|United Arab Emirates}} || {{yes|no limit}} || {{no|prohibited}} || {{no|prohibited}} || {{yes2|16 weeks}}{{efn|Lethal anomalies only.<ref>[https://u.ae/en/information-and-services/health-and-fitness/woman-reproductive-and-sexual-healthcare Women's reproductive and sexual healthcare], Government of the United Arab Emirates, 11 July 2021.</ref>}} || {{no|prohibited}} || {{no|prohibited}}
 |-
-|{{flag+link|Abortion in the|United Kingdom}} [<span class=mw-customtoggle-gb style=color:#0645AD>subdivisions</span>] || {{yes|no limit}} || {{yes|no limit}} || {{yes2|permitted}}{{efn|name=gb|In [[Great Britain]], this ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is considered to be included in the ground for preserving physical or mental health.<ref>[http://www.efc.org.uk/rape-and-abortion/ Rape and abortion], EFC.</ref>}} || {{yes|no limit}} || {{yes|24 weeks}} || {{partial|varies}}{{efn|name=gbni|This ground is permitted only in [[Northern Ireland]], up to 12 weeks of gestation.<ref name=gbni/>}}
+|{{flag+link|Abortion in the|United Kingdom}} [<span class=mw-customtoggle-gb style=color:#0645AD>subdivisions</span>] || {{yes|no limit}} || {{yes|24 weeks}} || {{yes2|permitted}}{{efn|name=gb|In [[Great Britain]], this ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is considered to be included in the ground for preserving physical or mental health.<ref>[http://www.efc.org.uk/rape-and-abortion/ Rape and abortion], EFC.</ref>}} || {{yes|no limit}} || {{no|prohibited}} || {{partial|varies}}{{efn|name=gbni|This ground is permitted only in [[Northern Ireland]], up to 12 weeks of gestation.<ref name=gbni/>}}
 |-class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" id=mw-customcollapsible-gb
 |&emsp;{{flag+link|Abortion in|England}}<ref name=gb>[https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1967/87?view=extent Abortion Act 1967], Legislation.gov.uk.</ref> || {{yes|no limit}} || {{yes|no limit}} || {{yes2|permitted}}{{efn|name=gb}} || {{yes|no limit}} || {{yes|24 weeks}} || {{no|prohibited}}

v t e Lists of countries by laws and law enforcement rankings
Age of	Candidacy for political office Consent Criminal responsibility Drinking Driving Majority Marriage in the US Retirement Mandatory retirement School-leaving in the US Voting Suffrage Youth suffrage Working
Drugs and alcohol	Drug and precursor laws by country or territory Alcohol Alcohol consumption Bath salts Legal status of Mephedrone Legal status of Methylone Legal status of MPDV Cocaine use Legality Methamphetamine Legality Opiate use Psychedelics Amanita mushroom Legality Ayahuasca Legality Cannabis Legality Annual use Lifetime use Ibogaine Legality LSD Legality Psilocybin mushroom Legality Salvia divinorum Legality
Death	Legality of euthanasia Law enforcement killings Legality of suicide Legality of assisted suicide
Guns	Deaths Households Laws Ownership
Punishment	Death penalty Incarceration Life imprisonment
Policing	Prisoner abuse Size of police forces
Obscenity	Incest Laws Pornography Child pornography Fictional pornography depicting minors Simulated child pornography Internet pornography Prostitution Sex trafficking Sexual assault Child sexual abuse Rape Sodomy law
Reproduction	Abortion law Minors and abortion Adoption law International adoption Human cloning Sterilization Surrogacy
Censorship	Censorship by country Book censorship by country Cartographic censorship Film censorship by country Internet censorship by country Censorship of LGBT issues Political censorship Television censorship by country Video gaming censorship by country
Human rights	Children's rights Children in the military Intersex rights Same-sex marriage Human trafficking
Freedom of movement	By country In the air Abode
Property and environment	Air Estate Land Minerals Mining Mortgage Water Riparian water
Business	Competition Mergers and acquisitions Monopoly Corporate Corporate liability Legality of cryptocurrency
Violence	Corporal punishment At home At school In court LGBT rights Police brutality Smoking Alcohol law Murder Slavery
International ownership	International waters Admiralty law UN Convention on the Law of the Sea Antarctic Treaty System World Intellectual Property Organization World Intellectual Property Indicators Foreign ownership International copyright treaties
Other	Animal rights Immigration law National legal systems Religious law Separation of church and state Sharia World Justice Project
List of international rankings Lists by country

v t e Sexual revolution
Main topics	Birth control Male contraceptive Free love Gay liberation Die Sexualität im Kulturkampf
Milestones	Abortion law Boys in the Sand Blue Movie Myra Breckinridge Deep Throat Divorce law by country Freedom of speech Freedom of the press Golden Age of Porn Loving v. Virginia Miller Test Obergefell v. Hodges "Porno chic" Pornography Pornography in the United States Swinging The Pill (1965)
Slogans	"Make love, not war" "The personal is political"
Events	AIDS epidemic Kinsey Reports Masters and Johnson Institute Playboy Protests of 1968 Stonewall riots Summer of Love
People	Pat Califia Marilyn Chambers Aleister Crowley Gerard Damiano Betty Dodson Larry Flynt Sigmund Freud Ralph Ginzburg Al Goldstein Bob Guccione Terri Hall Fred Halsted Nina Hartley Hugh Hefner Magnus Hirschfeld David Hurles Virginia Johnson Alfred Kinsey Linda Lovelace Robert Mapplethorpe William Margold William Masters Radley Metzger Bettie Page Wilhelm Reich Marquis de Sade Margaret Sanger Annie Sprinkle Andy Warhol Ruth Westheimer Oscar Wilde
Places	55th Street Playhouse Caldron (sex club) Catacombs (sex club) Club Baths The Factory Gay bathhouse LGBT culture Dallas-Fort Worth Houston Miami New York City San Francisco Mineshaft (gay club) New Andy Warhol Garrick Theatre Plato's Retreat Sandstone retreat South of Market
Related	Counterculture of the 1960s Feminist views of pornography Freudo-Marxism Hippie Inside Deep Throat (2005 film) Kinsey (2004 film) LGBT Lust Lovelace (2013 film) Make Love, Not War: The Sexual Revolution: An Unfettered History (2001 book) The Notorious Bettie Page (2005 film) Peace movement Slut-shaming Whatever (1994 novel)