List of political ideologies
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In social studies, a political ideology is a certain set of ethical ideals, principles, doctrines, myths or symbols of a social movement, institution, class or large group that explains how society should work and offers some political and cultural blueprint for a certain social order. A political ideology largely concerns itself with how to allocate power and to what ends it should be used. Some political parties follow a certain ideology very closely while others may take broad inspiration from a group of related ideologies without specifically embracing any one of them. The popularity of an ideology is in part due to the influence of moral entrepreneurs, who sometimes act in their own interests. Political ideologies have two dimensions:
- Goals: how society should be organized.
- Methods: the most appropriate way to achieve this goal.
An ideology is a collection of ideas. Typically, each ideology contains certain ideas on what it considers to be the best form of government (e.g. democracy or autocracy) and the best economic system (e.g. capitalism or socialism). Sometimes the same word is used to identify both an ideology and one of its main ideas. For instance, "socialism" may refer to an economic system, or it may refer to an ideology which supports that economic system. The same term may also be used to refer to multiple ideologies, and that is why political scientists try to find consensus definitions for these terms. For instance, while the terms have been conflated at times, "Communism" has come in common parlance and in academics to refer to Soviet-type regimes and Marxist-Leninist ideologies, whereas "Socialism" has come to refer to a wider range of differing ideologies distinct from Marxism-Leninism. [1] Political ideology is a term fraught with problems, having been called "the most elusive concept in the whole of social science".[2] However, ideologies tend to identify themselves by their position on the political spectrum (such as the left, the centre or the right), though this is very often controversial. Finally, ideologies can be distinguished from political strategies (e.g. populism) and from single issues that a party may be built around (e.g. opposition to European integration or the legalization of marijuana). There are several studies that show that political ideology is heritable within families.[3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]
The following list is strictly alphabetical and attempts to divide the ideologies found in practical political life into a number of groups and each group contains ideologies that are related to each other. The headers refer to names of the best-known ideologies in each group. The names of the headers do not necessarily imply some hierarchical order or that one ideology evolved out of the other. They are merely noting that the ideologies in question are practically, historically and ideologically related to each other. One ideology can belong to several groups and there is sometimes considerable overlap between related ideologies. The meaning of a political label can also differ between countries and that parties often subscribe to a combination of ideologies.
Anarchism and Left-libertarianism
Left-libertarianism
Anarchism
Classical
Post-Classical
- Anarcha-feminism
- Anarchism without adjectives
- Anarcho-pacifism
- Green anarchism
- Insurrectionary anarchism
- Panarchism
- Platformism
- Religious anarchism
Contemporary
- Anarcho-transhumanism
- Anti-fascism
- Black anarchism
- Crypto-anarchism
- Free-market anarchism
- National anarchism
- Post-anarchism
- Postcolonial anarchism
- Post-left anarchy
- Queer anarchism
Regional variants
- Africa
- Argentina
- Australia
- Azerbaijan
- Bolivia
- Brazil
- Canada
- Catalonia
- China
- Cuba
- Ecuador
- Egypt
- France
- French Guiana
- Germany
- Greece
- India
- Iceland
- Ireland
- Israel
- Italy
- Japan
- Korea
- Mexico
- Monaco
- New Zealand
- Poland
- Puerto Rico
- Rojava
- Romania
- Russia
- Singapore
- South Africa
- Spain
- Sweden
- Transnistria
- Turkey
- Ukraine
- United Kingdom
- United States
- Venezuela
- Vietnam
Classical liberal radicalism
Libertarian Marxism
Other
Conservatism and Right-libertarianism
Traditional conservatism
- Authoritarian conservatism
- Cultural conservatism
- Fiscal conservatism
- National conservatism
- Paternalistic conservatism
- Paleoconservatism
- Reactionism
- Social conservatism
- Theoconservatism
- Traditionalist conservatism
Right-libertarianism
General
- Autarchism
- Beltway libertarianism
- Christian libertarianism
- Classical liberalism
- Consequentialist libertarianism
- Free-market anarchism
- Fusionism
- Georgism
- Green libertarianism
- Libertarian conservatism
- Libertarian feminism
- Libertarian transhumanism
- Minarchism
- Natural-rights libertarianism
- Neo-libertarianism
- Objectivist libertarianism
- Paleolibertarianism
- Panarchism
- Propertarianism
- Voluntaryism
Regional variants of right-libertarianism
- Libertarianism in South Africa
- Libertarianism in the United Kingdom
- Libertarianism in the United States
Other
- Alt-lite
- Anti-environmentalism
- Anti-immigration movements
- Anti-unionism
- Bioconservatism
- Black conservatism
- Christian democracy
- Civic conservatism
- Communitarianism
- Conservative corporatism
- Conservative feminism
- Conservative liberalism
- Fusionism
- Green conservatism
- LGBT conservatism
- Liberal conservatism
- Libertarian conservatism
- Neoconservatism
- Neoliberalism
- Neo-nationalism
- Right-wing populism
- Social Darwinism
Regional variants of conservatism
American
Asian / Pacific
- Conservatism in Australia
- Conservatism in China (PRC)
- Conservatism in Hong Kong
- Conservatism in South Korea
European
- Conservatism in France
- Conservatism in Germany
- Conservatism in Serbia
- Conservatism in Spain
- Conservatism in the United Kingdom
Middle Eastern / Indian
Religious variants of conservatism
Environmentalism and Ecologism
Light green environmentalism
Bright green environmentalism
Deep green environmentalism
- Anti-consumerism
- Anti-globalization movement
- Bioregionalism
- Ecocentrism
- Eco-communalism
- Green anarchism
- Radical environmentalism
Other
Regional variants
Religious variants
- Christian environmentalism
- Islamic environmentalism
- Jewish environmentalism
- Maori environmentalism
- Spiritual ecology
Identity politics
Age-related rights movements
Disability-related rights movements
Feminism
General
- Analytical feminism
- Anarcha-feminism
- Antifeminism
- Conservative feminism
- Cultural feminism
- Cyberfeminism
- Difference feminism
- Ecofeminism
- Equality feminism
- Gender feminism
- Labor feminism
- Lesbian feminism
- Liberal feminism
- Libertarian feminism
- Lipstick feminism
- Marxist feminism
- Material feminism
- Maternal feminism
- Postmodern feminism
- Radical feminism
- Separatist feminism
- Sex-positive feminism
- Social feminism
- Socialist feminism
- Standpoint feminism
- State feminism
- Transfeminism
Chronological variants
- Protofeminism
- First-wave feminism
- Second-wave feminism
- Third-wave feminism
- Fourth-wave feminism
- Postfeminism
Ethnic variants
- Black feminism
- Chicana feminism
- French feminism
- Indigenous feminism
- Kurdish feminism
- Postcolonial feminism
- White feminism
Regional variants
African
American
Asian / Pacific
- Australia
- China
- Hong Kong
- Indonesia
- Japan
- Malaysia
- New Zealand
- Philippines
- South Korea
- Taiwan
- Thailand
- Vietnam
European
- Albania
- Denmark
- Finland
- France
- Germany
- Greece
- Ireland
- Italy
- Netherlands
- Norway
- Poland
- Russia
- Sweden
- Ukraine
- United Kingdom
Middle Eastern / Indian
Religious variants
- Atheist feminism
- Buddhist feminism
- Christian feminism
- Hindu feminism
- Islamic feminism
- Jewish feminism
- Mormon feminism
- Neopagan feminism
- Sikh feminism
LGBT social movements
- Gay liberation
- Gay pride
- Homonationalism
- LGBT conservatism
- Queer anarchism
- Queer nationalism
- Queer socialism
- Transfeminism
Men's movement
Racial separatist and supremacist movements
Black
White
Self-determination movements
African-American
- African-American self-determination
- Black anarchism
- Black capitalism
- Black feminism
- Black power
- Pan-Africanism
Indigenous peoples
- Canadian First Nations self-determination
- Indigenismo
- Maori self-determination
- Native American self-determination
- Pan-Indianism
- Self-determination of Australian Aborigines
Latinx American
Liberalism and Centrism
Liberalism
General
- Agonistic liberalism
- Classical liberalism
- Conservative liberalism
- Constitutional liberalism
- Cultural liberalism
- Democratic liberalism
- Green liberalism
- Muscular liberalism
- Neoliberalism
- National liberalism
- Progressivism
- Secular liberalism
- Technoliberalism
Other
- Liberal autocracy
- Liberal conservatism
- Liberal feminism
- Liberal socialism
- Pirate politics
- Radicalism
- Whiggism
Centrism
- Centre-left politics
- Centre-right politics
- Christian democracy
- Communitarianism
- Georgism
- Moderate politics
- Radical centrism
- Social democracy
- Social liberalism
- Syncretic politics
- Third Way
- Welfare capitalism
Regional variants
African
American
- Latin America
- Bolivia
- Brazil
- Canada
- Chile
- Colombia
- Cuba
- Ecuador
- Honduras
- Mexico
- Nicaragua
- Panama
- Paraguay
- Peru
- United States
- Uruguay
- Venezuela
Asian / Pacific
European
- Europe
- Albania
- Armenia
- Austria
- Belgium
- Bulgaria
- Croatia
- Czech lands
- Denmark
- Estonia
- Finland
- France
- Germany
- Greece
- Hungary
- Iceland
- Italy
- Latvia
- Lithuania
- Luxembourg
- Macedonia
- Moldova
- Montenegro
- Netherlands
- Norway
- Poland
- Portugal
- Romania
- Russia
- Serbia
- Slovakia
- Slovenia
- Spain
- Sweden
- Switzerland
- Ukraine
- United Kingdom
Middle Eastern / Indian
Nationalism and Fascism
General
- Anti-imperialism
- Bourgeois nationalism
- Civic nationalism
- Corporate nationalism
- Eco-nationalism
- Economic nationalism
- Ethnic nationalism
- Expansionist nationalism
- Golus nationalism
- Homonationalism
- Imperialism
- Left-wing nationalism
- Liberal nationalism
- National mysticism
- Nativism
- Neo-nationalism
- Pan-nationalism
- Queer nationalism
- Religious nationalism
- Romantic nationalism
- Territorial nationalism
- Ultranationalism
Fascism
- Alt-right
- Austrofascism
- Brazilian Integralism
- British fascism
- Chilean fascism
- Christofascism
- Clerical fascism
- Corporate statism
- Crypto-fascism
- Dark Enlightenment
- Ecofascism
- Falangism
- Fascist syndicalism
- Francoism
- Hutu Power
- Integral nationalism
- Islamofascism
- Italian fascism
- Japanese fascism
- Legionarism
- Metaxism
- National Radicalism
- Nazism
- Neo-fascism
- Neo-Nazism
- Racial nationalism
- Reactionary modernism
- Revolutionary nationalism
- Rexism
- Right-wing authoritarianism
- Strasserism
- Third Position
Other
- National anarchism
- National bolshevism
- National communism
- National conservatism
- National syndicalism
- Producerism
Religious variants
- Christian nationalism
- Hindu nationalism
- Muslim nationalism
- Sikh nationalism
- Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism
Regional variants
African
- Afrikaner nationalism
- Algerian nationalism
- Berber nationalism
- Congolese nationalism (Democratic Republic of the Congo)
- Egyptian nationalism
- Ethiopian nationalism
- Madagascan nationalism
- Nigerian nationalism
- Somali nationalism
American
- American nationalism
- Argentine nationalism
- Brazilian nationalism
- Canadian nationalism
- Greenlandic independence
Asian / Pacific
- Cambodian nationalism
- Chinese nationalism
- Filipino nationalism
- Indonesian nationalism
- Japanese nationalism
- Karen nationalism
- Korean nationalism
- Malaysian nationalism
- Vietnamese nationalism
European
- Albanian nationalism
- Armenian nationalism
- Austrian nationalism
- Belgian nationalism
- British nationalism
- Bulgarian nationalism
- Estonian nationalism
- Finnish nationalism
- French nationalism
- Georgian nationalism
- German nationalism
- Greek nationalism
- Hungarian nationalism
- Irish nationalism
- Italian nationalism
- Latvian nationalism
- Polish nationalism
- Romanian nationalism
- Russian nationalism
- Spanish nationalism
- Ukrainian nationalism
- Yugoslav nationalism
Middle Eastern / Indian
- Arab nationalism
- Assyrian nationalism
- Azerbaijani nationalism
- Indian nationalism
- Iranian nationalism
- Kurdish nationalism
- Pakistani nationalism
- Sri Lankan nationalism
- Turkish nationalism
- Zionism
Unification movements
- Anti-globalization movement
- Anti-nationalism
- Indigenism
- Multiculturalism
- Pan-Africanism
- Pan-Americanism
- Pan-Arabism
- Pan-Asianism
- Pan-Celticism
- Pan-Europeanism
- Pan-Germanism
- Pan-Hellenism
- Pan-Hispanism
- Pan-Iberism
- Pan-Iranism
- Pan-Irishism
- Pan-Islamism
- Pan-Latin Americanism
- Pan-Latinism
- Pan-Scandinavianism
- Pan-Slavism
- Pan-Somalism
- Pan-Turanism
- Pan-Turkism
Populism and Direct Democracy movements
General
- Agrarianism
- Anti-corruption movements
- Anti-establishmentarianism
- Anti-particracy movements
- Collaborative governance
- Copyright reform movements
- Cyber-utopianism
- E-democracy
- Grassroots democracy
- Localism
- Net neutrality movements
- Open-source governance
- Participatory democracy
- Pirate politics
Left-wing populism
- Agrarian socialism
- Anti-corporation movements
- Anti-globalization movement
- Occupy movement
- Peace movement
Right-wing populism
Regional variants
- Black Populism movement in the United States
- Coffee Party movement in the United States
- Direct Democracy in the United States
- Euroscepticism
- Five Star movement in Italy
- Kemalism
- Populism in Canada
- Populism in Latin America
- Roman Populares
- Russian agrarian populism
- Tea Party movement in the United States
- Trumpism in the United States
- United Kingdom Independence Party
Religious ideologies
General
- Anti-clericalism
- Clericalism
- Confessionalism
- Divine right of kings
- Feminist theology
- Fundamentalism
- Humanism
- Political religion
- Progressive Reconstructionism
- Religious anarchism
- Religious anti-Zionism
- Religious apoliticism
- Religious communism
- Religious liberalism
- Religious nationalism
- Religious pacifism
- Religious socialism
- Secularism
- Spiritual left
- State religion
Buddhism
Christianity
- Caesaropapism
- Christian anarchism
- Christian communism
- Christian democracy
- Christian feminism
- Christian fundamentalism
- Christian humanism
- Christian libertarianism
- Christian nationalism
- Christian pacifism
- Christian reconstructionism
- Christian socialism
- Christofascism
- Distributism
- Evangelical left
- Liberal Christianity
- Liberation theology
- Political Catholicism
- Popolarismo
- Progressive Christianity
- Social Gospel
- Ultramontanism
Hinduism
Islam
- Gülen movement
- Islamic anarchism
- Islamic democracy
- Islamic feminism
- Islamic fundamentalism
- Islamic liberalism
- Islamic Modernism
- Islamic nationalism
- Islamic pacifism
- Islamic socialism
- Khilafat movement
- Panislamism
Judaism
- Homaranismo
- Jewish anarchism
- Jewish anti-Zionism
- Jewish Autonomism
- Jewish democracy
- Jewish feminism
- Jewish fundamentalism
- Jewish humanism
- Jewish left
- Jewish nationalism
- Kibbutzim
Mormonism
Shinto
Sikhism
Socialism and Communism
Evolutionary socialism
- Democratic socialism
- Ethical socialism
- Fabian socialism
- Liberal socialism
- Municipal socialism
- Reformism
- Social democracy
Revolutionary socialism
- Blanquism
- Democratic socialism
- Libertarian socialism
- Syndicalism
- Western Marxism
Communism
- Marxist communism
- Non-Marxist communism
Other
- Agrarian socialism
- Authoritarian socialism
- Centrist Marxism
- Eco-socialism
- Guild socialism
- Market socialism
- Proto-socialism
- Scientific socialism
- Right-wing socialism
- Socialist feminism
- Socialist nationalism
- State socialism
- Utopian socialism
- Workplace democracy
Regional variants of socialism
- African socialism
- American socialism
- Arab socialism
- Australian socialism
- Bangladeshi socialism
- Brazilian socialism
- British socialism
- Burmese socialism
- Canadian socialism
- Caribbean socialism
- Catalan socialism
- Chilean socialism
- Dutch socialism
- French socialism
- Hong Kong socialism
- Indian socialism
- Indonesian socialism
- Iranian socialism
- Korean socialism
- Kurdish socialism
- Israeli socialism
- Latin American Socialism of the 21st century
- Melanesian socialism
- Mexican socialism
- New Zealand socialism
- Nicaraguan socialism
- Pakistani socialism
- Russian Narodnik socialism
- Scandinavian socialism
- Tanzanian socialism
- Third-Worldism
Religious variants of socialism
Regional variants of communism
African
- Communism in Angola
- Communism in Benin
- Communism in the Republic of the Congo
- Communism in Ethiopia
- Communism in Madagascar
- Communism in Mozambique
- Communism in Somalia
- Communism in South Africa
American
- Communism in Canada
- Communism in Chile
- Communism in Colombia
- Communism in Cuba
- Communism in Grenada
- Communism in Peru
- Communism in the United States
Asian / Pacific
- Communism in Australia
- Communism in Cambodia
- Communism in China
- Communism in Indonesia
- Communism in Korea
- Communism in Laos
- Communism in Mongolia
- Communism in the Philippines
- Communism in Thailand
- Communism in Vietnam
European
- Communism in Albania
- Communism in Bulgaria
- Communism in Czechoslovakia
- Communism in France
- Communism in Germany
- Communism in Greece
- Communism in Hungary
- Communism in Italy
- Communism in Poland
- Communism in Portugal
- Communism in Romania
- Communism in Russia
- Communism in Spain
- Communism in the United Kingdom
- Communism in Yugoslavia
Middle Eastern / Indian
- Communism in Afghanistan
- Communism in India
- Communism in Iran
- Communism in Israel/Palestine
- Communism in Nepal
- Communism in Pakistan
- Communism in Turkey
- Communism in Yemen
See also
References
- ^ https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/slavic-review/article/state-of-socialism-a-note-on-terminology/4C742B00BE0D00ED3F0BE855097DE5F7#
- ^ D. McLellan, Ideology, University of Minnesota Press, 1986, p. 1.
- ^ Bouchard, T. J., and McGue, M. (2003). Genetic and environmental influences on human psychological differences. Journal of Neurobiology, 54 (1), 44–45.
- ^ Cloninger, et al. (1993).[citation not found]
- ^ Eaves, L. J., Eysenck, H. J. (1974). Genetics and the development of social attitudes. Nature, 249, 288–289.
- ^ Alford, (2005).[citation not found]
- ^ Hatemi, P. K., Medland, S. E., Morley, K. I., Heath, A. C., Martin, N.G. (2007). "The genetics of voting: An Australian twin study". Behavior Genetics, 37 (3), 435–448.
- ^ Hatemi, P. K., Hibbing, J., Alford, J., Martin, N., Eaves, L. (2009). "Is there a 'party' in your genes?". Political Research Quarterly, 62 (3), 584–600.
- ^ Settle, J. E., Dawes, C. T., and Fowler, J. H. (2009). "The heritability of partisan attachment". Political Research Quarterly, 62 (3), 601–613.
- ^ Anonymous Conservative. The Evolutionary Psychology Behind Politics.