Right-wing populism
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Populism |
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Right-wing populism is a political ideology which combines right-wing politics and populist rhetoric and themes. The rhetoric often consists of anti-elitist sentiments, opposition to the system and speaking for the "common people". In Europe, right-wing populism is an expression used to describe groups, politicians and political parties generally known for their opposition to immigration,[1] mostly from the Islamic world[2] and in most cases Euroscepticism.[3] Right-wing populism in the Western world is generally—though not exclusively—associated with ideologies such as new nationalism,[4][5] anti-globalization,[6] nativism,[7][8] protectionism[9] and opposition to immigration.[10] Traditional right-wing views such as opposition to an increasing support for the welfare state and a "more lavish, but also more restrictive, domestic social spending" scheme is also described under right-wing populism and is sometimes called "welfare chauvinism".[11][12][13]
From the 1990s, right-wing populist parties became established in the legislatures of various democracies, including Australia, Brazil, Canada, the Czech Republic, Estonia, France, Germany, Romania and Sweden; supported minority governments in Denmark, Serbia and the United Kingdom; entered coalition governments in Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Chile, Finland, Greece, Italy[14], Israel, Latvia, Lithuania, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Slovakia and Switzerland; and majority governments in India, Hungary, Poland, Russia and Turkey. Although extreme right-wing movements in the United States have been studied separately, where they are normally called "radical right" (and in particular the alt-right), some writers consider them to be a part of the same phenomenon.[15] Right-wing populism in the United States is also closely linked to paleoconservatism.[16] Right-wing populism is distinct from conservatism, but several right-wing populist parties have their roots in conservative political parties.[17] Other populist parties have links to fascist movements founded during the interwar period when Italian, German, Hungarian, Spanish and Japanese fascism rose to power.
Since the Great Recession,[18][19][20] right-wing populist movements such as the National Front in France, the Northern League in Italy, the Party for Freedom in the Netherlands and the UK Independence Party began to grow in popularity,[21][22] in large part because of increasing opposition to immigration from the Middle East and Africa, rising Euroscepticism and discontent with the economic policies of the European Union.[23] U.S. President Donald Trump's 2016 political views have been summarized by pundits as right wing populist[24] and nationalist.[25][26]
Definition
Classification of right-wing populism into a single political family has proved difficult and it is not certain whether a meaningful category exists, or merely a cluster of categories since the parties differ in ideology, organization and leadership rhetoric. Unlike traditional parties, they also do not belong to international organizations of like-minded parties, and they do not use similar terms to describe themselves.[27]
Scholars use terminology inconsistently, sometimes referring to right-wing populism as "radical right"[28] or other terms such as new nationalism.[29] Pippa Norris noted that "standard reference works use alternate typologies and diverse labels categorising parties as 'far' or 'extreme' right, 'new right', 'anti-immigrant' or 'neofascist', 'antiestablishment', 'national populist', 'protest', 'ethnic', 'authoritarian', 'antigovernment', 'antiparty', 'ultranationalist', or 'neoliberal', 'libertarian' and so on".[30]
By country
Piero Ignazi divided right-wing populist parties, which he called "extreme right parties", into two categories: he placed traditional right-wing parties that had developed out of the historical right and post-industrial parties that had developed independently. He placed the British National Party, the National Democratic Party of Germany, the German People's Union and the former Dutch Centre Party in the first category, whose prototype would be the disbanded Italian Social Movement; whereas he placed the French National Front, the German Republicans, the Dutch Centre Democrats, the former Belgian Vlaams Blok (which would include certain aspects of traditional extreme right parties), the Danish Progress Party, the Norwegian Progress Party and the Freedom Party of Austria in the second category.[31][32]
Right-wing populist parties in the English-speaking world include the UK Independence Party and Australia's One Nation as well as the Wildrose Party in the Canadian province of Alberta. [33] The U.S. Republican Party and Conservative Party of Canada include right-wing populist factions.
Australia
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The main right-wing populist party in Australia is One Nation, led by Pauline Hanson, Senator for Queensland.[34] One Nation typically supports the governing Coalition.[35]
Other parties represented in the Australian Parliament with right-wing populist elements and rhetoric include the Australian Conservatives, led by Cory Bernardi, Senator for South Australia,[36] the libertarian Liberal Democratic Party, led by David Leyonhjelm, Senator for New South Wales[37] and Katter's Australian Party, led by Queensland MP Bob Katter.[38] Bernardi and Leyonhjelm form a voting bloc in the Australian Senate.[39]
Canada
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Canada has a history of right-wing populist protest parties and politicians, most notably in Western Canada due to Western alienation. The highly successful Social Credit Party of Canada consistently won seats in British Columbia, Alberta, and Saskatchewan, but fell into obscurity by the 1970s. The Reform Party of Canada led by Preston Manning was another very successful right-wing populist formed as a result of the policies of the centre-right Progressive Conservative Party of Canada which alienated many Blue Tories. The two parties ultimately merged into the Conservative Party of Canada.
In recent years, right-wing populist elements have existed within the Conservative Party of Canada and have most notably been espoused by Ontario MP Kellie Leitch, businessman Kevin O'Leary, former Mayor of Toronto Rob Ford, and his brother, Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario leader Doug Ford.[40][41][42] [better source needed]
European countries
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Right-wing populists represented in the parliament
Right-wing populists involved in the government
Right-wing populists appoint prime minister
Senior European Union diplomats cite growing anxiety in Europe about Russian financial support for far-right and populist movements and told the Financial Times that the intelligence agencies of "several" countries had stepped up scrutiny of possible links with Moscow.[43] In 2016, the Czech Republic warned that Russia tries to "divide and conquer" the European Union by supporting rightwing populist politicians across the bloc.[44]
Austria
The Austrian Freedom Party (FPÖ) established in 1955 by a former Nazi functionary claims to represent a "Third Camp" (Drittes Lager), beside the Socialist Party and the social Catholic Austrian People's Party. It succeeded the Federation of Independents founded after World War II, adopting the pre-war heritage of German nationalism. Though it did not gain much popularity for decades, it exercised considerable balance of power by supporting several federal governments, be it right-wing or left-wing, e.g. the Socialist Kreisky cabinet of 1970 (see Kreisky–Peter–Wiesenthal affair).
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From 1980, the Freedom Party adopted a more liberal stance. Upon the 1983 federal election, it entered a coalition government with the Socialist Party, whereby party chairman Norbert Steger served as Vice-Chancellor. The liberal interlude however ended, when Jörg Haider was elected chairman in 1986. By his down-to-earth manners and patriotic attitude, Haider re-integrated the party's nationalist base voters. Nevertheless, he was also able to obtain votes from large sections of population disenchanted with politics by publicly denouncing corruption and nepotism of the Austrian Proporz system. The electoral success was boosted by Austria's accession to the European Union in 1995.
Upon the 1999 federal election, the Freedom Party (FPÖ) with 26.9% of the votes cast became the second strongest party in the National Council parliament. Having entered a coalition government with the People's Party, Haider had to face the disability of several FPÖ ministers, but also the impossibility of agitation against members of his own cabinet. In 2005, he finally countered the FPÖ's loss of reputation by the Alliance for the Future of Austria (BZÖ) relaunch in order to carry on his government. The remaining FPÖ members elected Heinz-Christian Strache chairman, but since the 2006 federal election both right-wing parties have run separately. After Haider was killed in a car accident in 2008, the BZÖ has lost a measurable amount of support.
Belgium
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Vlaams_Blok_Flag.png)
Vlaams Blok, established in 1978, operated on a platform of law and order, anti-immigration (with particular focus on Islamic immigration) and secession of the Flanders region of the country. The secession was originally planned to end in the annexation of Flanders by the culturally and linguistically similar Netherlands until the plan was abandoned due to the multiculturalism in that country. In the elections to the Flemish Parliament in June 2004, the party received 24.2% of the vote, within less than 2% of being the largest party.[45] However, in November of the same year, the party was ruled illegal under anti-racism law for, among other things, advocating schools segregated between citizens and immigrants.[46]
In less than a week, the party was re-established under the name Vlaams Belang, with a near-identical ideology. It advocates for immigrants wishing to stay to adopt the Flemish culture and language.[47] Despite some accusations of antisemitism from Belgium's Jewish population, the party has demonstrated a staunch pro-Israel stance as part of its opposition to Islam.[48] With 18 of 124 seats, Vlaams Belang lead the opposition in the Flemish Parliament[49] and also have 11 of the 150 seats in the Belgian House of Representatives.[50]
Cyprus
The ELAM (National People's Front) (Εθνικό Λαϊκό Μέτωπο) was formed in 2008 on the platform of maintaining Cypriot identity, opposition to further European integration, immigration and the status quo that remains due to Turkey's invasion of a third of the island (and the international community's lack of intention to solve the issue).
Denmark
In the early 1970s, the home of the strongest right-wing-populist party in Europe was in Denmark, the Progress Party.[51] In the 1973 election, it received almost 16% of the vote.[52] In the following years, its support dwindled away, but was replaced by the Danish People's Party in the 1990s, which has gone on to be an important support party for the governing Liberal-Conservative coalition in the 2000s (decade).[53] The Danish People's Party is the largest and most influential right-wing populist party in Denmark today. It won 37 seats in the Danish general election, 2015[54] and became the second largest party in Denmark. The Danish People's Party advocates immigration reductions, particularly from non-Western countries, favor cultural assimilation of first generation migrants into Danish society and are opposed to Denmark becoming a multicultural society.
Additionally, the Danish People's Party's stated goals are to enforce a strict rule of law, to maintain a strong welfare system for those in need, to promote economic growth by strengthening education and encouraging people to work and in favor of protecting the environment.[55] In 2015, The New Right was founded,[56] but they have not yet participated in an election.
Finland
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The Finns Party is the second largest party in Finland until 2017 when the party is divided.
France
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![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/MARINELEPEN.jpg/150px-MARINELEPEN.jpg)
In France, the main right-wing populist party is the National Front. Since Marine Le Pen's election at the head of the party in 2011, the National Front has established itself as one of the main political parties in France and also as the strongest and most successful populist party of Europe as of 2015.[57]
Le Pen finished second in the 2017 election and lost in the second round of voting versus Emmanuel Macron which was held on 7 May 2017.
Germany
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Since 2013, the most popular right-wing populist party in Germany has been Alternative for Germany which managed to finish third in the 2017 German federal election, making it the first right-wing populist party to enter the Bundestag, Germany's national parliament. Before, right-wing populist parties had gained seats in German State Parliaments only. Left-wing populism is represented in the Bundestag by The Left party.
On a regional level, right-wing populist movements like Pro NRW and Citizens in Rage (Bürger in Wut, BIW) sporadically attract some support. In 1989, The Republicans (Die Republikaner) led by Franz Schönhuber entered the Abgeordnetenhaus of Berlin and achieved more than 7% of the German votes cast in the 1989 European election, with six seats in the European Parliament. The party also won seats in the Landtag of Baden-Württemberg twice in 1992 and 1996, but after 2000 the Republicans' support eroded in favour of the far-right German People's Union and the National Democratic Party of Germany (NPD), which in the 2009 federal election held 1.5% of the popular vote (winning up to 9% in regional Landtag parliamentary elections).
In 2005, a nationwide Pro Germany Citizens' Movement (pro Deutschland) was founded in Cologne. The Pro Germany movement appears as a conglomerate of numerous small parties, voters' associations and societies, distinguishing themselves by campaigns against Islamic extremism[58] and Muslim immigrants. Its representatives claim a zero tolerance policy and the combat of corruption. With the denial of a multiethnic society (Überfremdung) and the evocation of an alleged islamization, their politics extend to far-right positions. Other minor right-wing populist parties include the German Freedom Party founded in 2010, the former East German German Social Union (DSU) and the dissolved Party for a Rule of Law Offensive ("Schill party").
Greece
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The most prominent right-wing populist party in Greece is the Independent Greeks (ANEL).[59][60] Despite being smaller than the more extreme Golden Dawn party, after the January 2015 legislative elections ANEL formed a governing coalition with the left-wing Coalition of the Radical Left (SYRIZA), thus making the party a governing party and giving it a place in the Cabinet of Alexis Tsipras.[61]
The Golden Dawn has grown significantly in Greece during the country's economic downturn, gaining 7% of the vote and 18 out of 300 seats in the Hellenic Parliament. The party's ideology includes annexation of territory in Albania and Turkey, including the Turkish cities of Istanbul and Izmir.[62] Controversial measures by the party included a poor people's kitchen in Athens which only supplied to Greek citizens and was shut down by the police.[63]
The Popular Orthodox Rally is not represented in the Greek legislature, but supplied 2 of the country's 22 MEPS until 2014. It supports anti-globalisation and lower taxes for small businesses as well as opposition to Turkish accession to the European Union and the Republic of Macedonia's use of the name Macedonia as well as immigration only for Europeans.[64] Its participation in government has been one of the reasons why it became unpopular with its voters who turned to Golden Dawn in Greece's 2012 elections.[65]
Italy
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In Italy, the most prominent right-wing populist party is Lega Nord (LN),[66] whose leaders reject the right-wing label,[67][68][69] though not the "populist" one.[70] LN is a federalist, regionalist and sometimes secessionist party, founded in 1991 as a federation of several regional parties of Northern and Central Italy, most of which had arisen and expanded during the 1980s. LN's program advocates the transformation of Italy into a federal state, fiscal federalism and greater regional autonomy, especially for the Northern regions. At times, the party has advocated for the secession of the North, which it calls Padania. The party generally takes an anti-Southern Italian stance as members are known for opposing Southern Italian emigration to Northern Italian cities, stereotyping Southern Italians as welfare abusers and detrimental to Italian society and attributing Italy's economic troubles and the disparity of the North-South divide in the Italian economy to supposed inherent negative characteristics of the Southern Italians, such as laziness, lack of education or criminality.[71][72][73][74] Certain LN members have been known to publicly deploy the offensive slur "terrone", a common pejorative term for Southern Italians that is evocative of negative Southern Italian stereotypes.[71][72][75] As a federalist, regionalist, populist party of the North, LN is also highly critical of the centralized power and political importance of Rome, sometimes adopting to a lesser extent an anti-Roman stance in addition to an anti-Southern stance.
With the rise of immigration into Italy since the late 1990s, LN has increasingly turned its attention to criticizing mass immigration to Italy. The LN, which also opposes illegal immigration, is critical of Islam and proposes Italy's exit from the Eurozone, is considered a Eurosceptic movement and as such it joined the Europe of Freedom and Democracy (EFD) group in the European Parliament after the 2009 European Parliament election. LN was part of the national government in 1994, 2001–2006 and 2008–2011. Most recently, the party, which notably includes among its members the Presidents of Lombardy and Veneto, won 4.1% of the vote in the 2013 general election. In the 2014 European election, under the leadership of Matteo Salvini it took 6.2% of votes. Under Salvini, the party has to some extent embraced Italian nationalism and emphasised Euroscepticism, opposition to immigration and other "populist" policies, while forming an alliance with right-wing populist parties in Europe.[76][77][78] In the 2018 general election, Salvini's League became the third largest parties in Italy, with more than 17% of votes, and emerged as the main political forces within the centre-right coalition.
Silvio Berlusconi, leader of Forza Italia and Prime Minister of Italy from 1994–1995, 2001–2006 and 2008–2011, has sometimes been described as a right-wing populist, although his party is not typically described as such.[79][80]
A number of national conservative, nationalist and arguably right-wing populist parties are strong especially in Lazio, the region around Rome and Southern Italy. Most of them are heirs of the Italian Social Movement (a post-fascist party, whose best result was 8.7% of the vote in the 1972 general election) and its successor National Alliance (which reached 15.7% of the vote in 1996 general election). They include the Brothers of Italy (2.0% in 2013), The Right (0.6%), New Force (0.3%), CasaPound (0.1%), Tricolour Flame (0.1%) and several others.
Additionally, in the German-speaking South Tyrol the local second-largest party, Die Freiheitlichen, is often described as a right-wing populist party.
Netherlands
This section relies largely or entirely on a single source. (February 2017) |
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In the Netherlands, right-wing populism was represented in the 150-seat House of Representatives in 1982, when the Centre Party won a single seat. During the 1990s, a splinter party, the Centre Democrats, was slightly more successful, although its significance was still marginal. Not before 2002 did a right-wing populist party break through in the Netherlands, when the Pim Fortuyn List won 26 seats and subsequently formed a coalition with the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA) and People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD). Fortuyn, who had strong views against immigration, particularly by Muslims, was assassinated in May 2002, two weeks before the election.[81] The coalition had broken up by 2003, and the party went into steep decline until it was dissolved.
Since 2006, the Party for Freedom (PVV) has been represented in the House of Representatives. Following the 2010 general election, it has been in a pact with the right-wing minority government of CDA and VVD after it won 24 seats in the House of Representatives. The party is Eurosceptic and plays a leading role in the changing stance of the Dutch government towards European integration as they came second in the 2009 European Parliament election, winning 4 out of 25 seats. The party's main programme revolves around strong criticism of Islam, restrictions on migration from new European Union countries and Islamic countries, pushing for cultural assimilation of migrants into Dutch society, opposing the accession of Turkey to the European Union, advocating for the Netherlands to withdraw from the European Union and advocating for a return to the guilder through ending Dutch usage of the euro.[82]
The PVV withdrew its support for the First Rutte cabinet in 2012 after refusing to support austerity measures. This triggered the 2012 general election in which the PVV was reduced to 15 seats and excluded from the new government.
In the Dutch general election, 2017, Wilders' PVV gained an extra five seats to become the second largest party in the Dutch House of Representatives, bringing their total to 20 seats.[83]
Poland
The largest right-wing populist party in Poland is Law and Justice, which currently holds both the presidency and a governing majority in the Sejm. It combines social conservatism and criticism of immigration with strong support for NATO and an interventionist economic policy.[84]
Polish Congress of the New Right, headed by Michał Marusik, aggressively promotes fiscally conservative concepts like radical tax reductions preceded by abolishment of social security, universal public healthcare, state-sponsored education and abolishment of Communist Polish 1944 agricultural reform as a way to dynamical economic and welfare growth.[85][86] Due to lack of empirical and economic evidences presented by party leaders and members, the party is considered populist both by right-wing and left-wing publicists[87][88]
Sweden
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The Sweden Democrats are the third largest party in Sweden.
Switzerland
In Switzerland, the right-wing populist Swiss People's Party (SVP) reached an all-time high in the 2015 elections. The party is mainly considered to be national conservative,[89][90] but it has also variously been identified as "extreme right"[91] and "radical right-wing populist",[92] reflecting a spectrum of ideologies present among its members. In its far-right wing, it includes members such as Ulrich Schlüer, Pascal Junod, who heads a New Right study group and has been linked to Holocaust denial and neo-Nazism.[93][94]
In Switzerland, radical right populist parties held close to 10% of the popular vote in 1971, were reduced to below 2% by 1979 and again grew to more than 10% in 1991. Since 1991, these parties (the Swiss Democrats and the Swiss Freedom Party) have been absorbed by the SVP. During the 1990s, the SVP grew from being the fourth largest party to being the largest and gained a second seat the Swiss Federal Council in 2003, with prominent politician and businessman Christoph Blocher. In 2015, the SVP received 29.4% of the vote, the highest vote ever recorded for a single party throughout Swiss parliamentary history.[95][96][97][98]
United Kingdom
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Media outlets such as The New York Times have called the UK Independence Party (UKIP), led by Nigel Farage, the largest right-wing populist party in the United Kingdom.[99] UKIP campaigned for an exit from the European Union prior to the 2016 European membership referendum[100] and a points-based immigration system similar to that used in Australia.[101][102][103]
The United Kingdom's governing Conservative Party has seen defections to UKIP over the European Union and immigration debates as well as LGBT rights.[104]
In the Conservative Party, former Mayor of London and current Secretary of Foreign Affairs Boris Johnson has been described as expressing right-wing populist views during the successful Vote Leave campaign.[105] Jacob Rees-Mogg, another potential party leadership contender, has been described as appealing to right-wing populism.[106]
In Northern Ireland, the Democratic Unionist Party is the main right-wing populist force.[107]
United States
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Moore (1996) argues that "populist opposition to the growing power of political, economic, and cultural elites" helped shape "conservative and right-wing movements" since the 1920s.[108] Historical right-wing populist figures in the United States have appeared in both parties, included Thomas E. Watson, Strom Thurmond, Joe McCarthy, Barry Goldwater, George Wallace and Pat Buchanan.[109] When Conservative Democrats dominated the politics in the Democratic Party, populism was a faction in the Democrats, while the Republicans adopt some forms of populism since 1980s.
The Tea Party movement has been characterized as "a right-wing anti-systemic populist movement" by Rasmussen and Schoen (2010). They add: "Today our country is in the midst of a...new populist revolt that has emerged overwhelmingly from the right – manifesting itself as the Tea Party movement".[110] In 2010, David Barstow wrote in The New York Times: "The Tea Party movement has become a platform for conservative populist discontent".[111] Some political figures closely associated with the Tea Party, such as U.S. Senator Ted Cruz and former U.S. Representative Ron Paul, have been described as appealing to right-wing populism.[112][113][114]
Donald Trump's 2016 presidential campaign, noted for its anti-globalist, anti-elitist and anti-illegal immigration rhetoric, was characterized as that of a right-wing populist.[115][116]
Right-wing populist political parties
Current right-wing populist parties or parties with right-wing populist factions
Represented in national legislatures
Australia – Coalition (factions),[117] Pauline Hanson's One Nation,[118] Australian Conservatives,[36] Katter's Australian Party[118]
Austria – Freedom Party of Austria,[119] Team Stronach[120]
Belarus – Liberal Democratic Party
Belgium – Vlaams Belang,[121] People's Party[122]
Bosnia and Herzegovina – Bosnian-Herzegovinian Patriotic Party[123]
Brazil – Patriota, Social Liberal Party
Bulgaria – United Patriots (National Front for the Salvation of Bulgaria, IMRO – Bulgarian National Movement,[124] Attack[125])
Canada - Conservative Party (factions)[126][127][128][129][130]
Croatia – Croatian Democratic Alliance of Slavonia and Baranja, Croatian Conservative Party, Croatian Democratic Union[131]
Cyprus – ELAM,[131] Solidarity Movement
Czech Republic – Dawn - National Coalition,[132] Freedom and Direct Democracy
Denmark – Danish People's Party[133][119][134]
Estonia – Conservative People's Party of Estonia[135][133]
European Union – Movement for a Europe of Nations and Freedom, European Alliance for Freedom, Alliance for Direct Democracy in Europe, Alliance of Conservatives and Reformists in Europe (factions)
Finland – Finns Party[119][133]
France – National Front,[119][134] The Republicans (factions)
Georgia – Alliance of Patriots of Georgia
Germany - Alternative for Germany[133][119]
Greece – Golden Dawn,[136] Independent Greeks[133][59]
Hungary – Fidesz,[119] Jobbik[133][137]
India – Bharatiya Janata Party,[138] Shiv Sena[139]
Italy – Lega Nord,[119][140] Brothers of Italy, Us with Salvini, Five Star Movement (factions), Forza Italia (factions)[133][141]
Israel – Likud (factions)[142], Yisrael Beiteinu,[142], The Jewish Home
Japan – Liberal Democratic Party (factions)[143]
Kenya – The National Alliance
Latvia – National Alliance[144][133]
Liechtenstein – The Independents[145][146]
Lithuania – Order and Justice[133][147]
Luxembourg – Alternative Democratic Reform Party[148]
Mozambique – Mozambican National Resistance
Netherlands – Party for Freedom[121]
New Zealand – New Zealand First
Norway – Progress Party[149]
Philippines – Nacionalista Party
Poland – Law and Justice,[133] Kukiz'15 (Congress of the New Right,[150] Real Politics Union)
Russia – Liberal Democratic Party of Russia[151]
Serbia – Serbian Radical Party,[152][153][154] Serbian Progressive Party,[155][156] Dveri
Slovakia – Slovak National Party,[157] Kotleba – People's Party Our Slovakia,[158][159] We Are Family[160]
Slovenia – Slovenian Democratic Party
Sweden – Sweden Democrats[119][133]
Switzerland – Swiss People's Party,[161] Geneva Citizens' Movement,[162][163] Ticino League[164]
Turkey – Justice and Development Party,[165] Nationalist Movement Party[166]
Ukraine – Svoboda[167][168]
United Kingdom – Conservative Party (factions), UK Independence Party,[169] Democratic Unionist Party[107]
United States – Republican Party (factions)[170][171][172]
Not represented in national legislatures
Albania – Red and Black Alliance,[173] Albanian National Front Party
Australia – Shooters, Fishers and Farmers Party, Australian Protectionist Party, Rise Up Australia, Australian Liberty Alliance
Austria – Alliance for the Future of Austria,[120] Free Party Salzburg
Belgium – Libertair, Direct, Democratisch,[174][175] VLOTT
Brazil – Brazilian Labour Renewal Party
Bulgaria – Bulgaria Without Censorship[133]
Canada – Alliance of the North, National Advancement Party of Canada
Croatia – Croatian Party of Rights, Croatian Party of Rights Dr. Ante Starčević
Czech Republic – Workers' Party of Social Justice,[176] Coalition for Republic – Republican Party of Czechoslovakia
Denmark – Progress Party[177]
Finland – Blue and White Front
France – Movement for France, Alsace First
Germany – National Democratic Party of Germany,[178] The Republicans, Citizens' Movement Pro Chemnitz,[179][180] Pro Germany Citizens' Movement,[181][182] Citizens' Movement Pro Cologne,[183] Pro NRW,[184] German Social Union, German Freedom Party[185]
Greece – Popular Orthodox Rally[186][187]
Iceland – Icelandic National Front
Ireland – Direct Democracy Ireland,[188][189][190] Identity Ireland, National Party (unregistered)
Italy – Tricolour Flame, Die Freiheitlichen[191]
Japan – Party for Japanese Kokoro
Malta – Moviment Patrijotti Maltin
Montenegro – Party of Serb Radicals
Netherlands – Forza! Nederland
Poland – Liberty[150]
Portugal – National Renovator Party, Portugal Pro-Life
Romania – National Identity Bloc in Europe (Greater Romania Party, United Romania Party, Noua Dreaptă), New Generation Party,[192] M10
Serbia – Hungarian Hope Movement, People's Peasant Party
Slovenia – Slovenian National Party
Spain – Vox, Platform for Catalonia[193]
Switzerland – Freedom Party of Switzerland
Transnistria – Liberal Democratic Party of Pridnestrovie
Ukraine – Congress of Ukrainian Nationalists
United Kingdom – British National Party[194][195]
United States – Constitution Party, American Freedom Party
Former right-wing populist parties or parties with right-wing populist factions
Belgium – National Front, Vlaams Blok
Canada – Union Nationale (Quebec), Action démocratique du Québec,[196] Reform Party of Canada,[197] Canadian Alliance,[198] Social Credit Party[199], Wildrose Party (Alberta)
Cyprus – New Horizons[200][201]
Czech Republic – Public Affairs[202]
Denmark – Progress Party[203]
Germany – German People's Union
European Union – Movement for a Europe of Liberties and Democracy[191]
Iceland – Citizens' Party[204]
Italy – National Alliance[205]
Netherlands – Centre Democrats,[206] Pim Fortuyn List[121][206][207]
Spain – Independent Liberal Group
Sweden – New Democrats[204]
Switzerland – Party of Farmers, Traders and Independents
Syria – Arab Liberation Movement
United Kingdom – National Democrats
See also
- Alt-right
- Brexit
- Euroscepticism
- Left-wing populism
- National conservatism
- New nationalism (21st century)
- Opposition to immigration
- Outline of right-wing populism
- Paleoconservatism
- Radical right
- Right-wing authoritarianism
- Traditional conservatism
Notes
- ^ Sharpe, Matthew. "The metapolitical long game of the European New Right". The Conversation. Retrieved 24 March 2017.
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- ^ Buruma, Ian (10 March 2017). "How the Dutch Stopped Being Decent and Dull". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 24 March 2017.
- ^ "The New Nationalism". Online Library of Law & Liberty. 8 December 2016. Retrieved 24 March 2017.
- ^ Taub, Amanda (8 July 2016). "A Central Conflict of 21st-Century Politics: Who Belongs?". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 24 March 2017.
- ^ North, Bonnie. "The Rise of Right-Wing Nationalist Political Parties in Europe". Retrieved 24 March 2017.
- ^ "Fear of Diversity Made People More Likely to Vote Trump". The Nation. ISSN 0027-8378. Retrieved 24 March 2017.
- ^ "The political lexicon of a billionaire populist". Washington Post. Retrieved 24 March 2017.
- ^ "The End of Reaganism". POLITICO Magazine. Retrieved 24 March 2017.
- ^ Greven, Thomas (May 2016). "The Rise of Right-wing Populism in Europe and the United States" (PDF). Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung.
- ^ Edsall, Thomas (16 December 2014). "The Rise of 'Welfare Chauvinism'". New York Times. Retrieved 4 January 2015.
- ^ Rippon, Haydn (4 May 2012). "The European far right: actually right? Or left? Or something altogether different?". The Conversation. Retrieved 4 January 2015.
- ^ Matlack, Carol (20 November 2013). "The Far-Left Economics of France's Far Right". Business Week. Retrieved 4 January 2015.
- ^ Norris 2005, p. 3.
- ^ Kaplan & Weinberg 1998, pp. 1–2.
- ^ "The Trump phenomenon and the European populist radical right". Washington Post. Retrieved 24 March 2017.
- ^ Kaplan & Weinberg 1998, pp. 10–13.
- ^ Judis, John B. (5 October 2016). The Populist Explosion: How the Great Recession Transformed American and European Politics. Columbia Global Reports. ISBN 978-0997126440.
{{cite book}}
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value (help) - ^ Cooper, Ryan (15 March 2017). "The Great Recession clearly gave rise to right-wing populism". The Week. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
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- ^ Amir Abedi (2004). Anti-Political Establishment Parties: A Comparative Analysis. Routledge. p. 39. ISBN 978-1-134-36369-8.
- ^ Carol Gould; Pasquale Paquino (2001). Cultural Identity and the Nation-state. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 39. ISBN 978-0-8476-9677-2.
- ^ Ian Budge; David Robertson; Derek Hearl (1987). Ideology, Strategy and Party Change: Spatial Analyses of Post-War Election Programmes in 19 Democracies. Cambridge University Press. p. 90. ISBN 978-0-521-30648-5.
- ^ Nathalie Tocci (2007). Greece, Turkey and Cyprus. Oxford University Press. p. 125.
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ignored (help) - ^ Stefan Engert (2010). EU Enlargement and Socialization: Turkey and Cyprus. Routledge. p. 146.
- ^ Klausmann, Alexandra (21 May 2010). "Tschechien: Jugend vereint gegen Linksparteien". Wiener Zeitung (in German).
- ^ Paul Hainsworth (2008). The Extreme Right in Europe. Routledge. p. 49. ISBN 978-1-134-15432-6.
- ^ a b Christina Bergqvist, ed. (1999). Equal Democracies?: Gender and Politics in the Nordic Countries. Nordic Council of Ministers. p. 320. ISBN 978-82-00-12799-4.
- ^ De Lange, Sarah L. (2008), Radical Right-wing Populist Parties in Government: determinants of coalition membership (PDF), p. 9
- ^ a b David Art (2011). "Memory Politics in Western Europe". In Uwe Backes; Patrick Moreau (eds.). The Extreme Right in Europe: Current Trends and Perspectives. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. p. 361. ISBN 978-3-647-36922-8.
- ^ Andeweg, R. and G. Irwin Politics and Governance in the Netherlands, Basingstoke (Palgrave) p.49
References
- Berlet, Chip and Matthew N. Lyons. 2000. Right-Wing Populism in America: Too Close for Comfort. New York: Guilford Press. ISBN 1-57230-568-1, ISBN 1-57230-562-2.
- Betz, Hans-Georg. Radical right-wing populism in Western Europe. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 1994 ISBN 0-312-08390-4.
- Betz, Hans-Georg and Immerfall, Stefan. The New Politics of the Right: Neo-Populist Parties and Movements in Established Democracies. Houndsmill, Basingstoke, Hampshire, UK, Macmillan Press Ltd., 1998 ISBN 978-0-312-21338-1,
- Dolgert, Stefan (2016). "The Praise of Ressentiment: Or, How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love Donald Trump". New Political Science. 38 (3): 354–370. doi:10.1080/07393148.2016.1189030.
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(help) - Fielitz, Maik; Laloire, Laura Lotte (eds.) (2016). Trouble on the Far Right. Contemporary Right-Wing Strategies and Practices in Europe. Bielefeld: transcript. ISBN 978-3-8376-3720-5.
- Fritzsche, Peter. 1990. Rehearsals for Fascism: Populism and Political Mobilization in Weimar Germany. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-505780-5.
- Geden, Oliver (2006). Diskursstrategien im Rechtspopulismus: Freiheitliche Partei Österreichs und Schweizerische Volkspartei zwischen Opposition und Regierungsbeteiligung [Discourse Strategies in Right-Wing Populism: Freedom Party of Austria and Swiss People's Party between Opposition and Government Participation] (in German). Wiesbaden, Germany: VS Verlag. doi:10.1007/978-3-531-90430-6. ISBN 978-3-531-15127-4.
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(help) - Goodwin, Matthew; Milazzo, Caitlin (2015). UKIP: Inside the Campaign to Redraw the Map of British Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0198736110.
{{cite book}}
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(help) - Greven, Thomas (2016). The Rise of Right-wing Populism in Europe and the United States: A Comparative Perspective (PDF). Berlin: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung. Retrieved 9 August 2016.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Heywood, Andrew (2015). Essentials of UK Politics (3rd ed.). London: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-137-53074-5.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Ignazi, Piero (2002). "The Extreme Right: Defining the Object and Assessing the Causes". In Schain, Martin; Zolberg, Aristide R.; Hossay, Patrick (eds.). Shadows over Europe: The Development and Impact of the Extreme Right in Western Europe. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-312-29593-6.
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(help) - ——— (2006) [2003]. Extreme Right Parties in Western Europe. Comparative Politics. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-929159-5.
{{cite book}}
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(help) - Kaplan, Jeffrey; Weinberg, Leonard (1998). The Emergence of a Euro-American Radical Right. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-2564-8.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Norris, Pippa (2005). Radical Right: Voters and Parties in the Electoral Market. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-84914-2.
{{cite book}}
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(help) - Skenderovic, Damir (2009). The Radical Right in Switzerland: Continuity and Change, 1945–2000. New York: Berghahn Books. ISBN 978-1-84545-580-4. JSTOR j.ctt9qcntn.
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(help) - Ware, Alan (1996). Political Parties and Party Systems. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-878076-2.
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(help)
Further reading
- Goldwag, Arthur. The New Hate: A History of Fear and Loathing on the Populist Right. Pantheon, February 2012, ISBN 978-0-307-37969-6.
- Wodak, Ruth. The politics of fear: What right-wing populist discourses mean. London: Sage, 2015. ISBN 9781446247006.
- Wodak, Ruth, Brigitte Mral and Majid Khosravinik, editors. Right wing populism in Europe: politics and discourse. London. Bloomsbury Academic. 2013. ISBN 9781780932453.
External links
- "Fact check: The rise of right-wing populism in Europe". Channel 4 News (UK). 28 September 2017.