Comparison of orbital launch systems
This is a comparison of orbital launch systems. The following exposes the full list of conventional orbital launch systems. For the short simple list of conventional launcher families, see: Comparison of orbital launchers families. For the list of predominantly solid-fuelled orbital launch systems, see: Comparison of solid-fuelled orbital launch systems.
Spacecraft propulsion[note 1] is any method used to accelerate spacecraft and artificial satellites. A conventional solid rocket or a conventional solid-fuel rocket is a rocket with a motor that uses solid propellants (fuel/oxidizer).[note 2] Orbital launch systems are rockets and other systems capable of placing payloads into or beyond Earth orbit. All current spacecraft use conventional chemical rockets (bipropellant or solid-fuel) for launch, though some[note 3] have used air-breathing engines on their first stage.[note 4]
Current and upcoming rockets
Orbits legend:
- LEO, low Earth orbit
- SSO, near-polar Sun-synchronous orbit
- polar, polar orbit
- MEO, medium Earth orbit
- GTO, geostationary transfer orbit
- GEO, geostationary orbit (direct injection)
- HEO, high Earth orbit
- HCO, heliocentric orbit
- TLI, trans-lunar injection
- TMI, trans-Mars injection
- Launch system status legend
- Under developmentOperational
- ^ Suborbital flight tests and on-pad explosions are excluded, but launches failing en route to orbit are included.
- ^ Effective year for active rockets, planned year for rockets in development
- ^ A suborbital flight was conducted in 2014 as Angara-1.2pp, testing only the first and second stages.[5]
- ^ a b c Reference altitude 500 km
- ^ Upgraded to 11,115 kg by 2020[10]
- ^ With in-orbit refueling
- ^ First tests of the second stage spacecraft planned for 2019, first stage tests in 2020[26]
- ^ a b c d Reference altitude 700 km
- ^ a b c d Last flight planned for 2019
- ^ a b PAF structural limit: 10,886 kg[49]
- ^ GTO payload is 5,550 kg when the first stage lands downrange on a drone ship (ASDS). Reduced to 3,500 kg if the first stage returns to the launch site (RTLS).[45]
- ^ Additionally, one rocket exploded on the launch pad in 2016.[48]
- ^ GTO payload is 8,000 kg when the core first-stage booster lands downrange on a drone ship (ASDS) and the side boosters return to the launch site (RTLS). Increased to 10,000 kg if all boosters land on drone ships.[45]
- ^ GTO payload with enhanced engines, as of GSLV version 2A[56]
- ^ A suborbital test flight was conducted in 2014 (designated LVM-3/CARE) without the cryogenic upper stage (CUS).[58]
- ^ 5,100 kg to a 500-km Sun-synchronous orbit; 3,300 kg to 800 km[59]: 64–65
- ^ A suborbital test flight took place in 2018.[65]
- ^ Reference altitude 400 km
- ^ Additionally, one rocket exploded on the launch pad in 2012.[121]
- ^ A suborbital test flight succeeded in 2016; the maiden orbital flight in 2017 failed at second stage.[124]
- ^ Suborbital test flight in 2004, without Fregat upper stage.[135]
- ^ A prior version of the SS-520 flew twice as a suborbital sounding rocket in 1998 and 2000. In 2017, the addition of a small third stage enabled orbital launches of ultra-light nano- or picosatellites.[148]
- ^ A suborbital test flight failed in 2006. The first two orbital missions failed in 2009 and 2012, and the rocket finally reached orbit in late 2012.[154]
- ^ Two suborbital test flights were performed in 2017.[156]
- ^ a b c Calculated as 30% more than Delta IV Heavy, per sources
Retired rockets
Launch systems by country
The following chart shows the number of launch systems developed in each country, and broken down by operational status. Rocket variants are not distinguished; i.e., the Atlas V series is only counted once for all its configurations 401–431, 501–551, 552, and N22.
- Operational
- In development
- Retired
See also
Notes
- ^ There are many different methods. Each method has drawbacks and advantages, and spacecraft propulsion is an active area of research. However, most spacecraft today are propelled by forcing a gas from the back/rear of the vehicle at very high speed through a supersonic de Laval nozzle. This sort of engine is called a rocket engine.
- ^ The first medieval rockets were solid-fuel rockets powered by gunpowder; they were used by the Chinese, Indians, Mongols and Arabs, in warfare as early as the 13th century.
- ^ Such as the Pegasus rocket and SpaceShipOne.
- ^ Most satellites have simple reliable chemical thrusters (often monopropellant rockets) or resistojet rockets for orbital station-keeping and some use momentum wheels for attitude control. Soviet bloc satellites have used electric propulsion for decades, and newer Western geo-orbiting spacecraft are starting to use them for north-south stationkeeping and orbit raising. Interplanetary vehicles mostly use chemical rockets as well, although a few have used ion thrusters and Hall effect thrusters (two different types of electric propulsion) to great success.
- ^ First suborbital test in 1969, first orbital launch attempt in 1970
- ^ Without Buran, and assuming payload providing orbital insertion
- ^ a b The US Space Shuttle Transportation System and the Soviet Energia-Buran system, consist of launch vehicle rockets and returnable spaceplane orbiter. Payload values listed here are for the mass of the payload in cargo bay of the spaceplanes, excluding the mass of the spaceplanes themselves.
- ^ The SpaceX website lists the F9 payload to LEO as 13,150kg. The payload to GTO is listed as 4,850kg. However, SpaceX has stated that these numbers include a 30% margin to accommodate re-usability.
- ^ Suborbital test flights in 1995, 1997 and 2002, no orbital launches attempted
- ^ The N1 rocket was initially designed for 75mt LEO capacity and launch attempts were made with this version, but there were studies to increase the payload capacity to 90—95 mt, if a liquid-hydrogen upper stage engine could be developed.
- ^ The Saturn V made 13 launches, 12 of which reached the correct orbits, and the other (Apollo 6) reached a different orbit than the one which had been planned; however, some mission objectives could still be completed; NASA, Saturn V News Reference, Appendix: Saturn V Flight History (1968). For more information, see the Saturn V article. The Saturn V launch record is usually quoted as having never failed, e.g. "The rocket was masterminded by Wernher Von Braun and did not fail in any of its flights", Alan Lawrie and Robert Godwin; Saturn, but the Apollo 6 launch should be considered a partial mission failure. The 13th launch of Saturn V was in special configuration (SA-513) with the Skylab.
- ^ A third rocket exploded before launch
- ^ First orbital launch attempt in 2005
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