List of Indigenous peoples: Difference between revisions

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'''[[Western Asia]]''' includes the region of [[Dead Sea Transform]], the [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]]n peninsula, the [[Levant]], [[Asia Minor]], the [[Caucasus]] region and extending to the southern Caspian coast, Kopet Dag mountains and the eastern Dasht-e Lut desert.
'''[[Western Asia]]''' includes the region of [[Dead Sea Transform]], the [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]]n peninsula, the [[Levant]], [[Asia Minor]], the [[Caucasus]] region and extending to the southern Caspian coast, Kopet Dag mountains and the eastern Dasht-e Lut desert.
*'''[[Arabians]]'''&nbsp;– a Semitic [[nomadic]] people who live in tribal societies and maintain ancient tribal affiliation, customs and culture. Originating in the [[Arabian Peninsula]], they are now found as majority populations in the in the regional diaspora modern states of Iraq, Syria, Jordan, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Lebanon, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, UAE, Oman and Yemen as a result of the [[Muslim conquests]]. Arabs are also a minority economic migrant population in France, Argentina, United States, Iran, Israel,<ref>Bachmann (2007, pp. 420–424)</ref> Mexico, Spain, Turkey, and Brazil.
*'''[[Arabians]]'''&nbsp;– a Semitic [[nomadic]] people who live in tribal societies and maintain ancient tribal affiliation, customs and culture. Originating in the [[Arabian Peninsula]], they are now found as majority populations in the in the regional diaspora modern states of Iraq, Syria, Jordan, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Lebanon, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, UAE, Oman and Yemen as a result of the [[Muslim conquests]]. Arabs are also a minority economic migrant population in France, Argentina, United States, Iran, Israel,<ref>Bachmann (2007, pp. 420–424)</ref> Mexico, Spain, Turkey, and Brazil.
*'''[[Israelites]]'''&nbsp;– an ethno-religious [[Semitic]] [[tribe|tribal]] group of the Middle East with the oldest surviving settlement record in the area of modern [[Israel]], [[Palestine]], [[Jordan]], [[Syria]] and southern [[Lebanon]], that had been mostly [[Ten Lost Tribes|dispersed]] from their tribal lands. Subsequent [[Babylonian captivity|exiles]] and [[History of Israel|cataclysms]] created a global [[Jewish diaspora|diaspora]], who then settled mostly in Europe, North Africa, and other parts of the Middle East. This resulted in different diasporic names being imposed upon the populations: [[Jews]] in English speaking countries, the [[Ashkenazi]] (Hebrew for Germany), [[Sephardi]] (Hebrew for Spain), [[Mizrahi]] (Hebrew for Eastern), Yehudi (Arabic for Judah). Since the creation of the [[Israel|state of Israel]], its government enacted the law of the [[Right of return]] which anticipated the principle of [[international law]], codified in the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]] and the [[International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights]], giving any descendant of the Israelites, Kohanim or Levim the right to return to, and re-enter Israel as their historic homeland. This principle was reflected in Israel's considerations in immigration laws (called "[[Repatriation laws|repatriation]]" or [[aliyah]]) which facilitate or encourage the reunion of the diaspora allowing entry to populations that had not resided in Israel for thousands of years, such as the [[Yemenite Jews]]. Nevertheless, large diasporic populations of Israelites currently reside in the [[American Jews|United States]], [[French Jews|France]], [[History of the Jews in Canada|Canada]], [[History of the Jews in England|United Kingdom]], and [[History of the Jews in Argentina|Argentina]] as a result of the fleeing the [[Holocaust]] and [[Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries]]. A large remnant population also remains in Russia.<ref>The common term 'Jews' usually used to identify the peoples is an imposed identity, and not one used within the culture, but had been assigned by Roman colonisers referencing the [[Kingdom of Judea]]. Culturally, "In Orthodox and most Conservative synagogues, the first [[Aliyah (Torah)|aliyah]] goes to a [[kohen]], a person who is descended from the priestly family of [[Aaron]], the brother of [[Moses]]. The second aliyah is assigned to a [[levi]], a descendant of the priestly tribe of Levi. The next five aliyot are reserved for Israelites, who are the majority of the Jews." Scharfstein, Sol, ''Torah and the five books of Moses'', KTAV Publishing House, 2008, p.26; Espín, Orlando O., Nickoloff, James B., ''An Introductory Dictionary of Theology and Religious Studies'', Liturgical Press, 2007, p.35; The source of the division of the peoples into three groups is [[Torah]]-based. See Shemot 28:1-4, Bemidbar 1:47-53, 3:5-13, and 8:5-26</ref><ref>Israelite indigenousness is to the Eastern Mediterranean (Near East) is widely accepted in the academia, and is confirmed by a variety of data from multiple disciplines. Russell, S. C., Images of Egypt in Early Biblical Literature: Cisjordan-Israelite, Transjordan-Israelite, and Judahite Portrayals, ProQuest, 2008, p.279; Spielvogel, J. J., ''Western Civilization: A Brief History'', Wadsworth Cengage Learning, 7th ed., 2010, p.27</ref> The common native Middle Eastern origin of all major Jewish groups is supported by population genetics.<ref>http://www.pnas.org/content/97/12/6769.full.pdf+html</ref><ref>http://bhusers.upf.edu/dcomas/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/Behar2010.pdf</ref><ref>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3032072/</ref><ref>http://www.familytreedna.com/pdf/43026_Doron.pdf</ref><ref>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC18733/</ref>
<ref>http://www.familytreedna.com/pdf/43026_Doron.pdf</ref><ref>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC18733/</ref>
*'''[[Marsh Arabs|Marsh Dwellers]]''' (Ma'dan)&nbsp;– Arabic-speaking group in the [[Tigris–Euphrates river system|Tigris-Euphrates marshlands]] of southern Iraq / Iranian border<ref>Sawahla & Dloomy (2007, pp. 425–433)</ref>
*'''[[Marsh Arabs|Marsh Dwellers]]''' (Ma'dan)&nbsp;– Arabic-speaking group in the [[Tigris–Euphrates river system|Tigris-Euphrates marshlands]] of southern Iraq / Iranian border<ref>Sawahla & Dloomy (2007, pp. 425–433)</ref>
*'''[[Samaritans]]''' – An ethno-religious group of the Levant, closely related [[Genetic studies on Jews|genetically]] and culturally to the [[Jewish diaspora]] and are understood to have branched off from the latter around the time of the Assyrian exile. Religiously, the Samaritans are adherents of Samaritanism, an [[Abrahamic religion]] closely related to [[Judaism]]. Their sole norm of religious observance is the [[Pentateuch]]. (See also: [[Jews]])<ref name="UNHCR">The UN Refugee Agency | UNHCR, ''World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples'' [http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/topic,463af2212,49709ee42,49749cd028,0,,,.html]</ref><ref name="Samaritans and Other Israeli Populations">
*'''[[Samaritans]]''' – An ethno-religious group of the Levant, closely related [[Genetic studies on Jews|genetically]] and culturally to the [[Jewish diaspora]] and are understood to have branched off from the latter around the time of the Assyrian exile. Religiously, the Samaritans are adherents of Samaritanism, an [[Abrahamic religion]] closely related to [[Judaism]]. Their sole norm of religious observance is the [[Pentateuch]]. (See also: [[Jews]])<ref name="UNHCR">The UN Refugee Agency | UNHCR, ''World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples'' [http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/topic,463af2212,49709ee42,49749cd028,0,,,.html]</ref><ref name="Samaritans and Other Israeli Populations">

Revision as of 16:42, 8 December 2012

Main article: Indigenous peoples
See also: List of indigenous rights organizations

This is a partial list of the world's indigenous / aboriginal / native peoples. Indigenous peoples are any ethnic group of peoples who are considered to fall under one of the internationally recognized definitions of Indigenous peoples, such as United Nations, the International Labour Organization and the World Bank, i.e. "those ethnic groups that were indigenous to a territory prior to being incorporated into a national state, and who are politically and culturally separate from the majority ethnic identity of the state that they are a apart of".[1]

Note that this is a listing of peoples, groups and communities. Many of the names are externally imposed, and are not those the people identify within their cultures. As John Trudell observed, "They change our name and treat us the same." Basic to the unethical treatment of indigenous peoples is an insistence that the original inhabitants of the land are not permitted to name themselves. Many tribal groups have reasserted their traditional self-identifying names in recent times,[2] in a proces of geographical renaming where "The place-name changes herald a new era, in which Aboriginal people have increasing control over the right to name and govern their homelands."[3]

This list is grouped by region, and sub-region. Note that a particular group may warrant listing under more than one region, either because the group is distributed in more than one region (example: Inuit in North America and eastern Russia), or there may be some overlap of the regions themselves (that is, the boundaries of each region are not always clear and some locations may commonly be associated with more than one region).

Africa

Main article: Indigenous peoples of Africa

The continent of Africa, including associated islands such as Madagascar, but excluding Arabia.

Central Africa

Central Africa generally includes the lands mainly of the Congo River basin, south of the Sahara and west of the East African Rift.

East Africa

East Africa, including the African Great Lakes region and the Indian Ocean islands.

Horn of Africa

The Horn of Africa includes Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia and Somalia.

North Africa

North Africa generally includes African countries with borders on the Mediterranean and northern Red Sea and Atlantic Ocean, bounded largely by the Sahara Desert to the south.

Main article: Ethnic groups of North Africa

Southern Africa

Southern Africa generally includes lands from the Cape of Good Hope northwards to the borders of Democratic Republic of the Congo and Tanzania, and islands such as Madagascar.

West Africa

West Africa generally includes the region bounded by the Sahara Desert to the north and the Gulf of Guinea to the south.

Americas

the Americas is the continent (or supercontinent) comprising North and South America, and associated islands.

Main article: Classification of indigenous peoples of the Americas

The Caribbean

the Caribbean, or West Indies, generally includes the island chains of the Caribbean.

Central America

North America

Main articles: List of First Nations peoples and Federally recognized tribes

Mexico

Main article: Indigenous peoples of Mexico

South America

See also: Indigenous peoples in Argentina, List of indigenous peoples in Brazil, Indigenous peoples in Chile, Indigenous peoples in Colombia, Indigenous peoples in Ecuador, and Indigenous peoples in Peru

South America generally includes all of the (sub-)continent and islands south of the Isthmus of Panama.

Urarina shaman, 1988

Asia

The continent of Asia including: the Asia Minor, south of the Caucasus Mountains, the West Asia to continental Eastern Mediterranean and the Arabian peninsula, Central Asia, the Indian subcontinent, North Asia east of the Ural mountains, Eastern Asia, continental South-East Asia and archipelagic regions of the Pacific and Indian oceans bordering the Australian continental shelf.

Western Asia

Western Asia includes the region of Dead Sea Transform, the Arabian peninsula, the Levant, Asia Minor, the Caucasus region and extending to the southern Caspian coast, Kopet Dag mountains and the eastern Dasht-e Lut desert.

Central Asia

Central Asia generally includes the landlocked region east of the Caspian Sea, south of the Russian Taiga, to the Himalayas, and extending eastwards to Mongolia and the western Chinese provinces and autonomous regions.

East Asia

East Asia generally includes the People's Republic of China, the Korean Peninsula, and the associated Pacific islands, principally Japan and Taiwan.

North Asia

North Asia generally includes the Russian Far East and the northern and eastern parts of Siberia.

South Asia/Indian Subcontinent

South Asia generally includes the Indian subcontinental region, adjacent areas, and related islands of the Indian Ocean.

Southeast Asia

Mainland Southeast Asia
Maritime Southeast Asia
See also: Indigenous peoples of the Philippines

Europe

Europe generally refers to the mass of the Eurasian peninsula westwards of the Ural Mountains, the islands of the Mediterranean and North Atlantic Ocean.

Circumpolar North

The Circumpolar North generally includes the lands surrounding the Arctic Circle.

Oceania

Oceania includes most islands of the Pacific Ocean, New Guinea and the continent of Australia.

Australia

Australia includes the continental landmass, and associated islands.

Further information: List of Indigenous Australian group names

Melanesia

Melanesian generally includes New Guinea and other (far-)western Pacific islands from the Arafura Sea out to Fiji.

Micronesia

Micronesia generally includes the various small island chains of the western and central Pacific.

Polynesia

Polynesia generally includes New Zealand and the islands of the central and southern Pacific Ocean

See also

Related articles

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Look up Indigenous in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
See all pages that start with indigenous people or indigenous

Notes

  1. ^ Sanders, Douglas (1999). "Indigenous peoples: Issues of definition". International Journal of Cultural Property. 8 (1): 4–13. doi:10.1017/S0940739199770591.
  2. ^ Ritzer, G., and Ryan, M.J., eds., The Concise Encyclopedia of Sociology, Wiley, 2011, p.313
  3. ^ Alia, V., Names and Nunavut: Culture and Identity in Arctic Canada, Berghahn Books, 2008, p.143
  4. ^ Rouse (1992)
  5. ^ Bachmann (2007, pp. 420–424)
  6. ^ The common term 'Jews' usually used to identify the peoples is an imposed identity, and not one used within the culture, but had been assigned by Roman colonisers referencing the Kingdom of Judea. Culturally, "In Orthodox and most Conservative synagogues, the first aliyah goes to a kohen, a person who is descended from the priestly family of Aaron, the brother of Moses. The second aliyah is assigned to a levi, a descendant of the priestly tribe of Levi. The next five aliyot are reserved for Israelites, who are the majority of the Jews." Scharfstein, Sol, Torah and the five books of Moses, KTAV Publishing House, 2008, p.26; Espín, Orlando O., Nickoloff, James B., An Introductory Dictionary of Theology and Religious Studies, Liturgical Press, 2007, p.35; The source of the division of the peoples into three groups is Torah-based. See Shemot 28:1-4, Bemidbar 1:47-53, 3:5-13, and 8:5-26
  7. ^ Israelite indigenousness is to the Eastern Mediterranean (Near East) is widely accepted in the academia, and is confirmed by a variety of data from multiple disciplines. Russell, S. C., Images of Egypt in Early Biblical Literature: Cisjordan-Israelite, Transjordan-Israelite, and Judahite Portrayals, ProQuest, 2008, p.279; Spielvogel, J. J., Western Civilization: A Brief History, Wadsworth Cengage Learning, 7th ed., 2010, p.27
  8. ^ http://www.pnas.org/content/97/12/6769.full.pdf+html
  9. ^ http://bhusers.upf.edu/dcomas/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/Behar2010.pdf
  10. ^ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3032072/
  11. ^ http://www.familytreedna.com/pdf/43026_Doron.pdf
  12. ^ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC18733/
  13. ^ Sawahla & Dloomy (2007, pp. 425–433)
  14. ^ The UN Refugee Agency | UNHCR, World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples [1]
  15. ^ Department of Evolutionary Biology at University of Tartu Estonian Biocentre | Reconstruction of Patrilineages and Matrilineages of Samaritans and Other Israeli Populations From Y-Chromosome and Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Variation, Molecular Anthropology Group [2]
  16. ^ COUNTRY PROFILE: AFGHANISTAN, Library of Congress Country Studies

References

Bachmann, Anna Sophia (2007), "The Marsh Dwellers of Iraq", in Sille Stidsen (compilation and ed.) (ed.), The Indigenous World 2007 (PDF online edition), International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs yearbooks (ISSN 1024-0217), Copenhagen: IWGIA, distributed by Transaction Publishers, pp. 420–424, ISBN 978-87-91563-23-2, OCLC 30981676 {{citation}}: External link in |series= (help); templatestyles stripmarker in |series= at position 60 (help)
Dowty, Alan (2008), Israel/Palestine, London, UK: Polity, ISBN 978-0-7456-4243-7, Palestinians are the descendants of all the indigenous peoples who lived in Palestine over the centuries; since the seventh century, they have been predominantly Muslim in religion and almost completely Arab in language and culture.
Farsoun, Samih K. (2005), "Palestinian Diasporas", in Ember, Melvin; Ember, Carol R.; Skoggard, Ian (eds.), Encyclopedia of Diasporas: Immigrant and Refugee Cultures Around the World, vol. 2, New York, NY: Springer, ISBN 978-0-306-48321-9, OCLC 315151735, The Palestinians are the indigenous people of Palestine.
Forman, Geremy; Kedar, Alexandre (2003), "Colonialism, Colonization and Land Law in Mandate Palestine: The Zor al-Zarqa and Barrat Qisarya Land Disputes in Historical Perspective", Theoretical Inquiries in Law, 4 (2): 491–539
Kipuri, Naomi (2007), "Kenya", in Sille Stidsen (compilation and ed.) (ed.), The Indigenous World 2007 (PDF online edition), International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs yearbooks (ISSN 1024-0217), Marianne Wiben Jensen (Horn of Africa and East Africa regional ed.), Copenhagen: IWGIA, distributed by Transaction Publishers, pp. 468–476, ISBN 978-87-91563-23-2, OCLC 30981676 {{citation}}: External link in |series= (help); templatestyles stripmarker in |series= at position 60 (help)
The Local Preparatory Committee of Palestinian NGOs in Israel (Undated), Statement submitted to: World Conference Against Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intolerance, Haifa, Israel: Adalah – The Legal Center for Arab Minority Rights in Israel, retrieved 6 April 2011, Palestinians are also an indigenous group entitled to the recognition of their historical claims and the receipt of compensation, as outlined in the Draft Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
Minority Rights Group International (1997), World Directory of Minorities, London, UK: Minority Rights Group International, ISBN 978-1-873194-36-2
Mossawa Center – The Advocacy Center for Arab Citizens of Israel (June 2006), The Palestinian Arab Citizens of Israel: Status, Opportunities and Challenges for an Israeli-Palestinian Peace (PDF), Haifa, Israel: Mossawa Center – The Advocacy Center for Arab Citizens of Israel, retrieved 6 April 2011, Consisting of those who remained and were internally displaced during the creation of the state and their descendents, Palestinian Arab citizens are an indigenous population to Israel.
Peled, Yoav (2007), "Citizenship Betrayed: Israel's Emerging Immigration and Citizenship Regime", Theoretical Inquiries in Law, 8 (2): 603–628, Israel is the effective sovereign in the entire area of Mandatory Palestine, and it has incorporated the indigenous Palestinian population of this area into its control system in two different ways: some as second-class citizens of Israel, but most as subjects devoid of rights living under military rule.
Rouse, Irving (1992), The Tainos: Rise and Decline of the People who greeted Columbus, New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, ISBN 0-300-05181-6, OCLC 24469325
Sawalha, Faisal (2007), "The Arab Bedouins of Israel", in Sille Stidsen (compilation and ed.) (ed.), The Indigenous World 2007 (PDF online edition), International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs yearbooks (ISSN 1024-0217), Copenhagen: IWGIA, distributed by Transaction Publishers, pp. 425–433, ISBN 978-87-91563-23-2, OCLC 30981676 {{citation}}: External link in |series= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); templatestyles stripmarker in |series= at position 60 (help)
United Nations (30 June 1978), The Origins and Evolution of the Palestine Problem: 1917–1988, Part I, New York: United Nations, retrieved 5 April 2011
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