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North Asia

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North Asia
Area13,100,000 km2 (5,100,000 sq mi)
Population33,765,005 (2017)
Population density2.6 per km2
GDP (nominal)$500 billion (2018)[1]
GDP per capita$15,000 (2018)
Ethnic groupsSlavic, Aleut, Eskimo, Mongols, Turkic, Tungusic, Finnic, Samoyedic, Yukaghirs and Yeniseian
ReligionsOrthodox Christianity, Islam, Shamanism, Tengrism, Buddhism, Animism
DemonymSiberian
CountriesRussia Russia
Languages
Official languages
Other languages
Time zones
8 time zones
Internet TLD.ru
.mn
Calling codeZone 7
Largest cities
List
UN M49 code151 – Eastern Europe
150 – Europe
001 – World
North Asia
Russian name
RussianСеверная Азия
RomanizationSevernaya Aziya

North Asia or Northern Asia, also referred to as Siberia, is the northern region of Asia, which is defined in geographical terms. North Asia is solely administrated by Russia, and consists of the Russian regions east of the Ural Mountains: Ural, Siberia and the Russian Far East. North Asia is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to its north, by Eastern Europe to its west, by Central and East Asia to its south, and by the Pacific Ocean and North America to its east. The region covers an area of approximately 13,100,000 square kilometres (5,100,000 sq mi), or 8.8% of Earth's total land area. It is the largest subregion of Asia by area, but is also the least populated, with an approximate population of only 33 million people or only 0.74% of Asia's population.

Topographically, the region is dominated by the Eurasian Plate, except for its eastern part, which lies on the North American, Amurian and Okhotsk Plates. It is divided by three major plains: the West Siberian Plain, Central Siberian Plateau and Verhoyansk-Chukotka collision zone. The Uralian orogeny in the west raised Ural Mountains, the informal boundary between Europe and Asia. Tectonic and volcanic activities are frequently occurred in the eastern part of the region as part of the Ring of Fire, evidenced by the formation of island arcs such as the Kuril Islands and ultra-prominent peaks such as Klyuchevskaya Sopka, Kronotsky and Koryaksky. The central part of North Asia is a large igneous province called the Siberian Traps, formed by a massive eruption occurred 250 million years ago. The formation of the traps coincided with the Permian–Triassic extinction event.

North Asia, even though geographically in Asia, is a part of Russia, and hence culturally and politically a part of Europe. Slavic and other Indo-European populations dominate the region, with over 95% of its population being of European origin.[2][3] European influences, especially Russian, are strong in the southwestern and central part of the region, due to its high Russian population from Eastern Europe which began to settle the area in the 18th-century CE.[4] However, the minor Asian cultures are mostly strong in the eastern, southern, and southeastern parts of the region due to concentrated population of indigenous and other Asian ethnicities.[5][6][7] In recent years there are growing number of movements by the indigenous peoples of the region to preserve its culture from extinction.[8][9] The region is also home to different minorities such as Turkic and Tungusic peoples.

History

Further information: History of human settlement in the Ural Mountains, History of Siberia, and Outer Manchuria
Map of Northern Asia in 1921

The region was first populated by hominins in the Late Pleistocene, approximately 100,000 years ago,[10] and modern humans are confirmed to arrived in the region by 45,000 years ago[11][12] with the first humans in the region having West Eurasian origins.[13] Its Neolithic culture is characterized by characteristic stone production techniques and the presence of pottery of eastern origin.[13] The Bronze Age began during the 3rd millennium BCE,[14] with influences of Indo-Iranian cultures as evidenced by the Andronovo culture. During the 1st millennium BCE, polities such as the Scythians and Xiongnus emerged in the region, who often clashed with its Persian and Chinese neighbors in the south. The Göktürks dominated southern Siberia during the 1st millennium CE, while in the early 2nd millennium CE, the Mongol Empire and its successor states ruled the region. The Khanate of Sibir was one of the last independent Turkic states in North Asia before its conquest by the Tsardom of Russia in the 16th century CE. Russia would then gradually annex the region into its territory until the Convention of Peking was signed in 1860. After the October Revolution in 1917, the region was contested between the Bolsheviks and Whites until the Soviet Union asserted full control in 1923. The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 left Russia as the administrator of the region.

Geography

Further information: Geography of Siberia and Geography of Russia § Northeast Siberia and Kamchatka

For geographic and statistical reasons, the UN geoscheme and various other classification schemes will not subdivide countries, and thus place all of Russia in the Europe or Eastern Europe subregion.

There are no mountain chains in Northern Asia to prevent air currents from the Arctic flowing down over the plains of Siberia and Turkestan.[15]

The plateau and plains of Northern Asia comprise the West Siberian lowlands; the Angara Shield, with the Taimyr Peninsula, the coastal lowlands (North Siberian Lowland and East Siberian Lowland), the Central Siberian Plateau, (Putorana Plateau, Lena Plateau, Anabar Plateau, Tunguska Plateau, Vilyuy Plateau and the Angara Plateau); and the Lena–Vilyuy Lowland.[16] Western Siberia is usually regarded as the Northwest Asia, Kazakhstan also sometimes included there. But Northwest Asia sometimes refers to Caucasus or nearby provinces.[citation needed]

Geomorphology

Further information: Geology of Russia and Geology of Asia

The geomorphology of Northern Asia in general is imperfectly known, although the deposits and mountain ranges are well known.[16]

To compensate for new sea floor having been created in the Siberian basin, the whole of the Asian Plate has pivoted about a point in the New Siberian Islands, causing compression in the Verkhoyansk mountains, which were formed along the eastern margin of the Angara Shield by tectonic uplift during the Mesozoic Era. There is a southern boundary to this across the northern margin of the Alpine folds of Afghanistan, India, Nepal, and Bhutan, which at the east of Brahmaputra turns to run south towards the Bay of Bengal along the line of the Naga hills and the Arakan Yoma, continues around Indonesia, and follows the edge of the continental shelf along the eastern seaboard of China. The Eurasian Plate and the North American Plate meet across the neck of Alaska, following the line of the Aleutian Trench, rather than meeting at the Bering Straits.[16]

Northern Asia is built around the Angara Shield, which lies between the Yenisey River and the Lena River. It developed from fragments of Laurasia, whose rocks were mainly Precambrian crystalline rocks, gneisses, and schists, and Gondwana. These rocks can be found in the Angara Shield, the Inner Mongolian-Korean Shield, the Ordes Shield and the Southeast Asia Shield. The fragments have been subject to orogenesis around their margins, giving a complex of plateaux and mountain ranges. One can find outcrops of these rocks in unfolded sections of the Shields. Their presence has been confirmed below Mesozoic and later sediments.[16]

There are three main periods of mountain building in Northern Asia, although it has occurred many times. The outer fold mountains, that are on the margins of the Shields and that only affected Asia north of the line of the Himalayas, are attributed to the Caledonian and Hercynian orogenies of the late Palaeozoic Era. The Alpine orogeny caused extensive folding and faulting of Mesozoic and early Tertiary sediments from the Tethys geosyncline. The Tibetan and Mongolian plateaux, and the structural basins of Tarim, Qaidam, and Junggar, are delimited by major east–west lithospheric faults that were probably the results of stresses caused by the impact of the Indian Plate against Laurasia. Erosion of the mountains caused by this orogeny has created a large amount of sediment, which has been transported southwards to produce the alluvial plains of India, China, and Cambodia, and which has also been deposited in large amounts in the Tarim and Dzungarian basins.[16]

Northern Asia was glaciated in the Pleistocene, but this played a less significant part in the geology of the area compared to the part that it played in North America and Europe. The Scandinavian ice sheet extended to the east of the Urals, covering the northern two thirds of the Ob Basin and extending onto the Angara Shield between the Yenisei River and the Lena River. There are legacies of mountain glaciation to be found on the east Siberian mountains, on the mountains of the Kamchatka Peninsula, on the Altai, on Tian Shan, and on other small areas of mountains, ice caps remain on the islands of Severnaya Zemlya and Novaya Zemlya, and several Central Asian mountains still have individual glaciers. North Asia itself has permafrost, ranging in depths from 30 to 600 metres and covering an area of 9.6 million km2.[16]

Several of the mountainous regions are volcanic, with both the Koryak Mountains and the Kamchatka Peninsula having active volcanoes. The Anadyr Plateau is formed from igneous rocks. The Mongolian Plateau has an area of basaltic lavas and volcanic cones.[16]

The Angara Shield also underlies the lowlands of the Ob River, but to the south and east in the Central Asian mountains and in the East Siberian Mountains there are folded and faulted mountains of Lower Palaeozoic rocks.[16]

Demographics

Further information: Demographics of Siberia, Indigenous peoples of Siberia, and Demographics of the Russian Far East

Most estimates are that there are around 33 million Russian citizens living east of the Ural Mountains, a widely recognized but informal geographical divide between Europe and Asia. All Siberians are Russian citizens, and of these Russian citizens of Siberia, most are Slavic-origin Russians and russified Ukrainians.[17] The Turkic who are native to some parts of Siberia and Native Tungusic peoples now are a minority in North Asia due to the Russification process during the last three centuries. Russian census records indicate they make up only an estimated 10% of the region's population with the Buryats numbering at 445,175, which makes them the largest ethnic minority group in Siberia. There are 443,852 Yakuts (Russian Census of 2002) living in Russian Far East.[18] According to the 2002 census, there are 500,000 Tatars in Siberia, but 300,000 of them are Volga Tatars who settled in Siberia during periods of colonization.[19] Other ethnic groups that live in the region and make a significant portion are ethnic Germans numbering about 400,000.[20]

In 1875, Chambers reported the population of Northern Asia to be 8 million.[15] Between 1801 and 1914, an estimated 7 million settlers moved from European Russia to Siberia, 85% during the quarter-century before World War I.[21]

Urban centres

Template:Largest cities of North Asia

Administration

Federal Subjects Capital Area
km2 		Population
2010
Kurgan Oblast Kurgan 71,000 910,807
Sverdlovsk Oblast Yekaterinburg 194,800 4,297,747
Tyumen Oblast Tyumen 143,520 3,395,755
Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug (Yugra) Khanty-Mansiysk 534,800 1,532,243
Chelyabinsk Oblast Chelyabinsk 87,900 3,476,217
Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug Salekhard 750,300 522,904
Ural Federal District Yekaterinburg 1,818,500 12,080,526
Altai Republic Gorno-Altaysk 92,900 206,168
Altai Krai Barnaul 168,000 2,419,755
Irkutsk Oblast Irkutsk 774,800 2,248,750
Kemerovo Oblast Kemerovo 95,700 2,763,135
Krasnoyarsk Krai Krasnoyarsk 2,366,800 2,828,187
Novosibirsk Oblast Novosibirsk 177,800 2,665,911
Omsk Oblast Omsk 141,100 1,977,665
Tomsk Oblast Tomsk 314,400 1,047,394
Tuva Republic Kyzyl 168,600 307,930
Republic of Khakassia Abakan 61,600 532,403
Siberian Federal District Novosibirsk 4,361,800 17,178,298
Amur Oblast Blagoveshchensk 361,900 830,103
Republic of Buryatia Ulan-Ude 351,300 971,021
Jewish Autonomous Oblast Birobidzhan 36,300 176,558
Zabaykalsky Krai Chita 431,900 1,107,107
Kamchatka Krai Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky 464,300 322,079
Magadan Oblast Magadan 462,500 156,996
Primorsky Krai Vladivostok 164,700 1,956,497
Sakha Republic Yakutsk 3,083,500 958,528
Sakhalin Oblast Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk 87,100 497,973
Khabarovsk Krai Khabarovsk 787,600 1,343,869
Chukotka Autonomous Okrug Anadyr 721,500 50,526
Far Eastern Federal District Vladivostok 6,952,600 8,371,257
North Asia – 13,132,900 37,630,081

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to North Asia.

References

  1. ^ Валовой региональный продукт::Мордовиястат
  2. ^ "ВПН-2010". Perepis-2010.ru. Archived from the original on 2012-01-18. Retrieved 2016-04-03.
  3. ^ "ВПН-2010". Gks.ru. Retrieved 2016-04-03.
  4. ^ Haywood, A. J. (2010). Siberia: A Cultural History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199754182.
  5. ^ King, Alexander David (2011-06-01). Living with Koryak Traditions: Playing with Culture in Siberia. U of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0803235090.
  6. ^ Minahan, James B. (2014-02-10). Ethnic Groups of North, East, and Central Asia: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781610690188.
  7. ^ Kotkin, Stephen; Wolff, David (2015-03-04). Rediscovering Russia in Asia: Siberia and the Russian Far East: Siberia and the Russian Far East. Routledge. ISBN 9781317461302.
  8. ^ Golovnev, Andrei V.; Osherenko, Gail (2018-09-05). Siberian Survival: The Nenets and Their Story. Cornell University Press. ISBN 9781501727221.
  9. ^ Gray, Patty A.; Gray, Patty (2005). The Predicament of Chukotka's Indigenous Movement: Post-Soviet Activism in the Russian Far North. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521823463.
  10. ^ Slon V, Viola B, Renaud G, Gansauge M, Benazzi S, Sawyer S, Hublin J, Shunkov MV, Derevianko AP, Kelso J, Prüfer K, Meyer M, Pääbo S (July 2017). "A fourth Denisovan individual". Science Advances. 3 (7): e1700186. Bibcode:2017SciA....3E0186S. doi:10.1126/sciadv.1700186. PMC 5501502. PMID 28695206.
  11. ^ Callaway, Ewen & Nature magazine (23 October 2014). "45,000-Year-Old Man's Genome Sequenced". Scientific American. Retrieved 24 October 2014.
  12. ^ Fu, Q; Li, H; Moorjani, P; Jay, F; Slepchenko, SM; Bondarev, AA; Johnson, PL; Aximu-Petri, A; Prüfer, K; de Filippo, C; Meyer, M; Zwyns, N; Salazar-García, DC; Kuzmin, YV; Keates, SG; Kosintsev, PA; Razhev, DI; Richards, MP; Peristov, NV; Lachmann, M; Douka, K; Higham, TF; Slatkin, M; Hublin, JJ; Reich, D; Kelso, J; Viola, TB; Pääbo, S (October 23, 2014). "Genome sequence of a 45,000-year-old modern human from western Siberia". Nature. 514 (7523): 445–49. Bibcode:2014Natur.514..445F. doi:10.1038/nature13810. PMC 4753769. PMID 25341783.
  13. ^ a b Kılınç, Gülşah Merve; Kashuba, Natalija; Yaka, Reyhan; Sümer, Arev Pelin; Yüncü, Eren; Shergin, Dmitrij; Ivanov, Grigorij Leonidovich; Kichigin, Dmitrii; Pestereva, Kjunnej (2018-06-12). "Investigating Holocene human population history in North Asia using ancient mitogenomes". Scientific Reports. 8 (1): 8969. Bibcode:2018NatSR...8.8969K. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-27325-0. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 5997703. PMID 29895902.
  14. ^ Dupuy, Paula Doumani (2016-06-02). "Bronze Age Central Asia". doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935413.001.0001 (inactive 2020-11-18). {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2020 (link)
  15. ^ a b William Chambers and Robert Chambers (1875). Chambers's Information for the People. London and Edinburgh: W. & R. Chambers. pp. 274–276.
  16. ^ a b c d e f g h Edwin Michael Bridges (1990). "Northern Asia". World Geomorphology. Cambridge University Press. pp. 124–126. ISBN 978-0-521-28965-8.
  17. ^ "Ukrainians in Russia's Far East try to maintain community life". The Ukrainian Weekly. 4 May 2003.
  18. ^ Siberian Germans
  19. ^ Siberian Tatars
  20. ^ "Siberian Germans". Encyclopedia.com.
  21. ^ The Great Siberian Migration: Government and Peasant in Resettlement from Emancipation to the First World War
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