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U.S. First Lady Pat Nixon viewing the Beijing Zoo panda exhibit in February 1972
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Panda diplomacy is a term used to describe China's practice of sending giant pandas to other countries as a symbol of diplomatic goodwill.

While the practice has been recorded as far back as the Tang dynasty,[1] when Empress Wu Zetian sent a pair of pandas to Emperor Tenmu of Japan in 685,[2] the term only came into popular use during the Cold War.[3]

Cold War diplomacy

The People's Republic of China began to use panda diplomacy more prominently in the 1950s, and has continued the practice into the present day. Between 1957 and 1983, 24 pandas were gifted to nine nations as gestures of friendship. These nations included the Soviet Union, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, the United States of America, and the United Kingdom.[3]

When President Nixon visited China in 1972, Mao Zedong promised to send two pandas to an American zoo. In exchange, Nixon gifted two musk oxen to the Chinese. The mutual gifts illustrated the growing diplomatic relationship between China and the United States at the time.[4] Despite the long history of panda diplomacy, the arrival of the pandas in 1972 marked the first time a panda had been in the United States in over twenty years.[3]

Upon the pandas' arrival in April 1972, First Lady Pat Nixon donated them to the National Zoo in Washington, D.C., where she welcomed them in an official ceremony. Over 20,000 people visited the pandas the first day they were on display, and an estimated 1.1 million visitors came to see them the first year they were in the United States.[5] The pandas were wildly popular and China's gift was seen as an enormous diplomatic success, evidence of China's eagerness to establish official relations with the U.S.[6] It was so successful that British Prime Minister Edward Heath asked for pandas for the United Kingdom during a visit to China in 1974. Pandas Chia-Chia and Ching-Ching arrived at the London Zoo a few weeks later.[5] The pandas gifted to the UK would later be the inspiration for the logo of the World Wildlife Fund.[3]

Loan policy

In 1984, China's Paramount Leader Deng Xiaoping modified the policy, such that subsequent pandas would be loaned, instead of gifted, beginning with China presenting two pandas to Los Angeles during the 1984 Olympic Games for $50,000 per month per panda. This practice was again modified in 1991 in favor of long-term loans.[7] China began to offer pandas to other nations only on ten-year loans. The standard loan terms include a fee of up to US$1 million per year and a provision that any cubs born during the loan period be the property of the People's Republic of China. Since 1998, because of a World Wildlife Fund lawsuit, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service allows a U.S. zoo to import a panda only if the zoo can ensure that China will channel more than half of its loan fee into conservation efforts for wild pandas and their habitat. The gifting of two pandas to Hong Kong in 2007 was ostensibly an exception to this loan model, but can be seen as outside of the spectrum of panda diplomacy.[7]

After the 2008 Sichuan earthquake that severely damaged many facilities, 60 pandas required new housing. The majority were given to nations that had favorable trade agreements with China, or those that supplied China with necessary resources, such as uranium from Australia.[3]

International recognition

Other countries recognize the significance of pandas as diplomatic symbols, emblematic of the state of relations with China. During a visit by then Chinese Leader Hu Jintao to Japan in May 2008, China announced the loan of two pandas to Japan. The leader was quoted as saying "Giant pandas are very popular among the Japanese, and they are a symbol of the friendly ties between Japan and China."[8] Treatment of the pandas is likewise associated with the relevant foreign policy. For example, in 1964, British diplomats worried that a transfer of a panda from a London Zoo to Moscow would worsen Sino–Soviet relations.[9] In January 2006, U.S. Deputy Secretary of State Robert Zoellick was photographed hugging a five-month-old panda cub during his visit to Sichuan. The image was widely broadcast by the Chinese media and was purportedly interpreted as a sign that Zoellick supported better relations between China and the United States.[10]

On April 16, 2014, China planned to send a pair of pandas named Fu Wa and Feng Yi to Malaysia to mark their 40-year diplomatic ties but were postponed following the MH370 tragedy.[11] The two pandas later arrived at Kuala Lumpur International Airport on May 21, 2014 and were placed at the National Zoo of Malaysia.[12][13]

In 2018, Finland agreed to care for two giant pandas following their endorsement of the one-China policy.[14]

Two pandas, Cai Tao and Hu Chun, arrived in Jakarta in 2017 to be placed in Taman Safari in Bogor as part of the 60th anniversary celebrations of China–Indonesia relations.[15]

The most recent panda loan was on June 5, 2019 when Chinese Communist Party General Secretary Xi Jinping gifted two giant pandas to Russia's Moscow Zoo on an official state visit as a "sign of respect and trust." The pandas, two-year-old male Ru Yi and one-year-old female Ding Ding, are on loan to the zoo for 15 years and reside in a purpose-built pavilion.[16]

Animal health concerns

In 2003, China sent Thailand a pair of pandas, Chuang Chuang and Lin Hui, to Chiang Mai Zoo. Chuang Chuang was put on a diet in 2007 due to obesity, and died in September 2019 as a result of heart failure. The public started to blame this incident on China's panda diplomacy, with many arguing that sending the animals overseas and outside their endemic habitat was detrimental to their health, further exacerbating their population decline.[17][18]

Upkeep and expense

Keeping pandas is very expensive. Beside the cost of the "rent" payable to China, obtaining enough bamboo is very expensive. A panda typically consumes only fresh bamboo, eating 40 kg of it every day.[19] It was reported in 2011 that Edinburgh Zoo spent $107,000 per year to feed its two pandas.[20] This caused the zoo to ask for bamboo donations, as well as for local gardeners to start growing bamboo.[21] During the COVID-19 pandemic, the supply of bamboo added to cost considerations. Owing to the difficulty of securing a consistent and adequate supply of fresh bamboo, Calgary Zoo opted to return their pair of pandas ahead of schedule, to join their progeny back in China.[19]

Copenhagen Zoo opened a panda enclosure in 2019 for two pandas on lease from China for 15 years with the price tag of $1 million annually. The enclosure itself cost $24 million, though it was privately funded. Eva Flyvholm, a member of Denmark's parliament for the Red-Green Alliance, said: "Denmark gets the pandas because we have dropped our criticism of the Chinese repression of Tibet, and because Chinese human rights violations aren't being criticized so much." Forty new trade agreements with China were signed with the panda loan agreement in 2019.[18]

Offer of pandas to Taiwan

Main article: Tuan Tuan and Yuan Yuan
Giant panda at the Taipei Zoo

In 2005, Lien Chan, Chairman of the Kuomintang, the then opposition party in Taiwan, visited mainland China. As part of the talks between Lien and the Communist Party of China (CPC), two pandas (later named Tuan Tuan and Yuan Yuan, meaning "reunion" in Chinese) were offered as a gift to the people of Taiwan.

While the idea was popular with the Taiwanese public, it was opposed by the Republic of China (ROC) government of Taiwan, then led by the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP), which favors Taiwanese independence and staunchly opposes unification with the People's Republic of China. The gift of pandas was seen as an attempt by the CPC to draw the ROC government into its "united front". While several zoos in Taiwan made bids to host the pandas, the ROC government raised objections, ostensibly on the grounds that pandas were not suited to the Taiwanese climate and that Taiwan did not have the expertise to rear pandas successfully. It was widely understood, however, that these were pretexts underlaid by political considerations by the DPP-led government to maintain its distance from the PRC government.[22] Another technical issue is a dispute over the applicability of the Convention on the International Trade of Endangered Species (CITES). In 1998, China offered the Republic of China two giant pandas in exchange for wartime peace. The PRC insisted that a transfer from mainland China to Taiwan was a domestic transfer, not subject to CITES, while the ROC government disputed this and would not accept the pandas without CITES procedures.[23] On March 11, 2006, the ROC formally rejected the offer, with President Chen Shui-bian explaining in his weekly newsletter, "A-bian (Chen's nickname) sincerely urges the Chinese leaders to leave the giant pandas in their natural habitat, because pandas brought up in cages or given as gifts will not be happy."[23]

Following a change of government in Taiwan, in July 2008, the ROC government led by the Kuomintang stated that it would accept the gift of two four-year-old giant pandas.[24] In December 2008, the government approved the import of pandas under the terms of "species of traditional herbal medicine."[25] Tuan Tuan and Yuan Yuan arrived at Taipei Zoo later in the same month.

In response to the transfer, the CITES Secretariat stated that the transfer of the two pandas was a matter of "internal or domestic trade", and so was not required to be reported to CITES.[26] The ROC quickly issued a rebuttal to the CITES statement and insisted that the country-to-country transfer protocols were respected. The ROC also noted that such procedures would not have been needed if it had been an internal/domestic transfer.[27] The ROC further noted that Taiwan is not a CITES signatory and is therefore not obligated to report to the CITES Secretariat its acceptance of the two pandas.[28]

Other animals as diplomatic gifts

Internationally, other rare animals appear as diplomatic/political gifts as well. For example, in the run-up to the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games, five Chinese sturgeons, symbolising the five Olympic rings, were given by China's Central Government to Hong Kong.[29]

In 2009, the government of the Seychelles Islands announced its gift of a pair of Aldabra giant tortoises to the 2010 World Expo in Shanghai in celebration of the 60th anniversary of the founding of the People's Republic of China, and in appreciation of China assisting the small insular nation with the expenses of participating in the Expo. The two tortoises will be actually kept in Shanghai Zoo.[30]

The government of Mongolia has a practice of gifting horses to visiting dignitaries. Recipients include President of South Korea Park Geun-hye,[31] Vice President of India Mohammad Hamid Ansari,[32] Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi,[33] and the United States Secretary of Defense Chuck Hagel.[34]

The Philippines plans to loan a pair of Philippine eagles to Singapore in 2019 for ten years as an effort to boost ties between the two countries. The Philippine government also considers the move as an "insurance policy" in a bid to protect the endangered species' population in the event an avian outbreak wipes out the indigenous population in the Philippines.[35]

See also

References

  1. ^ "The giant panda is on a bit of a roll". The Economist. September 16, 2017. Retrieved June 13, 2019.
  2. ^ "Official book tells untold stories of the giant panda". China Daily. Xinhua News Agency. February 21, 2019. Archived from the original on August 4, 2019. Retrieved June 13, 2019.
  3. ^ a b c d e Buckingham, Kathleen Carmel; David, Jonathan Neil William; Jepson, Paul (September 2013). "ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEWS AND CASE STUDIES: Diplomats and Refugees: Panda Diplomacy, Soft "Cuddly" Power, and the New Trajectory in Panda Conservation". Environmental Practice. 15 (3): 262–270. doi:10.1017/S1466046613000185. ISSN 1466-0466. S2CID 154378167.
  4. ^ Burns, Alexander (February 4, 2016). "When Ling-Ling and Hsing Hsing Arrived in the U.S." The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 22, 2019.
  5. ^ a b Magnier, Mark (March 21, 2006). "Attack of the Pandas". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved June 13, 2019.
  6. ^ Byron, Jimmy (February 1, 2011). "Pat Nixon and Panda Diplomacy". The Richard Nixon Foundation. Archived from the original on July 20, 2011.
  7. ^ a b Holland, Brynn. "Panda Diplomacy: The World's Cutest Ambassadors". HISTORY. Retrieved October 29, 2019.
  8. ^ Hasegawa, Kyoko (May 7, 2008). "Chinese leader hails warming with Japan on rare visit". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on January 22, 2018. Retrieved July 15, 2008.
  9. ^ McGeown, Kate (May 3, 2005). "China's panda ambassadors". BBC News. Retrieved June 13, 2019.
  10. ^ Cody, Edward (January 26, 2006). "U.S. Envoy Engages in Panda Diplomacy". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on August 20, 2017. Retrieved June 13, 2019.
  11. ^ "China delays sending pandas to Malaysia out of respect for MH370 families". Associated Press. April 11, 2014. Archived from the original on February 23, 2019. Retrieved June 13, 2019 – via Global News.
  12. ^ "Pandas arrive in Malaysia after MH370 delay". News24. May 21, 2014. Archived from the original on February 23, 2019. Retrieved June 13, 2019.
  13. ^ "Pandas arrive in Zoo Negara". The Star. May 21, 2014. Archived from the original on October 7, 2019. Retrieved June 13, 2019.
  14. ^ "Panda-hosting Ähtäri Zoo losing money". Yle. May 10, 2018. Retrieved June 13, 2019.
  15. ^ "Indonesian zoo welcomes new arrivals thanks to China's latest act of 'panda diplomacy'". South China Morning Post. Agence France-Presse. September 28, 2017. Archived from the original on September 14, 2019. Retrieved June 13, 2019.
  16. ^ "'They make you smile': Putin & Xi go full panda diplomacy at Moscow Zoo (PHOTO, VIDEO)". RT. June 5, 2019. Archived from the original on June 10, 2019. Retrieved June 13, 2019.
  17. ^ Proebst, Iona. "What to Expect at the Chiang Mai Zoo, Thailand". Culture Trip. Retrieved October 22, 2019.
  18. ^ a b Lamb, Kate (October 9, 2019). "Thailand panda death that sparked outrage caused by heart failure, not neglect". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved October 22, 2019.
  19. ^ a b Ward, Rachel (May 12, 2020). "Calgary Zoo to ship giant pandas back to China early due to difficulty getting bamboo during pandemic". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on May 24, 2020. Retrieved May 31, 2020.
  20. ^ "Zoo orders Chinese food delivery from Holland". The Independent. November 8, 2011. Archived from the original on October 22, 2019. Retrieved October 22, 2019.
  21. ^ Carswell, Clare (January 17, 2011). "Zoo to ask for bamboo donations". Deadline News. Retrieved October 22, 2019.
  22. ^ Hogg, Chris (January 9, 2006). "Taiwan 'unlikely' to want pandas". BBC News. Archived from the original on July 9, 2018. Retrieved June 13, 2019.
  23. ^ a b Spencer, Richard (March 24, 2006). "We're not wild about your pandas, China told". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved June 13, 2019.
  24. ^ Macartney, Jane (July 4, 2008). "Comment: Where airlines go, panda diplomacy may follow". The Times.[dead link]
  25. ^ "SEF rejects CITES' interpretation of 'domestic transfer' of pandas". Taiwan News. December 24, 2008. Retrieved June 13, 2019.
  26. ^ "PANDA DIPLOMACY: CITES secretary says panda transport need not be reported". Taipei Times. December 24, 2008. Retrieved June 13, 2019.
  27. ^ "Panda delivery not internal/domestic transfer: president". Central News Agency. December 28, 2008. Archived from the original on April 16, 2020. Retrieved June 13, 2019.
  28. ^ Ko, Shu-ling (December 25, 2008). "PANDA DIPLOMACY: Use of 'domestic' by CITES secretariat was wrong: MAC". Taipei Times. Archived from the original on July 9, 2018. Retrieved June 13, 2019.
  29. ^ Han, Pliny, ed. (June 20, 2008). ""Living fossil of fish" Chinese sturgeons debut in HK". Xinhua News Agency. Archived from the original on June 28, 2008.
  30. ^ "Seychelles presents giant tortoises to organizer". expo2010.cn. Archived from the original on July 8, 2011 – via shanghai.cultural-china.com.
  31. ^ "Park receives gift horse from Mongolian president". Yonhap News Agency. July 17, 2016. Archived from the original on February 23, 2017. Retrieved June 13, 2019.
  32. ^ Joseph, Anil K (July 15, 2016). "Mongolian President gifts horse to Ansari". India Today. Press Trust of India. Archived from the original on February 23, 2017. Retrieved June 13, 2019.
  33. ^ Mohan, Vishwa (May 28, 2015). "Why PM Modi left 'Kanthaka' in Mongolia". The Times of India. Times News Network. Archived from the original on April 8, 2019. Retrieved June 13, 2019.
  34. ^ Londoño, Ernesto (April 10, 2014). "Hagel gets a horse from Mongolian hosts as he wraps up Asia trip". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 13, 2019.
  35. ^ Enano, Jhesset O. (May 21, 2019). "2 Philippine eagles to fly in Singapore under wildlife loan deal". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved June 13, 2019.
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