List of railway electrification systems

This is a list of the power supply systems that are, or have been, used for tramway and railway electrification systems.

Note that the voltages are nominal and vary depending on load and distance from the substation.

Many modern trams and trains use on-board solid-state electronics to convert these supplies to run three-phase AC induction motors.

Key to the tables below

• Volts: voltage or volt
• Current:
  • DC = direct current
  • xx Hz = frequency in hertz (alternating current (AC))
    • AC supplies are single-phase, except where marked three-phase
• Conductors:
  • overhead line or
  • conductor rail, usually a third rail to one side of the running rails
    • Conductor rail can be:
      • top contact: oldest, least safe, affected by ice, snow and leaves
      • side contact: newer, safer, less affected by ice, snow and leaves
      • bottom contact: newer, safer, least affected by ice, snow and leaves

Systems using standard voltages

See also: Railway electrification system § Voltage

Voltages are defined by two standards: BS EN 50163 and IEC 60850.

Overhead systems

600 V DC

This voltage is mostly used by older tram systems worldwide but by a few new ones as well.

Country	Name of system	Location	Notes
Australia	Adelaide Metro tramway	Adelaide
	Yarra Trams	Melbourne
Belgium	Antwerp Tram	Antwerp
	Belgian Coast Tram	De Panne to Knokke
	Brussels trams	Brussels
	Ghent Tram	Ghent
Canada	Calgary Transit C-Train	Calgary
	Edmonton Transit LRT	Edmonton
	Toronto Transit Commission	Toronto	streetcars only
Czech Republic	most tram lines		negative polarity in Brno and Ostrava
England	Blackpool Tramway	Blackpool
Estonia	Tallinn tram	Tallinn
Finland	Helsinki tram	Helsinki
Germany	Augsburg tram (Stadtwerke Augsburg Verkehrsbetriebe)	Augsburg	tram
Hungary	BKV	Budapest	trams and metro line M1
	DKV	Debrecen	tram
	MVK Zrt.	Miskolc	tram
	Public transport in Szeged	Szeged	tram
Italy	Most tram lines
Japan	Most tram lines
	Chōshi Electric Railway	Chōshi, Chiba
	Eizan Electric Railway	Kyoto, Kyoto
	Enoshima Electric Railway	Kanagawa
	Iyotetsu Takahama Line	Matsuyama, Ehime
	Shizuoka Railway	Shizuoka, Shizuoka
	Tokyu Setagaya Line	Tokyo
Netherlands	Amsterdam Tram	Amsterdam	including line 51 of the Amsterdam Metro south of Station Zuid
	Rotterdam tram	Rotterdam
	Trams in The Hague	The Hague
Poland	City tram networks in various cities: Bydgoszcz, Częstochowa, Elbląg, Gdańsk Silesia, Gorzów Wielkopolski Grudziądz, Kraków (Cracow), Olsztyn, Poznań Szczecin, Toruń, Warszawa (Warsaw) and Wrocław.	Bydgoszcz, Częstochowa, Elbląg, Gdańsk, GOP (Upper Silesia conurbation), Gorzów Wielkopolski, Grudziądz, Kraków (Cracow), Olsztyn, Poznań, Szczecin, Toruń, Warszawa (Warsaw), Wrocław	all standard gauge (1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in)), except Bydgoszcz, Elbląg, Grudziądz, Łódź and Toruń (metre gauge). Negative polarity in Częstochowa, Elbląg, Gorzów Wielkopolski, Grudziądz and all Łódź network.
	Suburban trams in and around Łódź (Lodz)	Łódź plus Konstantynów Łódzki, Lutomiersk, Ozorków, Pabianice and Zgierz	1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) metre gauge
Romania	Arad tramway system Arad-Ghioroc Narrow Gauge Railway	Arad, Arad county	being built during Hungarian rule, the system originally uses the same standard as Hungary, Arad-Ghioroc Narrow Gauge Railway being the first electrified railway line in present-day Romania; metre gauge
	Botoşani tramway system	Botoşani	recently lowered from Romanian standard 750 V due to massive import of second hand German trams
	Craiova tramway system	Craiova	recently lowered from Romanian standard 750 V due to massive import of second hand German trams
	Iaşi tramway system	Iaşi	lowered from 825 V in 2005, metre gauge
	Oradea tramway system	Oradea	being built during Hungarian rule, the system originally uses the same standard as Hungary
	Sibiu-Răşinari Narrow Gauge Railway	Sibiu county	part of the former Sibiu tram line
	Timişoara tramway system	Timişoara	being built during Hungarian rule, the system originally uses the same standard as Hungary
Serbia	Belgrade tram system	Belgrade	1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) metre gauge
Slovakia	Trenčianska elektrická železnica (TREŽ) Tramways in Bratislava and Košice	Trenčianska Teplá – Trenčianske Teplice Bratislava Košice	760 mm (2 ft 5+15⁄16 in) gauge, negative polarity in Košice
Switzerland	Basel Trams (BVB)	Basel
	Bern Trams (Bernmobil)	Bern
	Dolderbahn	Zürich
	Geneva Trams (TPG)	Geneva
	Regionalverkehr Bern-Solothurn (RBS)	Canton Bern	tram line 6 between Bern and Worb; all other lines are electrified at 1250 V DC
	Zürich Trams (VBZ)	Zürich
United States	Kenosha Streetcar	Kenosha, Wisconsin
	Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority	Boston	• The entire MBTA Green Line streetcar/light rail system • Ashmont–Mattapan High Speed Line • Part of the MBTA Blue Line northeast of Airport station
	RTA Streetcars in New Orleans	New Orleans	all lines
	RTA Rapid Transit	Cleveland, Ohio	all three lines
	San Diego Electric Railway & San Diego Trolley	San Diego	The San Diego Electric Railway is defunct and is succeeded by the San Diego Trolley.
	San Francisco Muni	San Francisco
	SEPTA	Philadelphia, PA and suburbs	600 V trolley wire used on trolley routes within Philadelphia and suburban routes from 69th Street Terminal

750 V DC

This voltage is used for most modern tram systems.

Country	Name of system	Location	Notes
Argentina	PreMetro line E2	Buenos Aires
	Tranvía del Este	Buenos Aires
Australia	G:link	Gold Coast
	Sydney light rail network	Sydney
Austria	Local lines of Stern & Hafferl		also listed as having 1500  and 600 V lines
Austria Switzerland	Internationale Rheinregulierungsbahn	River Rhine / Lake Constance	Construction railway for the regulation works of the River Rhine near its outfall into Lake Constance, now preserved. The river forms the border between Austria and Switzerland, and the railway operated in both countries.
Brazil	MetrôRio	Rio de Janeiro	Lines 1, 2 and 4
Canada	Ion rapid transit	Regional Municipality of Waterloo	under construction (opens 2017)
	Eglinton Crosstown line	Toronto, Ontario	under construction (opens 2021)
	Valley Line LRT	Edmonton, Alberta	under construction (opens 2020)
Ethiopia	Addis Ababa Light Rail	Addis Ababa	Green and Blue Lines
Germany	Albtalbahn	Rhein-Haardtbahn	railway of the Upper Rhine
	Cologne-Bonn Tram	Cologne to Bonn and its suburbs.	Both lines between Cologne and Bonn were originally heavy load train lines electrified at 1200 V; Line 18 one was 1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) metre gauge; Line 16 is still occasionally used by freight trains.
Greece	Athens Tram	Athens
Hong Kong	Light Rail (MTR)	Hong Kong
India	Kolkata Metro Line 1	Kolkata
	Namma Metro	Bangalore
Ireland	LUAS	Dublin
Italy	Metropolitana di Genova	Genova
Japan	Enshū Railway	Hamamatsu, Shizuoka
	Hakone Tozan Railway Line	Hakone, Kanagawa	between Hakone-Yumoto and Gōra
	Iyotetsu Yokogawara Line and Gunchū Line	Ehime
	Yokkaichi Asunarou Railway Utsube Line, Hachiōji Line	Yokkaichi, Mie
	Sangi Railway Hokusei Line	Mie
Malaysia	Kelana Jaya Line (RapidKL Rail)	Kuala Lumpur	between Kelana Jaya LRT station and Gombak Station
Netherlands	Randstadrail	The Hague, Zoetermeer, Rotterdam and adjacent cities
	Rotterdam Metro	Rotterdam	North of Capelsebrug station overhead wires
	Utrecht sneltram	Utrecht, Nieuwegein and IJsselstein
Nigeria	Lagos Rail Mass Transit (LRMT)	Lagos	planned to open in December 2016
Norway	Oslo Tramway	Oslo
	Bergen Light Rail	Bergen
Philippines	Manila LRT Line 1 (Manila Light Rail Transit System)	Metro Manila	between Baclaran to Roosevelt
	Manila Metro Rail Transit System	Metro Manila	between North EDSA to Taft Avenue
Portugal	Metro do Porto	Oporto
	Metro Transportes do Sul	Almada, Seixal
Sweden	Trams in Stockholm and Saltsjöbanan	Stockholm
	Gothenburg tram	Gothenburg
	Trams in Norrköping	Norrköping
Switzerland	Wynental- und Suhrentalbahn (WSB)	Aargau
Tunisia	Métro léger de Tunis	Tunis	also 25kV
Turkey	Eskişehir Tramway System	Eskişehir
United Kingdom	Edinburgh Trams	Edinburgh
	Manchester Metrolink	Manchester
	Midland Metro	Birmingham to Wolverhampton
	Nottingham Express Transit	Nottingham
	Sheffield Supertram	Sheffield
	Tramlink	South London
United States	Baltimore Light Rail	Baltimore, MD	light rail
	Dallas Area Rapid Transit (DART)	Dallas, TX and adjacent suburbs	light rail
	Denver Regional Transportation District (RTD)	Denver, Colorado	light rail portion
	Houston Metrorail	Houston, TX	light rail
	Hudson-Bergen Light Rail	Hudson County, New Jersey	light rail
	Los Angeles Metro Rail	Los Angeles County, California	rapid transit
	Lynx Rapid Transit	Charlotte, North Carolina	light rail
	MAX, TriMet	Portland, Oregon	light rail
	METRO	Minneapolis-Saint Paul	light rail
	Newark Light Rail	Newark, New Jersey	light rail
	Portland Streetcar	Portland, Oregon	tram/streetcar
	S Line (Utah Transit Authority)	Salt Lake City, Utah	streetcar
	Sacramento Regional Transit (RT)	Sacramento, California	light rail
	Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority (SCVTA)	San Jose, California	light rail
	South Lake Union Streetcar	Seattle, Washington	tram/streetcar
	St Louis Metrolink	St Louis, Missouri	light rail
	Tacoma Link	Tacoma, Washington	light rail
	Tide Light Rail	Norfolk, Virginia	light rail
	TRAX	Salt Lake City, Utah	light rail
	Valley Metro Rail	Phoenix, AZ

1,200 V DC

Country	Name of system	Location	Notes
Cuba	Ferrocarriles Nacionales de Cuba	Havana – Matanzas and branches	originally (and still known as) the Hershey Electric Railway
Estonia			(Elektriraudtee) 1924–1941 and 1946–1958, converted to 3000 V DC
Germany		Lusatian	900 mm (2 ft 11+7⁄16 in) gauge mining railways in the brown coal district
Hungary	Budapest Suburban Railway lines	Budapest	1100 V DC actually
Spain	Barcelona Metro	Barcelona, Catalonia	uses an overhead conductor rail/beam system
	Sóller Railway	Palma – Sóller, Majorca
Switzerland	Aare Seeland mobil (ASm)	Canton Bern / Canton Solothurn
	Bremgarten-Dietikon-Bahn	Dietikon, Canton Zürich – Wohlen, Aargau
	Forchbahn	Zürich – Esslingen, Canton Zürich	Forchbahn proper only; Forchbahn trains access their Zürich terminus via the Zürich tram network, which is electrified at 600 V DC. The rolling stock is equipped to run off both voltages.
	Frauenfeld-Wil-Bahn	Frauenfeld, Thurgau – Wil, Canton St. Gallen
	Meiringen–Innertkirchen Bahn	Meiringen – Innertkirchen, Canton Bern
	Sihltal Zürich Uetliberg Bahn	Zürich – Üetliberg, Canton Zürich	Uetliberg line only – uses an offset overhead line and pantograph to allow running on track shared with the AC-electrified Sihltal line

1,500 V DC

Country	Name of system	Location	Notes
Argentina	Buenos Aires Metro	Buenos Aires	Lines C, D, E and H
	Tren de la Costa	Buenos Aires	suburban line
Australia	Sydney Trains	Sydney
	Melbourne Suburban Railways	Melbourne
Brazil	São Paulo Metro	São Paulo	Lines 4 and 5
China	Shanghai Metro	Shanghai	except Line 16, but overhead wires installed in the depot.
	Guangzhou Metro	Guangzhou	except Line 4, Line 5 and Line 6, but overhead wires installed in depots.
	Shenzhen Metro	Shenzhen	Except Line 3
Colombia	Medellín Metro	Medellín	Lines A and B
Czech Republic	Czech Railway Infrastructure Administration (SŽDC)		Tábor-Bechyně line only
Denmark	Copenhagen S-train	Copenhagen
Dominican Republic	Santo Domingo Metro	Santo Domingo
Egypt	Cairo Metro	Cairo	Line 1
France	Société Nationale des Chemins de fer (SNCF)		25 kV AC used on new high speed lines (TGV) and in the north
Hong Kong	Mass Transit Railway Corporation	Hong Kong	East Rail Line, West Rail Line, Ma On Shan Line are 25 kV AC
Hungary	Budapest Cog-wheel Railway	Budapest	Converted from 550 V DC (city trams nominal voltage at that time) during the 1973 reconstruction.
Indonesia	KRL Jabotabek	Jakarta
Ireland	Dublin Area Rapid Transit	Dublin
Italy	Metropolitana di Roma	Roma	Line A, Line B, Line Roma-Ostia Lido
Japan	Japan Railways (JR) lines		most electrified lines in Kantō, Chūbu, Kansai, Chūgoku, and Shikoku (except Shinkansen and Hokuriku region)
	Most private railway lines
	Most subway lines
South Korea	Seoul Subway	Seoul National Capital Area	except Korail Line 1, Line 4, Bundang and Yongsan-Deokso Line (see 25 kV 60 Hz below)
	Incheon Subway	Incheon
	Daegu Subway	Daegu
	Busan Subway	Busan
	Daejeon Subway	Daejeon
	Gwangju Subway	Gwangju
Netherlands	Nederlandse Spoorwegen - Dutch Railways (NS)		25 kV AC used on new high speed lines and new freight line Betuweroute
New Zealand	Wellington suburban	Wellington	except Wairarapa Line beyond Upper Hutt. Since 2011, the nominal voltage has been 1600 V but with the same tolerances as 1500 V (i.e. 1300–1800 V), making it backwards-compatible with 1500 V rolling stock.
Philippines	Manila MRT Line 2 (Manila Light Rail Transit System)	Metro Manila	between Santolan to Recto
Portugal	Cascais Line
Singapore	Mass Rapid Transit	Singapore	North East Line, operated by SBS Transit
Slovakia	Tatra Electric Railway
Spain	Ferrocarrils de la Generalitat de Catalunya
	RENFE		only Cercedilla-Cotos line
	Euskotren
	FEVE
	Ferrocarrils de la Generalitat Valenciana
Sweden	Roslagsbanan	Stockholm
Switzerland	Chemin de fer Aigle–Leysin (AL)	Aigle – Leysin, Vaud
	Chemin de fer Aigle–Ollon–Monthey–Champéry (AOMC)	Aigle, Vaud – Champéry, Valais
	Chemin de fer Aigle–Sépey–Diablerets (ASD)	Aigle – Les Diablerets, Vaud
	Berner Oberland Bahn (BOB)	Interlaken – Lauterbrunnen / Grindelwald, Canton Bern
	Chemins de fer du Jura (CJ)	Canton Jura	metre gauge lines only; standard gauge lines are electrified at 15 kV 16 2/3 Hz
	Chemin de fer Lausanne–Échallens–Bercher (LEB)	Lausanne – Bercher, Vaud
	Chemin de fer Nyon-St-Cergue-Morez (NStCNM)	Nyon – La Cure, Vaud	converted in the 1980s from 2200 V DC
	Rigi-Bahnen (VRB/ARB)	Vitznau / Goldau – Rigi
	Schynige Platte Bahn (SPB)	Wilderswil – Schynige Platte, Canton Bern
	Waldenburgerbahn (WB)	Liestal – Waldenburg, Basel-Landschaft
	Wengernalpbahn (WAB)	Lauterbrunnen – Grindelwald, Canton Bern
Turkey	Bursa LRT	Bursa
United Kingdom	Tyne and Wear Metro	Newcastle, Sunderland, Gateshead and Tyneside
	Manchester-Sheffield-Wath	Manchester to Sheffield	Operated 1949–1984. Abandoned east of Hadfield in 1981; suburban services in Manchester converted to 25 kV, 50 Hz AC as far as Hadfield and Glossop in 1984.
	Manchester, South Junction and Altrincham Railway	Manchester	Opened in 1931. Converted to 25 kV 50 Hz AC in 1971 Converted again to 750 V DC in 1991 (Metrolink).
	Great Eastern Main Line	London (Liverpool Street) to Shenfield (then Chelmsford)	Opened in 1949. Converted to 6.25 kV 50 Hz AC in 1960 and later to 25 kV 50 Hz AC
	Shildon to Newport	County Durham	industrial line; operated 1915–1935
United States	Metra Electric District	Chicago
	South Shore Line	Northern Indiana & Chicago
	Central Link	Seattle	light rail

3 kV DC

Country	Name of system	Location	Note
Belgium	Belgium National Railways (SNCB)		National standard. 25 kV AC used on high speed lines and some lines in the south area.
Brazil	SuperVia Trens Urbanos;	Rio de Janeiro suburban network;
Canada	Deux-Montagnes Line	Montreal	built by CNoR in 1918, converted to 25 kV AC/60 Hz in 1995 by AMT
Chile
Czech Republic	Czech Railway Infrastructure Administration (SŽDC)		Northern part of network only (approx. the Děčín - Praha - Ostrava route). The system change stations are Kadaň-Prunéřov, Beroun, Benešov u Prahy, Kutná Hora hl.n., Svitavy, Nezamyslice, Nedakonice. The southern part uses 25 kV 50 Hz.
Estonia			Tallinn commuter rail only
Georgia	Georgian Railway LLC		In fact 3,300 V
Italy	RFI - Rete Ferroviaria Italiana (Italian Railways Network)		25 kV AC used on new high speed lines
North Korea	Korean State Railway		national standard
Latvia	Latvian Railways (LDz)		to be converted to 25 kV AC
Luxembourg	Chemins de fer luxembourgeois (CFL)	The line between Luxembourg and Arlon	25 kV AC on the rest of the network
Morocco	ONCF (Office National des Chemins de Fer)		national standard
Poland	Polish State Railways (PKP)		planned new high speed lines will use 25 kV AC
	Warszawska Kolej Dojazdowa (WKD)	Warszawa and suburbs	600 V DC until 27 May 2016
Russian Federation	Russian Railways (RZD)		new electrification use only 25 kV AC
Slovakia	Slovak Republic Railways (ŽSR)		Northern main line (connected to Czech Republic and Poland) and eastern lines (around Košice and Prešov), conversion to 25 kV AC planned, and the broad gauge line between Košice and the Ukraine border (it will remain 3 kV until new broad gauge line construction, then convert to 25 kV AC), planned new broad gauge line is supposed to use 25 kV AC. Currently, the part north and east of the station Púchov uses 3 kV DC, the rest uses 25 kV 50 Hz.
Slovenia	Slovenian Railways (SŽ)		national standard
South Africa	Transnet Freight Rail (TFR); MetroRail		national standard; also 25 kV AC and 50 kV AC used
Spain	Spanish National Railways (RENFE)		25 kV AC used on new high speed lines
Ukraine	Ukrainian Railways		in east (Donetsk industrial zone), in west (west from L'viv – connecting to Slovakia and Poland), to be converted to 25 kV AC
United States	Morris & Essex Lines	New Jersey, lines towards New York City	By Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad in 1930. Converted to 25 kV 60 Hz by NJT in 1984

15 kV AC, 16+2⁄3 Hz (16.7 Hz)

Main article: 15 kV AC railway electrification

Country	Name of system	Location	Notes
Austria	Austrian Federal Railways		national standard
Germany	German National Railways		national standard
Norway	Norwegian National Rail Administration		national standard
Sweden	Swedish Transport Administration		national standard
Switzerland	Chemin de fer Bière-Apples-Morges (BAM)	Vaud
	BLS	Canton Bern
	Sihltal Zürich Uetliberg Bahn	Canton Zürich	Sihltal line only; shares track with the 1200 V DC electrified Uetliberg line that uses an offset overhead line and pantograph to allow such sharing
	Swiss Federal Railways	Throughout the country
	Zentralbahn	Central Switzerland and Bernese Oberland

25 kV AC, 50 Hz

Main article: 25 kV AC railway electrification

Country	Name of system	Location	Notes
Argentina	Roca Line	Buenos Aires	Constitución - Ezeiza Constitución - Alejandro Korn Constitución - Claypole Constitución - Berazategui
Australia	Queensland Rail	Brisbane, North Coast Line, Coalfields	Queensland
	Transperth	Perth	Western Australia
	Adelaide Metro	Adelaide	South Australia; to be electrified 2009–2018
Belarus
Belgium	Belgium National Railways (NMBS/SNCB)	High-speed lines and some other lines	the rest of the network is 3 kV DC — see rail transport in Belgium
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Botswana			proposed line to Namibia
Bulgaria	Bulgarian State Railways BDZ
China
Congo
Croatia	Croatian Railways (HŽ)	Nationwide	national standard
Czech Republic	Czech Railway Infrastructure Administration (SŽDC)		Southern lines only (linking Karlovy Vary - Cheb - Plzeň - České Budějovice - Tábor - Jihlava - Brno - Břeclav - Slovakia).
Denmark	Banedanmark	See rail transport in Denmark	Vast majority of the Banedanmark network not electrified
Finland	Finnish Railway network		National standard
France	French National Railways (SNCF)
Germany	Rübelandbahn	Harz
Greece	Hellenic Railways Organisation (OSE)	Nationwide	National standard. See Railways of Greece for details of progress.
Hong Kong	Mass Transit Railway Corporation (East Rail Line) (West Rail Line) and (Ma On Shan Line)	Hong Kong
Hungary	Hungarian State Railways (MÁV) and Raaberbahn (GYSEV)
India	Indian Railways (IR)		National standard. Large parts of Mumbai Division (Central Railways) are 1500 V DC, but are being converted to 25 kV AC.
	Chennai Metro	Chennai
	Delhi Metro	Delhi
Iran			Planned
Israel	Israel Railways		construction contract awarded in December 2015
Italy			new high-speed lines only
Japan	JR East Tōhoku, Jōetsu, and Hokuriku Shinkansen		60 Hz in some areas, see 60 Hz overhead below.
Kazakhstan
Latvia	Latvian Railways (LDz)		Eastern lines only
Lithuania	Lithuanian Railways (LG)	Naujoji Vilnia-Kaunas and Naujoji Vilnia-Trakai	Electrification of Naujoji Vilnia – Kena route by 2013 for Vilnius – Minsk (Belarus) is expected. Further Kaunas – Klaipeda corridor electrification will follow.
Luxembourg	Chemins de fer luxembourgeois (CFL)	National standard	the Luxembourg – Arlon line is electrified under 3 kV DC
Macedonia	Macedonian Railways
Malaysia	KTM Komuter Keretapi Tanah Melayu Berhad	Sungai Gadut - Tanjung Malim / Port Klang - Batu Caves	Under Construction Ipoh - Padang Besar / Sungai Gadut - Gemas
Montenegro	Railways of Montenegro	Belgrade - Bar railway and Podgorica - Nikšić
Namibia	Proposed line to Botswana
Netherlands	Used on new High Speed Lines and Freight Lines		1.5 kV DC used on the rest of the network
New Zealand	North Island Main Trunk Railway		Central North Island section, 411 km between Palmerston North and Hamilton
	Auckland suburban	Auckland	77 km between Swanson and Papakura; first service 28 April 2014
Portugal	Portuguese Railways (CP)		except the Cascais Line (1500 V DC)
Romania	Romanian Railways (CFR)
Russian Federation	Russian Railways (RZD)		National standard
Serbia	Serbian Railways
Slovakia	Slovak Republic Railways (ŽSR)		South-western lines only (around Bratislava, Kuty, Trencin, Trnava, Nove Zamky, Zvolen) and the entire network (except narrow gauge lines) to follow
Spain			new high-speed lines only
South Africa	Transnet Freight Rail (TFR), Gautrain
Thailand	Suvarnabhumi Airport Link	Bangkok
Tunisia
Turkey	Turkish State Railways (TCDD)	Nationwide	National standard
UK	Network Rail		except Southern region and Merseyside
Ukraine	Ukrainian Railways		national standard, in most of the west; also 3000 V DC in the east
Uzbekistan
Zimbabwe	National Railways of Zimbabwe (NRZ)	Gweru-Harare	de-energised in 2008

25 kV AC, 60 Hz

Main article: 25 kV AC railway electrification

While 25 kV 60 Hz is not standardized by BS EN 50163 and IEC 60850; it is the logical equivalent of 25 kV 50 Hz in countries where 60 Hz is the normal grid power frequency.

Country	Name of system	Location	Notes
Canada	Deux-Montagnes Line	Montreal	built by CNoR in 1918 as 3000 V DC, converted to 25 kV AC/60 Hz in 1995 by AMT
Japan	Tōkaidō-Sanyō Shinkansen Hokuriku Shinkansen Kyushu Shinkansen	Western Japan, Central Japan, Eastern Japan, JR Kyushu	50 Hz in eastern Japan; see 25 kV AC 50 Hz overhead above
South Korea	Korail	South Korea	all Korail freight/passenger lines except Seoul subway Line 3 (see 1500 V DC overhead above)
	A'REX	Incheon, Seoul
Mexico	Ferrocarril Suburbano de la Zona Metropolitana del Valle de México	Mexico City
Taiwan	Taiwan Railway Administration (TRA)	all electrified lines
	Taiwan High Speed Railway (THSR)	Western Taiwan Corridor
United States	Morris & Essex Lines, New Jersey Transit	New Jersey	former 3,000 V DC system
	North Jersey Coast Line, New Jersey Transit	Aberdeen-Matawan to Long Branch, New Jersey	Converted in 1978 from Pennsylvania Railroad 11 kV 25 Hz system to the 12.5 kV 25 Hz on the Rahway-Matawan ROW and 12.5 kV 60 Hz electrification extended to Long Branch in 1988. The Matawan-Long Branch voltage converted from 12.5 kV 60 Hz system to the 25 kV 60 Hz in 2002.
	Northeast Corridor (NEC), Amtrak	New Haven to Boston	electrified in 2000; see Amtrak's 60 Hz Traction Power System
	Denver RTD	Denver	opened in 2016; separate 750 V DC system for light rail
	Texas Utilities, Monticello & Martin Lake	Texas	see E25B and Internet reference
	Navajo Mine Railroad	New Mexico

Conductor rail systems

600 V DC conductor

All third rail unless stated otherwise.
Used by most older US subways.

Using this type of electrification

No longer using this type of electrification

Type	Country	Name of system	Location	Notes
Top contact	Argentina	Urquiza Line	Buenos Aires	Federico Lacroze-General Lemos
Top contact	Canada	Toronto Subway and Rapid Transit	Toronto	only on subway lines
Top contact	Greece	EIS/ISAP	Athens	used between 1904 and 1985, now 750 V
	Italy	Superga Rack Railway	Turin
Top contact	Japan	Tokyo Metro Ginza Line and Marunouchi Line	Tokyo
	Japan	Nagoya Municipal Subway Higashiyama Line and Meijō Line	Nagoya, Aichi
Top contact	Sweden	Stockholm Metro	Stockholm	650 V, Green and Red Lines
	United Kingdom	Glasgow Subway	Glasgow
	United Kingdom	Southern Railway		some areas up to 1939
Top contact	United States	Chicago "L"	Chicago	elevated and subway lines
Top contact	United States	Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority	Boston	Red and Orange Lines, the subway part of the Blue Line southwest of Airport Station
Top contact	United States	New York City Subway	New York City
Top contact	United States	PATH	New York City metro area
Top contact	United States	Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority	Philadelphia	Broad Street subway
	United States	Walt Disney World Monorail System	Bay Lake, Florida

750 V DC conductor

Conductor rail systems have been separated into tables based on whether they are top, side or bottom contact. All systems are third rail unless stated otherwise.

Using this type of electrification

No longer using this type of electrification

Bottom contact

Country	Name of system	Location	Notes
Algeria	Algiers Metro	Algiers
Austria	Vienna U-Bahn	Vienna
Brazil	São Paulo Metro	São Paulo	except Lines 4 and 5
Bulgaria	Sofia Metro	Sofia
Czech Republic	Prague Metro	Prague
Denmark	Copenhagen Metro	Copenhagen
Egypt	Cairo Metro	Cairo	Line 2 and Line 3
Germany	Munich U-Bahn	Munich
	Nuremberg U-Bahn	Nuremberg
	Hamburg U-Bahn	Hamburg
India	Namma Metro	Bangalore
South Korea	Busan-Gimhae Light Rail Transit	Busan
Netherlands	Amsterdam Metro	Amsterdam	including line 51 north of Station Zuid
Norway	Oslo T-bane	Oslo
Poland	Warsaw Metro	Warsaw
Romania	Bucharest Metro	Bucharest
Singapore	Mass Rapid Transit	Singapore	North South Line, East West Line and Circle Line operated by SMRT Trains Downtown Line operated by SBS Transit Thomson-East Coast Line
Taiwan	Rapid Transit	Taipei	Green, Orange, Red, and Blue Lines
Thailand	BTS Skytrain	Bangkok
	Bangkok Metro	Bangkok
Turkey	İzmir Metro	Bornova to Fahrettin Altay Round,Balçova
United Kingdom	Docklands Light Railway	London
United States	Metro-North Railroad	New York City

Side contact

Country	Name of system	Location	Notes
Canada	Montreal Metro	Montreal	(guide bars, see DC, four-rail below)
Chile	Santiago Metro	Santiago
Finland	Helsinki Metro	Helsinki
France	Paris Métro (Rubber tired)	Paris	Positive (and sometimes negative) polarity on guide bars. See DC, four-rail below.
	Lyon Métro	Lyon
	Marseille Métro	Marseille
	Lille Métro	Lille
	Rennes Métro	Rennes
	Toulouse Métro	Toulouse
Hong Kong	Hong Kong International Airport Automated People Mover (APM)	Hong Kong	Mitsubishi "Crystal Mover" system using two power rails (positive and negative) with side collection.
Japan	Sapporo Municipal Subway Namboku Line	Sapporo, Hokkaido
Singapore	Light Rail Transit	Singapore	Sengkang LRT Line and Punggol LRT Line operated by SBS Transit
	Sentosa Express	Singapore	Sentosa Express operated by SDC
United States	Las Vegas Monorail	Las Vegas

Top contact

Country	Name of system	Location	Notes
China	Beijing Subway	Beijing
France	Paris Métro (Conventional metro)	Paris
Greece	Athens Metro	Athens	Line 1 was 600 V before 1985.
Hungary	Budapest Metro	Budapest	except line M1, which is 600 V DC with overhead lines.
India	Kolkata Metro	Kolkata (Calcutta)
Japan	Osaka Municipal Subway	Osaka, Osaka	except the Sakaisuji Line, Nagahori Tsurumi-ryokuchi Line, and the Imazatosuji Line, which are 1,500 V DC with overhead lines.
	Kita-Osaka Kyuko Railway	Suita, Osaka Toyonaka, Osaka
	Keihanna Line	Higashiosaka, Osaka Ikoma, Nara Nara, Nara
	Yokohama Municipal Subway	Yokohama, Kanagawa
North Korea	Pyongyang Metro	Pyongyang	based on fleet of cars from Beijing and Germany
South Korea	Everline	Yongin
Portugal	Lisbon Metro	Lisbon
Puerto Rico	Tren Urbano	San Juan
Sweden	Stockholm Metro	Stockholm	Nominal voltage 650 V, subway 3 (blue line) 750 V. Subway 1 and 2 will change in the long term to 750 V.
United Kingdom	Merseyrail	Liverpool
	Northern City Line	London	access to City (Moorgate)
	LNWR Suburban Network	London	formerly four-rail out of Euston and Broad Street, curtailed, upgraded and standardised
	Southern Region of British Railways and successors	Southern England	660 V system upgraded and expanded
United States	Long Island Rail Road	New York City and Long Island East River Tunnels shared with Amtrak
	PATCO Speedline	Philadelphia, PA
	Washington Metro	Washington, DC
	Amtrak	within the Hudson and East River Tunnels as well as under Manhattan Northeast Corridor
	New Jersey Transit	within the Hudson Tunnel into Manhattan

Not yet determined

Type	Country	Name of system	Location	Notes
See note	China	Tianjin Metro	Tianjin	Ttp contact in Line 1, bottom contact in Lines 2 and 3
See notes	Germany	Berlin U-Bahn	Berlin	top and bottom contact and positive and negative voltage used on different lines
	Russia			undergrounds and metros
	Ukraine	Kiev Metro	Kiev
	Ukraine	Kharkiv Metro	Kharkiv
	Ukraine	Dnipropetrovs'k Metro	Dnipropetrovs'k	Dnipropetrovsk metro system, opened in 1995, consists of one line and 6 stations

Systems using non-standard voltages

Overhead systems (DC voltage)

Voltage	Name of system	Location	Country	Notes
120	Seaton Tramway	Seaton, Devon	UK	Half scale trams. Operated 1969-now. Substations have battery banks for back up.
250	Chicago Tunnel Company	Chicago	United States	operated 1906–1959
500	Hong Kong Tramways	Hong Kong	Hong Kong
525	Bergbahn Lauterbrunnen-Mürren	Lauterbrunnen	Switzerland
550	Manx Electric Railway	Isle of Man	Isle of Man	including Snaefell Mountain Railway
	Kolkata Trams	Kolkata	India
650	Pittsburgh Light Rail	Pittsburgh	United States
	Basel Trams (BVB/BLT)	Basel	Switzerland
700	Chemin de fer Bex-Villars-Bretaye	Bex – Col de Bretaye, Vaud	Switzerland
800	Szybka Kolej Miejska (Tricity)	Tricity	Poland	Operated 1951-1976. Converted to 3,000 V DC in 1976.
850	Ferrovia Monte Generoso (MG)	Capolago – Monte Generoso, Ticino	Switzerland
900	Gruyere – Fribourg – Morat	Fribourg	Switzerland
	Montreux-Oberland Bernois	Montreux	Switzerland
1,000	Rhätische Bahn (RhB)	St Moritz, Graubunden – Tirano, Lombardy	Switzerland Italy	Bernina line only; remainder of system electrified at 11 kV AC, 16 2⁄3 Hz. The Bernina line is an international line linking Switzerland (St. Moritz) with Italy (Tirano)
	Budapest (HÉV)	Budapest	Hungary
1,100	Buenos Aires Metro (Subterráneos de Buenos Aires)	Buenos Aires	Argentina	only Line A (converted to 1,500 V DC with La Brugeoise trains replaced by new rolling stock in 2013)
1,250	Regionalverkehr Bern-Solothurn (RBS)	Canton Bern	Switzerland	All lines except tram line 6 between Bern and Worb, which is electrified at 600 V DC
1,350	Ferrovia Domodossola–Locarno (FART/SSIF)	Domodossola, Piedmont – Locarno, Ticino	Italy Switzerland	International railway between Italy (Domodossola) and Switzerland (Locarno)
	Ferrovia Lugano–Ponte Tresa (FLP)	Lugano – Ponte Tresa, Canton Ticino	Switzerland
2,400		Lausitzer	Germany	work line of the Lausitzer Brown Coal AG company
	Chemin de fer de La Mure	Grenoble	France	−1,200 V, +1,200 V two wire system from 1903 to 1950. 2,400 V since 1950.
3,500	Bury – Holcombe Brook	Manchester	UK	operated 1913–1918
6,000			Russia	experiments in the late 1970s (3,000 V DC lines)

Overhead systems (AC voltage)

Voltage	Frequency	Name of system	Location	Country	Notes
5,500	16+2⁄3 Hz	Ammergau Railway (German: Ammergaubahn)	Murnau	Germany	1905–1955, after 1955 15 kV, 16.7 Hz
6,000	50 Hz			Germany	factory railway of Rheinbraun AG
6,250		Great Eastern suburban lines	London	UK	Great Eastern suburban lines from Liverpool Street London, 1950s–c1980 (converted to 25 kV)
		Glasgow suburban lines	Glasgow	UK	Sections of the North Clyde Line and Cathcart Circle Line from 1960-1970s
6,300	25 Hz	Hamburg S-Bahn	Hamburg	Germany	Operated with AC 1907–1955. Used both AC and DC (1,200 V 3rd rail) 1940–1955.
6,500		Mariazellerbahn	Sankt Pölten	Austria
6,600		Thamshavnbanen	Orkdal	Norway
6,600	50 Hz	Hambachbahn and Nord-Süd-Bahn	Cologne Lowland	Germany	transports lignite from open-pit mines to powerplants
8 kV	25 Hz	Alb Valley Railway (German: Albtalbahn)	Karlsruhe	Germany	1911–1966, today using 750 V DC
10 kV		Hofpleinlijn	The Hague - Rotterdam	Netherlands	from 1908, in 1926 converted to 1,500 DC, In 2006 replaced by 750 V DC light rail
10 kV	50 Hz	Russian Railways	industrial railways at quarries	Russia	operated from 1950-s at coal and ore quarries
		Ukrainian Railways		Ukraine
		some private industrial railways in Kazakhstan		Kazakhstan
11 kV	16+2⁄3 Hz	Rhätische Bahn (RhB)	Graubünden	Switzerland	Except the Bernina line, which is electrified at 1,000 V DC
		Matterhorn-Gotthard-Bahn (MGB)			formerly Furka-Oberalp-Bahn (FO) and BVZ Zermatt-Bahn
	25 Hz	Pennsylvania Railroad Etc.,		United States	All lines now 12.5 kV 25 Hz or 12.5 kV 60 Hz See Railroad electrification in the United States
	50 Hz	Mont Blanc Tramway		France
12 kV	16+2⁄3 Hz	Chemin de fer du Midi	lines in Pyrenees	France	most converted to 1,500 V 1922–23; Villefranche-Perpignan diesel 1971, then 1,500 V 1984
12.5 kV	25 Hz	Northeast Corridor (NEC), Amtrak	Washington, DC - New York City	United States	11 kV until 1978
		Keystone Corridor, Amtrak	Harrisburg, PA to Philadelphia, PA		11 kV until 1978
		SEPTA	Philadelphia		Regional Rail system only; 11 kV until 1978
		North Jersey Coast Line, New Jersey Transit	Rahway to Aberdeen-Matawan, New Jersey		11 kV until 1978
	60 Hz	North Jersey Coast Line, New Jersey Transit	Aberdeen-Matawan to Long Branch, New Jersey		1988-2002, today using 25 kV 60 Hz
		New Haven Line, Metro-North Railroad	Pelham, NY-New Haven, CT
20 kV	50 Hz	Höllentalbahn	Freiburg	Germany	Operated 1933–1960. Converted to 15 kV 16+2⁄3 Hz.
		Société Nationale des Chemins de fer (SNCF)	Aix-les-Bains – La Roche-sur-Foron	France	Operated 1950–1953. Converted to 25 kV 50 Hz.
		most electrified JR/the third sector lines in Hokkaidō and Tōhoku	JR East, JR Hokkaidō, and others	Japan
	60 Hz	most electrified JR/the third sector lines in Kyūshū and Hokuriku region	JR Kyūshū and others
50 kV	50 Hz	Sishen–Saldanha railway line	Northern Cape, Western Cape	South Africa	opened in 1976 and hauls iron ore
	60 Hz	Tumbler Ridge Subdivision of BC Rail (Now Canadian National Railway)	British Columbia	Canada	Opened in 1983 to serve a coal mine in the northern Rocky Mountains. No longer in use.
		Black Mesa and Lake Powell Railroad	Arizona	United States	First line to use 50 kV electrification when it opened in 1973. This is an isolated coal-hauling short line.
		Deseret Power Railroad (formerly Deseret Western Railway)	Utah

Conductor rail systems (all DC voltage)

Conductor rail systems have been separated into tables based on whether they are top, side or bottom contact.

Top contact systems

Voltage	Type	Name of system	Location	Country	Notes
50	See notes	Volk's Electric Railway	Brighton	UK	Volk's Railway prior to 1884 (current fed through running rails)
110	third rail				the world's oldest operational electric railway
160					Volk's Railway between 1884 and 1980s
100	fourth rail	Monorail at National Motor Museum	Beaulieu	UK	current fed by 2 contact wires
180	See notes	Siemens streetcar	Berlin-Lichterfelde	Germany	Current fed through the running rails Operated 1881–1891
200	third rail	Southend Pier Railway	Southend	UK	Until 1902
250		Hythe Pier Railway	Hythe, Hampshire
		Chicago Tunnel Company	Chicago, Illinois	USA	Morgan Rack 1904, revenue service 1906–1908
400		Berchtesgaden Salt Mine Railway	Berchtesgaden	Germany
440		Post Office Railway	London	UK	disused since 2003 150 V is used in station areas to limit train speed
550		Buenos Aires Metro (Subterráneos de Buenos Aires)	Buenos Aires	Argentina	only Line B
630		Island Line	Isle of Wight	UK
630	4th rail	London Underground (LUL)	London		Supplied at +420 V and -210 V (630 V total); It is proposed to increase the voltage to 750 V (+500 V and -250 V)
650	See notes	Euston to Watford DC Line	London		Third rail with fourth rail bonded to running rail To enable London Underground trains to operate between Queens Park and Harrow & Wealdstone. Similar bonding arrangements are used on the North London Line between Richmond and Gunnersbury and South West Trains Putney Bridge to Wimbledon.
660	third rail	Southern Railway & LSWR			original standard, mostly upgraded to 750 V (except for sections that operate with LUL stock).
800	third rail	Berlin S-Bahn	Berlin	Germany
		Mitre Line	Buenos Aires	Argentina	Retiro - José León Suárez Retiro - Bartolomé Mitre Retiro - Tigre
		Sarmiento Line			Once - Moreno
825		Moscow Metro	Moscow	Russia
		Pyongyang Metro	Pyongyang	North Korea	uses old 750 V Berlin U-Bahn rolling stock
1000		Bay Area Rapid Transit	San Francisco	USA
1500		Culoz–Modane railway	Chambéry - Modane	France	used between 1925 and 1976, today overhead wire

Side contact systems

Voltage	Type	Name of system	Location	Country	Notes
850	Third Rail	Ligne de Saint Gervais - Vallorcine	Martigny	France
1200	Third Rail	Manchester-Bury	Manchester	UK	Dismantled 1991, converted to Manchester Metrolink tramway (750 V DC overhead)
1200	Third Rail	Hamburg S-Bahn	Hamburg	Germany	Since 1940. Used both third rail DC (1200 V) and overhead line AC (6300 V 25 Hz) until 1955. Also uses German standard 15 kV, 16 2/3 Hz overhead electrification on the section between Neugraben and Stade on line S3, opened in December 2007.

Bottom contact systems

Voltage	Type	Name of system	Location	Country	Notes
650	third rail	SkyTrain	Vancouver	Canada	Expo Line (1985) and Millennium Line (2006)
700	third rail	Metro-North Railroad	New York	United States	Hudson and Harlem Lines, southern part of New Haven Line. Original New York Central Railroad electrification scheme to Grand Central Terminal.
		Market-Frankford Line	Philadelphia		Originally 600 V, raised to 700 V
825	third rail	Sofia Metro	Sofia	Bulgaria
850	third rail	Ligne de Cerdagne	Villefranche	France	Often referred to as the "Yellow Train"
		Wiener Lokalbahn	Vienna	Austria
900	third rail	Brussels Metro	Brussels	Belgium
1500	third rail	Guangzhou Metro Line 4, Line 5 and Line 6	Guangzhou	China	Overhead wires in depots; all trains are equipped with pantographs
	third rail	Shenzhen Metro Line 3	Shenzhen
	third rail	Shanghai Metro Line 16	Shanghai		Overhead wires in depot; all trains are equipped with pantographs
	third rail	Beijing Subway Line 7	Beijing

Three-phase systems

Two wires

Main article: Three-phase AC railway electrification

Voltage	Current	Name of system	Location	Country	Notes
725	50 Hz, 3Ø	Gornergratbahn	Zermatt – Gornergrat, Valais	Switzerland
750	40 Hz, 3Ø	Burgdorf-Thun Bahn	Burgdorf – Thun		Operated 1899–1933 converted to 15 kV 16+2⁄3 Hz in 1933
800	60 Hz, 3Ø	Corcovado Rack Railway	Rio de Janeiro	Brazil
1125	50 Hz, 3Ø	Jungfraubahn	Interlaken	Switzerland
3000	15 Hz, 3Ø	Valtellina Electrification		Northern Italy	1902–1917
	50 Hz, 3Ø	Chemin de Fer de la Rhune		France
3000	16 Hz, 3Ø		Simplon Tunnel	Switzerland, Italy	Simplon Bahn, 1906–1930
3600	16+2⁄3 Hz, 3Ø			Italy	operated 1912–1976 in Upper Italy (more info needed)
		FS	Porrettana railway		1927–1935
3700	16+2⁄3 Hz, 3Ø	Brenner Railway	Trento/Trient to Brenner	Germany	1929 - 1965
5200	25 Hz, 3Ø		Almeria – Gergal	Spain	1911–1966?
6600	25 Hz, 3Ø	Great Northern Railway (U.S.)	Cascade Tunnel	United States	1909 - 1929
10 kV	45 Hz, 3Ø	FS	Roma - Sulmona	Italy	1929–1944

Three wires

Voltage	Current	Name of system	Location	Country	Notes
3000 V	50 Hz	Zahnradbahn Tagebau Gruhlwerk	Kierberg	Germany	rack railway (0.7 km) operated 1927–1949
10000 V	50 Hz		Berlin - Lichtenhain		test track (1.8 km); variable voltage and frequency; trial runs 1898–1901
14 kV (See notes)	38 Hz - 48 Hz (See notes)		Zossen - Marienfelde		test track (23.4 km); trial runs 1901–1904 variable voltage between 10 kV and 14 kV and frequency between 38 Hz and 48 Hz.
	50 Hz		Ship elevator of Krasnoyarsk Reservoir	Russia	length: 1.5 km, 9000 mm gauge

Special or unusual types

DC, plough collection from conductors in conduit below track

Main article: Conduit current collection

• London County Council Tramways, later operated by London Transport
• streetcars in New York City (Manhattan), New York
• Washington, D.C. streetcars
• Panama Canal locks' ship handlers (called mules)

DC, one ground-level conductor

• Wolverhampton Corporation Tramways, England (stud contact) (1902–1921)
• Bordeaux Tramway, France (conductor rail)

DC, two-wire

• Greenwich, England. Previously used by trams when in the vicinity of Greenwich Observatory; separate from trolleybus supply.
• Cincinnati, Ohio, US. Tram (streetcar) system used this arrangement throughout, probably due to legal constraints on ground return currents.
• Havana and Guanabacoa, Cuba. Tram (streetcar) systems in both cities used this arrangement.

DC, power from running rails

• Gross-Lichterfelde Tramway (1881–1893), 180 V
• Ungerer Tramway (1886–1895)
• transportable railways as a ride for children

DC, four-rail

Voltage	Type	Contact system	Name of system	Location	Country	Notes
750	guide bars	lateral to both guide bars (one guide connected to running rail)	Paris Metro	Paris	France	rubber-tyred lines only
		Lateral (positive) and top of running rails (negative) contact	Montreal Metro	Montreal	Canada	rubber-tyred lines
			Mexico City Metro	Mexico City	Mexico	rubber-tyred lines
	Third and fourth rail	lateral (positive) and top (negative) contact	Milan Transportation System	Milan	Italy	metro (only line 1)
630		Top contact	London Underground	London	UK	Transport for London

See also

• 15 kV AC railway electrification
• 25 kV AC railway electrification
• Conduit current collection

• Current collector
• Ground level power supply
• Light rail

• Overhead lines
• Railway electrification system
• Tram

References

• BS EN 50163 (2007), EN 50163: Railway applications. Supply voltages of traction systems, IET {{citation}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
• IEC 60850 (2007), IEC 60850: Railway applications - Supply voltages of traction systems (3rd ed.) {{citation}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
• Template:RCTS-LocosLNER-10B
• Dixon, Frank (1994) [1973]. The Manchester South Junction & Altrincham Railway. The Oakwood Library of Railway History (2nd ed.). Headington: Oakwood Press. ISBN 0-85361-454-7. OL34. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Schweers+Wall (2012). Eisenbahnatlas Schweiz. Verlag Schweers + Wall GmbH. ISBN 978-3-89494-130-7. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Swain, Alec (1990). British Rail Fleet Survey 11: Overhead Line Electric Multiple-Units. Shepperton: Ian Allan. ISBN 0-7110-1902-9. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

External links

• http://www.bahnstrom.de/bahnstromsysteme/weltweit_kopf.htm
• Map of European voltage-systems
• Southern Electric, England - details of electrification