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Ferroportin

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SLC40A1
Identifiers
AliasesSLC40A1, IREG1, MST079, MSTP079, solute carrier family 40 member 1, MTP1, SLC11A3, FPN1, HFE4
External IDsOMIM: 604653; MGI: 1315204; HomoloGene: 40959; GeneCards: SLC40A1; OMA:SLC40A1 - orthologs
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

30061

53945

Ensembl

ENSG00000138449

ENSMUSG00000025993

UniProt

Q9NP59

Q9JHI9

RefSeq (mRNA)

NM_014585

NM_016917

RefSeq (protein)

NP_055400

NP_058613

Location (UCSC)Chr 2: 189.56 – 189.58 MbChr 1: 45.95 – 45.97 Mb
PubMed search[3][4]
Wikidata
View/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse

Ferroportin-1, also known as solute carrier family 40 member 1 (SLC40A1) or iron-regulated transporter 1 (IREG1), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC40A1 gene, and is part of the Ferroportin (Fpn) Family (TC# 2.A.100).[5] Ferroportin is a transmembrane protein that transports iron from the inside of a cell to the outside of the cell. After iron is absorbed into the cells of the intestine, ferroportin allows that iron to be transported out of those cells and into the bloodstream.

Structure

Members of the FPN family consist of 400-800 amino acid residues,[6] with a highly conserved histidine at residue position 32 (H32), and exhibit 8-11 putative transmembrane segments (TMSs). When H32 is mutated, lower activity in its iron transport role is observed.[7] Ferroportin can also function as a manganese exporter.[8] Because ferroportin extrudes Fe2+ from the cell, ferroportin is presumed to function by cation (H+ or Na+) antiport.

Transport reaction

The transport reaction catalyzed by ferroportin is:

Fe2+/Mn2+ (in) + nH+ (out) ⇌ Fe2+/Mn2+ (out) + nH+ (in)

Tissue distribution

Ferroportin is found on the basolateral membranes of intestinal epithelia of mammals, including:[9][10]

Role in development

Ferroportin-1 plays an important role in neural tube closure and forebrain patterning.[11] Mouse embyros lacking the Scl40a1 gene are aborted before gastrulation occurs, suggesting that the Fpn1 protein encoded is necessary and essential for normal embryonic development.[9] Fpn1 is expressed in the syncytiotrophoblast cells in the placenta and visceral endoderm of mice at E7.5.[5][9] Further, several retrospective studies have noted an increased incidence of spina bifida occurring after low maternal intake of iron during embryonic and fetal development.[12][13]

A study examining the consequences of several different mutations of the Slc40a1 mouse gene suggested that several serious neural tube and patterning defects were produced as a result, including spina bifida, exencephaly, and forebrain truncations, among others.[11] Given the findings of studies to date, there appears to be significant evidence that intact iron transport mechanisms are critical to normal neural tube closure. Furthermore, other experiments have suggested that Fpn1 product and activity is required along the entire anterior-posterior axis of the animal to ensure proper closure of the neural tube.[11]

Role in iron metabolism

Ferroportin is inhibited by hepcidin, which binds to ferroportin and internalizes it within the cell.[14] This results in the retention of iron within enterocytes, hepatocytes, and macrophages with a consequent reduction in iron levels within the blood serum. This is especially significant with enterocytes which, when shed at the end of their lifespan, results in significant iron loss. This is part of the mechanism that causes anaemia of chronic disease; hepcidin is released from the liver in response to inflammatory cytokines, namely interleukin-6, which results in an increased hepcidin concentration and a consequent decrease in plasma iron levels.[15]

Ferroportin expression is also regulated by the IRP regulatory mechanism. If the iron concentration is too low, the IRP concentration increases, thus inhibiting the ferroportin translation. The ferroportin translation is also regulated by the micro RNA miR-485-3p.[16]

Clinical significance

Mutations in the ferroportin gene are known to cause an autosomal dominant form of iron overload known as type IV haemochromatosis or Ferroportin Disease. The effects of the mutations are generally not severe but a spectrum of clinical outcomes are seen with different mutations. Ferroportin is also associated with African iron overload. Ferroportin and hepcidin are critical proteins for the regulation of systemic iron homeostasis.

References

  1. ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000138449 – Ensembl, May 2017
  2. ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000025993 – Ensembl, May 2017
  3. ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  4. ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  5. ^ a b Donovan A, Brownlie A, Zhou Y, Shepard J, Pratt SJ, Moynihan J, Paw BH, Drejer A, Barut B, Zapata A, Law TC, Brugnara C, Lux SE, Pinkus GS, Pinkus JL, Kingsley PD, Palis J, Fleming MD, Andrews NC, Zon LI (February 2000). "Positional cloning of zebrafish ferroportin1 identifies a conserved vertebrate iron exporter". Nature. 403 (6771): 776–81. doi:10.1038/35001596. PMID 10693807.
  6. ^ "SLC11A3 iron transporter [Homo sapiens]". Protein - NCBI.
  7. ^ Zohn IE, De Domenico I, Pollock A, Ward DM, Goodman JF, Liang X, Sanchez AJ, Niswander L, Kaplan J (May 2007). "The flatiron mutation in mouse ferroportin acts as a dominant negative to cause ferroportin disease". Blood. 109 (10): 4174–80. doi:10.1182/blood-2007-01-066068. PMC 1885502. PMID 17289807.
  8. ^ Madejczyk MS, Ballatori N (March 2012). "The iron transporter ferroportin can also function as a manganese exporter". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 1818 (3): 651–7. doi:10.1016/j.bbamem.2011.12.002. PMID 22178646.
  9. ^ a b c Donovan A, Lima CA, Pinkus JL, Pinkus GS, Zon LI, Robine S, Andrews NC (March 2005). "The iron exporter ferroportin/Slc40a1 is essential for iron homeostasis". Cell Metabolism. 1 (3): 191–200. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2005.01.003. PMID 16054062.
  10. ^ Delaby C, Pilard N, Puy H, Canonne-Hergaux F (April 2008). "Sequential regulation of ferroportin expression after erythrophagocytosis in murine macrophages: early mRNA induction by haem, followed by iron-dependent protein expression". The Biochemical Journal. 411 (1): 123–31. doi:10.1042/BJ20071474. PMID 18072938.
  11. ^ a b c Mao J, McKean DM, Warrier S, Corbin JG, Niswander L, Zohn IE (September 2010). "The iron exporter ferroportin 1 is essential for development of the mouse embryo, forebrain patterning and neural tube closure". Development. 137 (18): 3079–88. doi:10.1242/dev.048744. PMC 2926957. PMID 20702562.
  12. ^ Felkner MM, Suarez L, Brender J, Scaife B, Hendricks K (December 2005). "Iron status indicators in women with prior neural tube defect-affected pregnancies". Maternal and Child Health Journal. 9 (4): 421–8. doi:10.1007/s10995-005-0017-3. PMID 16315101.
  13. ^ Groenen PM, van Rooij IA, Peer PG, Ocké MC, Zielhuis GA, Steegers-Theunissen RP (June 2004). "Low maternal dietary intakes of iron, magnesium, and niacin are associated with spina bifida in the offspring". The Journal of Nutrition. 134 (6): 1516–22. PMID 15173422.
  14. ^ Nemeth E, Tuttle MS, Powelson J, Vaughn MB, Donovan A, Ward DM, Ganz T, Kaplan J (December 2004). "Hepcidin regulates cellular iron efflux by binding to ferroportin and inducing its internalization". Science. 306 (5704): 2090–3. doi:10.1126/science.1104742. PMID 15514116.
  15. ^ Nemeth E, Rivera S, Gabayan V, Keller C, Taudorf S, Pedersen BK, Ganz T (May 2004). "IL-6 mediates hypoferremia of inflammation by inducing the synthesis of the iron regulatory hormone hepcidin". The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 113 (9): 1271–6. doi:10.1172/JCI20945. PMC 398432. PMID 15124018.
  16. ^ Sangokoya C, Doss JF, Chi JT (April 2013). "Iron-responsive miR-485-3p regulates cellular iron homeostasis by targeting ferroportin". PLoS Genetics. 9 (4): e1003408. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1003408. PMC 3616902. PMID 23593016.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)

Further reading

  • Schimanski LM, Drakesmith H, Merryweather-Clarke AT, Viprakasit V, Edwards JP, Sweetland E, Bastin JM, Cowley D, Chinthammitr Y, Robson KJ, Townsend AR (May 2005). "In vitro functional analysis of human ferroportin (FPN) and hemochromatosis-associated FPN mutations". Blood. 105 (10): 4096–102. doi:10.1182/blood-2004-11-4502. PMID 15692071.
  • Pietrangelo A (2004). "The ferroportin disease". Blood Cells, Molecules & Diseases. 32 (1): 131–8. doi:10.1016/j.bcmd.2003.08.003. PMID 14757427.
  • Robson KJ, Merryweather-Clarke AT, Cadet E, Viprakasit V, Zaahl MG, Pointon JJ, Weatherall DJ, Rochette J (October 2004). "Recent advances in understanding haemochromatosis: a transition state". Journal of Medical Genetics. 41 (10): 721–30. doi:10.1136/jmg.2004.020644. PMC 1735598. PMID 15466004.
  • Maruyama K, Sugano S (January 1994). "Oligo-capping: a simple method to replace the cap structure of eukaryotic mRNAs with oligoribonucleotides". Gene. 138 (1–2): 171–4. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(94)90802-8. PMID 8125298.
  • Suzuki Y, Yoshitomo-Nakagawa K, Maruyama K, Suyama A, Sugano S (October 1997). "Construction and characterization of a full length-enriched and a 5'-end-enriched cDNA library". Gene. 200 (1–2): 149–56. doi:10.1016/S0378-1119(97)00411-3. PMID 9373149.
  • Abboud S, Haile DJ (June 2000). "A novel mammalian iron-regulated protein involved in intracellular iron metabolism". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 275 (26): 19906–12. doi:10.1074/jbc.M000713200. PMID 10747949.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  • Haile DJ (2000). "Assignment of Slc11a3 to mouse chromosome 1 band 1B and SLC11A3 to human chromosome 2q32 by in situ hybridization". Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics. 88 (3–4): 328–9. doi:10.1159/000015522. PMID 10828623.
  • McKie AT, Marciani P, Rolfs A, Brennan K, Wehr K, Barrow D, Miret S, Bomford A, Peters TJ, Farzaneh F, Hediger MA, Hentze MW, Simpson RJ (February 2000). "A novel duodenal iron-regulated transporter, IREG1, implicated in the basolateral transfer of iron to the circulation". Molecular Cell. 5 (2): 299–309. doi:10.1016/S1097-2765(00)80425-6. PMID 10882071.
  • Hartley JL, Temple GF, Brasch MA (November 2000). "DNA cloning using in vitro site-specific recombination". Genome Research. 10 (11): 1788–95. doi:10.1101/gr.143000. PMC 310948. PMID 11076863.
  • Njajou OT, Vaessen N, Joosse M, Berghuis B, van Dongen JW, Breuning MH, Snijders PJ, Rutten WP, Sandkuijl LA, Oostra BA, van Duijn CM, Heutink P (July 2001). "A mutation in SLC11A3 is associated with autosomal dominant hemochromatosis". Nature Genetics. 28 (3): 213–4. doi:10.1038/90038. PMID 11431687.
  • Montosi G, Donovan A, Totaro A, Garuti C, Pignatti E, Cassanelli S, Trenor CC, Gasparini P, Andrews NC, Pietrangelo A (August 2001). "Autosomal-dominant hemochromatosis is associated with a mutation in the ferroportin (SLC11A3) gene". The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 108 (4): 619–23. doi:10.1172/JCI13468. PMC 209405. PMID 11518736.
  • Press RD (December 2001). "Hemochromatosis caused by mutations in the iron-regulatory proteins ferroportin and H ferritin". Molecular Diagnosis. 6 (4): 347. doi:10.1054/modi.2001.0060347. PMID 11774199.
  • Lee PL, Gelbart T, West C, Halloran C, Felitti V, Beutler E (2001). "A study of genes that may modulate the expression of hereditary hemochromatosis: transferrin receptor-1, ferroportin, ceruloplasmin, ferritin light and heavy chains, iron regulatory proteins (IRP)-1 and -2, and hepcidin". Blood Cells, Molecules & Diseases. 27 (5): 783–802. doi:10.1006/bcmd.2001.0445. PMID 11783942.
  • Rolfs A, Bonkovsky HL, Kohlroser JG, McNeal K, Sharma A, Berger UV, Hediger MA (April 2002). "Intestinal expression of genes involved in iron absorption in humans". American Journal of Physiology. Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology. 282 (4): G598-607. doi:10.1152/ajpgi.00371.2001. PMID 11897618.
  • Thomas C, Oates PS (April 2002). "IEC-6 cells are an appropriate model of intestinal iron absorption in rats". The Journal of Nutrition. 132 (4): 680–7. PMID 11925460.
  • Wallace DF, Pedersen P, Dixon JL, Stephenson P, Searle JW, Powell LW, Subramaniam VN (July 2002). "Novel mutation in ferroportin1 is associated with autosomal dominant hemochromatosis". Blood. 100 (2): 692–4. doi:10.1182/blood.v100.2.692. PMID 12091366.
  • Devalia V, Carter K, Walker AP, Perkins SJ, Worwood M, May A, Dooley JS (July 2002). "Autosomal dominant reticuloendothelial iron overload associated with a 3-base pair deletion in the ferroportin 1 gene (SLC11A3)". Blood. 100 (2): 695–7. doi:10.1182/blood-2001-11-0132. PMID 12091367.
  • Roetto A, Merryweather-Clarke AT, Daraio F, Livesey K, Pointon JJ, Barbabietola G, Piga A, Mackie PH, Robson KJ, Camaschella C (July 2002). "A valine deletion of ferroportin 1: a common mutation in hemochromastosis type 4". Blood. 100 (2): 733–4. doi:10.1182/blood-2002-03-0693. PMID 12123233.

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