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19th century

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For other uses, see 19th century (disambiguation).
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The 19th century began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar. During the 19th century, the Spanish, Portuguese, Chinese, and Ottoman empires began to crumble, the Holy Roman Empire was dissolved, and the Mughal empire collapsed. This helped pave the way for The British Empire, The German Empire, and additionally The United States of America spread its influence internationally, this lead to each power engaging in conflicts and new advancements in exploration and various sciences.

Antoine-Jean Gros, Surrender of Madrid, 1808. Napoleon enters Spain's capital during the Peninsular War, 1810

After the Napoleonic Wars, the British Empire became the world's leading power, controlling one quarter of the world's population and one third of the land area. It enforced a Pax Britannica, encouraged trade, and battled rampant piracy. During this time the 19th century was an era of widespread invention and discovery, with significant developments in the understanding or manipulation of mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, electricity, and metallurgy largely setting the groundworks for the comparably overwhelming and very rapid technological innovations which would take place the following century.

Modest advances in medicine and the understanding of human anatomy and disease prevention were also applicable to the 1800s, and were partly responsible for rapidly accelerating population growth in the western world. The introduction of railroads provided the first major advancement in land transportation for centuries, and their placement and application radically altered the ways people could live and rapidly and reliably obtain necessary commodities, fueling major urbanization movements in countries across the globe. Numerous cities worldwide surpassed populations of 1,000,000 or more during this century. The last remaining undiscovered landmasses of Earth, largely pacific island chains and atolls, were discovered during this century, and with the exception of the extreme zones of the Arctic and Antarctic, accurate and detailed maps of the globe were available by the 1890s.

Jean-Léon Gérôme, The Slave Market c.1884

Slavery was greatly reduced around the world. Following a successful slave revolt in Haiti, Britain forced the Barbary pirates to halt their practice of kidnapping and enslaving Europeans, banned slavery throughout its domain, and charged its navy with ending the global slave trade. Britain abolished slavery in 1834, America's 13th Amendment following their Civil War abolished slavery there in 1865, and in Brazil slavery was abolished in 1888 (see Abolitionism). Similarly, serfdom was abolished in Russia.

The 19th century was remarkable in the widespread formation of new settlement foundations which were particularly prevalent across North America and Australasia, with a significant proportion of the two continents' largest cities being founded at some point in the century.

Eras

Events

Map of the world from 1897. The British Empire (marked in pink) was the superpower of the 19th century.

1800–1809

1810s

1816: Shaka rises to power over the Zulu kingdom

1820s

1830s

Samuel Morse

1840s

1850s

The Charge of the Light Brigade during the Crimean War

1860s

The first vessels sail through the Suez Canal

1870s

Alexander Graham Bell speaking into prototype model of the telephone
Thomas Edison, 1878

1880s

1890s

Significant people

Abraham Lincoln in 1863, 16th President of The United States, presided during the American Civil War, assassinated in April 1865
Sitting Bull, 1885
Franz Boas one of the pioneers of modern anthropology

Show business and theatre

Sarah Bernhardt, 1877
Ellen Terry, c.1880

Athletics

Main articles: Baseball Hall of Fame, Major League Baseball, List of bare-knuckle boxers, List of heavyweight boxing champions, and Olympic Games
John L Sullivan in his prime, c.1882.

Business

Main articles: Robber baron (industrialist) and business magnate

Famous and infamous personalities

Jesse and Frank James, 1872
File:WyattEarpBatMasterson.jpg
Deputies Bat Masterson and Wyatt Earp in Dodge City, 1876
Geronimo, 1887, prominent leader of the Chiricahua Apache
Baptiste Deburau c. 1830s, as Pierrot.

Anthropology, archaeology, scholars

Journalists, missionaries, explorers

Thomas Nast, c. 1860-1875, photo by Mathew Brady or Levin Handy

Photography

Mathew Brady, Self-portrait, c.1875
See also: History of photography, List of photojournalists, Photojournalism, and Daguerreotype

Visual artists, painters, sculptors

Main articles: History of painting, Western painting, and Ukiyo-e
Eugène Delacroix, Liberty Leading the People (1830, Louvre)
Claude Monet's Impression, Sunrise, 1872, gave the name to Impressionism
Paul Cézanne, Self-portrait, 1880-1881
Vincent van Gogh, Self-portrait, 1889

The Realism and Romanticism of the early 19th century gave way to Impressionism and Post-Impressionism in the later half of the century, with Paris being the dominant art capital of the world. In the United States the Hudson River School was prominent. 19th century painters included:

Music

Main articles: List of Romantic composers, Romantic music, and Romanticism
Ludwig van Beethoven
Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres, Niccolo Paganini, (c.1819), charcoal drawing

Sonata form matured during the Classical era to become the primary form of instrumental compositions throughout the 19th century. Much of the music from the nineteenth century was referred to as being in the Romantic style. Many great composers lived through this era such as Ludwig van Beethoven, Franz Liszt, Frédéric Chopin, Piotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky and Richard Wagner. The list includes:

Literature

Main articles: Romantic poetry and 19th century in literature
Charles Dickens
Mark Twain, 1894
Jane Austen
Daguerreotype of Edgar Allan Poe
Arthur Rimbaud c.1872
Ralph Waldo Emerson
Henry David Thoreau, August 1861.
Emile Zola, c.1900

On the literary front the new century opens with Romanticism, a movement that spread throughout Europe in reaction to 18th-century rationalism, and it develops more or less along the lines of the Industrial Revolution, with a design to react against the dramatic changes wrought on nature by the steam engine and the railway. William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge are considered the initiators of the new school in England, while in the continent the German Sturm und Drang spreads its influence as far as Italy and Spain.

French arts had been hampered by the Napoleonic Wars but subsequently developed rapidly. Modernism began.

The Goncourts and Emile Zola in France and Giovanni Verga in Italy produce some of the finest naturalist novels. Italian naturalist novels are especially important in that they give a social map of the new unified Italy to a people that until then had been scarcely aware of its ethnic and cultural diversity. On February 21, 1848, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels published the Communist Manifesto.

There was a huge literary output during the 19th century. Some of the most famous writers included the Russians Leo Tolstoy, Anton Chekov and Fyodor Dostoevsky; the English Charles Dickens, John Keats, and Jane Austen; the Scottish Sir Walter Scott; the Irish Oscar Wilde; the Americans Edgar Allan Poe, Ralph Waldo Emerson, and Mark Twain; and the French Victor Hugo, Honoré de Balzac, Jules Verne and Charles Baudelaire. Some other important writers of note included:

Science

File:Charles Darwin 1881.jpg
Charles Darwin
Nadar, Louis Pasteur, 1878
Mme. Marie Curie, c.1898

The 19th century saw the birth of science as a profession; the term scientist was coined in 1833 by William Whewell[1]. Among the most influential ideas of the 19th century were those of Charles Darwin, who in 1859 published the book The Origin of Species, which introduced the idea of evolution by natural selection. Louis Pasteur made the first vaccine against rabies, and also made many discoveries in the field of chemistry, including the asymmetry of crystals. Thomas Alva Edison gave the world a practical everyday lightbulb. Karl Weierstrass and other mathematicians also carried out the arithmetization of analysis. But the most important step in science at this time was the ideas formulated by Michael Faraday and James Clerk Maxwell. Their work changed the face of physics and made possible for new technology to come about. Other important 19th century scientists included:

Philosophy and religion

File:Mirza Ghulam Ahmad1907.jpg
Mirza Ghulam Ahmad
Karl Marx
Søren Kierkegaard
Friedrich Nietzsche
Otto Von Bismarck, the Iron Chancellor
File:Tokugawa Yoshinobu.JPG
The last shogun Tokugawa Yoshinobu in French military uniform
One of the first photographs, produced in 1826 by Nicéphore Niépce

The 19th century was host to a variety of religious and philosophical thinkers, including:

Politics and the Military

File:George Eastman stamp.JPG
A 1954 U.S. stamp featuring George Eastman.

Worst Person

In the BBC's history poll of worst people in history, the 19th century's worst in Britain was the infamous Serial killer Jack The Ripper, an unidentified killer who murdered many Prostitutes, five, in the autumn of 1888.

See also

Eras, Epochs, Decades and years

References

  1. ^ "William Whewell". Stanford University. Retrieved 2008-03-03.
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