Stateless nation: Difference between revisions
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|[[Tamils]]<ref>India, Sri Lanka and the Tamil crisis, 1976-1994: an international perspective (1995), Alan J. Bullion, p.32.</ref><ref>Governance and Multiculturalism: The White Elephant of Social Construction, Catherine Koerner, Soma Pillay, p.44.</ref><ref>{{Citation|author=David Brog|title=Reclaiming Israel's History: Roots, Rights, and the Struggle for Peace|year=2017|publisher=Regnery Publishing|isbn=9781621576099 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=WxYbDgAAQBAJ&q=tamils&pg=PT8}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|author= Jeffrey Haynes, Peter Hough, Shahin Malik, Lloyd Pettiford |title=World Politics: International Relations and Globalisation in the 21st Century|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317862963 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=MZ_aAAAAQBAJ&dq=stateless+nation+tamils&pg=PT634}}</ref> || [[File:Bicolor flag of Tamil Eelam.svg|50px|border|center]]<br /> [[File:Tamil Eelam Flag.svg|50px|border|center]]<br />|| [[Tamil language]]|| [[Dravidian languages]] || [[Hinduism]] (mostly [[Shaivism]]) || 78,000,000 || Asia || [[India]], [[Sri Lanka]] || [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Tamil Eelam]] || [[Tamil nationalism]], [[Greater Tamil Nadu]], [[Tamil National Retrieval Troops|TNRT]], [[Tamil Nadu Liberation Army]], [[Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism]], [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam|LTTE]], [[Sri Lankan Civil War]], [[Transnational Government of Tamil Eelam|TGTE]], [[Vaddukoddai Resolution]] || Historically ruled [[Tamilakam]] and parts of Sri Lanka. |
|[[Tamils]]<ref>India, Sri Lanka and the Tamil crisis, 1976-1994: an international perspective (1995), Alan J. Bullion, p.32.</ref><ref>Governance and Multiculturalism: The White Elephant of Social Construction, Catherine Koerner, Soma Pillay, p.44.</ref><ref>{{Citation|author=David Brog|title=Reclaiming Israel's History: Roots, Rights, and the Struggle for Peace|year=2017|publisher=Regnery Publishing|isbn=9781621576099 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=WxYbDgAAQBAJ&q=tamils&pg=PT8}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|author= Jeffrey Haynes, Peter Hough, Shahin Malik, Lloyd Pettiford |title=World Politics: International Relations and Globalisation in the 21st Century|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317862963 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=MZ_aAAAAQBAJ&dq=stateless+nation+tamils&pg=PT634}}</ref> || [[File:Bicolor flag of Tamil Eelam.svg|50px|border|center]]<br /> [[File:Tamil Eelam Flag.svg|50px|border|center]]<br />|| [[Tamil language]]|| [[Dravidian languages]] || [[Hinduism]] (mostly [[Shaivism]]) || 78,000,000 || Asia || [[India]], [[Sri Lanka]] || [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Tamil Eelam]] || [[Tamil nationalism]], [[Greater Tamil Nadu]], [[Tamil National Retrieval Troops|TNRT]], [[Tamil Nadu Liberation Army]], [[Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism]], [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam|LTTE]], [[Sri Lankan Civil War]], [[Transnational Government of Tamil Eelam|TGTE]], [[Vaddukoddai Resolution]] || Historically ruled [[Tamilakam]] and parts of Sri Lanka. Seeks more regional autonomy for the Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]] or form a sovereign nation as [[Dravida Nadu]]. Demand autonomy in [[North Eastern Province, Sri Lanka|North Eastern Province]] or total secession from [[Sri Lanka]].<ref>Religious Nationalism: A Reference Handbook: A Reference Handbook, Atalia Omer, Jason A. Springs (2013)</ref> |
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||[[Pashtuns]]|| [[File:Flag of Pashtunistan.svg|50px|border|center]]|| [[Pashto language]] |
||[[Pashtuns]]|| [[File:Flag of Pashtunistan.svg|50px|border|center]]|| [[Pashto language]] |
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|[[Occitan people]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Flag of Occitania (with star).svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Occitan language|Occitan]], [[French language|French]], [[Italian language|Italian]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]] |
|[[Occitan people]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Flag of Occitania (with star).svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Occitan language|Occitan]], [[French language|French]], [[Italian language|Italian]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]] |
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|[[Romance languages]]||[[Roman Catholicism]] || 16,000,000 || Europe || [[France]], [[Monaco]], [[Italy]] and [[Spain]] ([[Val d'Aran]]) ||[[Occitania]] || [[Occitan nationalism]] ([[Occitan Party]], [[Partit de la Nacion Occitana]], [[Libertat]]) || Seek self-determination, greater autonomy or total secession from [[France]]. |
|[[Romance languages]]||[[Roman Catholicism]] || 16,000,000 || Europe || [[France]], [[Monaco]], [[Italy]] and [[Spain]] ([[Val d'Aran]]) ||[[Occitania]] || [[Occitan nationalism]] ([[Occitan Party]], [[Partit de la Nacion Occitana]], [[Libertat]]) || Seek self-determination, greater autonomy or total secession from [[France]]. |
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|[[Assamese people]] <ref name="satp">{{cite web|url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/assam/terrorist_outfits/Ulfa.htm |title=United Liberation Front of Asom (ULFA) - Terrorist Group of Assam |publisher=Satp.org |access-date=1 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/indias-treacherous-northeast|title=India's Treacherous Northeast|date=26 September 2012|publisher=Yaleglobal.yale.edu|access-date=12 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mha.gov.in/node/91173|title=Banned Organizations {{!}} Ministry of Home Affairs {{!}} GoI|website=mha.gov.in|access-date=28 December 2019}}</ref> || [[File:Flag_of_United_Liberation_Front_of_Asom.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Assamese language]] || [[Indo-Aryan languages]] || [[Hinduism]] || 15,000,000<ref name="nationalencyklopedin">Mikael Parkvall, "Världens 100 största språk 2007" (The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2007), in ''[[Nationalencyklopedin]]''</ref>|| Asia || [[India]] || [[Assam]] || [[Assam separatist movements]], [[United Liberation Front of Assam|ULFA]] [[Insurgency in Northeast India]] || Seeks greater regional autonomy for natives of [[Assam]] or total secession from [[India]].<ref>[http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/para/ulfa.htm The United Liberation Front of Asom (ULFA)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905022900/https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/para/ulfa.htm |date=2018-09-05 }}, the vanguard of national liberation struggle in Assam, was formed on 7th April 1979 to bear the historic responsibility of spearheading the armed democratic struggle with the ultimate aim of establishing an independent socialist sovereign Assam.</ref> |
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|[[Uyghur people]]<ref>{{Citation | year=2018 | website=Brown Political Review | publisher=Brown University | title=On Statehood: Xinjiang Autonomy and Its Enemies | url=https://brownpoliticalreview.org/2018/11/statehood-xinjiang-autonomy-enemies/ | access-date=9 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Citation | title=The East Turkestan Islamic Movement (ETIM) | website=Council on Foreign Relations | url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/east-turkestan-islamic-movement-etim | access-date=9 April 2023}}</ref> || [[File:Kokbayraq flag.svg|50px|border|center]] ||[[Uyghur language]] |
|[[Uyghur people]]<ref>{{Citation | year=2018 | website=Brown Political Review | publisher=Brown University | title=On Statehood: Xinjiang Autonomy and Its Enemies | url=https://brownpoliticalreview.org/2018/11/statehood-xinjiang-autonomy-enemies/ | access-date=9 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Citation | title=The East Turkestan Islamic Movement (ETIM) | website=Council on Foreign Relations | url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/east-turkestan-islamic-movement-etim | access-date=9 April 2023}}</ref> || [[File:Kokbayraq flag.svg|50px|border|center]] ||[[Uyghur language]] |
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|[[Tibetan people]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Flag of Tibet.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Standard Tibetan|Tibetan language]], [[Chinese language]] |
|[[Tibetan people]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Flag of Tibet.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Standard Tibetan|Tibetan language]], [[Chinese language]] |
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| [[Sino-Tibetan languages]]|| [[Buddhism]] || 7,000,000<ref>James B. Minahan, ''Encyclopedia of Stateless Nations 2nd Edition: Ethnic and National Groups around the World'' 2016 p.422</ref> || Asia || [[China]], [[India]], [[Nepal]] || [[Tibet]] || [[Tibetan independence movement]] || Limited autonomy in the [[Tibet Autonomous Region]]. Historically occupied the [[Tibetan Empire]]. |
| [[Sino-Tibetan languages]]|| [[Buddhism]] || 7,000,000<ref>James B. Minahan, ''Encyclopedia of Stateless Nations 2nd Edition: Ethnic and National Groups around the World'' 2016 p.422</ref> || Asia || [[China]], [[India]], [[Nepal]] || [[Tibet]] || [[Tibetan independence movement]] || Limited autonomy in the [[Tibet Autonomous Region]]. Historically occupied the [[Tibetan Empire]]. |
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|[[Indian Gorkha]]s {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Flag of Gurkhaland.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Nepali language]] |
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| [[Indo-Aryan languages]]|| [[Hinduism]] || 6,364,759<ref>James B. Minahan, ''Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: D-K'' 2002 p.677</ref> || Asia || [[India]] || [[Gorkhaland|Gorkhastan]] || [[Gorkha National Liberation Front]], [[Gorkha Janmukti Morcha]] || Gorkhaland is a proposed state in India demanded by the people of the [[Darjeeling district|Darjeeling Hills]] and the people of [[Indian Gorkha|Gorkha]] ethnic origin on the Northern part of [[West Bengal]]. |
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|[[Riffian people]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Flag of the Republic of the Rif.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Riffian language]], [[Arabic]] |
|[[Riffian people]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Flag of the Republic of the Rif.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Riffian language]], [[Arabic]] |
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|[[Naga people]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Unofficial flag of Nagaland.svg|50px|border|center]] || Tibeto-Burman dialects / [[Nagamese creole]] |
|[[Naga people]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Unofficial flag of Nagaland.svg|50px|border|center]] || Tibeto-Burman dialects / [[Nagamese creole]] |
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| || [[Christianity]] || 2,000,000 || Asia || [[India]] || [[Nagaland]] || [[Naga National Council]], [[Insurgency in Northeast India]] || |
| || [[Christianity]] || 2,000,000 || Asia || [[India]] || [[Nagaland]] || [[Naga National Council]], [[Insurgency in Northeast India]] || Seeks greater regional autonomy or complete separatation from India. |
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|[[Sardinian people]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eurominority.org/version/maps/map-nations.asp|title=Eurominority – La solidarité avec le peuple palestinien|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060623193842/http://www.eurominority.org/version/maps/map-nations.asp|archive-date=2006-06-23}}</ref><ref>''Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations'', James Minahan, pg. 1661</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Mikael Bodlore-Penlaez|title=Atlas of Stateless Nations in Europe : Minority People in Search of Recognition|year=2011|publisher=Y Lolfa Cyf|isbn=978-1847713797|pages=[https://archive.org/details/atlasofstateless0000unse/page/70 70]|url=https://archive.org/details/atlasofstateless0000unse/page/70}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unionesarda.it/articolo/cronaca/2016/01/11/la_sardegna_nel_club_delle_nazioni_un_capitolo_nella_bibbia_delle-68-456595.html|title=La Sardegna nel club delle nazioni: un capitolo nella Bibbia dell'etnie del mondo – Cronaca – L'Unione Sarda.it|date=11 January 2016|access-date=2 August 2016|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304195956/http://www.unionesarda.it/articolo/cronaca/2016/01/11/la_sardegna_nel_club_delle_nazioni_un_capitolo_nella_bibbia_delle-68-456595.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> || [[File:Bandera nacionalista sarda.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Sardinian language|Sardinian]], [[Corsican language#Corsican in Sardinia|Corso-Sardinian]], [[Italian language|Italian]], [[Catalan language|Catalan]], [[Ligurian (Romance language)|Ligurian]] |
|[[Sardinian people]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eurominority.org/version/maps/map-nations.asp|title=Eurominority – La solidarité avec le peuple palestinien|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060623193842/http://www.eurominority.org/version/maps/map-nations.asp|archive-date=2006-06-23}}</ref><ref>''Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations'', James Minahan, pg. 1661</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Mikael Bodlore-Penlaez|title=Atlas of Stateless Nations in Europe : Minority People in Search of Recognition|year=2011|publisher=Y Lolfa Cyf|isbn=978-1847713797|pages=[https://archive.org/details/atlasofstateless0000unse/page/70 70]|url=https://archive.org/details/atlasofstateless0000unse/page/70}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unionesarda.it/articolo/cronaca/2016/01/11/la_sardegna_nel_club_delle_nazioni_un_capitolo_nella_bibbia_delle-68-456595.html|title=La Sardegna nel club delle nazioni: un capitolo nella Bibbia dell'etnie del mondo – Cronaca – L'Unione Sarda.it|date=11 January 2016|access-date=2 August 2016|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304195956/http://www.unionesarda.it/articolo/cronaca/2016/01/11/la_sardegna_nel_club_delle_nazioni_un_capitolo_nella_bibbia_delle-68-456595.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> || [[File:Bandera nacionalista sarda.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Sardinian language|Sardinian]], [[Corsican language#Corsican in Sardinia|Corso-Sardinian]], [[Italian language|Italian]], [[Catalan language|Catalan]], [[Ligurian (Romance language)|Ligurian]] |
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|[[Friuli]]{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}}||[[File:Bandiere dal Friûl.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Friulian language|Friulian]] |
|[[Friuli]]{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}}||[[File:Bandiere dal Friûl.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Friulian language|Friulian]] |
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|[[Romance languages]] || [[Catholicism]] || 2,000,000 (est.) || Europe || [[Italy]] || [[Friuli]] || [[Friuli Movement]] || Friuli is an autonomous region of Italy, but there are also other views as to what status it should have. |
|[[Romance languages]] || [[Catholicism]] || 2,000,000 (est.) || Europe || [[Italy]] || [[Friuli]] || [[Friuli Movement]] || Friuli is an autonomous region of Italy, but there are also other views as to what status it should have. |
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|[[Tripuri people]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Unofficial flag of Tripura.png|50px|border|center]] || [[Kokborok]] |
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| [[Sino-Tibetan languages]]|| [[Hinduism]] || 1,520,000 (2002)<ref name="auto2">James Minahan, ''Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: S-Z'' 2002 p.1915</ref> || Asia || [[India]] || [[Tripura]] || [[Tripuri nationalism]], [[All Tripura Tiger Force]], [[National Liberation Front of Tripura]] || Historically occupied the [[Twipra Kingdom]]. 1949, Tripuris had a population of 85% in Tripura, 2002 they make up 29% and became a minority in their own homeland.<ref name="auto2" /> |
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|[[Boro people]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Bandera Bodoland.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Boro language (India)|Boro]] |
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| [[Sino-Tibetan languages]]|| [[Hinduism]] [[Bathouism]] || 1,300,000 || Asia || [[India]] || [[Bodoland]] || [[Bodo nationalism]], [[National Democratic Front of Bodoland]] || National [[devolution]] or further autonomy from the India. |
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|[[Tuareg people]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:MNLA flag.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Tuareg language]] |
|[[Tuareg people]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:MNLA flag.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Tuareg language]] |
Revision as of 19:29, 2 October 2023
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A stateless nation is an ethnic group or nation that does not possess its own state[1] and is not the majority population in any nation state.[2] The term "stateless" implies that the group "should have" such a state (country).[3][4] Members of stateless nations may be citizens of the country in which they live, or they may be denied citizenship by that country. Stateless nations are usually not represented in international sports or in international organisations such as the United Nations. Nations without state are classified as fourth-world nations.[5][6][7] Some of the stateless nations have a history of statehood, some were always a stateless nation, dominated by another nation.
The term was coined in 1983 by political scientist Jacques Leruez in his book L'Écosse, une nation sans État about the peculiar position of Scotland within the British state. It was later adopted and popularized by Scottish scholars such as David McCrone, Michael Keating and T. M. Devine.[8]
Stateless nations either are dispersed across a number of states (for example, the Yakthung Limbu People residing in east of Nepal, includes (Sikkim and Darjeeling) India and north-western part of Bangladesh as the Yakthung Limbuwan nation[9] and Yoruba people are found in the African states of Nigeria, Benin and Togo) or form the native population of a province within a larger state (such as the Uyghur people in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region within the People's Republic of China). Some stateless nations historically had a state, which was absorbed by another; for example, Tibet's declaration of independence in 1913 was not recognized, and it was reunited in 1951 by the People's Republic of China which claims that Tibet is an integral part of China, while the Tibetan government-in-exile maintains that Tibet is an independent state under an unlawful occupation.[10][11] Some ethnic groups were once a stateless nation that later became a nation state (for example, the nations of the Balkans such as the Croats, Serbs, Bosniaks, Slovenes, Montenegrins and Macedonians were once part of a multinational state of Yugoslavia; since the breakup of Yugoslavia many nation states were formed).
Stateless nations can have large populations; for example the Kurds have an estimated population of over 30 million people, which make them one of the largest stateless nations.[12] Multiple stateless nations can reside in the same geographical region or country; for example, the Tuareg, Toubou, Rifians, Kabyle in North Africa, Chin, Kachin, Karen, Mon, Rakhine, Rohingya and Shan in Myanmar, or Galicians, Cantabrians, Asturians, Aragonese, Basques, Catalans, Valencians and Andalusians in Spain.[13]
Nation-states and nations without states
The symbiotic relationship between nations and states arose in early modern Western Europe (18th century) and it was exported to the rest of the world through colonial rule. Whereas the Western European nation-states are at present relinquishing some of their powers to the European Union, many of the former colonies are now the zealous defenders of the concept of national-statehood.[4] However, not all peoples within multi-cultural states have the same awareness of being a stateless nation. As not all states are nation states, there are ethnic groups who live in multinational states without being considered "stateless nations".
Only a small fraction of the world's national groups have associated nation-states. The proportion was estimated to be 3 percent by Minahan. The rest are distributed in one or more states. While there are over 3000 estimated nations in the world, there were only 193 member states of the United Nations as of 2011, of which fewer than 20 are considered to be ethnically homogeneous nation-states. Thus nation-states are not as common as often assumed, and stateless nations are the overwhelming majority of nations in the world.[4]
Consequences of colonialism and imperialism
During the imperial and colonial era, powerful nations extended their influence outside their homeland and this resulted in many colonized nations ceasing to be self-governing and have since been described as stateless nations.[14] Some nations have been victims of "carve-outs" thst left their homeland divided among several countries. Even today, the colonial boundaries form modern national boundaries. These boundaries often differ from cultural boundaries. This results in situations in which people who speak the same language or people who have the same culture are divided by national borders, for example, New Guinea is split into the regions of West Papua (a former Dutch colony) and Papua New Guinea (a former Australian colony).[15] During decolonization, the colonial powers imposed a unified state structure irrespective of the ethnic differences and granted independence to their colonies as a multinational state. This led to successor states with many minority ethnic groups in them, which increased the potential for ethnic conflicts.[16][17][18][19] Some of these minority groups campaigned for self-determination. Stateless nations were not protected in all countries and as a result, they became victims of atrocities such as discrimination, ethnic cleansing, genocide, forced assimilation, and the Exploitation of labour and natural resources.[20][21]
Nationalism and stateless nations
People with a common origin, history, language, culture, customs or religion can turn into a nation by awakening of national consciousness.[22] A nation can exist without a state, as is exemplified by the stateless nations. Citizenship is not always the nationality of a person.[23] In a multinational state different national identities can coexist or compete: for example, in Britain English nationalism, Scottish nationalism and Welsh nationalism exist and are held together by British nationalism.[24] Nationalism is often connected to separatism, because a nation achieves completeness through its independence.[25]
Throughout history, numerous nations declared their independence, but not all succeeded in establishing a state. Even today, there are active autonomy and independence movements around the world. The claim of the stateless nations to self-determination is often denied due to geopolitical interests and increasing globalization of the world.[26][27][28][29] Stateless nations sometimes show solidarity with other stateless nations and maintain diplomatic relations.[30][31]
Unionism vs separatism
Not all ethnic groups claim to be a nation or aspire to be a separate state. Some of them see themselves as part of the multinational state and they believe that their interests are well represented in it. The favoring of a united single state is also associated with unionism (Pakistani nationalism, Indian nationalism, Indonesian nationalism, Chinese nationalism,[32] British nationalism, Spanish nationalism, Russian nationalism[citation needed][clarification needed]). In many countries, unionism is also encouraged by governments and separatism is considered illegal.
Claims by stateless nations and ethnic groups with autonomous status
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The following is a list of ethnic and national groups where there exist notable independence movements as evidenced by standalone Wikipedia articles.
States made bold under the "homeland" column are countries of the respective ethnic groups which are native to them and still host the majority (more than half) of their population.
Formerly stateless nations
Some stateless nations have achieved their own independent state. Examples include Greeks before the Greek War of Independence[100] and Irish people before the Irish War of Independence and Bengalis before the Bangladesh Liberation War.[101]
Some would include the Jews until the 1948 Israeli declaration of independence,[102] however others would point out that different groups of Jews have very different characteristics such as languages, cultures, and territories, rendering the idea that all Jews constitute a single nation questionable.[103][104]
During the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the breakup of Yugoslavia, several ethnic groups gained their own sovereign state.[105]
See also
- Diaspora
- Ethnic nationalism
- European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages
- Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities
- List of active autonomist and secessionist movements
- List of federally recognized tribes
- List of First Nations peoples
- List of unrecognized tribes in the United States
- Multinational state
- Non-FIFA international football
- Self-determination
- Sovereignty
- Stateless person
- Stateless society
- Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization
Notes
References
- ^ Dictionary Of Public Administration, U.C. Mandal, Sarup & Sons 2007, 505 p.
- ^ Frank L. Kidner; Maria Bucur; Ralph Mathisen; Sally McKee; Theodore R. Weeks (2013), Making Europe: The Story of the West, Volume II: Since 1550, Cengage Learning, p. 668, ISBN 978-1-285-50027-0
- ^ Osborne, Louise; Russell, Ruby (27 December 2015). "Stateless in Europe: 'We are no people with no nation'". TheGuardian.com. Archived from the original on 5 October 2019. Retrieved 28 December 2018.
- ^ a b c Chouinard, Stéphanie (2016), "Stateless nations", in Karl Cordell; Stefan Wolff (eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Ethnic Conflict, Routledge, pp. 54–66, ISBN 9781317518921
- ^ David Newman, Boundaries, Territory and Postmodernity
- ^ Ethnic Minority Media: An International Perspective, Stephen Harold Riggins, 217p.
- ^ Language in Geographic Context, Colin H. Williams, 39p.
- ^ Verdugo, Richard R.; Milne, Andrew (1 June 2016). National Identity: Theory and Research. IAP. p. 85. ISBN 9781681235257. Archived from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 1 January 2022 – via Google Books.
- ^ The letters dispatched by the (Hangtumyahang) presidend Nir Kumar Sambahangphe Limbu of Yakthung Limbuwan National Council (YLNC) to the president of Nepal, Hon'ble Bidya Devi Bhandari, Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom and the President of India, Hon'ble Ram Nath Kovind as a LETTER OF GRIEVANCES to release Yakthung Limbuwan as an Independent nation from Stateless nation in 19th June 2020.
- ^ Clark, Gregory, In fear of China, 1969, saying: "Tibet, although enjoying independence at certain periods of its history, had never been recognised by any single foreign power as an independent state. The closest it has ever come to such recognition was the British formula of 1943: suzerainty, combined with autonomy and the right to enter into diplomatic relations."
- ^ "The Legal Status of Tibet". Cultural Survival. Archived from the original on 2014-03-30. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
- ^ "Who are the Kurds?". TRT World. Archived from the original on 2019-07-08. Retrieved 2018-06-23.
- ^ Encyclopedia of Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups around the World, 2nd Edition: Ethnic and National Groups around the World, pp. 59–60, 79–80, 366–367
- ^ Redie Bereketeab, Self-Determination and Secession in Africa: The Post-Colonial State
- ^ Richard Devetak, Christopher W. Hughes, Routledge, 2007-12-18, The Globalization of Political Violence: Globalization's Shadow
- ^ Cultural Analysis: Towards Cross-cultural Understanding (2006), Hans Gullestrup, 130p.
- ^ Ethnicity and Christian leadership in west African sub-region: proceedings of the conference of the fifteenth CIWA Theology Week held at the Catholic Institute of West Africa (2004), Port Harcourt, p.272
- ^ Mussolini Warlord: Failed Dreams of Empire, 1940–1943 (2013), H. James Burgwyn, Chapter V
- ^ Ethnic Groups in Conflict (2009), Karl Cordell, Stefan Wolff
- ^ Donald L. Horowitz, Ethnic Groups in Conflict
- ^ Bruce E. Johansen, Resource Exploitation in Native North America: A Plague upon the Peoples
- ^ George W. White, Nationalism and Territory: Constructing Group Identity in Southeastern Europe
- ^ Understanding National Identity by David McCrone, Frank Bechhofer, p.22
- ^ Unionist-Nationalism: Governing Urban Scotland, 1830–1860 by Graeme Morton, 1999
- ^ James Minahan, Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: A-C
- ^ Nationalism and Globalisation (2015), Stephen Tierney
- ^ The Tamil Genocide by Sri Lanka: The Global Failure to Protect Tamil Rights Under International Law, Francis Boyle, chapter self determination.
- ^ Turmoil in the Middle East: Imperialism, War, and Political Instability (1999), Berch Berberoglu, 69p.
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