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Not to be confused with Arab world or Muslim world.
League of Arab States
جامعة الدول العربية
Jāmiʻat ad-Duwal al-ʻArabīyah
Location of the Arab League
Administrative centerCairoa
Official languages
Demonym(s)Arabs
TypeRegional organization
Members
22 states
Leaders
Ahmed Aboul Gheit
Ali Al-Daqbaashi
 Lebanon
LegislatureArab Parliament
Establishment
22 March 1945
Area
• Total area
13,132,327 km2 (5,070,420 sq mi)
Population
• 2015 estimate
423,000,000[3]
• Density
27.17/km2 (70.4/sq mi)
GDP (PPP)2016 estimate
• Total
$8.335 trillion
• Per capita
$9347
GDP (nominal)2011 estimate
• Total
$3.526 trillion
• Per capita
$4,239
Currency
21
Time zoneUTC+0 to +4
Website
www.LasPortal.org
  1. From 1979 to 1989, Tunis, Tunisia.
  2. Suspended. The Syrian National Coalition currently represents Syria.
Part of a series on the
Arab world
Political Issues
Weapons of mass destruction
Geography
Regions
Deserts
Governance
Institutions
Unity
Arab leaders
Ideology
Attempts at political union
Organizational unions
Foreign relations
Multilateral
Bilateral
Military
Joint defence
Economy
Transportation
Railways
Bridges
Culture
Media
Arab Capital of Culture
Sport
Demographics
Religion
Ethnicities
Lifestyles
Language

Template:Contains Arabic text The Arab League (Arabic: الجامعة العربية al-Jāmiʻah al-ʻArabīyah), formally the League of Arab States (Arabic: جامعة الدول العربية Jāmiʻat ad-Duwal al-ʻArabīyah), is a regional organization of Arab countries in and around North Africa, the Horn of Africa and Arabia. It was formed in Cairo on 22 March 1945 with six members: Kingdom of Egypt, Kingdom of Iraq, Transjordan (renamed Jordan in 1949), Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, and Syria.[4] Yemen joined as a member on 5 May 1945. Currently, the League has 22 members, but Syria's participation has been suspended since November 2011, as a consequence of government repression during the Syrian Civil War.[5]

The League's main goal is to "draw closer the relations between member States and co-ordinate collaboration between them, to safeguard their independence and sovereignty, and to consider in a general way the affairs and interests of the Arab countries".[6]

Through institutions, such as the Arab League Educational, Cultural and Scientific Organization (ALECSO) and the Economic and Social Council of the Arab League's Council of Arab Economic Unity (CAEU), the Arab League facilitates political, economic, cultural, scientific, and social programmes designed to promote the interests of the Arab world.[7][8] It has served as a forum for the member states to coordinate their policy positions, to deliberate on matters of common concern, to settle some Arab disputes and to limit conflicts such as the 1958 Lebanon crisis. The League has served as a platform for the drafting and conclusion of many landmark documents promoting economic integration. One example is the Joint Arab Economic Action Charter, which outlines the principles for economic activities in the region.

Each member state has one vote in the League Council, and decisions are binding only for those states that have voted for them. The aims of the league in 1945 were to strengthen and coordinate the political, cultural, economic and social programs of its members and to mediate disputes among them or between them and third parties. Furthermore, the signing of an agreement on Joint Defence and Economic Cooperation on 13 April 1950 committed the signatories to coordination of military defence measures. In March 2015, the Arab League General Secretary announced the establishment of a Joint Arab Force with the aim of counteracting extremism and other threats to the Arab States. The decision was reached while Operation Decisive Storm was intensifying in Yemen. Participation in the project is voluntary, and the army intervenes only at the request of one of the member states. The growing militarization of the region and the increase in violent civil wars as well as terrorist movements are the reason behind the creation of the JAF, financed by the rich Gulf countries.[9]

In the early 1970s, the Economic Council of the League of Arab States put forward a proposal to create the Joint Arab Chambers of Commerce across the European states. That led, under the decree of the League of Arab States no. K1175/D52/G, to the decision by the Arab governments to set up the Arab British Chamber of Commerce which was mandated to "promote, encourage and facilitate bilateral trade" between the Arab world and its major trading partner, the United Kingdom.

The Arab League has similarly played a role in shaping school curricula by advancing the role of women in the Arab societies, promoting child welfare, encouraging youth and sports programs, preserving Arab cultural heritage and fostering cultural exchanges between the member states.[citation needed] Literacy campaigns have been launched, intellectual works were reproduced and modern technical terminology is translated for the use within member states. The league encourages measures against crime and drug abuse and deals with labour issues, particularly among the emigrant Arab workforce.[citation needed]

History

Main article: History of the Arab League

Following adoption of the Alexandria Protocol in 1944, the Arab League was founded on 22 March 1945. It aimed to be a regional organisation of Arab states with a focus to developing the economy, resolving disputes and coordinating political aims.[10] Other countries later joined the league.[11] Each country was given one vote in the council. The first major action was the joint intervention, allegedly on behalf of the majority Arab population being uprooted as the state of Israel emerged in 1948 (and in response to popular protest in the Arab world), but a major participant in this intervention, Transjordan, had agreed with the Israelis to divide up the Arab Palestinian state proposed by the United Nations General Assembly, and Egypt intervened primarily to prevent its rival in Amman from accomplishing its objective.[12] It was followed by the creation of a mutual defence treaty two years later. A common market was established in 1965.[10][13]

Geography

Main article: Geography of the Arab League
Joining dates of member states; the Comoros (circled) joined in 1993.
  1940s   1950s   1960s   1970s

The Arab League member states cover over 13,000,000 km2 (5,000,000 sq mi) and straddles two continents: Africa and Asia. The area largely consists of arid deserts, such as the Sahara. Nevertheless, it also contains several highly fertile lands like the Nile Valley, the Jubba Valley and Shebelle Valley in the Horn of Africa, the Atlas Mountains in the Maghreb, and the Fertile Crescent that stretches over Mesopotamia and the Levant. The area comprises deep forests in southern Arabia and parts of the world's longest river, the Nile.

Member states

Main article: Member states of the Arab League

The Charter of the Arab League, also known as the Pact of the League of Arab States, is the founding treaty of the Arab League. Adopted in 1945, it stipulates that "the League of Arab States shall be composed of the: independent Arab States that have signed this Pact."[14]

Starting with only six members in 1945, the Arab League now occupies an area spanning around 14 million km² and counts 22 members, and 4 observer states. The 22 members today include three of the largest African countries (Sudan, Algeria and Libya) and the largest country in the Middle East (Saudi Arabia).

There was a continual increase in membership during the second half of the 20th century, with an additional 15 Arab states being admitted. Syria was suspended following the 2011 uprising, but its seat was later given to Syrian opposition. As of 2015, there are a total of 22 member states. The Arab League member states are as follows:

and 4 observer states :


On 22 February 2011, following the start of the Libyan Civil War and the use of military force against civilians, the Arab League Secretary-General, Amr Moussa, stated that Libya's membership in the Arab League had been suspended: "the organisation has decided to halt the participation of the Libyan delegations from all Arab League sessions".[16] That makes Libya the second country in the League's history to have a frozen membership. Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi declared that the League was illegitimate, saying: "The Arab League is finished. There is no such thing as the Arab League".[17][18] On 25 August 2011, Secretary-General Nabil Elaraby announced it was "about time" Libya's full member status was restored. The National Transitional Council, the partially recognised interim government of Libya, sent a representative to be seated at the Arab League meeting on 17 August to participate in a discussion as to whether to readmit Libya to the organisation.[19]

The Arab Parliament recommended the suspension of member states Syria and Yemen on 20 September 2011 over persistent reports of disproportionate violence against regime opponents and activists during the Arab Spring.[20] A vote on 12 November agreed to the formal suspension of Syria four days after the vote, giving Assad a last chance to avoid suspension. Syria, Lebanon and Yemen voted against the motion, and Iraq abstained.[21] There was a large amount of criticism as the Arab League sent in December 2011 a commission "monitoring" violence on people protesting against the regime. The commission was headed by Mohammad Ahmed Mustafa al-Dabi, who served as head of Omar al-Bashir's military intelligence, while war crimes, including genocide, were allegedly committed on his watch.[22][23][24] On 6 March 2013, the Arab League granted to the Syrian National Coalition Syria's seat in the Arab League.[1] On 9 March 2014, the pan-Arab group's secretary general Nabil al-Arabi said that Syria's seat at the Arab League would remain vacant until the opposition completes the formation of its institutions.[25]

Politics and administration

Main articles: Charter of the Arab League, Politics of the Arab League, and Arab Parliament
Headquarters of the Arab League, Cairo.
Administrative divisions in the Arab League.

The Arab League is a political organization which tries to help integrate its members economically, and solve conflicts involving member states without asking for foreign assistance. It possesses elements of a state representative parliament while foreign affairs are often dealt with under UN supervision.

The Charter of the Arab League[6] endorsed the principle of an Arab homeland while respecting the sovereignty of the individual member states. The internal regulations of the Council of the League[26] and the committees[27] were agreed in October 1951. Those of the Secretariat-General were agreed in May 1953.[28]

Since then, governance of the Arab League has been based on the duality of supra-national institutions and the sovereignty of the member states. Preservation of individual statehood derived its strengths from the natural preference of ruling elites to maintain their power and independence in decision making. Moreover, the fear of the richer that the poorer may share their wealth in the name of Arab nationalism, the feuds among Arab rulers, and the influence of external powers that might oppose Arab unity can be seen as obstacles towards a deeper integration of the league.

Mindful of their previous announcements in support of the Arabs of Palestine the framers of the Pact were determined to include them within the League from its inauguration.[29] This was done by means of an annex that declared:[6]

Even though Palestine was not able to control her own destiny, it was on the basis of the recognition of her independence that the Covenant of the League of Nations determined a system of government for her. Her existence and her independence among the nations can, therefore, no more be questioned de jure than the independence of any of the other Arab States. [...] Therefore, the States signatory to the Pact of the Arab League consider that in view of Palestine's special circumstances, the Council of the League should designate an Arab delegate from Palestine to participate in its work until this country enjoys actual independence

At the Cairo Summit of 1964, the Arab League initiated the creation of an organisation representing the Palestinian people. The first Palestinian National Council convened in East Jerusalem on 29 May 1964. The Palestinian Liberation Organization was founded during this meeting on 2 June 1964. Palestine was shortly admitted in to the Arab League, represented by the PLO. Today, State of Palestine is a full member of the Arab League.

At the Beirut Summit on 28 March 2002, the league adopted the Arab Peace Initiative,[30] a Saudi-inspired peace plan for the Arab–Israeli conflict. The initiative offered full normalisation of the relations with Israel. In exchange, Israel was required to withdraw from all occupied territories, including the Golan Heights, to recognise Palestinian independence in the West Bank and Gaza Strip, with East Jerusalem as its capital, as well as a "just solution" for the Palestinian refugees. The Peace Initiative was again endorsed at 2007 in the Riyadh Summit. In July 2007, the Arab League sent a mission, consisting of the Jordanian and Egyptian foreign ministers, to Israel to promote the initiative. Following Venezuela's move to expel Israeli diplomats amid the 2008–2009 Israel–Gaza conflict, Kuwaiti member of parliament Waleed Al-Tabtabaie proposed moving Arab League headquarters to Caracas, Venezuela.[31] On 13 June 2010, Amr Mohammed Moussa, Secretary-General of the Arab League, visited the Gaza Strip, the first visit by an official of the Arab League since Hamas' armed takeover in 2007.

In 2015, the Arab League voiced support for Saudi Arabian-led military intervention in Yemen against the Shia Houthis and forces loyal to former President Ali Abdullah Saleh, who was deposed in the 2011 uprising.[32]

Summits

2013 Arab League Summit Logo
No. Date Host City
1 13–17 January 1964 Egypt Cairo
2 5–11 September 1964 Egypt Alexandria
3 13–17 September 1965 Morocco Casablanca
4 29 August 1967 Sudan Khartoum
5 21–23 December 1969 Morocco Rabat
6 26–28 November.1973 Algeria Algiers
7 29 October 1974 Morocco Rabat
8 25–26 October 1976 Egypt Cairo
9 2–5 November.1978 Iraq Baghdad
10 20–22 November 1979 Tunisia Tunis
11 21–22 November 1980 Jordan Amman
12 6–9 September 1982 Morocco Fes
13 1985 Morocco Casablanca
14 1987 Jordan Amman
15 June 1988 Algeria Algiers
16 1989 Morocco Casablanca
17 1990 Iraq Baghdad
18 1996 Egypt Cairo
19 27–28 March 2001 Jordan Amman
20 27–28 March 2002 Lebanon Beirut
21 1 March 2003 Egypt Sharm el-Sheikh
22 22–23 May 2004 Tunisia Tunis
23 22–23 March 2005 Algeria Algiers
24 28–30 March 2006 Sudan Khartoum
25 27–28 March 2007 Saudi Arabia Riyadh
26 29–30 March 2008 Syria Damascus
27 28–30 March 2009 Qatar Doha
28 27–28 March 2010 Libya Sirte
29 27–29 March 2012 Iraq Baghdad
30 21–27 March 2013 Qatar Doha[33]
31 25–26 March 2014 Kuwait Kuwait City[34]
32 28–29 March 2015 Egypt Sharm El Sheikh[35]
33 20 July 2016 Mauritania Nouakchott
34 Spring 2017 Bahrain Manama

Military

Main article: Military of the Arab League

The Joint Defence Council of the Arab League is one of the Institutions of the Arab League.[36] It was established under the terms of the Joint Defence and Economic Co-operation Treaty of 1950 to coordinate the joint defence of the Arab League member states.[37]

The Arab League as an Organization has no military Force, like the UN or EU, but at the 2007 summit, the Leaders decided to reactivate their joint defense and establish a peacekeeping force to deploy in South Lebanon, Darfur, Iraq, and other hot spots.

At a 2015 summit in Egypt, member nations agreed in principle to form a joint military force.[38]

Emergency summits

No. Date Host City
1 21–27 September 1970 Egypt Cairo
2 17–28 October 1976 Saudi Arabia Riyadh
3 7–9 September 1985 Morocco Casablanca
4 8–12 November 1987 Jordan Amman
5 7–9 June 1988 Algeria Algiers
6 23–26 June 1989 Morocco Casablanca
7 28–30 March 1990 Iraq Baghdad
8 9–10 August 1990 Egypt Cairo
9 22–23 June 1996 Egypt Cairo
10 21–22 October 2000 Egypt Cairo
11 7 January 2016 Saudi Arabia Riyadh
  • Two summits are not added to the system of Arab League summits:
    • Anshas, Egypt: 28–29 May 1946.
    • Beirut, Lebanon: 13 – 15 November 1958.
  • Summit 14 in Fes, Morocco, occurred in two stages:
    • On 25 November 1981: the 5-hour meeting ended without an agreement on document.
    • On 6–9 September 1982.

Economic resources

Main article: Economy of the Arab League
See also: List of countries by GDP (PPP) and List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita

The Arab League is rich in resources, with enormous oil and natural gas resources in certain member states. Another industry that is growing steadily in the Arab League is telecommunications. Within less than a decade, local companies such as Orascom and Etisalat have managed to compete internationally.

Economic achievements initiated by the League amongst member states have been less impressive than those achieved by smaller Arab organisations such as the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC).[39] Among them is the Arab Gas Pipeline, that will transport Egyptian and Iraqi gas to Jordan, Syria, Lebanon, and Turkey. As of 2013, a significant difference in economic conditions exist between the developed oil states of Algeria, Qatar, Kuwait and the UAE, and developing countries like Comoros, Djibouti, Mauritania, Somalia, Sudan and Yemen.

OAPEC Members

The Arab League also includes great fertile lands in the southern part of Sudan. It is referred to as the food basket of the Arab World, the region's instability including the independence of South Sudan has not affected its tourism industry, that is considered the fastest growing industry in the region, with Egypt, UAE, Lebanon, Tunisia and Jordan leading the way. Another industry that is growing steadily in the Arab League is telecommunications.

Economical achievements within members have been low in the league's history, other smaller Arab Organizations have achieved more than the league has, such as the GCC, but lately several major economic projects that are promising are to be completed, the Arab Gas Pipeline is to end by the year 2010, Connecting Egyptian and Iraqi Gas to Jordan, Syria and Lebanon, and then to Turkey thus Europe, a free trade Agreement (GAFTA) is to be completed by 1 January 2008, making 95% of all Arab Products tax free of customs.

Transport

Main article: Transport in the Arab League

The Arab League is divided into five parts when it comes to transport, with the Arabian Peninsula and the Near East being entirely connected by air, sea, roads and railways. Another part of the League is the Nile Valley, made up of Egypt and Sudan. These two member states have started to improve the River Nile's navigation system to improve accessibility and thus foster trading. A new railway system is also set to connect the southern Egyptian city of Abu Simbel with the northern Sudanese city of Wadi Halfa and then to Khartoum and Port Sudan. The third division of the League is the Maghreb, where a 3,000 km stretch of railway runs from the southern cities of Morocco to Tripoli in Western Libya. The fourth division of the League is the Horn of Africa, whose member states include Djibouti and Somalia. These two Arab League states are separated by only ten nautical miles from the Arabian Peninsula by the Bab el Mandeb and this is quickly changing as Tarik bin Laden, the brother of Osama bin Laden, has initiated the construction of the ambitious Bridge of the Horns project, which ultimately aims to connect the Horn of Africa with the Arabian Peninsula via a massive bridge. The project is intended to facilitate and accelerate the already centuries-old trade and commerce between the two regions. The last division of the League is the isolated island of Comoros, which is not physically connected to any other Arab state, but still trades with other League members.

Literacy in Arab league countries

Main article: List of countries by literacy rate

In collecting literacy data, many countries estimate the number of literate people based on self-reported data. Some use educational attainment data as a proxy, but measures of school attendance or grade completion may differ. Because definitions and data collection methods vary across countries, literacy estimates should be used with caution. United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Report 2010. It is also important to note that the Persian Gulf region has had an oil boom, enabling more schools and universities to be set up.

Rank Country Literacy rate
1  Qatar 97.3[40]
2  Jordan 97.2[40]
3  Palestine 95.3[40]
4  Bahrain 94.6[40]
5  Kuwait 93.9[40]
6  United Arab Emirates 90.0[40]
7  Lebanon 89.6[40]
8  Libya 89.5[40]
9  Saudi Arabia 87.2[40]
10  Oman 86.9[40]
11  Syria 84.1[40]
12  Tunisia 79.1[40]
13  Iraq 78.5[40]
14  Comoros 75.5[40]
15  Egypt 73.9[40]
16  Somalia 73.5
17  Algeria 72.6[40]
18  Sudan 71.9[40]
19  Morocco 71.0[40]
20  Djibouti 70.0[41]
21  Yemen 65.3[40]

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of the Arab League
Population density of the Arab world in 2008

The Arab League is a culturally and ethnically one association of 22 member states, with the overwhelming majority of the League's population identified as Arab (on a cultural ethnoracial basis). As of July 1, 2013, about 359 million people live in the states of the Arab League. Its population grows faster than in most other global regions. The most populous member state is Egypt, with a population of about 91 million.[42] The least populated is the Comoros, with over 0.6 million inhabitants.

Rank Country Population Density (/km2) Density (sq mi) Notes
1  Egypt 83,550,000 109 282 [43]
2  Algeria 37,100,000 16 41 [44]
3  Iraq 37,056,169 84 218 [45]
4  Morocco 32,064,173 71 184 [44]
5  Sudan 30,894,000 16 41 [46]
6  Saudi Arabia 28,146,658 12 31 [44]
7  Yemen 23,580,000 45 117 [44]
8  Syria* 21,906,000 118 306 [44]
9  Palestine 4,550,368 756 1,958 [47]
10  Tunisia 10,673,800 65 168 [48]
11  Somalia 11,400,000 18 47 [44]
12  United Arab Emirates 8,264,070 99 256 [49]
13  Libya 6,733,620 3.8 9.8 [44][50]
14  Jordan 6,332,000 71 184 [44]
15  Lebanon 4,224,000 404 1,046 [44]
16  Kuwait 3,566,437 200 518 [44]
17  Mauritania 3,291,000 3.2 8.3 [44]
18  Oman 2,845,000 9.2 24 [44]
19  Qatar 1,699,435 154 399 [44]
20  Bahrain 1,234,596 1,646 4,263 [51]
21  Djibouti 864,000 37 96 [44]
22  Comoros 691,000 309 800 [44]
Total  Arab League 356,398,918 30.4 78.7
  • Syrian demographics are before the Syrian civil war.

Religion

Almost all of the Arab League's citizens adhere to Islam, with Christianity being the second largest religion. At least 15 million Christians combined live in Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, Sudan and Syria. In addition, there are smaller but significant numbers of Druze, Yazidis, Shabaks and Mandaeans. Numbers for nonreligious Arabs are generally not available, but research by the Pew Forum suggests around 1% of people in the MENA region are 'unaffiliated'.[52]

Linguistics

The official language of the Arab League is Literary Arabic, based on Classical Arabic. However, several Arab League member states have other co-official or national languages, such as Somali, Berber, Kurdish, Assyrian, and Nubian. Additionally, various different Arabic dialects are spoken, such as Egyptian Arabic, Levantine Arabic and Moroccan Arabic.

Culture

Part of a series on
Arabic culture
Architecture
Styles


Features

Types


Art
Styles

Types

Features


Cuisine
Dress
Headwear

Clothing

Music
Theory

Genres

Art music

Folk


Dance
Literature
Scripts

Prose

Islamic

Poetry

Genres

Forms

Arabic prosody

National literatures of Arab States

Science
Philosophy

Concepts

Texts


Mythology

Fictional Arab people

Spirituality
North Arabian deities

South Arabian deities

Sports

Main article: Sport policies of the Arab League

The pan Arab Games, are considered the Biggest Arab Sport Event, another Arab Tournament was made by the ART (Arab Radio and Television) to sponsor Arab Champions League, between Arab clubs.[citation needed]

The Union of Arab Football Associations organizes the Arab Nations Cup and UAFA Club Cup. Arab sport federations also exist for several games, include basketball, volleyball, handball, table tennis, tennis, squash and swimming.[citation needed]

Most of the federations and their competitions are sponsored by the Arab League.[citation needed]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Ian Black. "Syrian opposition takes Arab League seat". the Guardian. Retrieved 20 November 2014.
  2. ^ "Syrian opposition fails to win country's Arab League seat". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 20 November 2014.
  3. ^ total population 450 million, CIA Factbook estimates an Arab population of 533 million, see article text.
  4. ^ "Arab League". The Columbia Encyclopedia. 2013. Retrieved 17 December 2013. – via Questia (subscription required)
  5. ^ Sly, Liz (12 November 2011). "Syria suspended from Arab League". Washington Post.
  6. ^ a b c "Pact of the League of Arab States, 22 March 1945". The Avalon Project. Yale Law School. 1998. Archived from the original on 25 July 2008. Retrieved 15 July 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  7. ^ "The Arab League Educational, Cultural and Scientific Organization (ALESCO)".
  8. ^ Ashish K. Vaidya, Globalization (ABC-CLIO: 2006), p. 525.
  9. ^ Fanack. "The Joint Arab Force—Will It Ever Work?". Fanack.com. Retrieved 13 July 2015.
  10. ^ a b Arab League formed — History.com This Day in History — 3/22/1945. History.com. Retrieved on 2014-04-28.
  11. ^ HowStuffWorks "Arab League". History.howstuffworks.com (2008-02-27). Retrieved on 2014-04-28.
  12. ^ Avi Shlaim, Collusion Across the Jordan: King Abdullah, the Zionist Movement and the Partition of Palestine. Oxford, U.K., Clarendon Press, 1988; Uri Bar-Joseph, Uri, The Best of Enemies: Israel and Transjordan in the War of 1948. London, Frank Cass, 1987; Joseph Nevo, King Abdullah and Palestine: A Territorial Ambition (London: Macmillan Press; New York: St. Martin's Press, 1996.
  13. ^ Robert W. MacDonald, The League of Arab States: A Study in Regional Organization. Princeton, New Jersey, United States, Princeton University Press, 1965.
  14. ^ "Pact of the League of Arab States, March 22, 1945". Yale Law School. Retrieved 9 July 2016.
  15. ^ http://edition.cnn.com/2013/07/30/world/meast/arab-league-fast-facts/
  16. ^ Libya suspended from Arab League sessions - Israel News, Ynetnews. Ynetnews.com (1995-06-20). Retrieved on 2014-04-28.
  17. ^ Souhail Karam - Tom Heneghan - Michael Roddy (16 March 2011). "Gaddafi taunts critics, dares them to get him". Reuters. Retrieved 20 March 2011.
  18. ^ Kat Higgins (16 March 2011). "Libya: Clashes Continue As World Powers Stall". Sky News. Retrieved 20 March 2011.
  19. ^ "Arab League Recognizes Libyan Rebel Council". RTT News. 25 August 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2011.
  20. ^ "Arab League parliament urges Syria suspension". Al Jazeera. 20 September 2011. Retrieved 20 September 2011.
  21. ^ "Arab League Votes to Suspend Syria Over Crackdown". New York Times. 12 November 2011. Retrieved 12 November 2011.
  22. ^ D. Kenner, "The World's Worst Human Rights Observer". Foreign Policy, 27 December 2011. As Arab League monitors work to expose President Bashar al-Assad's crackdown, the head of the mission is a Sudanese general accused of creating the fearsome "Janjaweed," which was responsible for the worst atrocities during the Darfur genocide. http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/12/27/the_worlds_worst_human_rights_observer
  23. ^ Syrian activists slam Arab League mission head CNN, 28 December 2011.
  24. ^ "Violence in second Syrian city ahead of Arab League monitors' visit", The Guardian, 28 December 2011, http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/dec/28/syria-egypt
  25. ^ "Syria opposition 'not yet ready for Arab League seat'". The Daily Star Newspaper - Lebanon. Retrieved 20 November 2014.
  26. ^ "Internal Regulations of the Council of the League of Arab States". Model League of Arab States. Ed Haynes, Winthrop University. 6 April 1998. Archived from the original on 6 April 2008. Retrieved 9 July 2008.
  27. ^ "Internal Regulations of the Committees of the League of Arab States". Model League of Arab States. Ed Haynes, Winthrop University. 6 April 1998. Archived from the original on 6 April 2008. Retrieved 9 July 2008.
  28. ^ "Internal Regulations of the Secretariat-General of the League". Model League of Arab States. Ed Haynes, Winthrop University. 6 April 1998. Archived from the original on 6 April 2008. Retrieved 9 July 2008.
  29. ^ Geddes, 1991, p. 208.
  30. ^ Council of Arab States (1 October 2005). "The Arab Peace Initiative, 2002". al bab. Retrieved 9 July 2008.
  31. ^ "Kuwaiti MP calls to move Arab league to Venezuela". AFP, via CaribbeanNetNews. 15 January 2009. Retrieved 16 January 2009.
  32. ^ Boyle, Christina; al-Alayaa, Zaid (29 March 2015). "Arab League's joint military force is a 'defining moment' for region". Los Angeles Times.
  33. ^ Arab League Summit 2013. Qatarconferences.org (2013-03-27). Retrieved on 2014-04-28.
  34. ^ Arab League summit hit by new rifts - Features. Al Jazeera English. Retrieved on 2014-04-28.
  35. ^ Opposition fail to get Syria Arab League seat - Middle East. Al Jazeera English. Retrieved on 2014-04-28.
  36. ^ "Arab-Israeli Wars: 60 Years of Conflict". ABC-CLIO. Retrieved 30 June 2014.
  37. ^ Osmańczyk, Edmund Jan (2003). "League of Arab States". In Mango, Anthony (ed.). Encyclopedia of the United Nations and international agreements. Vol. 2 (3 ed.). New York: Routledge. p. 1290.
  38. ^ "Arab summit agrees on unified military force for crises". Reuters. 29 March 2015.
  39. ^ "Reuters.com". Reuters. Retrieved 20 November 2014.
  40. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s The World Factbook. Cia.gov. Retrieved on 2014-04-28.
  41. ^ DK Publishing (2012). Compact Atlas of the World. Penguin. p. 138. ISBN 0756698596.
  42. ^ "Central Agency for Public Mobilization And Statistics".
  43. ^ Official Egyptian Population clock
  44. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "World Population Prospects, Table A.1" (PDF). 2008 revision. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. 2009: 17. Retrieved 22 September 2010. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  45. ^ http://www.hcp.ma Official Moroccan Population clock
  46. ^ http://www.cbs.gov.sd 2008 Sudanese census
  47. ^ "Estimated Population in the Palestinian Territory Mid-Year by Governorate,1997-2016". Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics. State of Palestine. Archived from the original on 8 June 2014. Retrieved 8 June 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  48. ^ "National Statistics Institute of Tunisia". Retrieved 20 November 2014.
  49. ^ "المركز الوطني للإحصاء: المواطنون 947.9 ألفاً - جريدة الاتحاد". Alittihad.ae. Archived from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 16 August 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  50. ^ "The World Factbook". cia.gov.
  51. ^ Bahraini Census 2010 - تعداد السكــان العام للبحريــن 2010. Census2010.gov.bh. Retrieved on 2014-04-28.
  52. ^ "Religious Diversity Around The World - Pew Research Center". Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. 4 April 2014.
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