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Coordinates: 25°22′45″N 68°22′06″E / 25.37917°N 68.36833°E / 25.37917; 68.36833
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The City has a history of Sufism. In the 18th Century Syeds from Multan migrated and settled in the city's [[Tando Jahania]] neighbourhood, making it a sacred place for Muslims. The ''Syeds'' came from [[Uch Sharif]], via [[Jahanian]], 42&nbsp;km from [[Multan]]). They were mostly descendants of [[Jahaniyan Jahangasht]] - a Sufi saint who is popular in Sindh and southern Punjab.<ref>{{cite web|author=Uch Sharif |url=http://www.uchsharif.com/site/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=174:safarnama-makhdoom-jahanian-jahangasht&catid=1:latest&Itemid=9/ |title=Safarnama Makhdoom Jahanian Jahangasht |publisher=Uchsharif.com |date=18 December 2011 |accessdate=20 November 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109172519/http://www.uchsharif.com/site/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=174%3Asafarnama-makhdoom-jahanian-jahangasht&catid=1%3Alatest&Itemid=9%2F |archivedate=9 November 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160518023841/http://uchshariftrust.org/html/history.html ]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spiritualfoundation.net/sufisshaykhs4.htm#127825987/ |title=Sufis & Shaykhs [4&#93; – World of Tasawwuf |publisher=Spiritualfoundation.net |date= |accessdate=20 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/1883/ |title=Tomb of Bibi Jawindi, Baha'al-Halim and Ustead and the Tomb and Mosque of Jalaluddin Bukhari – UNESCO World Heritage Centre |publisher=Whc.unesco.org |date= |accessdate=20 November 2013}}</ref>
The City has a history of Sufism. In the 18th Century Syeds from Multan migrated and settled in the city's [[Tando Jahania]] neighbourhood, making it a sacred place for Muslims. The ''Syeds'' came from [[Uch Sharif]], via [[Jahanian]], 42&nbsp;km from [[Multan]]). They were mostly descendants of [[Jahaniyan Jahangasht]] - a Sufi saint who is popular in Sindh and southern Punjab.<ref>{{cite web|author=Uch Sharif |url=http://www.uchsharif.com/site/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=174:safarnama-makhdoom-jahanian-jahangasht&catid=1:latest&Itemid=9/ |title=Safarnama Makhdoom Jahanian Jahangasht |publisher=Uchsharif.com |date=18 December 2011 |accessdate=20 November 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109172519/http://www.uchsharif.com/site/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=174%3Asafarnama-makhdoom-jahanian-jahangasht&catid=1%3Alatest&Itemid=9%2F |archivedate=9 November 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160518023841/http://uchshariftrust.org/html/history.html ]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spiritualfoundation.net/sufisshaykhs4.htm#127825987/ |title=Sufis & Shaykhs [4&#93; – World of Tasawwuf |publisher=Spiritualfoundation.net |date= |accessdate=20 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/1883/ |title=Tomb of Bibi Jawindi, Baha'al-Halim and Ustead and the Tomb and Mosque of Jalaluddin Bukhari – UNESCO World Heritage Centre |publisher=Whc.unesco.org |date= |accessdate=20 November 2013}}</ref>

===Talpur Mir===
Mir Fateh Ali Khan Talpur left his capital of [[Khudabad]], and made Hyderabad his capital in 1789. Great celebrations were held in 1792 CE to mark his formal entry in the Hyderabad fort, and he made the Pacco Qillo his residence and held court there. Mir Fateh Ali Khan Talpur along with his three other brothers was responsible for the affairs that persisted in the city of Hyderabad in the years of their kingdom. A portion of the population of Khudabad migrated to the new capital, including [[Sonaras]], Amils and Bhaibands. Those groups retained the term Khudabadi in the names of their communities as an identifier of origin.

Following to collapse of Talpur rule to the British, several Talpur Mirs died in [[Calcutta]]. The bodies of the Talpur Mirs who died there were brought back to Hyderabad when the Mirs were released and allowed to return to Sindh. The returning Mirs were also buried in the tombs located at the northern edge of the Ganjo Hill.<ref name="Vanishing-Glory">{{cite web|url=http://www.webjournal.unior.it/dati/19/72/web%20journal%203,%20hyderabad.pdf|title=The Vanishing Glory of Hyderabad (Sindh, Pakistan)|publisher=[http://www.webjournal.unior.it UNIOR Web Journals]|author=Mir Atta Muhammad Talpur|accessdate=1 April 2008}}</ref>


===Colonial===
===Colonial===

Revision as of 10:38, 13 December 2017

This article is about city in India, see Hyderabad. For other uses, see Hyderabad (disambiguation).

Hyderabad
حیدر آباد
Metropolis
Clockwise from top: Tomb of Mian Ghulam Kalhoro, Tomb of a Talpur Mir, Rani Bagh, Navalrai Market Clocktower, Tombs of the Talpur Mirs
Official logo of Hyderabad
Emblem
Hyderabad is located in Sindh
Hyderabad
Hyderabad
Location in Pakistan
Hyderabad is located in Pakistan
Hyderabad
Hyderabad
Hyderabad (Pakistan)
Coordinates: 25°22′45″N 68°22′06″E / 25.37917°N 68.36833°E / 25.37917; 68.36833
CountryPakistan
ProvinceSindh
DistrictHyderabad District
Autonomous towns5
Number of Union councils20
Government
 • TypeMunicipal Corporation
 • MayorTayyab Hussain
 • Deputy MayorSyed Suhail Mehmood Mashadi
Area
 • Total319 km2 (123 sq mi)
Elevation
13 m (43 ft)
Population
 (2017 Census)[2]
 • Total1,732,693[1]
DemonymHyderabadi
Time zoneUTC+5 (PST)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+6 (PDT)
Area code022
WebsiteN/A

Hyderabad (Sindhi and Urdu: حيدرآباد Ḥaidarābād) is a city located in the Sindh province of Pakistan. Founded in 1768 by Mian Ghulam Shah Kalhoro of the Kalhora Dynasty, Hyderabad served as the Kalhoro capital until the British captured the city in 1843, and transferred to capital to Karachi. Hyderabad is now the 8th largest city in Pakistan and the 2nd largest in Sindh province.[3]

History

Main articles: History of Hyderabad, Pakistan and Old City (Hyderabad, Pakistan)
The Pacco Qillo built by Ghulam Shah still remains today but in a desolate state and a dire need of repair.

Early

In 711 CE, Arab general Muhammad bin Qasim conquered Sindh, bringing South Asian societies into contact with Islam. Raja Dahir was a Hindu king who ruled over a Buddhist majority and that Chach of Alor and his kin were regarded as usurpers of the earlier Buddhist Rai Dynasty.[4][5] This view is questioned by those who note the diffuse and blurred nature of Hindu and Buddhist practices in the region,[6] especially that of royalty to be patrons of both and those who believe that Chach himself may have been a Buddhist.[7][8] The forces of Muhammad bin Qasim defeated Raja Dahir.

A rare photograph of Hyderabad from the late 1800s. The triangular structures on the rooftops are wind catchers, funnelling the cool breeze into the homes below, called a moug.

Founding

Mian Ghulam Shah Kalhoro of the Kalhora Dynasty founded the city in 1768 over the ruins of Neroon Kot (Nerun or Nerun Kot meaning the place of Neroon), a small fishing village on the banks of Indus River named after its ruler Neroon. A formal concept for the city was laid out by his son, Sarfraz Khan in 1782. When the foundations were laid, the city obtained the nickname Heart of the Mehran as the ruler Mian Ghulam Shah himself was said to have fallen in love with the city. In 1768 he ordered a fort to be built on one of the three hills of Hyderabad to house and defend his people. The fort was built using fire-baked bricks, on account of which it was named Pacco Qillo (Sindhi: پڪو قلعو) meaning the strong fort.[9]

The City has a history of Sufism. In the 18th Century Syeds from Multan migrated and settled in the city's Tando Jahania neighbourhood, making it a sacred place for Muslims. The Syeds came from Uch Sharif, via Jahanian, 42 km from Multan). They were mostly descendants of Jahaniyan Jahangasht - a Sufi saint who is popular in Sindh and southern Punjab.[10][11][12][13]

Talpur Mir

Mir Fateh Ali Khan Talpur left his capital of Khudabad, and made Hyderabad his capital in 1789. Great celebrations were held in 1792 CE to mark his formal entry in the Hyderabad fort, and he made the Pacco Qillo his residence and held court there. Mir Fateh Ali Khan Talpur along with his three other brothers was responsible for the affairs that persisted in the city of Hyderabad in the years of their kingdom. A portion of the population of Khudabad migrated to the new capital, including Sonaras, Amils and Bhaibands. Those groups retained the term Khudabadi in the names of their communities as an identifier of origin.

Following to collapse of Talpur rule to the British, several Talpur Mirs died in Calcutta. The bodies of the Talpur Mirs who died there were brought back to Hyderabad when the Mirs were released and allowed to return to Sindh. The returning Mirs were also buried in the tombs located at the northern edge of the Ganjo Hill.[14]

Colonial

The British defeated the city's Talpur rulers at the battle of Miani on 17 February 1843. The crown of being a capital of the emirate of Sindh was then transferred to Karachi when the British general Sir Charles Napier conquered Sindh in 1843, mainly because the East India Company had headquarters in Karachi. The battle came to an end on 24 March, and the city fell to British rule. Being the last stronghold in Sindh, the conquered city was the final step in the British Conquest of Sindh.[15]

The municipality of Hyderabad was established in 1853.[15] In the Pacco Qillo the British kept the arsenal of the province, transferred from Karachi in 1861, and the palaces of the ex-Amirs of Sind that they had taken over. In 1857, when the Indian mutiny raged across the South Asia, the British held most of their regiments and ammunition in this city. The garrison at the fort composed of British and Native infantry, 2 batteries of artillery, and an ammunition column.[15] The British demolished most of the buildings around the time of the mutiny to accommodate their troops and their military stores and fused the arsenal in the Pacco Qillo so that locals could not use them.[15]

The British devised a rail network throughout the western part of the then South Asia and purchased the private Scinde Railway (Sinds railway) to connect to the Kabul trade routes. The rail network would later be called the North-Western State Railway in 1886. 43,088 people lived in the city in 1872, a number which grew to 69,378 in 1901. At this point in time the Hinduism was the most dominant religion with 43,499 followers, while 24,831 Muslims made up the largest ethnic minority. The city ranked seventh in the Bombay Presidency in terms of population.[15]

Modern

The City of Hyderabad served as the capital of Sindh province, From 1947 to 1955, which was later dissolved and one unit was formed named West Pakistan.

The 1980s saw a black period in the history of Hyderabad as riots erupted in the city between the two ethnic diversities in majority, the Sindhis and the Muhajir.[16] Riots in 1988 resulted in the deaths of over 60 people in a single day, and more than 250 deaths in total. In a backlash, more than 60 Sindhi speaking people were gunned down in Karachi.[16][17] The city began to divide itself ethnically, and the Muhajir population migrated en masse from Qasimabad and the interior of Sindh into Latifabad. Similarly, Sindhis moved to Qasimabad from Hyderabad and Latifabad.[16][18][19]

Demographics

Religions in Hyderabad
Religions Percent
Islam
 
 94.0%
Hinduism
 
 5.0%
Others
 
 1.0%

Hyderabad is noteworthy in Sindh and Pakistan generally for its comparative tolerance towards religious and ethnic minorities. The city is a multi-ethnic and has a mix of Sindhi, Urdu speaking Muhajirs, Brahuis, Hindi Punjabis, Pashtuns, Memons and Baloch people.

A Sindhi woman on the banks of the River Indus in the outskirts of Hyderabad

The independence of Pakistan in 1947 saw the influx of Muslim Urdu-speaking Muhajirs from India fleeing from anti-Muslim pogroms. Mahjirs mainly live in Latifabad and Sindhi mainly live in Qasimabad areas.

A large influx of Punjabis were attracted to Hyderabad after the Indus treaty settlement. Most Punjabis and Pakhtuns are distinct and separately living near the railway station and its vicinity. The city therefore has cosmopolitan atmosphere with multiethnic and multicultural communities.

Hindus account for the largest religious minority forming 5% of the total population of the city. While Christians account for 1% of the total population, Hyderabad is the seat of a Diocese of the Church of Pakistan and has five churches and a cathedral.

Geography

Main article: Climate of Hyderabad, Sindh
Ranikot Fort

Located at 25.367 °N latitude and 68.367 °E longitude with an elevation of 13 metres (43 ft), Hyderabad is located on the east bank of the Indus River and is roughly 150 kilometres (93 mi) away from Karachi, the provincial capital. Two of Pakistan's largest highways, the Indus Highway and the National Highway join at Hyderabad. Several towns surrounding the city include Kotri at 6.7 kilometres (4.2 mi), Jamshoro at 8.1 kilometres (5.0 mi), Hattri at 5.0 kilometres (3.1 mi) and Husri at 7.5 kilometres (4.7 mi).

Climate

Hyderabad has a hot desert climate (Köppen BWh), with warm conditions year-round. The period from mid-April to late June (before the onset of the monsoon) is the hottest of the year, with highs peaking in May at 41.4 °C (106.5 °F). During this time, winds that blow usually bring along clouds of dust, and people prefer staying indoors in the daytime, while the breeze that flows at night is more pleasant. Winters are warm, with highs around 25 °C (77 °F), though lows can often drop below 10 °C (50 °F) at night. The highest temperature of 48.5 °C (119 °F) was recorded on 7 June 1991, while the lowest temperature of 1 °C (34 °F) was recorded on 8 February 2012.

In recent years, Hyderabad has seen great downpours. In February 2003, Hyderabad received 105 millimetres (4.13 in) of rain in 12 hours, leaving many dead.[20][21] The years of 2006 and 2007 saw close contenders to this record rain with death tolls estimated in the hundreds. The highest single-day rain total of 250.7 millimetres (9.87 in) was recorded on 12 September 1962, while the wettest month was September 1962, at 286 millimetres (11.26 in).

Climate data for Hyderabad, Pakistan
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 33.3
(91.9) 		38.2
(100.8) 		43.4
(110.1) 		46.0
(114.8) 		48.4
(119.1) 		48.5
(119.3) 		45.5
(113.9) 		43.9
(111.0) 		45.0
(113.0) 		44.0
(111.2) 		41.0
(105.8) 		36.0
(96.8) 		48.5
(119.3)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 25.0
(77.0) 		28.1
(82.6) 		33.9
(93.0) 		38.9
(102.0) 		41.6
(106.9) 		40.2
(104.4) 		37.4
(99.3) 		36.3
(97.3) 		36.8
(98.2) 		37.2
(99.0) 		31.9
(89.4) 		26.3
(79.3) 		34.5
(94.0)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 11.1
(52.0) 		13.6
(56.5) 		18.5
(65.3) 		23.0
(73.4) 		26.2
(79.2) 		28.1
(82.6) 		27.8
(82.0) 		26.7
(80.1) 		25.3
(77.5) 		22.3
(72.1) 		17.3
(63.1) 		12.5
(54.5) 		21.0
(69.9)
Record low °C (°F) 3.3
(37.9) 		4.0
(39.2) 		9.0
(48.2) 		12.0
(53.6) 		19.0
(66.2) 		20.0
(68.0) 		21.4
(70.5) 		22.8
(73.0) 		20.6
(69.1) 		15.0
(59.0) 		6.0
(42.8) 		3.0
(37.4) 		3.0
(37.4)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 1.2
(0.05) 		3.9
(0.15) 		5.1
(0.20) 		5.8
(0.23) 		3.5
(0.14) 		13.9
(0.55) 		56.7
(2.23) 		60.8
(2.39) 		21.4
(0.84) 		1.5
(0.06) 		2.1
(0.08) 		2.0
(0.08) 		177.9
(7)
Mean monthly sunshine hours 272.8 257.1 288.3 288.0 313.1 279.0 235.6 251.1 285.0 306.9 279.0 272.8 3,328.7
Source 1: [22]
Source 2: HKO (sun only, 1969–1989) [23]

Economy

Hyderabad is an important commercial centre where industries includes: textiles, sugar, cement, manufacturing of mirror, soap, ice, paper, pottery, plastics, tanneries, hosiery mills and film. There are hide tanneries and sawmills. Handicraft industries, including silver and gold work, lacquer ware, ornamented silks, and embroidered leather saddles, are also well established. Hyderabad produces almost all of the ornamental glass bangles in Pakistan. Hyderabad is a major commercial centre for the agricultural produce of the surrounding area, including millet, rice, wheat, cotton, and fruit.[24]

Administrative divisions

Before the government of Abubaker Nizamani, the District Hyderabad included the present-day District of Badin. Then in the 2005-6 General Pervaiz Musharraf again divided it into four more districts Matiyari, Tando Allahyar, Tando Mohammad Khan and Hyderabad. Hyderabad district was subdivided into four talukas[25]

  1. Hyderabad City Taluka
  2. Hyderabad Taluka (rural)
  3. Latifabad
  4. Qasimabad

Points of interest

Tombs of the Talpur Mirs (Cubbas), now in Hirabad in Hyderabad, Sindh. These shrines are now in a desolate state.

Media

Literature

As tradition goes, Sindh had always been a hub for Sufi poets. With a foothold on strong educational foundations, the city of Hyderabad was made into a refuge for thriving literary advocates. Of the few, Mirza Kalich Beg received education from the Government High School, Hyderabad and carried the banner of Sindhi literature across borders.[26] Modern novelists, writers, columnists and researchers like Musharraf Ali Farooqi, Ghulam Mustafa Khan and Qabil Ajmeri also hail from Hyderabad.

Hyderabad has served many Sindhi literary campaigns throughout the history of Pakistan as is evident from the daily newspapers and periodicals that are published in the city. A few worth mention dailies are the Kawish,[27] Ibrat,[28] and Daily Sindh.[29]

Radio and television

With the inauguration of a new broadcasting house at Karachi in 1950, it was possible to lay the foundations for the Hyderabad radio station in 1951. The initial broadcast was made capable using 1 kW medium-wave transmitter. With the first successful transmissions on the FM 100 bandwidth in Karachi, Lahore and Islamabad in October 1998, the Government decided on opening transmissions to other cities where Radio Pakistan had found success. This made available the FM 101 bandwidth transmissions to Hyderabad and other cities in Sindh.[30]

A relief from the regular broadcasts in other cities, entertainment content on the Hyderabad radio gave birth to many a star whose names became an attribute to Hyderabad's richer media content. Among them were actor Shafi Mohammad, a young man who had recently finished his postgraduate degree from the University of Sindh.[31] Such fresh and young talent became a trademark to entertainment in Hyderabad.

Pakistan Television had only had half-a-decade broadcast success from 1963 to 1969 that people in the radio entertainment business felt destined to make a mark on the television circuits. Prominent radio personalities from the Hyderabad radio station like Shafi Muhammad Shah and Mohammad Ali left the airwaves to hone their acting skills on the television.[32] Television shows and content enriched with the inclusion of Hyderabadi names however PTV never opened a television station in Hyderabad.

While the year 2005 saw new FM regular stations set up at Gawadar, Mianwali, Sargodha, Kohat, Bannu and Mithi, private radio channels began airing in and around Hyderabad. Of late, stations like Sachal FM 105 and some others have gained popularity. But the unavailability of an up-to-date news and current affairs platform renders the services of such stations of not much value to the masses but nonetheless appealing to youngsters.

As the Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority (abbreviated as PEMRA) gave licenses to private radio channels, so were television channels owned privately given a right to broadcast from the year 2002,[33] and Daily Kawish,[27] a prominent Sindhi newspaper published from Hyderabad opened a one-of-its-kind private Sindhi channel Kawish Television Network. Many followed in its path namely Sindh TV, Dhoom TV and Kashish TV premiering Sindhi content.

Notable people

See also

Notes

  1. ^ "PROVISIONAL SUMMARY RESULTS OF 6TH POPULATION AND HOUSING CENSUS-2017". pbs.gov.pk. Retrieved 24 November 2017.
  2. ^ "Sindh population surges by 81.5 pc, households by 83.9 pc". Thenews.com.pk. 2 April 2012. Retrieved 21 April 2013.
  3. ^ http://www.siasat.pk/forum/showthread.php?397650-by-winning-2nd-largest-city-Hyderabad-and-4th-largest-city-Mirpurkhas-MQM-declared-Urban-Sindh-Leader
  4. ^ Nicholas F. Gier, FROM MONGOLS TO MUGHALS: RELIGIOUS VIOLENCE IN INDIA 9TH-18TH CENTURIES, Presented at the Pacific Northwest Regional Meeting American Academy of Religion, Gonzaga University, May 2006 [1]. Retrieved 11 December 2006.
  5. ^ Naik, C.D. (2010). Buddhism and Dalits: Social Philosophy and Traditions. Delhi: Kalpaz Publications. p. 32. ISBN 978-81-7835-792-8.
  6. ^ P. 151 Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World By André Wink
  7. ^ P. 164 Notes on the religious, moral, and political state of India before the Mahomedan invasion, chiefly founded on the travels of the Chinese Buddhist priest Fai Han in India, A.D. 399, and on the commentaries of Messrs. Remusat, Klaproth, Burnouf, and Landresse, Lieutenant-Colonel W.H. Sykes by Sykes, Colonel;
  8. ^ P. 505 The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians by Henry Miers Elliot, John Dowson
  9. ^ "Pakka Qila Hyderabad". abbasikalhora.com. Archived from the original on 4 July 2014. Retrieved 16 November 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  10. ^ Uch Sharif (18 December 2011). "Safarnama Makhdoom Jahanian Jahangasht". Uchsharif.com. Archived from the original on 9 November 2013. Retrieved 20 November 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  11. ^ [2]
  12. ^ "Sufis & Shaykhs [4] – World of Tasawwuf". Spiritualfoundation.net. Retrieved 20 November 2013.
  13. ^ "Tomb of Bibi Jawindi, Baha'al-Halim and Ustead and the Tomb and Mosque of Jalaluddin Bukhari – UNESCO World Heritage Centre". Whc.unesco.org. Retrieved 20 November 2013.
  14. ^ Mir Atta Muhammad Talpur. "The Vanishing Glory of Hyderabad (Sindh, Pakistan)" (PDF). UNIOR Web Journals. Retrieved 1 April 2008. {{cite web}}: External link in |publisher= (help)
  15. ^ a b c d e "Hyderābād City – Imperial Gazetteer of India v. 13, p. 321". Imperial Gazetteer of India. Retrieved 3 April 2008.
  16. ^ a b c "Pakistan Backgrounder". South Asia Terrorism Portal. Retrieved 14 April 2008. {{cite web}}: External link in |publisher= (help)
  17. ^ http://www.pildat.org/publications/publication/Conflict_management/EthnicConflictinSindhOctober2011.pdf
  18. ^ https://www.nytimes.com/1988/10/02/world/ethnic-rioting-in-karachi-kills-46-and-injures-50.html
  19. ^ Col. Ved Prakash. Encyclopaedia of Terrorism in the World, Volume 1. Kalpaz publication. ISBN 978-81-7835-869-7. Retrieved 12 September 2015.
  20. ^ "Pakistan floods leave many dead". BBC News. 18 February 2003.
  21. ^ "World Briefing – Asia: Pakistan: Floods Kill 88 And Maroon 100,000 \". The New York Times. 30 July 2003.
  22. ^ http://worldweather.wmo.int/en/city.html?cityId=896
  23. ^ "Climatological Information for Hyderabad, Pakistan". Hong Kong Observatory. Retrieved 4 May 2011.
  24. ^ "Pakistan Backgrounder". South Asia Terrorism Portal. Retrieved 15 April 2008. {{cite web}}: External link in |publisher= (help)
  25. ^ [3] Archived 27 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  26. ^ "Mirza Kalich Beg: Renowned scholar of Sindh". Retrieved 18 March 2008.
  27. ^ a b "Read Daily Kawish online". Daily Kawish. Retrieved 21 May 2008.
  28. ^ "Read Daily Ibrat online". Daily Ibrat. Retrieved 21 May 2008.
  29. ^ "Read Daily Sindh online". Daily Sindh. Retrieved 21 May 2008.
  30. ^ "Radio Pakistan: Chronicle of Progress". Radio Pakistan. Archived from the original on 14 February 2008. Retrieved 18 March 2008. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  31. ^ "Actor Shafi Muhammad passes away". Retrieved 18 March 2008.
  32. ^ "Pakistan's Top Film Star Muhammad Ali Dies". Pakistan Tribune. Retrieved 18 March 2008.
  33. ^ "PEMRA Ordinance 2002" (PDF). Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 October 2007. Retrieved 18 March 2008. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

References

  • Biographical Encyclopedia of Pakistan 1963–1966 edition.

Template:Million-plus cities in Pakistan

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hyderabad,_Sindh&oldid=815199004"