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==Marketing and sponsorships==
==Marketing and sponsorships==


SIA is the main sponsor of the [[Singapore Airlines International Cup]], a [[Conditions races|Group 1]] [[flat racing|flat]] [[horse racing|horse race]], since its inception in 2000.
SIA is the main sponsor of the [[Singapore Airlines International Cup]], a [[Conditions races|Group 1]] [[flat racing|flat]] [[horse racing|horse race]], since its inception in 2000. It was discontinued since it's final run in 2015.


In April 2014, SIA announced that it has signed an agreement with the Formula One Group to be the Title Sponsor of the [[Singapore Grand Prix|Formula 1 Singapore Grand Prix]], taking over from [[Singtel]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Singapore Airlines To Be Title Sponsor of Formula 1 Singapore Grand Prix|url=http://www.singaporeair.com/en_UK/press_release_news/ne140415/|accessdate=2 September 2014|publisher=Singapore Airlines}}</ref>
In April 2014, SIA announced that it has signed an agreement with the Formula One Group to be the Title Sponsor of the [[Singapore Grand Prix|Formula 1 Singapore Grand Prix]], taking over from [[Singtel]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Singapore Airlines To Be Title Sponsor of Formula 1 Singapore Grand Prix|url=http://www.singaporeair.com/en_UK/press_release_news/ne140415/|accessdate=2 September 2014|publisher=Singapore Airlines}}</ref>

Revision as of 12:10, 23 September 2019

Singapore Airlines is majority-owned by Singapore government investment and holding company Temasek Holdings which holds 56% of voting stock.[1]

Robinson 77 (Formerly known as SIA Building) was the flagship building for Singapore Airlines, before it was sold in 2006
Airline House, the corporate head office of Singapore Airlines, is in the background

Subsidiaries

Singapore Airlines has diversified into related industries and sectors, including ground handling, aircraft leasing, aviation engineering, air catering, and tour operations. It has also restructured itself by hiving off operational units as fully owned subsidiaries to maintain its core business as a passenger airline. The Singapore Airlines Group comprised 25 subsidiaries, 32 associates, and two joint venture companies in the financial year ending 31 March 2007. SIA sold all its equity share of 35.5% in a joint venture, Singapore Aircraft Leasing Enterprise, to the Bank of China for US$980 million on 15 December 2006.[2]

There were suggestions to divest SIA Engineering Company and Singapore Airport Terminal Services, two of SIA's largest subsidiaries. Former Minister Mentor Lee Kuan Yew, for one, voiced his opinion in December 2005 that Singapore Airlines should divest these two companies to focus on its core business of air transportation.[3] Singapore Airlines has evaluated the divestment opportunity and Singapore Airport Terminal Services (which was renamed as SATS Group) was diversified from the group on 1 September 2009.[4][5]

On 18 May 2016, Singapore Airlines established Budget Aviation Holdings, a holding company to own and manage its budget airlines Scoot and Tiger Airways following the delisting of Tiger Airways from the Singapore stock exchange.[6]

On 19 May 2017, Singapore Airlines announced that SIA Cargo will be re-integrated as a division within the SIA group, expected to be completed in the first half of 2018, after which SIA Cargo will become the airline's cargo division.[7]

Companies in the Singapore Airlines Group include:

Company Type Principal activities Incorporated in Group's equity shareholding
(31 March 2013)
SIA Engineering Company Limited Subsidiary Engineering Singapore 78.6%
Aircraft Maintenance Services Australia Pty Ltd Subsidiary Aircraft Maintenance and Handling Australia 78.6%
Nexgen Network (1) Holding Pte Ltd Subsidiary Investment Singapore 78.6%
Nexgen Network (2) Holding Pte Ltd Subsidiary Investment Singapore 78.6%
SIA Engineering (USA) Inc Subsidiary Aircraft Maintenance and Handling United States 78.6%
SIAEC Global Pte Ltd Subsidiary Investment Singapore 78.6%
SIA Engineering (Philippines) Corporation Subsidiary Engineering Philippines 51.6%
Singapore Jamco Pte Ltd Subsidiary Engineering Singapore 51.1%
Singapore Airlines Cargo Pte Ltd Subsidiary Cargo Airline Singapore 100.0%
Cargo Community Network Pte Ltd Subsidiary Marketing Singapore 51.0%
Cargo Community (Shanghai) Co Ltd Subsidiary Marketing China 51.0%
SilkAir (Singapore) Private Limited Subsidiary Airline Singapore 100.0%
Scoot Pte Ltd Subsidiary Airline Singapore 100.0%
Tradewinds Tours & Travel Private Limited Subsidiary Tour wholesaling Singapore 100.0%
Singapore Aviation and General Insurance Company (Pte) Ltd Subsidiary Insurance Singapore 100.0%
Singapore Flying College Pte Ltd Training Subsidiary Singapore 100.0%
Abacus Travel Systems Pte Ltd Marketing Subsidiary Singapore 61.0%
SIA (Mauritius) Ltd Subsidiary Recruitment Mauritius 100.0%
International Engine Component Overhaul Pte Ltd Joint venture Engineering Singapore 39.3%
Singapore Aero Engine Services Pte Ltd Joint venture Engineering Singapore 39.3%

Scoot

Main article: Scoot

In May 2011, Singapore Airlines revealed plans to launch a low-fare airline subsidiary within a year. The wholly owned subsidiary, New Aviation, was incorporated on 17 June 2011 with an issued and paid up capital of S$1.[8]

On 1 November 2011, it was announced that the low-cost airline would be named Scoot and would begin flights from mid-2012 with a fleet of four Boeing 777-200 wide-body aircraft.[9][10] focused on medium- and long-haul routes. The airline will be wholly owned but operated independently and managed separately from Singapore Airlines.[11]

Vistara

Main article: Vistara

In 2013, Singapore Airlines announced the formation of a joint venture with India's Tata Sons,[12] which was later christened as Vistara (means "limitless expanse in Sanscrit).[13] The full-service airline, based in New Delhi's Indira Gandhi International Airport commenced operation on 9 January 2015. As of March 2015, it operates a fleet of 5 Airbus A320 aircraft and serves 5 destinations within India from its hub in Delhi.[14]

Operational investments

Boeing 747-400 arriving at London Heathrow Airport

The airline has invested in other airlines in a bid to expand beyond its Singapore base. In 1989, it formed a tripartite alliance with Delta Air Lines and Swissair,[15] but terminated their partnership in 1999 after divesting their 5% equity stake in each other's company.[citation needed]

The airline also purchased 25% of Air New Zealand in 2000. However following the near collapse of Air New Zealand, the New Zealand government bought into the airline to rescue it from bankruptcy, reducing Singapore Airlines' stake to 4.5%. This was subsequently sold in October 2004 at a substantial loss.[citation needed]

SIA bought a 49% stake in Virgin Atlantic Airways on 30 March 2000 worth £600 million in cash[16] in the hope of leveraging on it on the lucrative transatlantic market, but by 2007, there had been reports of underperformance and the possibility of divesting its stake.[17] On 14 May 2008, the company formally announced an invitation for offers for its Virgin Atlantic stake, and publicly acknowledged that its stake in the airline had "underperformed".[18] On 12 December 2012, Singapore Airlines sold its 49% stake in Virgin Atlantic for US$360 million.[citation needed]

In September 2004, the airline entered the low-cost carrier market by establishing Tiger Airways with a 49% stake, in partnership with Indigo Partners LLC, the investment firm founded by Bill Franke, (24%); Irelandia Investments Limited, the private investment arm of Tony Ryan and his family, (16%); and Temasek Holdings Pte Ltd (11%). Tiger Airways was eventually listed on Singapore Exchange in Feb 2010, reducing SIA's share of ownership to 34.4%.[citation needed]

SIA also purchased a 10% stake in Virgin Australia on 30 October 2012 worth A$105 million.[citation needed]

Labour

The Singapore Airlines Group employed a total of 21,534 staff members at the end of the fiscal year on 31 March 2011.[19] The parent airline itself employed 13,942 (47.3%), of which there are 2,174 pilots and 6,914 cabin crew. The group's employees are represented by five labour unions, namely the Singapore Airlines Staff Union (SIASU), the SIA Engineering Company Engineers and Executives Union (SEEU), the Singapore Airport Terminal Services Workers' Union (SATSWU), the Air Transport Executives Staff Union (AESU) and the Air Line Pilots' Association Singapore (ALPA-S).

Relations between the labour unions and the group management have been testy at times, particularly after a series of wage cuts, retrenchments, and early retirement affected staff morale during and after difficult economic conditions such as the SARS outbreak in 2003.[20] The ALPA-S alone has been involved in no less than 24 disputes with group management since its registration in May 1981 (itself formed after its predecessor, the Singapore Airlines Pilots Association had 15 EXCO members charged and convicted for initiating illegal industrial action in 1980 in the wake of disputes with management and the SIAPA was deregistered on 26 February 1981) up to 30 November 2003, when the Ministry of Manpower (Singapore) amended the Trade Unions Act to overrule an item in ALPA-S's constitution requiring formal ratification from the general membership for negotiation agreements involving the executive committee.[21] In 2007, the airline was in the spotlight again when ALPA-S disagreed with the management's proposed salary rate for pilots flying the Airbus A380,[22] and the case had to be settled by the Industrial Arbitration Court.[23] The salary ranges of SIA's pilots were made public during the first day of the hearings, and the press noted that the airline's 935 captains who fly the Boeing 777 received higher salaries (over S$270,000) at the midpoint of their salary brackets compared to the company's 36 vice-presidents (S$233,270).[24]

Disputes have also affected the unions, some so severe that they have attracted the intervention of the government. The internal feuding in ALPA-S which led to the ousting of the entire 22-member executive committee on 17 November 2003 was attributed to "internal politics" and theories that it may involve former pilots, including those involved in the deregistration of SIAPA.[25] In January 2008, NTUC secretary-general Lim Swee Say spoke up against legal action by parties involved in an internal dispute in SIASU.[26]

On 2 April 2007 the airline group and its unions jointly launched the "Singapore Airlines Group Union-Management Partnership" and the Labour Movement 2011 (LM2011) in a bid to improve their relations, each pledging to be "pro-worker" and "pro-business" respectively.[27] In April 2008, the airline's chairman Stephen Lee described the relations between management and the unions as "stable and cordial" in the last two years, with better communication between them. He alluded that several government figures, including Minister Mentor Lee Kuan Yew, has intervened to help alleviate differences, and that there has been more regular meetings and exchanges between the two sides.[28]

Financial performance

Singapore Airlines Group financial highlights[29][30]
Year ended Revenue
(S$m)		 Expenditure
(S$m)		 Operating profit
(S$m)		 Profit before
taxation (S$m)		 Profit attributable to
equity holders (S$m)		 EPS after tax
– diluted (cents)
31 March 1999 7,795.9 6,941.5 854.4 1,116.8 1,033.2 80.6
31 March 2000 9,018.8 7,850.0 1,168.8 1,463.9 1,163.8 91.4
31 March 2001 9,951.3 8,604.6 1,346.7 1,904.7 1,549.3 126.5
31 March 2002 9,382.8 8,458.2 924.6 925.6 631.7 51.9
31 March 2003 10,515.0 9,797.9 717.1 976.8 1,064.8 87.4
31 March 2004 9,761.9 9,081.5 680.4 820.9 849.3 69.7
31 March 2005 12,012.9 10,657.4 1,355.5 1,829.4 1,389.3 113.9
31 March 2006 13,341.1 12,127.8 1,213.3 1,662.1 1,240.7 101.3
31 March 2007 14,494.4 13,180.0 1,314.4 2,284.6 2,128.8 170.8
31 March 2008 15,972.5 13,848.0 2,124.5 2,547.2 2,049.4 166.1
31 March 2009 15,996.3 15,092.7 903.6 1,198.6 1,061.5 89.1
31 March 2010[31] 12,707.3 12,644.1 63.2 271.7 215.8 18.0
31 March 2011[32] 14,524.8 13,253.5 1,271.3 1,403.5 1,092.0 90.2
31 March 2012[33] 14,857.8 14,571.9 285.9 433.3 335.9 27.9
31 March 2013[34] 15,098.2 14,869.0 229.2 469.6 378.9 31.9
31 March 2014[1] 15,243.9 14,984.6 259.3 367.9 359.5 30.3
31 March 2015[35] 15,565.5 15,156.1 409.4 442.9 367.9 31.2

Operating performance

Singapore Airlines operating highlights (parent airline company only)[29][30]
Year ended Passengers
(thousand)		 RPK
(million)		 ASK
(million)		 Load factor
(%)		 Yield
(S¢/km)		 Unit cost
(cents/ASK)		 Breakeven load
factor (%)
31 March 1993 8,640 37,860.6 53,100.4 71.3 10.5 - -
31 March 1994 9,468 42,328.3 59,283.3 71.4 10.1 - -
31 March 1995 10,082 45,412.2 64,053.9 70.9 9.9 - -
31 March 1996 11,057 50,045.4 68,555.3 73.0 9.4 - -
31 March 1997 12,022 54,692.5 73,511.4 74.4 9.0 - -
31 March 1998 11,957 54,441.2 77,221.6 70.5 9.5 - -
31 March 1999 12,777 60,299.9 83,191.7 72.5 8.6 - -
31 March 2000 13,782 65,718.4 87,728.3 74.9 9.1 - -
31 March 2001 15,002 71,118.4 92,648.0 76.8 9.4 7.5 70.2
31 March 2002 14,765 69,994.5 94,558.5 74.0 9.0 6.4 71.1
31 March 2003 15,326 74,183.2 99,565.9 74.5 9.1 6.7 73.6
31 March 2004 13,278 64,685.2 88,252.7 73.3 9.2 6.7 72.8
31 March 2005 15,944 77,593.7 104,662.3 74.1 10.1 7.0 69.3
31 March 2006 16,995 82,741.7 109,483.7 75.6 10.6 7.5 70.8
31 March 2007 18,346 89,148.8 112,543.8 79.2 10.9 7.9 72.5
31 March 2008 19,120 91,485.2 113,919.1 80.3 12.1 8.4 69.4
31 March 2009 18,293 90,128.1 117,788.7 76.5 12.5 9.2 73.6
31 March 2010[31] 16,480 82,882.5 105,673.7 78.4 10.4 8.6 82.7
31 March 2011[32] 16,647 84,801.3 108,060.2 78.5 11.9 8.9 74.8
31 March 2012[33] 17,155 87,824.0 113,409.7 77.4 11.8 9.2 78.0
31 March 2013[34] 18,210 93,765.6 118,264.4 79.3 11.4 9.2 80.7
31 March 2014[1] 18,628 95,064.3 120,502.8 78.9 11.1 9.1 82.0
31 March 2015[35] 18,737 94,209.2 120,000.8 78.5 11.2 8.9 79.5

Marketing and sponsorships

SIA is the main sponsor of the Singapore Airlines International Cup, a Group 1 flat horse race, since its inception in 2000. It was discontinued since it's final run in 2015.

In April 2014, SIA announced that it has signed an agreement with the Formula One Group to be the Title Sponsor of the Formula 1 Singapore Grand Prix, taking over from Singtel.[36]

Branding

Main article: Singapore Girl
Flight attendants, known as the Singapore Girls, are heavily marketed as the airline's icon

Branding and publicity efforts have revolved primarily around flight crew,[37][38] in contrast to most other airlines, who tend to emphasise aircraft and services in general. In particular, the promotion of its female flight attendants known as Singapore Girls has been widely successful and is a common feature in most of the airline's advertisements and publications. This branding strategy aims to build a mythical aura around the Singapore Girl, and portray her as representative of Asian hospitality and grace and the airline's training program for both cabin and technical flight crew complement this objective. This is similar to the tactics that Pan Am used as they also tried to promote their stewardesses as a big attraction to flying on the airline.

Dressed in a version of the Sarong Kebaya designed by Pierre Balmain in 1968,[39] the uniform of the Singapore Girl has remained largely unchanged. Stewards previously wore light-blue business jackets and grey trousers. Since June 2008, this has been redesigned by Christophe Galibert, artistic Director of Balmain Uniformes. The new steward's uniform now features a single-breasted navy blue suit (jacket and trousers), a sky blue shirt and different coloured striped ties. The tie colours differentiates the four ranks of cabin crew: inflight supervisor, chief steward(ess), leading steward(ess), and steward(ess).

Although a successful marketing image for the airline, the "Singapore Girl" emphasis received criticisms for its portrayal of women as subservient to males. Feminist groups say that its cultural references are outdated and that most Singaporean women today are modern and independent.[40]

On 9 January 2007, the airline announced it would put to tender its existing advertising contract with Batey Ads, the Singaporean company headed by founder Ian Batey, who was responsible for building up the Singapore Girl brand name and its partner since 1972.[41] The image of the Singapore Girl would still remain, although SIA will now focus on advertising and promoting its modern fleet and technology instead. On 16 April 2007, the airline appointed New York-based advertising agent TBWA\ to handle its creative advertising for the airline. The contract is worth S$50 million per year over the following five years. Stephen Forshaw, SIA's Vice-President of Public Affairs, said they will start the new branding campaign "as early as there is a practicable opportunity". This change in advertising agency will not affect SIA's buying media agency, which is presently MEC.[42]

The Singapore Airlines logo is a bird, inspired by a silver kris,[43] which comes from the keris, a dagger from Southeast Asia prominently featured in the region's myth and folklore. The keris is central in Singapore Airline's branding, such as the SilverKris lounge and the KrisWorld entertainment system. The logo is featured on the tailfin and in the airline's collaterals, and has remained unchanged since Singapore Airlines' inception from the split of Malaysia–Singapore Airlines. The logotype and stripes underwent a minor tweak in 1987.[44] The livery had a recent change, which saw the "Singapore Airlines" logotype enlarged and moved towards the front and the "bird" logo on the tailfin enlarged, in a similar fashion to the livery variant used on the Airbus A380. However, the stripes and the "bird" remain the same.

References

  1. ^ a b c "Financial Results For Year Ended 31 Mar 2014" (PDF). Singapore Airlines. 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 29 July 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  2. ^ "BOC Aviation". Saleleasing.com. Retrieved 7 June 2011.
  3. ^ "On the prowl for independence". Today. 7 February 2006. Archived from the original on 10 July 2007. Retrieved 3 September 2007.
  4. ^ Nisha Ramchandani (18 May 2009). "SIA CEO defends divestment of SATS". AsiaOne.com. Archived from the original on 2 November 2009. Retrieved 30 March 2011. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  5. ^ "SIA Annual Report FY09/10" (PDF). Singapore Airlines Ltd. p. 52. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 March 2012. Retrieved 30 March 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  6. ^ "SIA ESTABLISHES HOLDING COMPANY FOR SCOOT AND TIGER AIRWAYS" (Press release). 18 May 2016. Retrieved 19 May 2016.
  7. ^ "Singapore Airlines to re-integrate SIA Cargo division". Channel NewsAsia. Retrieved 28 May 2017.
  8. ^ Singapore Airlines unveils Scoot budget carrier
  9. ^ "SIA unveils long-haul budget carrier". Channel NewsAsia. Retrieved 1 November 2011.
  10. ^ Ryan, Huang (1 November 2011). "SIA unveils long-haul budget carrier". Channel News Asia. Retrieved 1 November 2011.
  11. ^ "SIA to establish new subsidiary airline". FlyScoot. Retrieved 31 December 2012.
  12. ^ "Tata, Singapore Airlines look to fly in Indian skies". Hindustan Times. 19 September 2013. Retrieved 12 August 2014.
  13. ^ "Tata SIA christens its airline, Vistara". Tata Sons. Archived from the original on 13 January 2015. Retrieved 14 August 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  14. ^ "Vistara takes to the skies, operates first flight from Delhi to Mumbai". The Economic Times. 1 March 2015.
  15. ^ McDowell, Edwin (9 September 1995). "Delta Seeks to Expand Its Tie With Three Airlines in Europe". The New York Times. Retrieved 23 May 2010.
  16. ^ Chen, Shu-Ching Jean (11 July 2007). "Branson May Spread Wings Unbound in Asia". Forbes. Archived from the original on 12 October 2007. Retrieved 3 September 2007. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  17. ^ "Report says Singapore Air may sell Virgin Atlantic stake". Reuters. 9 July 2007. Retrieved 7 June 2011.
  18. ^ "SIA invites offers for its 49% stake in Virgin Atlantic". Channelnewsasia.com. 14 May 2008. Retrieved 7 June 2011.
  19. ^ "Singapore Airlines Annual Report 2010-11" (PDF). Singapore Airlines. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 October 2013. Retrieved 20 July 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  20. ^ "Huge losses hits Singapore Airlines". The Age. Melbourne, Australia. AFP. 31 July 2003. Retrieved 25 February 2011.
  21. ^ Prime Minister's Office Press Statement: Improving Labour Relations in Singapore Airlines (SIA) Archived 6 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  22. ^ "SIA's latest offer in A380-pilot wage dispute rejected". Channelnewsasia.com. 25 April 2007. Retrieved 7 June 2011.
  23. ^ "SIA pilots reject last-ditch offer to settle A380 pay dispute". Travel.asiaone.com. Retrieved 7 June 2011.
  24. ^ "Boeing 777 captains get higher pay than SIA vice-presidents". Travel.asiaone.com. 24 April 2007. Retrieved 7 June 2011.
  25. ^ SQ pilots under political pressure [dead link]
  26. ^ "SIA union urged to settle internal feud". Asiaone.com. 30 January 2008. Retrieved 7 June 2011.
  27. ^ Singapore Airlines Group Union-Management Partnership And LM2011 Archived 23 January 2015 at the Wayback Machine
  28. ^ "SIA says state of ties between management and unions is stable". Channelnewsasia.com. 20 April 2008. Retrieved 7 June 2011.
  29. ^ a b "Annual Report". Archived from the original on 9 July 2009. Retrieved 3 February 2008. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  30. ^ a b "Annual Report 07/08" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 May 2008. Retrieved 18 May 2008. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  31. ^ a b "Financial Results For Year Ended 31 Mar 2010" (PDF). Singapore Airlines. 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 March 2012. Retrieved 24 May 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  32. ^ a b "Financial Results For Year Ended 31 Mar 2011" (PDF). Singapore Airlines. 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 October 2013. Retrieved 27 March 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  33. ^ a b "Financial Results For Year Ended 31 Mar 2012" (PDF). Singapore Airlines. 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 February 2013. Retrieved 3 March 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  34. ^ a b "Financial Results For Year Ended 31 Mar 2013" (PDF). Singapore Airlines. 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 March 2014. Retrieved 29 July 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  35. ^ a b "Financial Results For Year Ended 31 Mar 2015" (PDF). Singapore Airlines. 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 4 July 2015. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  36. ^ "Singapore Airlines To Be Title Sponsor of Formula 1 Singapore Grand Prix". Singapore Airlines. Retrieved 2 September 2014.
  37. ^ Loizos Heracleous, Jochen Wirtz and Nitin Pangarkar (2006). Flying High in a Competitive Industry: Cost-effective Service Excellence at Singapore Airlines. McGraw-Hill. p. 217. ISBN 0-07-124964-8.
  38. ^ Heracleous, Loizos (2009). Flying High in a Competitive Industry – Secrets of the World's Leading Airline. Singapore: McGraw-Hill. p. 256. ISBN 978-0-07-128196-6.
  39. ^ "The Creation of Singapore Airlines". Singapore Airlines. 2007. Archived from the original on 9 July 2009. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  40. ^ Jan Dahinten (19 January 2007). "Singapore Girl faces makeover as airline looks to update image". The Scotsman. UK.
  41. ^ Karamjit Kaur (9 January 2007). "SIA will tender out coveted ad contract". Straits Times. Singapore.
  42. ^ Tor Ching Li (17 April 2007). "SIA's their biggest win". Today. Archived from the original on 21 April 2007. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  43. ^ "Mr SIA Fly Past: Introducing the life and times of a legend- Lim Chin Beng- who was instrumental in the creation of Singapore Airlines" (2015) by Ken Hickson; ISBN 978-981-4596-44-2. Chapter 4 page 26
  44. ^ "Mr SIA Fly Past: Introducing the life and times of a legend- Lim Chin Beng- who was instrumental in the creation of Singapore Airlines" (2015) by Ken Hickson; ISBN 978-981-4596-44-2. Chapter 4 Foreword
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