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=== Data transfer class action lawsuit ===
=== Data transfer class action lawsuit ===
In November 2019, a [[class action]] lawsuit was filed in California that alleged that TikTok transferred personally-identifiable information of U.S. persons to servers located in China owned by Tencent and [[Alibaba Group|Alibaba]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-50640110 |title=TikTok sent user data to China, US lawsuit claims |last= |first= |date=3 December 2019 |publisher=BBC News |access-date=5 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191205021729/https://www.bbc.com/news/business-50640110|archive-date=5 December 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/california-class-action-lawsuit-accuses-tiktok-of-illegally-harvesting-data-and-sending-it-to-china |title=California Class-Action Lawsuit Accuses TikTok of Illegally Harvesting Data and Sending It to China |last=Montgomery |first=Blake |date=2 December 2019 |work=[[The Daily Beast]] |access-date=4 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191203142027/https://www.thedailybeast.com/california-class-action-lawsuit-accuses-tiktok-of-illegally-harvesting-data-and-sending-it-to-china |archive-date=3 December 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.technologyreview.com/f/614859/tiktok-lawsuit-privacy-china-cfius-investigation-global-internet/ |title=TikTok's second lawsuit in a week brings a US ban a shade closer |last=Chen |first=Angela |date=5 December 2019 |work=[[MIT Technology Review]]|access-date=5 December 2019}}</ref> The lawsuit also accused ByteDance, TikTok's parent company, of taking user content without their permission. The plaintiff of the lawsuit, college student Misty Hong, downloaded the app but claimed she never created an account. She realized a few months later that TikTok has created an account for her using her information (such as biometric) and made a summary of her information. The lawsuit also alleged that information was sent to Chinese tech giant [[Baidu]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://gdpr.report/news/2019/12/04/privacy-tiktok-found-secretly-transferring-user-data-to-china/ |title=#Privacy: TikTok found secretly transferring user data to China |first=Meera |last=Narendra |date=4 December 2019}}</ref> In July 2020, twenty lawsuits against TikTok were merged into a single class action lawsuit in the [[United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Allyn|first=Bobby|date=August 4, 2020|title=Class-Action Lawsuit Claims TikTok Steals Kids' Data And Sends It To China|work=NPR|url=https://www.npr.org/2020/08/04/898836158/class-action-lawsuit-claims-tiktok-steals-kids-data-and-sends-it-to-china|url-status=live|access-date=August 4, 2020}}</ref>
In November 2019, a [[class action]] lawsuit was filed in California that alleged that TikTok<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-12-19|title=Why TikTok is Popular Among Teens Today - Tiktok is Most Popular App Among Teen|url=https://maxternmedia.com/why-tiktok-is-popular-among-teens-today-tiktok-is-most-popular-app-among-teen/|access-date=2020-08-16|website=Maxtern Media|language=en-GB}}</ref> transferred personally-identifiable information of U.S. persons to servers located in China owned by Tencent and [[Alibaba Group|Alibaba]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-50640110 |title=TikTok sent user data to China, US lawsuit claims |last= |first= |date=3 December 2019 |publisher=BBC News |access-date=5 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191205021729/https://www.bbc.com/news/business-50640110|archive-date=5 December 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/california-class-action-lawsuit-accuses-tiktok-of-illegally-harvesting-data-and-sending-it-to-china |title=California Class-Action Lawsuit Accuses TikTok of Illegally Harvesting Data and Sending It to China |last=Montgomery |first=Blake |date=2 December 2019 |work=[[The Daily Beast]] |access-date=4 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191203142027/https://www.thedailybeast.com/california-class-action-lawsuit-accuses-tiktok-of-illegally-harvesting-data-and-sending-it-to-china |archive-date=3 December 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.technologyreview.com/f/614859/tiktok-lawsuit-privacy-china-cfius-investigation-global-internet/ |title=TikTok's second lawsuit in a week brings a US ban a shade closer |last=Chen |first=Angela |date=5 December 2019 |work=[[MIT Technology Review]]|access-date=5 December 2019}}</ref> The lawsuit also accused ByteDance, TikTok's parent company, of taking user content without their permission. The plaintiff of the lawsuit, college student Misty Hong, downloaded the app but claimed she never created an account. She realized a few months later that TikTok has created an account for her using her information (such as biometric) and made a summary of her information. The lawsuit also alleged that information was sent to Chinese tech giant [[Baidu]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://gdpr.report/news/2019/12/04/privacy-tiktok-found-secretly-transferring-user-data-to-china/ |title=#Privacy: TikTok found secretly transferring user data to China |first=Meera |last=Narendra |date=4 December 2019}}</ref> In July 2020, twenty lawsuits against TikTok were merged into a single class action lawsuit in the [[United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Allyn|first=Bobby|date=August 4, 2020|title=Class-Action Lawsuit Claims TikTok Steals Kids' Data And Sends It To China|work=NPR|url=https://www.npr.org/2020/08/04/898836158/class-action-lawsuit-claims-tiktok-steals-kids-data-and-sends-it-to-china|url-status=live|access-date=August 4, 2020}}</ref>
== See also ==
== See also ==
* [[Timeline of social media]]
* [[Timeline of social media]]

Revision as of 14:48, 16 August 2020

For other uses, see Tick tock.
"Tiktok" redirects here. For the film, see Tiktok (film).

TikTok/Douyin
Developer(s)ByteDance
Initial releaseSeptember 2016; 8 years ago (2016-09). Released worldwide after merging with Musical.ly on 2 August 2018.
Stable release
15.5.0 / 31 March 2020
Operating systemiOS, Android
Size308.3 MB (iOS)[1]
55.21 MB (Android)[2]
Available in40 languages[3]
List of languages
Arabic, Bengali, Burmese, Cambodian, Cebuano, Czech, Dutch, English, Filipino, French, German, Greek, Gujarati, Hindi, Hungarian, Indonesian, Italian, Japanese, Javanese, Kannada, Korean, Malay, Malayalam, Marathi, Oriya, Polish, Portuguese, Punjabi, Romanian, Russian, Simplified Chinese, Spanish, Swedish, Tamil, Telugu, Thai, Traditional Chinese, Turkish, Ukrainian, and Vietnamese
TypeVideo sharing
LicenseProprietary software with Terms of Use
Websitetiktok.com
douyin.com
Douyin
Chinese抖音
Literal meaning"vibrating sound"
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinDǒuyīn
IPA[tòʊ.ín]

TikTok/Douyin (Chinese: 抖音; pinyin: Dǒuyīn) is a Chinese video-sharing social networking service owned by ByteDance,[5] a Beijing-based Internet technology company founded in 2012 by Zhang Yiming. It is used to create short music, lip-sync, dance, comedy and talent videos of 3 to 15 seconds,[6][7] and short looping videos of 3 to 60 seconds.[8] ByteDance first launched Douyin for the Chinese market in September 2016. Later, TikTok was launched in 2017 for iOS and Android in most markets outside of mainland China; however, it only became available worldwide, including the United States, after merging with Musical.ly on August 2, 2018.

TikTok and Douyin's servers are each based in the market where the respective app is available.[9] In addition to the ByteDance headquarters in Beijing, TikTok also has global offices, including in Dublin, Los Angeles, New York City, London, Paris, Berlin, Dubai, Mumbai, Singapore, Jakarta, Seoul, and Tokyo.[10] Since its launch in 2016, TikTok/Douyin rapidly gained popularity in East Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia, the United States, Turkey, Russia, and other parts of the world.[11][12][13] As of August 2020, TikTok, excluding Douyin, has surpassed 1 billion users worldwide in less than four years.[14] As of April 2020, Douyin has around 500 million monthly active users. [15][16]

Since June 2020, Kevin Mayer is CEO of TikTok and COO of parent company ByteDance.[17] Previously, he was chairman of Walt Disney Direct-to-Consumer & International.[18] On August 3, 2020, US President Donald Trump threatened to ban TikTok in the United States on September 15 if negotiations for the company to be bought by Microsoft or a different "very American" company fail.[19] On August 6, Trump signed two executive orders banning US "transactions" with TikTok and WeChat to its parent company, ByteDance, set to take effect 45 days after the signing.[20] It has been banned by the government of India since June 2020 along with other Chinese apps in response to a border clash with China.[21]

History

Evolution

File:ByteDance Logo.png
ByteDance Ltd., the Chinese company owning and operating TikTok

Douyin was launched by ByteDance in China in September 2016, originally under the name A.me, before rebranding to Douyin in December 2016.[22][23] ByteDance planned on Douyin expanding overseas. The founder of ByteDance, Zhang Yiming, stated that "China is home to only one-fifth of Internet users globally. If we don’t expand on a global scale, we are bound to lose to peers eyeing the four-fifths. So, going global is a must."[24] Douyin was developed in 200 days and within a year had 100 million users, with more than one billion videos viewed every day.[25][26] TikTok was launched in the international market in September 2017.[27] On 23 January 2018, the TikTok app ranked No. 1 among free app downloads on app stores in Thailand and other countries.[28]

TikTok has been downloaded more than 80 million times in the United States, and has reached 2 billion downloads worldwide,[29] according to data from mobile research firm Sensor Tower that excludes Android users in China.[30] Many celebrities including Jimmy Fallon and Tony Hawk began using the application in 2018.[31][32] Other celebrities such as Jennifer Lopez, Jessica Alba, Will Smith, and Justin Bieber joined TikTok as well and many other celebrities have followed.[33]

On 3 September 2019, TikTok and the US National Football League (NFL) announced a multi-year partnership.[34] The agreement occurred just two days before the NFL's 100th season kick-off at the Soldier stadium, where TikTok hosted activities for fans in honor of the deal. The partnership entails the launch of an official NFL TikTok account which is to bring about new marketing opportunities such as sponsored videos and hashtag challenges.

Musical.ly merger

Further information: Musical.ly

On 9 November 2017, TikTok's parent company, ByteDance, spent up to $1 billion to purchase musical.ly, a startup based in Shanghai with an office in Santa Monica, California.[35][36] Musical.ly was a social media video platform that allowed users to create short lip-sync and comedy videos, initially released in August 2014. It was well known, especially to the younger audience. Looking forward to leveraging the US digital platform's young user base, TikTok merged with musical.ly on August 2, 2018 to create a larger video community, with existing accounts and data consolidated into one app, keeping the title TikTok. This ended musical.ly and made TikTok a world-wide app, excluding China, since China has Douyin.[36][37][38]

Expansion in other markets

As of 2018, TikTok has been made available in over 150 markets, and in 75 languages.[39][40] TikTok was downloaded more than 104 million times on Apple's App store during the full first half of 2018, according to data provided to CNBC by Sensor Tower.

After merging with musical.ly in August, downloads rose and TikTok became the most downloaded app in the US in October 2018, which musical.ly had done once before.[41][42] In February 2019, TikTok, together with Douyin, hit one billion downloads globally, excluding Android installs in China.[43] In 2019, media outlets cited TikTok as the 7th-most-downloaded mobile app of the decade, from 2010 to 2019.[44] It was also the most-downloaded app on the App Store in 2018 and 2019, surpassing Facebook, YouTube and Instagram.[45][46]

Douyin

As a separate app from TikTok, Douyin is available from the developer's website. The app can only be downloaded in China and has a slightly older audience than TikTok, as their user base ranges from children to middle-aged adults. The app uses two different types of verification, an influencer personal verification similar to that of TikTok and a business verification requiring a licence and yearly fee. Business verified users can promote to a specific audience, which allows them to choose where they want their video to be seen, such as a specific physical location. Douyin also has its own store, in which users can tag and advertise their products, and users can request to work with an influencer for brand deals.[47] Part of the app's popularity has been attributed to its marketing campaigns that launched several activities with Chinese celebrities to engage their fans' interest.[48]

The TikTok mobile app allows users to create a short video of themselves which often feature music in the background, can be sped up, slowed down or edited with a filter.[49] They can also add their own sound on top of the background music. To create a music video with the app, users can choose background music from a wide variety of music genres, edit with a filter and record a 15-second video with speed adjustments before uploading it to share with others on TikTok or other social platforms.[50] They can also film short lip-sync videos to popular songs.

The app's "react" feature allows users to film their reaction to a specific video, over which it is placed in a small window that is movable around the screen.[51] Its "duet" feature allows users to film a video aside another video.[52] The “duet” feature was another trademark of Musical.ly.

Videos that users do not want to post yet can be stored in their "drafts". The user is allowed to see their "drafts" and post when they find it fitting.[53] The app allows users to set their accounts as "private." When first downloading the app, the user's account is public by default. The user can change to private in their settings. Private content remains visible to TikTok, but is blocked from TikTok users who the account holder has not authorized to view their content.[54] Users can choose whether any other user, or only their "friends", may interact with them through the app via comments, messages, or "react" or "duet" videos.[51] Users also can set specific videos to either “public”, “friends only”, or “private” regardless if the account is private or not.[54]

Users are also allowed to report accounts depending on the account's content either being spam or inappropriate. In TikTok's support center under "For Parents", they reassure the parents that inappropriate content for their children can be blocked and reported.[55]

The “For You” page on TikTok is a feed of videos that are recommended to users based on their activity on the app. Content is generated by TikTok's artificial intelligence (AI) depending on what kind of content a user liked, interacted with, or searched. Users can also choose to add to favorites or select "not interested" on videos in their for you page. TikTok combines the user's enjoyed content to provide videos that they would also enjoy. Users and their content can only be featured on the “for you” page if they are 16 or over as per TikTok policy. Users under 16 will not show up under the “for you” page, the sounds page, or under any hashtags.[56]

When users follow other users, a "following" page is located on the left of the "for you" page. This is a page to only see the videos from the accounts a user follows.

Users can also add videos, hashtags, filters, and sounds to their “saved” section. When creating a video, they can refer to their saved section, or create a video straight from it. This section is visible only to the user on their profile allowing them to refer back to any video, hashtag, filter, or sound they've previously saved.

Users can also send their friends videos, emojis, and messages with direct messaging.

TikTok has also included a feature to create a video based on the user's comments.

Influencers often use the "live" feature. This feature is only available for those who have at least 1,000 followers and are over 16 years old. If over 18, the user's followers can send virtual "gifts" that can be later exchanged for money.[57][58]

One of the newest features as of 2020 is the "Virtual Items" of "Small Gestures" feature. This is based on China's big practice of social gifting. Since this feature was added, many beauty companies and brands created a TikTok account to participate and advertise this feature. With quarantine in the United States, social gifting has grown in popularity. According to a TikTok representative, the campaign was launched as a result of the lockdown, “to build a sense of support and encouragement with the TikTok community during these tough times.”[59]

TikTok announced a "family safety mode" in February 2020 for parents to be able to control their children's digital well being. There is a screen time management option, restricted mode, and can put a limit on direct messages.[60][61]

Artificial intelligence

TikTok employs artificial intelligence to analyze users' interests and preferences through their interactions with the content, and display a personalized content feed for each user.[62][63] TikTok has an algorithm in which they process the user's preferences based on the videos they "like", comment on, and also how long they watch the video. Compared to other consumer algorithms such as YouTube and Netflix with a list of recommended videos, TikTok interprets the user's individual preferences and provides content that they would enjoy.[64][failed verification][better source needed]

There are a variety of trends within TikTok, including memes, lip-synced songs, and comedy videos. Duets, a feature that allows users to add their own video to an existing video with the original content's audio, have sparked most of these trends.

Trends are shown on TikTok's explore page or the page with the search logo. The page enlists the trending hashtags and challenges among the app. Some include #posechallenge, #filterswitch, #dontjudgemechallenge, #homedecor, #hitormiss, #bottlecapchallenge and more. In June 2019, the company introduced the hashtag #EduTok which received 37  billion views. Following this development, the company initiated partnerships with edtech startups to create educational content on the platform.[65]

The app has spawned numerous viral trends, Internet celebrities, and music trends around the world.[66] Many stars got their start on musical.ly, which turned into the global platform known as TikTok on August 2, 2018. These users include Loren Gray, Baby Ariel, Kristen Hancher, Zach King, Lisa and Lena, Jacob Sartorius, and many others. Loren Gray remained the most-followed individual on TikTok until Charli D’Amelio surpassed her on March 25, 2020. Loren was the first TikTok account to reach 40 million followers on the platform. She was surpassed with 41.3 million followers. Charli was the first to ever reach 50, 60, and 70 million followers. To this day Charli D’Amelio remains the most-followed individual on the platform.

Other creators rose to fame after the platform had merged with musical.ly on August 2, 2018 to release TikTok worldwide. Influencers such as Charli D’Amelio are an example. She rose to fame after duetting another TikTok user that went viral. She is also well known for performing a dance called "The Renegade," to the song "Lottery" by K CAMP. Other top TikTok influencers include her sister, Dixie D’Amelio, Addison Rae, Avani Gregg, Chase Hudson, Michael Le, Josh Richards, and many more. Charli D’Amelio was once part of the Hype House, a TikTok collaborative content house based in Los Angeles with a group of other TikTok stars, but left months later. The Hype House was founded by Daisy Keech, Chase Hudson, Alex Warren, Kouvr Annon, and Thomas Petrou in 2019.[67] Charli D’Amelio and her sister Dixie D'Amelio reportedly left the Hype House, along with Daisy Keech and Addison Rae. Current members of the Hype House are Chase Hudson, Connor Yates, Alex Warren, Avani Gregg, Wyatt Xavier, Ryland Storms, Nick Austin, Ondreaz Lopez, Tony Lopez, Kouvr Annon, Thomas Petrou, Calvin Goldby, James Wright, Jack Wright and Patrick Huston.[68]

Aside from "The Renegade" that had over 29.7 million videos, a notable TikTok trend is the "hit or miss", from a snippet of iLOVEFRiDAY's "Mia Khalifa" (2018), which has been used in over four million TikTok videos. This song helped introduce the app to a larger Western audience.[69][70] Other songs that have gained popularity because of their success on the app include "Roxanne" by Arizona Zervas, "Lalala" by bbno$, "Stupid" by Ashnikko, "Yellow Hearts" by Ant Saunders, "Say So" by Doja Cat, “Like That” by Doja Cat, "Truth Hurts" by Lizzo, "Savage" by Megan Thee Stallion, “Captain Hook” by Megan Thee Stallion, “Play Date” by Melanie Martinez, “Tap In” by Saweetie, and “Rockstar” by DaBaby and Roddy Rich. TikTok also played a major part in making "Old Town Road" by Lil Nas X become one of the biggest songs of 2019, and the longest running number-one song in the history of the Billboard Hot 100.[71][72][73][74][75]

TikTok has allowed bands to get notoriety in places all around the globe. The band Fitz and The Tantrums has developed a large following in South Korea despite never having toured in Asia.[76] "Any Song" by R&B and rap artist Zico became number 1 on the Korean music charts due to the popularity of the #anysongchallenge, where users dance the choreography of "Any Song". The song was on the Billboard Hot 100 chart for 17 weeks, breaking the record for the longest time a song was number 1 on the charts.[77] After his song "Old Town Road" went viral on the app, Lil Nas X received a record deal and the song rose to the top of the Billboard charts. The platform has received some criticism for its lack of royalties towards artists whose music is used on their platform.[70] There is controversy over whether or not this type of promotion is beneficial in the long run for artists since it seems to play as a "one-hit wonder".

In June 2020, TikTok users and K-pop fans "claimed to have registered potentially hundreds of thousands of tickets" for President Trump's campaign rally in Tulsa through communication on TikTok,[78] contributing to "rows of empty seats"[79] at the event.

TikTok has banned holocaust denial, but other conspiracy theories have become popular on the platform, such as Pizzagate and QAnon (two conspiracy theories popular among the US alt-right) whose hashtags reached almost 80 million views and 50 million views respectively by June 2020.[80] The platform has also been used to spread misinformation about the COVID-19 pandemic, such as clips from the Plandemic video.[80] TikTok removed some of these videos, and has generally added links to accurate COVID-19 information on videos with tags related to the pandemic.[81]

User characteristics and behavior

Users

See also: List of most-followed TikTok accounts

In the three years after it launched in September 2016, TikTok acquired 800 million active users.[82] Its users include Zach King, Loren Gray, Baby Ariel, Lisa and Lena, Will Smith, Dwayne Johnson, Brent Rivera, Addison Rae, Jason Derulo, Jennifer Lopez, Camila Cabello, Lilly Singh, Selena Gomez, Millie Bobby Brown, Noah Schnapp and Charli D'Amelio, the most-followed individual on the platform.

Demographics

In the United States, 52% of TikTok users are iPhone users. While TikTok has a neutral gender-bias format, 44% of TikTok users are female while 56% are male.[82] TikTok's geographical use has shown that 43% of new users are from India.[83] TikTok has proven to attract the younger generation, as 41% of its users are between the ages of 16 and 24. Among these TikTok users, 90% say they use the app on a daily basis.[84] As of May 2020, there are 30 million monthly active users in the United States alone.[85]

User engagement

As of July 2018, TikTok users spend an average of 52 minutes a day on the app, and 9 out of 10 users claim to use TikTok daily.[82]

Reception

TikTok became the world's most downloaded app on Apple's App Store in the first half of 2018 with an estimated 104 million downloads in that time.[45] Studies have shown that short videos in China have gone up by 94.8 million in just one year.[86]

Controversies

Addiction concerns

Some users may find it hard to stop using TikTok.[87] In April 2018, an addiction-reduction feature was added to Douyin.[87] This encouraged users to take a break every 90 minutes.[87] Later in 2018, the feature was rolled out to the TikTok app. TikTok uses some of the top influencers such as Gabe Erwin, Alan Chikin Chow, James Henry, and Cosette Rinab to encourage viewers to stop using the app and take a break.[88]

Many were also concerned with users' attention spans with these videos. Users watch short 15-second clips repeatedly and studies say that this could report to a decrease in attention span. This is a concern as many of TikTok's audience are younger children, whose brains are still developing.[89]

Content concerns

Many countries showed concerns regarding the content of TikTok which is thought to be obscene, immoral, vulgar and encouraging of pornography. There have been temporary blocks and warnings issued by countries including Indonesia,[90] Bangladesh,[91] India,[92] and Pakistan[93][94] over the content concerns.

On 27 July 2020, Egypt sentenced five women to two years in prison over TikTok videos on charges of violating public morals. The court also imposed a fine of 300,000 Egyptian pounds (£14,600) on each defendant.[95]

Cyberbullying

As with other platforms,[96] journalists in several countries have raised privacy concerns about the app, because it is popular with children and has the potential to be used by sexual predators.[96][97][98][99]

Several users have reported endemic cyberbullying on TikTok,[100][101] including racism.[102] In December 2019, following a report by German digital rights group Netzpolitik.org, TikTok admitted that it had suppressed videos by disabled users as well as LGBTQ+ users in a purported effort to limit cyberbullying.[103][104] TikTok moderators were also told to suppress users with "abnormal body shape", "ugly facial looks", "too many wrinkles", or in "slums, rural fields" and "dilapidated housing" to prevent bullying.[105]

User privacy concerns

Privacy concerns have also been brought up regarding the app.[106][107] In its privacy policy, TikTok lists that it collects usage information, IP addresses, a user's mobile carrier, unique device identifiers, keystroke patterns, and location data, among other data.[108][109] Web developers Talal Haj Bakry and Tommy Mysk claimed that allowing videos and other content being shared by the app's users through HTTP puts the users' data privacy at risk.[110]

In January 2020, Check Point Research discovered a security flaw in TikTok which could have allowed hackers access to user accounts using SMS.[111] In February, Reddit CEO Steve Huffman criticised the app, calling it "spyware," and stating "I look at that app as so fundamentally parasitic, that it's always listening, the fingerprinting technology they use is truly terrifying, and I could not bring myself to install an app like that on my phone."[112][113] Responding to Huffman's comments, TikTok stated "These are baseless accusations made without a shred of evidence."[108] Wells Fargo banned the app from its devices due to privacy and security concerns.[114]

In May 2020, the Dutch Data Protection Authority announced an investigation into TikTok in relation to privacy protections for children.[115][116] In June 2020, the European Data Protection Board announced that it would assemble a task force to examine TikTok's user privacy and security practices.[117]

In August 2020, The Wall Street Journal reported that TikTok tracked Android user data, including MAC addresses and IMEIs, with a tactic in violation of Google's policies.[118] The report sparked calls in the U.S. Senate for the Federal Trade Commission to launch an investigation.[119]

National security concerns

United States

See also: Chinese intelligence activity abroad and Chinese espionage in the United States

In January 2019, an investigation by the American think tank Peterson Institute for International Economics described TikTok as a "Huawei-sized problem" that posed a national security threat to the West,[120][121] noting the app's popularity with Western users. They included armed forces personnel and its alleged ability to convey location, image and biometric data to its Chinese parent company, which is legally unable to refuse to share data with the Chinese government under the China Internet Security Law.[121] Observers have also noted that ByteDance's founder and CEO Zhang Yiming issued a letter in 2018 stating that his company would "further deepen cooperation" with the ruling Chinese Communist Party to promote its policies.[122] TikTok's parent company ByteDance claims that TikTok is not available in China and its data is stored outside of China, but its privacy policy has reserved the right to share any information with Chinese authorities.[123] In response to national security, censorship, and anti-boycott compliance concerns, in October 2019, Senator Marco Rubio asked the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (CFIUS) to open an investigation into TikTok and its parent company ByteDance.[124][125] The same month, Senators Tom Cotton and Chuck Schumer sent a joint letter to the Director of National Intelligence requesting a security review of TikTok and its parent company.[126][127] In July 2020, the United States Department of the Treasury admitted that TikTok was under CFIUS review.[128]

In November 2019, it was reported that the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States opened an investigation into ByteDance's acquisition of Musical.ly.[129] The same month, following a request by Senator Chuck Schumer, U.S. Army Secretary Ryan McCarthy agreed to assess the risks of using TikTok as a recruitment tool.[130][131] Senator Josh Hawley introduced the National Security and Personal Data Protection Act to prohibit TikTok's parent company and others from transferring personal data of Americans to China.[132] Senator Josh Hawley also introduced a bill to ban downloading and using TikTok on government devices because of national security concerns. In December 2019, the United States Navy as well as the U.S. Army banned TikTok from all government-issued devices.[133][134][135] The Transportation Security Administration also prohibited its personnel from posting on the platform for outreach purposes.[136][137] Following its prohibition by the U.S. military, the Australian Defence Force also banned TikTok on its devices.[138] Legislation was subsequently introduced in the U.S. Senate that would prohibit all federal employees from using or downloading TikTok.[139]

The Democratic National Committee issued a warning to the Democratic campaigns, state parties, and committees to ensure that additional security measures are implemented while using TikTok, citing concerns regarding the application's spying nature.[140] In July 2020, the Joe Biden 2020 presidential campaign instructed its staff to delete TikTok for security reasons.[141]

The New York Times reported that CIA analysts have determined that while it is possible the Chinese government could obtain user information from the app, there is no evidence it has done so.[142]

Proposed ban by Trump administration

On July 7, 2020, U.S. Secretary of State Mike Pompeo announced that the government was considering banning TikTok.[143] In response, experts suggested that Trump's proposed TikTok ban may threaten free speech and "set a very problematic precedent" for banning apps in the United States.[144] Tech experts, some of whom conducted reverse engineering of the app's data collection specifications, could not adequately verify the claims that user data collected by TikTok was being used or collected by the Government of China; many noted that the amount of collected data was similar to that collected by American-originated social media platforms and, in particular, was comparatively less than that collected by Facebook.[145]

On July 31, 2020, President Donald Trump announced a decision ordering China's ByteDance to divest ownership of the application, and has threatened to shut down its U.S. operations through executive action as soon as August 1 if the company does not comply. While the President has authority to intervene in transactions involving foreign companies doing business in the United States (including placing companies on an "entity list" that restricts a company's ability to conduct business with American companies), Trump did not specify how he would enforce a ban.[146] Microsoft was reported to be in talks of acquiring the company.[147] Later that day, President Trump announced plans to ban TikTok in the United States, and signaled opposition to any sale to a U.S.-based company.[148]

Trump's ban threat and his indication he would oppose any sale to an American buyer was widely condemned by TikTok users, many of whom asserted that national security concerns were being used as a cover by the administration to justify a ban as retaliation for pranks aimed at Trump by TikTok users (particularly, a ticket-purchasing effort to inflate projected and depress actual attendance of his June 20 campaign rally in Tulsa, Oklahoma) and other content satirizing Trump or critical of him and his actions, especially in relation to his response to the George Floyd protests.[149][150][151] Some have speculated that a ban or the threat thereof would result in political backlash, pushing many users (including those eligible to vote for the first time) to vote against Trump, likely in favor of Democratic nominee Joe Biden, in the 2020 presidential election.[149]

Wikisource has original text related to this article:

On August 1, ByteDance—which initially sought to maintain a minority interest in a sale to a U.S. buyer—agreed to divest TikTok outright to prevent a ban in the United States and in other countries (including Japan, Pakistan and Australia) where restrictions are also being considered because of privacy concerns primarily related to its ownership by a China-based firm. A preliminary deal to sell the platform to Microsoft was submitted to President Trump for review, in which Microsoft would also assume data management responsibilities; preliminary terms allowed American investors in the platform to eventually acquire minority stakes in TikTok post-sale. South Carolina Sen. Lindsey Graham later expressed support for the Microsoft proposal.[152][153][154] In a video statement posted on TikTok that morning, Manager of U.S. Operations Vanessa Pappas stated that the company is "not planning on going anywhere" and is "building the safest app because we know it's the right thing to do."[155] On August 2, it was reported by The Wall Street Journal that Microsoft paused talks with ByteDance.[156] Later that day, Microsoft confirmed that talks would continue following a conversation between CEO Satya Nadella and President Trump. Reportedly after White House advisers persuaded him to hold off on banning TikTok outright because of the possible legal and political repercussions involved, Trump subsequently agreed to put a 45-day hold on any action against TikTok to allow ByteDance to divest the platform to Microsoft or, should a deal with the tech company not materialize, another American corporation.[157][158][159] On August 6, Trump signed an executive order banning the platform in 45 days if it is not sold by Bytedance; Trump also signed a similar order against the WeChat application owned by the Chinese multinational company Tencent.[160][20] On August 14, 2020, U.S. President Donald Trump issued a new executive order giving ByteDance 90 days to sell or spin off its U.S. TikTok business. In the order, President Donald Trump said that there is “credible evidence” that leads him to believe that ByteDance “might take action that threatens to impair the national security of the United States.” [161]

Censorship

See also: Overseas censorship of Chinese issues and Internet censorship in China

TikTok is banned completely in India[162], and has been intermittently blocked in countries including Indonesia and Bangladesh on different bases.[90][91]

On 3 July 2018, TikTok was temporarily banned in Indonesia after the Indonesian government accused it of promulgating "pornography, inappropriate content and blasphemy."[163][164][90][122][165] Shortly afterwards, TikTok pledged to task 20 staff with censoring TikTok content in Indonesia,[164] and the ban was lifted 8 days later.[163]

In November 2018, the Bangladeshi government blocked the TikTok app's Internet access, even though TikTok had no connection to the reason for ban, which was pornography and gambling.[91]

Also in 2018, Douyin was reprimanded by Chinese media watchdogs for showing "unacceptable" content, such as videos depicting adolescent pregnancies.[165]

In January 2019, the Chinese government said that it would start to hold app developers like ByteDance responsible for user content shared via apps such as Douyin,[166] and listed 100 types of content that the Chinese government would censor.[167] It was reported that certain content unfavorable to the Communist Party of China has already been limited for users outside of China such as content related to the 2019–20 Hong Kong protests or Tibetan independence.[168][169] TikTok has blocked videos about human rights in China, particularly those that reference Xinjiang re-education camps and abuses of ethnic and religious minorities such as the Uyghurs, and disabled the accounts of users who post them.[170][171][172][173] TikTok's policies also ban content related to a specific list of foreign leaders such as Vladimir Putin, Donald Trump, Barack Obama, and Mahatma Gandhi because it can stir controversy and attacks on political views.[174] Its policies also ban content critical of Recep Tayyip Erdoğan and content considered pro-Kurdish.[175] TikTok was reported to have censored users supportive of the Citizenship Amendment Act protests in India and those who promote Hindu-Muslim unity.[176]

In February 2019, several Indian politicians called for TikTok to be banned or more tightly regulated, after concerns emerged about sexually explicit content, cyberbullying, and deepfakes. They called it a "cultural degeneration".[105]

In countries where LGBT discrimination is the socio-political norm, TikTok moderators have blocked content that could be perceived as being positive towards LGBT people or LGBT rights, including same-sex couples holding hands, including in countries where homosexuality has never been illegal.[175][177] Former U.S. employees of TikTok reported to The Washington Post that final decisions to remove content were made by parent company employees in Beijing.[178]

In response to censorship concerns, TikTok's parent company hired K&L Gates, including former Congressmen Bart Gordon and Jeff Denham, to advise it on its content moderation policies.[179][180] TikTok also hired lobbying firm Monument Advocacy.[181]

In June 2020, The Times of India reported that TikTok was "shadow banning" videos related to the Sino-Indian border dispute and the 2020 China–India skirmishes.[182]

After Donald Trump proposed to ban TikTok in the U.S on July 31 2020, security researchers have expressed their concern about limitations of freedom. In one article, PCMag quoted Jennifer Granick of the ACLU Surveillance and Cybersecurity Counsel who claimed that "banning an app that millions of Americans use to communicate with each other is a danger to free expression and is technologically impractical". PCMag has also elaborated on possible methods that could potentially help bypass the restriction, stating "if the ban does go through, VPNs could help TikTok fans avoid the blockade".[183] VPNs have been used to bypass government-imposed restrictions before as, for example, the 2019-20 Hong Kong protests have shown, during which one of the virtual private network providers NordVPN has seen a 120 time increase in purchases, effectively becoming the region's most downloaded application on Apple App Store on May 22, 2020.[184][185]

Propaganda

Further information: Propaganda in China and Misinformation related to the COVID-19 pandemic

In October 2019, TikTok removed about two dozen accounts that were responsible of posting ISIS propaganda on the app.[186][187]

On 27 November 2019, TikTok temporarily suspended the account of 17-year-old Afghan-American user Feroza Aziz after she posted a video, disguised as a makeup tutorial, drawing attention to the internment camps of Muslim Uyghurs in Xinjiang, China.[188] TikTok later apologized and claimed that her account was suspended as a result of human error, and her account has since been reinstated.[189] In July 2020, TikTok suspended the account of another user whose viral video called attention to human rights of the Uyghurs.[173]

In January 2020, Media Matters for America claimed that TikTok hosted misinformation related to the COVID-19 pandemic despite a recent policy against misinformation.[190] In April 2020, the government of India asked TikTok to remove users posting misinformation related to the COVID-19 pandemic.[191] There were also multiple conspiracy theories that the government is involved with the spread of the pandemic.[192] As a response to this, TikTok launched a feature to report content for misinformation.[193]

In March 2020, internal documents leaked to The Intercept revealed that moderators had been instructed to suppress posts created by users deemed "too ugly, poor, or disabled" for the platform, and to censor political speech in livestreams, punishing those who harmed "national honor" or broadcast streams about "state organs such as police" with bans from the platform.[104][194][195] In June 2020, The Wall Street Journal reported that some previously non-political TikTok users were airing pro-Beijing views for the explicit purpose of boosting subscribers and avoiding "shadow" bans.[196] In July 2020, the company announced it was pulling out of Hong Kong in direct response to new national security laws being passed by the Chinese government.[197]

Tencent lawsuits

Tencent's WeChat platform has been accused of blocking Douyin's videos.[198][199] In April 2018, Douyin sued Tencent and accused it of spreading false and damaging information on its WeChat platform, demanding 1.0 million CNY in compensation and an apology. In June 2018, Tencent filed a lawsuit against Toutiao and Douyin in a Beijing court, alleging they had repeatedly defamed Tencent with negative news and damaged its reputation, seeking a nominal sum of CNY 1 in compensation and a public apology.[200] In response, Toutiao filed a complaint the following day against Tencent for allegedly unfair competition and asking for CNY 90 million in economic losses.[201]

US COPPA fines

See also: Children's Online Privacy Protection Act

On 27 February 2019, the United States Federal Trade Commission (FTC) fined ByteDance US $5.7 million for collecting information from minors under the age of 13 in violation of the Children's Online Privacy Protection Act.[202] ByteDance responded by adding a kids-only mode to TikTok which blocks the upload of videos, the building of user profiles, direct messaging, and commenting on others' videos, while still allowing the viewing and recording of content.[203] In May 2020, an advocacy group filed a complaint with the FTC claiming that TikTok had violated the terms of the February 2019 consent decree, which sparked subsequent Congressional calls for a renewed FTC investigation.[204][205][206][207] In July 2020, it was reported that the FTC and the United States Department of Justice had initiated investigations.[208]

UK ICO investigation

In February 2019, the United Kingdom's Information Commissioner's Office launched an investigation of TikTok following the fine ByteDance received from the United States Federal Trade Commission. Speaking to a parliamentary committee, Information Commissioner Elizabeth Denham said that the investigation focuses on the issues of private data collection, the kind of videos collected and shared by children online, as well as the platform's open messaging system which allows any adult to message any child. She noted that the company was potentially violating the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) which requires the company to provide different services and different protections for children.[209]

Bans in India

2019 provisional ban

On 3 April 2019, the Madras High Court while hearing a PIL had asked the Government of India to ban the app, citing that it "encourages pornography" and shows "inappropriate content". The court also noted that children and minors using the app were at risk of being targeted by sexual predators. The court further asked broadcast media not to telecast any of those videos from the app. The spokesperson for TikTok stated that they were abiding by local laws and were awaiting the copy of the court order before they take action.[92] On 17 April, both Google and Apple removed TikTok from Google Play and the App Store.[210] As the court refused to reconsider the ban, the company stated that they had removed over 6 million videos that violated their content policy and guidelines.[211]

On 25 April 2019, the ban was lifted after the Madras High Court reversed its order, following a plea from TikTok developer Bytedance Technology.[212][213] India's TikTok ban might have cost the app 15 million new users.[214]

Indefinite ban

On 29 June 2020, the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology banned TikTok along with 58 other Chinese apps stating a threat to the sovereignty and security of the country after the military clash between Indian and Chinese troops in a disputed territory along their shared border in Ladakh.[21][215]

The Indian government said the decision to ban the apps was to protect the data and privacy of its 1.3 billion citizens and put a stop to technology that was "stealing and surreptitiously transmitting users’ data in an unauthorised manner to servers outside India".[215] It was also later reported that TikTok's parent company Bytedance faced a loss of $6 Billion due to this ban.[216]

Data transfer class action lawsuit

In November 2019, a class action lawsuit was filed in California that alleged that TikTok[217] transferred personally-identifiable information of U.S. persons to servers located in China owned by Tencent and Alibaba.[218][219][220] The lawsuit also accused ByteDance, TikTok's parent company, of taking user content without their permission. The plaintiff of the lawsuit, college student Misty Hong, downloaded the app but claimed she never created an account. She realized a few months later that TikTok has created an account for her using her information (such as biometric) and made a summary of her information. The lawsuit also alleged that information was sent to Chinese tech giant Baidu.[221] In July 2020, twenty lawsuits against TikTok were merged into a single class action lawsuit in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois.[222]

See also

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