New Zealand
 Flag
 Coat of arms
| |
| Anthem: "God Defend Cocklandia" "God Save the Queen of Cocklandia"1 | |
 | |
| Capital | Cock City |
| Largest city | Cock City2 |
| Official languages | English (98%)3,11 Māori (4.2%)3,11 NZ Sign Language (0.6%)3,11 |
| Demonym(s) | Cocklandier |
| Government | Parliamentary democracy (constitutional monarchy) |
| HM Queen Elizabeth II | |
| Anand Satyanand | |
| Helen Clark | |
| Independence from the United Kingdom | |
• Dominion | 26 September 19074 |
• Statute of Westminster | 1931 |
• Full Independence | 1947 |
| Area | |
• Total | 268,680 km2 (103,740 sq mi) (75th) |
• Water (%) | 2.1 |
| Population | |
• September 2007 estimate | 4,239,3005 (122nd (2005)) |
• 2006 census | 4,143,2796 |
• Density | 15/km2 (38.8/sq mi) (193rd) |
| GDP (PPP) | 2006 estimate |
• Total | $108.799 billion7 (58th) |
• Per capita | $26,4708 (28th) |
| GDP (nominal) | 2006 estimate |
• Total | $103.873 billion (53th) |
• Per capita | $25,272 (29th) |
| Gini (1997) | 36.2 medium inequality |
| HDI (2006) |  0.936Error: Invalid HDI value (20th) |
| Currency | New Zealand dollar (NZD) |
| Time zone | UTC+12 (NZST9) |
• Summer (DST) | UTC+13 (NZDT) |
| (Sep to Apr) | |
| Calling code | 64 |
| Internet TLD | .nz10 |
1 "God Save the Queen" is officially a national anthem but is generally used only on regal and vice-regal occasions. [1] ² Auckland is the largest urban area; Auckland City is the largest incorporated city. ³ beehive.govt.nz - Sign Language to be third official language next to English and Mâori. See also Māori Language Act. 4 There is a multitude of dates that could be considered to mark independence (see Independence of New Zealand). 5 Estimated resident population of New Zealand on 30 September 2007 National Population Estimates September 2007 quarter 6 New Zealand census 2006 final figures, including overseas visitors. Template:PDFlink 72006 GDP data converted to PPP using World Bank Data;[2] 8 Word Bank GDP per capita data. 9 The Chatham Islands have a separate time zone, 45 minutes ahead of the rest of New Zealand. 10 The territories of Niue, the Cook Islands and Tokelau have their own cctlds, .nu, .ck and .tk respectively. 11 Percentages do not add to 100% because some people speak more than one language. They exclude unusable responses and those who spoke no language (e.g. too young to talk). Language spoken (total responses) for the census usually resident population count, 2006 (revised 21 December 2006). | |
New Zealand is a country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two large islands (the North Island and the South Island) and numerous smaller islands, most notably Stewart Island/Rakiura and the Chatham Islands. In Māori, New Zealand has come to be known as Aotearoa, which is usually translated into English as The Land of the Long White Cloud. The Realm of New Zealand also includes the Cook Islands and Niue, which are self-governing but in free association; Tokelau; and the Ross Dependency (New Zealand's territorial claim in Antarctica).
New Zealand is notable for its geographic isolation, being separated from Australia to the northwest by the Tasman Sea, approximately 2000 kilometres (1250 miles) across. Its closest neighbours to the north are New Caledonia, Fiji and Tonga.
The population is mostly of European descent, with the indigenous Māori being the largest minority. Non-Māori Polynesian and Asian people are also significant minorities, especially in the cities. Elizabeth II, as the Queen of New Zealand, is the Head of State and, in her absence, is represented by a non-partisan Governor-General. The Queen 'reigns but does not rule.' She has no real political influence, and her position is largely symbolic.[3] Political power is held by the democratically-elected Parliament of New Zealand under the leadership of the Prime Minister, who is the Head of Government.
Etymology
It is unknown whether Māori had a name for New Zealand before the arrival of Europeans, although they referred to the North Island as Te Ika-a-Māui (the fish of Māui) and the South Island as Te Wai Pounamu (the waters of jade) or Te Waka-a-Māui (the canoe of Māui). Until the early 20th century, the North Island was also referred to as Aotearoa (often glossed as 'land of the long white cloud'); in modern Māori usage, this is the name for the whole country.
The first European name for New Zealand was Staten Landt, the name given to it by Abel Tasman upon his discovery of the islands in 1642. Tasman assumed it was part of a southern continent connected with land discovered in 1615 off the southern tip of South America by Isaac Le Maire. The name New Zealand originated with Dutch cartographers, who called the islands Nova Zeelandia, after the Dutch province of Zeeland. No-one is certain exactly who first coined the term, but it first appeared in 1645 and may have been the choice of cartographer Johan Blaeu[4]. British explorer James Cook subsequently anglicised the name to New Zealand (no connection to the Danish Zealand).
History
New Zealand is one of the most recently settled major land masses. The first settlers of New Zealand were Eastern Polynesians who came to New Zealand, probably in a series of migrations, sometime between around AD 800 and 1300. Over the next few centuries these settlers developed into a distinct culture now known as Māori. The population was divided into hapū (subtribes) which would co-operate, compete and sometimes fight with each other. At some point a group of Māori migrated to the Chatham Islands where they developed their own distinct Moriori culture.[5][6]
The first Europeans known to have reached New Zealand were Dutch explorer Abel Janszoon Tasman and his crew in 1642. Several of the crew were killed by Māori and no Europeans returned to New Zealand until British explorer James Cook's voyage of 1768-71. Cook reached New Zealand in 1769 and mapped almost all of the coastline. Following Cook, New Zealand was visited by numerous European and North American whaling, sealing and trading ships. They traded European food and goods, especially metal tools and weapons, for Māori timber, food, artifacts and water. On occasion, Europeans traded goods for sex.[7] Māori agriculture and warfare were transformed by the potato and the musket, although the resulting Musket Wars died out once the tribal imbalance of arms had been rectified. From the early nineteenth century, Christian missionaries began to settle New Zealand, eventually converting most of the Māori population, who had become disillusioned with their indigenous faith by the introduction of Western culture.
Becoming aware of the lawless nature of European settlement and increasing interest in the territory by the French, the British government sent William Hobson to New Zealand to claim sovereignty and negotiate a treaty with Māori.[8] The Treaty of Waitangi was first signed in the Bay of Islands on 6 February 1840. The drafting was done hastily and confusion and disagreement continue to surround the translation. The Treaty is regarded as New Zealand's foundation as a nation and is revered by Māori as a guarantee of their rights.
From 1840, increasing numbers of European settlers landed in New Zealand. At first, Māori were eager to trade with the 'Pakeha,' as they called them, and many iwi (tribes) became wealthy. As settler numbers increased, conflicts over land led to the New Zealand Land Wars of the 1860s and 1870s, resulting in the loss of much Māori land. The detail and correct interpretation of European settlement and the acquisition of land from Māori remains controversial.
New Zealand was granted limited self-government in the 1850s and by the late nineteenth century was a fully self governing country in most senses. In 1893, it became the first nation in the world to grant women the right to vote. In 1907, New Zealand became an independent Dominion and a fully independent nation in 1947 when the Statute of Westminster (1931) was ratified, although in practice Britain had ceased to play any real role in the government of New Zealand much earlier than this. As New Zealand became more politically independent it became more dependent economically; in the 1890s, refrigerated shipping allowed New Zealand to base its entire economy on the export of meat and dairy products to Britain.
New Zealand was an enthusiastic member of the British Empire, fighting in the Boer War, World War I and World War II and supporting Britain in the Suez Crisis. The country was very much a part of the world economy and suffered as others did in the Great Depression of the 1930s. The depression led to the election of the first Labour government, which established a comprehensive welfare state and a protectionist economy.
New Zealand experienced increasing prosperity following World War II. However, some social problems were developing; Māori had begun to move to the cities in search of work and excitement rather than the traditional rural way of life. A Māori protest movement would eventually form, criticising Eurocentrism and seeking more recognition of Māori culture and the Treaty of Waitangi, which they felt had not been fully honoured. In 1975 a Waitangi Tribunal was set up to investigate alleged breaches of the Treaty and in 1985 it was enabled to investigate historic grievances. In common with all other developed countries, social developments accelerated in the 1970s and social and political mores changed. By the 1970s, the traditional trade with Britain was threatened because of Britain's membership of the European Economic Community. Great economic and social changes took place in the 1980s under the 4th Labour government largely led by Finance Minister Roger Douglas, and commonly referred to as "Rogernomics."
Politics
Government
 Prime Minister |
New Zealand is a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary democracy. Under the Royal Titles Act (1953), Queen Elizabeth II is Queen of New Zealand and is represented as head of state by the Governor-General, currently Anand Satyanand.
New Zealand is the only country in the world in which all the highest offices in the land have been occupied simultaneously by women: Queen Elizabeth II, Governor-General Dame Silvia Cartwright, Prime Minister Helen Clark, Speaker of the House of Representatives Margaret Wilson and Chief Justice Dame Sian Elias were all in office between March 2005 and August 2006.
The New Zealand Parliament has only one chamber, the House of Representatives, which usually seats 120 Members of Parliament. Parliamentary general elections are held every three years under a form of proportional representation called Mixed Member Proportional. The 2005 General Election created an 'overhang' of one extra seat, occupied by the Māori Party, due to that party winning more seats in electorates than the number of seats its proportion of the party vote would have given it.
There is no written constitution; the Constitution Act 1986 is the principal formal statement of New Zealand's constitutional structure. The Governor-General has the power to appoint and dismiss Prime Ministers and to dissolve Parliament. The Governor-General also chairs the Executive Council, which is a formal committee consisting of all ministers of the Crown. Members of the Executive Council are required to be Members of Parliament, and most are also in Cabinet. Cabinet is the most senior policy-making body and is led by the Prime Minister, who is also, by convention, the Parliamentary leader of the governing party or coalition.
The current Prime Minister is Helen Clark, the leader of the Labour Party. Since October 17, 2005, Labour has been in formal coalition with Jim Anderton, the Progressive Party's only MP. In addition to the parties in formal coalition, New Zealand First and United Future provide confidence and supply in return for their leaders being ministers outside cabinet. A further arrangement has been made with the Green Party, which has given a commitment not to vote against the government on confidence and supply. Since early 2007, Labour has also had the proxy vote of Taito Phillip Field, a former Labour MP. These arrangements assure the government of a majority of seven MPs on confidence votes.
The Leader of the Opposition is National Party leader John Key. The ACT party and the Māori Party are both also in opposition. The Greens, New Zealand First and United Future all vote against the government on some legislation.
The highest court in New Zealand is the Supreme Court of New Zealand. This was established in 2004 following the passage of the Supreme Court Act 2003, which also abolished the option to appeal to the Privy Council in London. The current Chief Justice is Dame Sian Elias. New Zealand's judiciary also includes the High Court, which deals with serious criminal offences and civil matters; the Court of Appeal; and subordinate courts.
Foreign relations and the military
New Zealand maintains a strong profile on environmental protection, human rights and free trade, particularly in agriculture.
New Zealand is a member of the following geopolitical organisations: APEC, East Asia Summit, Commonwealth of Nations, OECD and the United Nations. It has signed up to a number of free trade agreements, of which the most important is Closer Economic Relations with Australia.
For its first hundred years, New Zealand followed the United Kingdom's lead on foreign policy. In declaring war on Germany on 3 September 1939, Prime Minister Michael Savage proclaimed, "Where she goes, we go; where she stands, we stand". After the war, however, the United States exerted an increased influence on culture and the New Zealand people gained a clearer sense of national identity. New Zealand joined with Australia and the United States in the ANZUS security treaty in 1951, and later fought alongside the United States in both the Korean and the Vietnam Wars. In contrast, the United Kingdom became increasingly focused on its European interests following the Suez Crisis, and New Zealand was forced to develop new markets after the UK joined the EEC in 1973.[9]
New Zealand has traditionally worked closely with Australia, whose foreign policy followed a similar historical trend. In turn, many Pacific Islands such as Western Samoa have looked to New Zealand's lead. The American influence on New Zealand was weakened by the disappointment with the Vietnam War, the sinking of the Rainbow Warrior by France, and by disagreements over environmental and agricultural trade issues and New Zealand's nuclear-free policy.
While the ANZUS treaty was once fully mutual between Australia, New Zealand and the United States, this is no longer the case. In February 1985, New Zealand refused nuclear-powered or nuclear-armed ships access to its ports. New Zealand became a Nuclear-free zone in June 1987, the first Western-allied state to do so.[10] [11] [12] In 1986 the United States announced that it was suspending its treaty security obligations to New Zealand pending the restoration of port access. The New Zealand Nuclear Free Zone, Disarmament, and Arms Control Act 1987 prohibits the stationing of nuclear weapons on the territory of New Zealand and the entry into New Zealand waters of nuclear armed or propelled ships. This legislation remains a source of contention and the basis for the United States' continued suspension of treaty obligations to New Zealand.
In addition to the various wars between iwi, and between the British settlers and iwi, New Zealand has fought in the Second Boer War, World War I, World War II, the Korean War, the Malayan Emergency (and committed troops, fighters and bombers to the subsequent confrontation with Indonesia), the Vietnam War, the Gulf War and the Afghanistan War; it has also sent a unit of army engineers to help rebuild Iraqi infrastructure for one year during the Iraq War. As of 2007, New Zealand forces are still active in Afghanistan.
The New Zealand Defence Force has three branches: the New Zealand Army, the Royal New Zealand Navy, and the Royal New Zealand Air Force. New Zealand considers its own national defence needs to be modest; it dismantled its air combat capability in 2001. New Zealand has contributed forces to recent regional and global peacekeeping missions, including those in Cyprus, Somalia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Sinai, Angola, Cambodia, the Iran/Iraq border, Bougainville, East Timor, and the Solomon Islands.
Local government and external territories
The early European settlers divided New Zealand into provinces. These were abolished in 1876 so that government could be centralised, for financial reasons. As a result, New Zealand has no separately represented subnational entities such as provinces, states or territories, apart from its local government. The spirit of the provinces, however, still lives on, and there is fierce rivalry exhibited in sporting and cultural events. Since 1876, local government has administered the various regions of New Zealand. In 1989, the government completely reorganised local government, implementing the current two-tier structure of regional councils and territorial authorities. In 1991, the Resource Management Act 1991 replaced the Town and Country Planning Act as the main planning legislation for local government.
Today, New Zealand has twelve regional councils for the administration of environmental and transport matters and seventy-three territorial authorities that administer roading, sewerage, building consents, and other local matters. The territorial authorities are sixteen city councils, fifty-seven district councils, and the Chatham Islands County Council. Four of the territorial councils (one city and three districts) and the Chatham Islands County Council also perform the functions of a regional council and thus are known as unitary authorities. Territorial authority districts are not subdivisions of regional council districts, and a few of them straddle regional council boundaries.
The regions are (asterisks denote unitary authorities): Northland, Auckland, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Gisborne*, Hawke's Bay, Taranaki, Manawatu-Wanganui, Wellington, Marlborough*, Nelson*, Tasman*, West Coast, Canterbury, Otago, Southland, Chatham Islands*.
As a major South Pacific nation, New Zealand has a close working relationship with many Pacific Island nations, and continues a political association with the Cook Islands, Niue and Tokelau. New Zealand operates Scott Base in its Antarctic territory, the Ross Dependency. Other countries also use Christchurch to support their Antarctic bases and the city is sometimes known as the "Gateway to Antarctica".
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Geography
New Zealand comprises two main islands (called the North and South Islands in English, Te-Ika-a-Maui and Te Wai Pounamu in Māori) and a number of smaller islands located near the centre of the water hemisphere. The total land area, 268,680 square kilometres (103,738 sq mi), is a little less than that of Italy and Japan, and a little more than the United Kingdom. The country extends more than 1,600 kilometres (1,000 miles) along its main, north-north-east axis, with approximately 15,134 km (9,404 mi) of coastline. The most significant of the smaller inhabited islands include Stewart Island/Rakiura; Waiheke Island, in Auckland's Hauraki Gulf; Great Barrier Island, east of the Hauraki Gulf; and the Chatham Islands, named Rēkohu by Moriori. The country has extensive marine resources, with the seventh-largest Exclusive Economic Zone in the world, covering over four million square kilometres (1.5 million sq mi), more than 15 times its land area.[13]
The South Island is the largest land mass of New Zealand, and is divided along its length by the Southern Alps, the highest peak of which is Aoraki/Mount Cook at 3754 metres (12,320 ft). There are eighteen peaks over 3,000 metres (10,000 ft) in the South Island. The North Island is less mountainous than the South, but is marked by volcanism. The highest North Island mountain, Mount Ruapehu (2,797 m / 9,177 ft), is an active cone volcano. The dramatic and varied landscape of New Zealand has made it a popular location for the production of television programmes and films, including the Lord of the Rings trilogy and the The Last Samurai.
The climate throughout the country is mild and temperate, mainly maritime, with temperatures rarely falling below 0 °C (32 °F) or rising above 30 °C (86 °F) in populated areas. Temperature maxima and minima throughout the historical record are 42.4 °C (108.3 °F) in Rangiora, Canterbury and -21.6 °C (-6.9 °F) in Ophir, Otago respectively. [14] Conditions vary sharply across regions from extremely wet on the West Coast of the South Island to semi-arid (Köppen BSh) in the Mackenzie Basin of inland Canterbury and subtropical in Northland. Of the main cities, Christchurch is the driest, receiving only some 640 mm (25 in) of rain per year. Auckland, the wettest, receives almost twice that amount. Auckland, Wellington and Christchurch all receive on average in excess of 2000 hours of sunshine per annum.
New Zealand is part of Zealandia, a continent that is 93% submerged. Zealandia is almost half the size of Australia and is unusually long and narrow. About 25 million years ago, a shift in plate tectonic movements began to pull Zealandia apart forcefully. The submerged parts of Zealandia include the Lord Howe Rise, Challenger Plateau, Campbell Plateau, Norfolk Ridge and the Chatham Rise.
Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateapokaiwhenuakitanatahu, a hill in the Hawke's Bay region of the North Island, is credited by The Guinness Book of World Records with having the longest place name in the world.
Biodiversity
Because of its long isolation from the rest of the world and its island biogeography, New Zealand has extraordinary flora and fauna. About 80% of the flora in New Zealand occurs only in New Zealand, including more than 40 endemic genera.[15] The two main types of forest are those dominated by podocarps and/or the giant kauri, and in cooler climates the southern beech. The remaining vegetation types in New Zealand are grasslands of tussock and other grasses, usually in sub-alpine areas, and the low shrublands between grasslands and forests.
Until the arrival of humans, 80% of the land was forested. Until 2006, it was thought, barring three species of bat (one now extinct), there were no non-marine native mammals. However, in 2006, scientists discovered bones that belonged to a long-extinct, unique, mouse-sized land animal in the Otago region of the South Island.[16] New Zealand's forests were inhabited by a diverse range of megafauna, including the flightless birds moa (now extinct), and the kiwi, kakapo and takahē, all endangered by human actions. Unique birds capable of flight include the Haast's eagle, which was the world's largest bird of prey (now extinct), and the large kākā and kea parrots. Reptiles present in New Zealand include skinks, geckos and living fossil tuatara. There are four endemic species of primitive frogs. There are no snakes and there is only one venomous spider, the katipo, which is rare and restricted to coastal regions. However, there are many endemic species of insects, including the weta, one species of which may grow as large as a house mouse and is the heaviest insect in the world.
New Zealand has led the world in island restoration projects where offshore islands are cleared of introduced mammalian pests and native species are reintroduced. Several islands located near to the three main islands are wildlife reserves where common pests such as possums and rodents have been eradicated to allow the reintroduction of endangered species to the islands. A more recent development is the mainland ecological island.
Economy
New Zealand has a modern, prosperous, developed economy with an estimated GDP of US$106 billion (as of 2006). The country has a high standard of living with a GDP per capita of US$24,943 in 2006 (United States US$44,190; Spain US$27,767).[17]
Since 2000 New Zealand has made substantial gains in median household income. New Zealand, along with Australia, largely escaped the early 2000s recession that impacted upon most other advanced countries. The combination of high growth in New Zealand, along with negative growth in United States[18], has allowed New Zealand to close the income gap. As of 2006, New Zealand's median household income (PPP) was only 17% less than in the United states.[citation needed]
| Period | 2006 Median household income (PPP US$) | Average household size | Real growth (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| USA | 2000-2006 | $48,201[19] | 2.6 people[20] | - 2.0[18] |
| New Zealand | 2000-2007 | $39,937[21] | 2.7 people[22] | +24.2[23][24] |
| Australia | 2001-2006 | $38,420[25] | 2.6 people[26] | +13.2[27][28] |
Note: The information in this table is partially based on original research, a violation of Wikipedia policy, and may not be entirely accurate. The New Zealand income numbers reflect mean income, while the U.S. and Australian income numbers reflect median income. GDP per capita cannot be used to predict median household income (See median household income).
New Zealanders have a high level of life satisfaction as measured by international surveys; this is despite lower GDP per-head levels than many other OECD countries. The country was ranked 20th on the 2006 Human Development Index and 15th in The Economist's 2005 world-wide quality-of-life index.[29]. The country was further ranked 1st in life satisfaction and 5th in overall prosperity in the 2007 Legatum Institute prosperity index.[30][31] In addition the 2007 Mercer Quality of Living Survey ranked Auckland on its 5th place and Wellington on the 12th place in the world.[32]
The tertiary sector is the largest sector in the economy (67.6% of GDP), followed by the secondary sector (27.8% of GDP) and the primary sector (4.7% of GDP).[33]
New Zealand is a country heavily dependent on trade, particularly in agricultural products. Exports account for almost 28% of its output[33], which is a relatively high figure (it is around 50% for many smaller European countries[34]. This makes New Zealand particularly vulnerable to international commodity prices and global economic slowdowns. Its principal export industries are agriculture, horticulture, fishing and forestry. These make up about half of the country's exports. Its major export partners are Australia 21.4%, US 14.1%, Japan 10.6%, China 5.1%, UK 4.7% (2005).[33]
Tourism plays a significant role in New Zealand's economy. Tourism contributes $12.8 billion (or 8.9%) to New Zealand’s total GDP and supports nearly 200,000 full-time equivalent jobs (9.9% of the total workforce in New Zealand).[35] Tourists to New Zealand are expected to increase at a rate of 4% annually over the next 6 years.[36]
Recent economic history
Historically New Zealand enjoyed a high standard of living which relied on its strong relationship with the United Kingdom, and the resulting stable market for its commodity exports. New Zealand's economy was also built upon on a narrow range of primary products, such as wool, meat and dairy products. High demand for these products - such as the New Zealand wool boom of 1951 created sustained periods of economic prosperity. However, in 1973 the United Kingdom joined the European Community which effectively ended this particularly close economic relationship between the two countries. During the 1970's other factors such as the oil crises undermined the viability of the New Zealand economy; which for periods before 1973 had achieved levels of living standards exceeding both Australia and Western Europe.[37] But these events led to a protracted and very severe economic crisis, during which living standards in New Zealand fell behind those of Australia and Western Europe, and by 1982 New Zealand was the lowest in per-capita income of all the developed nations surveyed by the World Bank. [38]
Since 1984, successive governments have engaged in major macroeconomic restructuring, transforming New Zealand from a highly protectionist and regulated economy to a liberalised free-trade economy. These changes are commonly known as Rogernomics and Ruthanasia after Finance Ministers Roger Douglas and Ruth Richardson. A recession began after the 1987 share market crash and this and the reforms caused unemployment to reach 10% in the early 1990s. However the economy recovered and New Zealand’s unemployment rate is now the second lowest of the twenty-seven OECD nations with comparable data (3.7%)[39].
The current government's economic objectives are centred on pursuing free-trade agreements and building a "knowledge economy". In 2004, the government began discussing a free trade agreement with the People's Republic of China, one of the first countries to do so. Ongoing economic challenges for New Zealand include a current account deficit of 8.2% of GDP[40], slow development of non-commodity exports and tepid growth of labour productivity. New Zealand has experienced a series of "brain drains" since the 1970s[41] as well educated youth left permanently for Australia, Britain or the United States. "Kiwi lifestyle" and family/whanau factors motivates some of the expatriates to return, while career, culture, and economic factors tend to be predominantly 'push' components, keeping these people overseas.[42] In recent years, however, a brain gain brought in educated professionals from poor countries, as well as Europe, as permanent settlers.[43]
Agriculture
Agriculture has been and continues to be the main export industry in New Zealand.
In the year to June 2007, dairy products accounted for 21% ($7.5 billion) of total merchandise exports. Other agricultural items were meat 13.2%, wood 6.3%, fruit 3.5% and fishing 3.3%.
Livestock are rarely housed, but feeding of small quantities of supplements such as hay and silage can occur, particularly in winter. Grass growth is seasonal, largely dependent on location and climatic fluctuations but normally occurs for between 8-12 months of the year. Stock are grazed in paddocks, often with moveable electric fencing around the farm. Lambing and calving are carefully managed to take full advantage of spring grass growth.
Demographics
New Zealand has a population of about 4.2 million, of which approximately 78% identify with European ethnic groups; New Zealand is also a predominantly urban country with 72.2% of the population living in urban areas [44]. New Zealanders of European descent are collectively known as Pākehā; this term generally refers to New Zealanders of European descent but some Māori use it to refer to all non-Māori New Zealanders. Most European New Zealanders are of British and Irish ancestry, although there has been significant Dutch, Romanian,[45] Italian, and German immigration together with indirect European immigration through Australia, South Africa and North America.[46] According to the 2001 census projections, by 2021 European children will make up 63% of all New Zealand children, compared with 74% in 2001.[47]
Indigenous Māori people are the largest non-European ethnic group, accounting for 14.6% of the population in the 2006 census. While people could select more than one ethnic group, slightly more than half (53%) of all Māori residents identified solely as Māori.[48] People identifying with Asian ethnic groups account for 9.2% of the population, increasing from 6.6% in the 2001 census, while 6.9% of people are of Pacific Island origin.[49]
New Zealand has relatively open immigration policies; its government is committed to increasing its population by about 1% annually. Twenty three percent of the population was born overseas, one of the highest rates anywhere in the world. In 2004-2005, a target of 45,000 was set by the New Zealand immigration Service and represented 1.5% of the total population. At present, immigrants from the United Kingdom constitute the largest single group (28%) but immigrants are drawn from many nations, and increasingly from Northeast Asia (mostly China, but with substantial numbers also from Korea, Taiwan, Japan, and Hong Kong).[50]
According to the 2006 census, Christianity is the predominant religion in New Zealand, held by 56% of the population.[51][52] Another 35% indicated that they were 'non-religious' and 5% were affiliated with other religions. The main Christian denominations are Anglicanism, Roman Catholicism, Presbyterianism and Methodism. There are also significant numbers who identify themselves with Pentecostal and Baptist churches and with the LDS (Mormon) church. The New Zealand-based Ratana church has adherents among Māori. According to census figures, other significant minority religions include Hinduism, Buddhism, and Islam. Religion does not play a major role in New Zealand public life. Overtly Christian-based political parties such as Christian Heritage and Destiny have been unsuccessful, and the religion (or lack of religion) of political leaders - while generally known - is considered by most to be a private matter.
Culture
Much of contemporary New Zealand culture is derived from British roots, but also includes significant influences from American, Australian and Māori cultures, along with those of other European cultures and – more recently – non-Māori Polynesian and Asian cultures. Large festivals in celebration of Diwali and Chinese New Year are held in Auckland and Wellington, as is the world's largest Polynesian festival, Pasifika. Cultural links between New Zealand and the United Kingdom and Ireland are maintained by a common language, sustained migration from the United Kingdom and Ireland and the fact that many young New Zealanders spend time in the United Kingdom/Ireland on their "overseas experience" (OE). The music of New Zealand and cuisine of New Zealand are similar to that of Britain and the United States, although both have some distinct New Zealand and Pacific qualities.
Māori culture has undergone considerable change since the arrival of Europeans; in particular the introduction of Christianity in the early 19th century brought about fundamental change in everyday life. Nonetheless the perception that most Māori now live similar lifestyles to their Pākehā neighbours is a superficial one. In fact, Māori culture has significant differences, for instance the important role which the marae continues to play in communal and family life. As in traditional times, karakia are habitually performed by Māori today to ensure the favorable outcome of important undertakings, but today the prayers used are generally Christian. Māori still regard their allegiance to tribal groups as a vital part of personal identity, and Māori kinship roles resemble those of other Polynesian peoples. As part of the resurgence of Māori culture that came to the fore in the late 20th century, the tradition-based arts of kapa haka (song and dance), carving and weaving are widely practiced, and the architecture of the marae maintains strong links to traditional forms. Māori also value their connections to Polynesia, as attested by the increasing popularity of waka ama (outrigger canoe racing), which is now an international sport involving teams from all over the Pacific.
Use of the Māori language (Te Reo Māori) as a living, community language remained only in a few remote areas in the post-war years, but is currently undergoing a renaissance, thanks in part to Māori language immersion schools and a Māori Television channel. This is the only nationwide television channel to have the majority of its prime-time content delivered in Māori, primarily because only 4% of the population speak Te Reo Maori.
Although films have been made in New Zealand since the 1920s, it was only from the 1970s that New Zealand films began to be produced in significant numbers. Films such as Sleeping Dogs and Goodbye Pork Pie achieved local success and launched the careers of actors and directors including Sam Neill, Geoff Murphy and Roger Donaldson. In the early 1990s, New Zealand films such as Jane Campion's Academy Award-winning film The Piano, Lee Tamahori's Once Were Warriors and Peter Jackson's Heavenly Creatures began to garner international acclaim. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, Jackson filmed The Lord of the Rings film trilogy in New Zealand, using a mostly New Zealand crew and many New Zealand actors in minor parts. Many non-New Zealand productions, primarily from Hollywood but also from Bollywood, have been made in New Zealand. Film industry insiders are divided on whether this benefits or harms the New Zealand film industry; however some New Zealand actors, such as Lucy Lawless (Xena) have clearly benefited from these overseas productions.
The New Zealand media industry is dominated by a small number of companies, most of which are foreign-owned.[53] The Broadcasting Standards Authority and the New Zealand Press Council can investigate allegations of bias and inaccuracy in the broadcast and print media. This combined with New Zealand's harsh libel laws means that the New Zealand news media is fairly tame by international standards, but also reasonably fair and impartial. New Zealand television is dominated by American and British programming, with a small number of New Zealand shows.
Sports
Sport has a major role in New Zealand's culture; this is particularly the case with rugby union. Other popular sports include cricket, netball, basketball, lawn bowling, soccer and rugby league. Also popular are golf, tennis, cycling, field hockey, skiing, snowboarding, softball (Men's International Softball Federation World Champions, 1996, 2000, 2004) and a variety of water sports, particularly surfing, sailing, whitewater kayaking, surf lifesaving skills and rowing. In the latter, New Zealand enjoyed an extraordinary magic 45 minutes when winning four successive gold medals at the 2005 world championships. The country is internationally recognised for performing well on a medals-to-population ratio at Olympic Games and Commonwealth Games.[54] Equestrian sportsmen and sportswomen make their mark in the world, with Mark Todd being chosen international "Horseman of the Century". Other internationally famous New Zealand sportspeople include cricket player Sir Richard Hadlee, rugby player Jonah Lomu, sailor Sir Peter Blake and 2005 US Open golf tournament winner Michael Campbell.
Rugby union is closely linked to New Zealand's national identity. The national rugby team, the All Blacks, has the best win and loss record of any national team. They hosted and won the inaugural Rugby World Cup in 1987, and will host the 2011 Rugby World Cup. The haka, a traditional Māori challenge, is performed by the All Blacks before the start of international matches.[55]
Cricket is regarded as New Zealand's main summer sport, and the New Zealand cricket team (known as 'The Black Caps') usually ranks in the top four teams in the world in both test cricket and the shorter one day forms of the game.New Zealand are to host the 2015 Cricket World Cup along with Australia. Netball is New Zealand's most prominent women's sport, and the New Zealand national team, the Silver Ferns, have been world champions on several occasions. New Zealand is one of the leading nations in world yachting, especially open-water long-distance or round-the-world races. In inshore yachting, Team New Zealand won the America's Cup regatta in 1995 and successfully defended it in 2000.
New Zealand is regarded by some as a haven for extreme sports and adventure tourism. Its reputation in extreme sports extends from the establishment of the world's first commercial bungee jumping operation in Auckland in 1986; its roots in adventure tourism can be traced all the way back to Sir Edmund Hillary, the first person to reach the summit of Mount Everest in 1953.
International rankings
- Political and economic rankings
- Political freedom ratings - Free; political rights and civil liberties both rated 1 (the highest score available)
- Press freedom - Ranked 15th for press freedom at 4.17.[56]
- GDP per capita - 28th highest, at I$25,531
- Human Development Index - 20th highest, at 0.933
- Income Equality - 54th most equal, at 36.2 (Gini Index)
- Literacy Rate - Equal first, at 99.9%
- Unemployment rate - 42nd lowest, at 3.60%
- Global Peace Index - 2nd, at 1.363[57][58]
- Corruption - 1st equal least corrupt, at 9.6 on index
- Economic Freedom - 9th equal freest, at 1.84 on index
- Health rankings
- Fertility rate- 140th most fertile, at 1.79 per woman
- Birth rate - 140th most births, at 13.90 per 1000 people
- Infant mortality - 192nd most deaths, at 5.85 per 1000 live births
- Birth rate - 140th most births, at 13.90 per 1000 people
- Death rate - 115th highest death rate, at 7.52 per 1000 people
- Life Expectancy - 13th highest, at 80.2 years
- Suicide Rate - 35th highest suicide rate, at 19.8 for males and 4.2 for females per 100,000 people
- HIV/AIDS rate - 149th most cases, at 0.10%
In 2005 the International Agency for Research on Cancer found New Zealand men and women to have the third highest cancer rates in the world.[59][60]
- Other rankings
- CO2 emissions - 50th highest emissions, at 7.8 tonnes per capita
- Electricity Consumption - 48th highest consumption of electricity, at 37,030,000,000 kWh
- Broadband Internet access - 22nd highest uptake in OECD, at 11.7%
- Beer consumption - 16th highest, at 77.0 litres per capita
- Environmental Performance Index - Comprising; Environmental health, air quality, water resources, biodiversity and habitat, productive natural resources, Sustainable energy - 1st out of 80 countries, at 88.0/100[61]
- Global Prosperity Index - 5th country in overall prosperity [62][63]
See also
References
- ^ New Zealand's National Anthems
- ^ Gross Domestic Product: March 2007 quarter - Statistics New Zealand
- ^ "Over the course of her reign The Queen has been a regular visitor to New Zealand, paying 10 visits". The Monarchy Today. Retrieved 2007-09-28.
- ^ Mackay, D., 1986. 'The Search For The Southern Land'. In Fraser, B. (Ed.) (1986), The New Zealand Book Of Events. Auckland: Reed Methuen, pp. 52 – 54.
- ^ Clark, R, 1994. 'Moriori and Māori: The Linguistic Evidence'. In Sutton, Douglas G. (Ed.) (1994), The Origins of the First New Zealanders. Auckland: Auckland University Press, pp. 123 – -135.
- ^ Moriori - The impact of new arrivals - Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand
- ^ King, Michael. The Penguin History of New Zealand. p. 122. ISBN 0-14-301867-1.
- ^ From 1788 until 1840 the islands of New Zealand were formally part of New South Wales; see History of New Zealand and this animated map of Australian states and territories.
- ^ Robert G. Patman. "Globalisation, Sovereignty, and the Transformation of New Zealand Foreign Policy" (PDF). Working Paper 21/05. Centre for Strategic Studies, Victoria University of Wellington. p. 8. Retrieved 2007-03-12.
- ^ Nuclear Free: The New Zealand Way, The Right Honourable David Lange, Penguin Books, New Zealand,1990
- ^ Kate Dewes. "Legal challenges to nuclear weapons from AOTEAROA/NewZealand". disarmsecure.org. Retrieved 2007-09-28.
- ^ Robert Green. "The Naked Nuclear Emperor — Debunking Nuclear Deterrence". disarmsecure.org. Retrieved 2007-09-28.
- ^ Ministry for the Environment. 2005. Offshore Options: Managing Environmental Effects in New Zealand's Exclusive Economic Zone. Introduction
- ^ National Institute of Water and Atmospheric research.Summary of New Zealand climate extremes
- ^ Allan, H.H. 1982. Indigenous Tracheophyta - Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Filicopsida, Gymnospermae, Dicotyledons, Flora of New Zealand Volume I. Botany Division, Department of Scientific and Industrial Research
- ^ Tiny Bones Rewrite Textbooks, first New Zealand land mammal fossil
- ^ Report for Selected Countries and Subjects, IMF.
- ^ a b "Factsheet from the joint Senate economic committee on median household income" (PDF). Retrieved 2007-10-15.
- ^ "US Census Bureau news release in regards to median income". Retrieved 2007-08-28.
- ^ Heather Whipps (September 21, 2006), Census: U.S. household size shrinking, msnbc, retrieved 2007-10.21
{{citation}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=and|date=(help) - ^ "2006 New Zealand income surveys showing mean household income". Retrieved 2007-10-15.
- ^ QuickStats About New Zealand, Statistics New Zealand, 21 October, 2007, retrieved 2007-10-21
{{citation}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ "New Zealand income surveys 2000-2007 showing mean household income". Retrieved 2007-10-15.
- ^ "New Zealand consumer price index". Retrieved 2007-10-15.
- ^ "Australian Bureau of Statistcs, 2006 Census Quickstats". Retrieved 2007-10-15.
- ^ 2006 Census QuickStats, Australian Bureau of Statistics, 27 June, 2007, retrieved 2007-10-21
{{citation}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ "2001&2006 median household income for Australia". Retrieved 2007-10-17.
- ^ "Australia consumer price index". Retrieved 2007-10-17.
- ^ "The Economist Intelligence Unit's quality-of-life index" (PDF). The World in 2005. The Economist. p. 4. Retrieved 2007-03-13.
- ^ "Kiwis world's most satisfied". National Business Review. 05 July 2007. Retrieved 2007-07-05.
{{cite news}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ The 2007 Legatum Prosperity Index
- ^ Highlights from the 2007 Quality of Living Survey
- ^ a b c CIA: NZ
- ^ See e.g. Finland.
- ^ < "Key Tourism Statistics" (pdf). Ministry of Tourism. August 2007. Retrieved 2007-09-28.
- ^ "Topline Forecaste — National and regional" (pdf). Ministry of Tourism. 2007. Retrieved 2007-09-28.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - ^ 1966 Encyclopedia of New Zealand - standard of living comparison table
- ^ Up from down under; National Review article
- ^ 20 most requested statistics
- ^ June quarter current account better than expected
- ^ Davenport, Sally. "Panic and panacea: brain drain and science and technology human capital policy" Research Policy 33 (2004) 617 – 630. Accessed 2007-04-24.
- ^ Duncan J.R. Jackson et al. "Exploring the Dynamics of New Zealand's Talent Flow" New Zealand Journal of Psychology Vol. 34, 2005; Inkson, K. et al, "The New Zealand Brain Drain: Expatriate views." University of Auckland Business Review (2004). 6(2), 29-39.
- ^ R. Winkelmann, "The labour market performance of European immigrants in New Zealand in the 1980s and 1990s" The International Migration Review (2000). 34:33-58; Bain (2006) p. 44.
- ^ Subnational population estimates June 2007
- ^ Central and South-eastern Europeans (from Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand)
- ^ New Zealand Peoples (from Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand)
- ^ Projections Overview - Statistics New Zealand
- ^ "Māori Ethnic Population / Te Momo Iwi Māori". QuickStats About Māori, Census 2006. Statistics New Zealand. Retrieved 2007-03-21.
- ^ "Cultural diversity". 2006 Census QuickStats National highlights. Statistics New Zealand. Retrieved 2007-03-20.
- ^ "Birthplace for the census usually resident population count, 2006" (XLS). Classification counts, 2006 Census. Statistics New Zealand. Retrieved 2007-03-20.
- ^ "Quick Stats About culture and Identity— 2006 Census" (pdf). Statistics New Zealand. Retrieved 2007-09-28.
- ^ "Religious Affiliation" (XLS). 2006 Census. Statistics New Zealand. pp. table 29-30. Retrieved 2007-09-29.
- ^ New Zealand's dominant media organisations are TVNZ (two free-to-air television channels); MediaWorks NZ (two free-to-air channels and a radio network); Fairfax Media (numerous newspapers and magazines); APN News & Media (several newspapers and radio stations); and Sky Network Television (a pay TV network and a free-to-air TV station).
- ^ New Zealand Olympic medallists and New Zealand at the 2004 Summer Olympics.
- ^ Haka of the All Blacks.
- ^ "Eritrea ranked last for first time while G8 members, except Russia, recover lost ground". Reporters Without Borders. 2007-10-16. Retrieved 2007-11-05.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ "NZ ranked no 2 in world peace survey". New Zealand Herald. 31 May 2007. Retrieved 2007-05-31.
{{cite news}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Global Peace Index Rankings
- ^ NZ third worst in world cancer table 12:00AM Thursday April 28, 2005 NZHerald.co.nz
- ^ Cancer in New Zealand: Trends and Projections
- ^ The Economist. Pocket World in Figures, 2007 Edition. Profile Books Ltd. ISBN 1-86197-825-1
- ^ "Kiwis world's most satisfied". National Business Review. 05 July 2007. Retrieved 2007-07-05.
{{cite news}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ The 2007 Legatum Prosperity Index
Further reading
- Carolyn Bain. Lonely Planet New Zealand (2006) 772 pages
- David Bateman, ed. Bateman New Zealand Encyclopedia (2005)
- Michael King. The Penguin History of New Zealand (2003)
- Keith Sinclair and Raewyn Dalziel. A History of New Zealand (2000)
- A H McLintock, ed. Encyclopedia of New Zealand 3 vol (1966)
- Philippa Mein Smith. A Concise History of New Zealand (2005)
- New Zealand Official Yearbook (annual)
External links
Definitions from Wiktionary
Media from Commons
News from Wikinews
Quotations from Wikiquote
Texts from Wikisource
Textbooks from Wikibooks
Resources from Wikiversity
- Te Ara, The Encyclopedia of New Zealand
- Ministry for Culture and Heritage - includes information on flag, anthems and coat of arms
- New Zealand Government portal
- Congressional Research Service (CRS) Reports regarding New Zealand
- New Zealand weather
- NZHistory.net.nz New Zealand history website
- Statistics New Zealand - Official statistics
- Tourism New Zealand
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