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Clobazam

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Clobazam
Clinical data
Trade namesFrisium, Urbanol, Onfi, Tapclob Oral Suspension
AHFS/Drugs.comMicromedex Detailed Consumer Information
License data
Routes of
administration		Oral
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability87% (oral)
Protein binding80–90%
MetabolismHepatic
Elimination half-lifeclobazam: 36–42 hours, N-desmethylclobazam: 71–82h
ExcretionRenal
Identifiers
  • 7-chloro-1-methyl-5-phenyl-1,5-benzodiazepine-2,4-dione
CAS Number
PubChem CID
IUPHAR/BPS
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEBI
ChEMBL
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
ECHA InfoCard100.040.810 Edit this at Wikidata
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC16H13ClN2O2
Molar mass300.74 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
  • ClC1=CC(N(C2=CC=CC=C2)C(CC(N3C)=O)=O)=C3C=C1
  • InChI=1S/C16H13ClN2O2/c1-18-13-8-7-11(17)9-14(13)19(16(21)10-15(18)20)12-5-3-2-4-6-12/h2-9H,10H2,1H3 checkY
  • Key:CXOXHMZGEKVPMT-UHFFFAOYSA-N checkY
  (verify)

Clobazam (marketed under the brand names Frisium, Urbanol, Onfi and Tapclob Oral Suspension) is a benzodiazepine that has been marketed as an anxiolytic since 1975[2] and an anticonvulsant since 1984.[3]

Medical uses

Clobazam is used for epilepsy. It is unclear if there are any benefits to clobazam over other seizure medications for children with Rolandic epilepsy or other epileptic syndromes.[4]

As of 2005, clobazam is approved in Canada for add-on use in tonic-clonic, complex partial, and myoclonic seizures.[5] Clobazam is approved for adjunctive therapy in complex partial seizures[6] certain types of status epilepticus, specifically the myoclonic, myoclonic-absent, simple partial, complex partial, and tonic varieties,[7] and non-status absence seizures. It is also approved for treatment of anxiety. In India, clobazam is approved for use as an adjunctive therapy in epilepsy and in acute and chronic anxiety.[8] In Japan, clobazam is approved for adjunctive therapy in treatment-resistant epilepsy featuring complex partial seizures.[9] In New Zealand, clobazam is marketed as Frisium[10] In the United Kingdom clobazam (Frisium) is approved for short-term (2–4 weeks) relief of acute anxiety in patients who have not responded to other drugs, with or without insomnia and without uncontrolled clinical depression.[11] It was not approved in the US until October 25, 2011, when it was approved for the adjunctive treatment of seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome in patients 2 years of age or older.[12]

It is also approved for adjunctive therapy for epilepsy in patients who have not responded to first-line drugs and in children who are refractory to first-line drugs. It is not recommended for use in children between the ages of six months and three years, unless there is a compelling need.[11] In addition to epilepsy and severe anxiety, clobazam is also approved as a short-term (2–4 weeks) adjunctive agent in schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders to manage anxiety or agitation.[11]

Clobazam is also available as an oral suspension in the UK, under the trade name of Tapclob.

Clobazam is sometimes used for refractory epilepsies. However, long-term prophylactic treatment of epilepsy has considerable drawbacks, most importantly loss of antiepileptic effects due to tolerance which may render long-term therapy ineffective.[13] Other antiepileptic drugs may therefore be preferred for the long-term management of epilepsy. Furthermore, benzodiazepines have the drawback, particularly after long-term use, of causing rebound seizures upon abrupt or over-rapid discontinuation of therapy forming part of the benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome.

Contraindications

Clobazam should be used with great care in patients with the following disorders:

Benzodiazepines require special precaution if used in the elderly, during pregnancy, in children, alcohol or drug-dependent individuals and individuals with comorbid psychiatric disorders.[15]

Side effects

Common

Common side effects include fever, lethargy or sleepiness, drooling, and constipation.[16]

Post Marketing Experience

include other adverse reactions

Warnings and Precautions

In December 2013 the FDA added warnings to the label for clobazam, that it can cause serious skin reactions, Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis, especially in the first 8 weeks of treatment.[17]

Drug interactions

Overdose

Overdose and intoxication with benzodiazepine, including ONFI, my lead to CNS depression, associated with drowsiness, confusion and lethargy, possibly progressing to ataxia, respiratory depression, hypotension and rarely coma or death. The risk of a fatal outcome is increased in cases of combined poisoning with other CNS depressants, including alcohol.[18]

Tolerance, dependence, and abuse potential

See also: Benzodiazepine drug misuse

Clobazam in animal studies has been shown to increase reward seeking behaviours which may suggest an increased risk of addictive behavioural patterns.[19] Significant clobazam abuse has been reported in some countries, according to a 1983 World Health Organisation report.[20]

In humans tolerance to the anticonvulsant effects of clobazam may occur[21] and withdrawal seizures can occur during abrupt or overrapid withdrawal.[22]

Clobazam as with other benzodiazepine drugs can lead to physical dependence, addiction and what is known as the benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome. Withdrawal from clobazam or other benzodiazepines after regular use often leads to withdrawal symptoms which are similar to those seen during alcohol and barbiturate withdrawal. The higher the dose and the longer the drug is taken for, the greater the risk of experiencing unpleasant withdrawal symptoms. Withdrawal symptoms can, however, occur from standard dosages and also after short-term use. Benzodiazepine treatment should be discontinued as soon as possible via a slow and gradual dose reduction regimen.[23]

Physical properties

Clobazam is a 1,5-benzodiazepine, meaning that its diazepine ring has nitrogen atoms at the 1 and 5 positions (instead of the usual 1 and 4).[24]

It is not soluble in water and is available in oral form only.[25][18]

Pharmacology

Clobazam is a GABA-A receptor agonist action and may affect sodium channels and voltage-sensitive calcium channels.[25]

Like other 1,5-benzodiazepines (e.g., arfendazam, lofendazam, CP-1414S), it has less affinity for the α1-allosteric binding site on the GABAA receptor compared to the 1,4-benzodiazepines. It has higher affinity for the α2 site, where it has agonistic activity.[26]

In a double-blind placebo-controlled trial published in 1990 comparing it to clonazepam, 10 mg; of clobazam was shown to be less sedating than either 0.5 mg or 1 mg of clonazepam.[27]

The α1 subtype of the GABAA receptor, was shown to be responsible for the sedative effects of diazepam by McKernan et al. in 2000, who also showed that its anxiolytic and anticonvulsant properties could still be seen in mice whose α2 receptors were insensitive to diazepam.[28] It would seem, then, that the anticonvulsant properties of clobazam are due to its selective affinity for α2.

In 1996, Nakamura et al. reported that clobazam and its active metabolite, N-desmethylclobazam (norclobazam), work by enhancing GABA-activated chloride currents at GABAA-receptor-coupled Cl− channels. It was also reported that these effects were inhibited by the GABA antagonist flumazenil, and that clobazam acts more efficiently in GABA-deficient brain tissue.[29]

Metabolism

Clobazam has two major metabolites: N-desmethyl-clobazam and 4'-hydroxyclobazam, the former of which is active.[30] The demethylation is facilitated by CYP2C19, CYP3A4, and CYP2B6 and the 4'-hydroxyclobazam by CYP2C18 and CYP2C19.[31]

History

Clobazam was discovered at the Maestretti Research Laboratories in Milan and was first published in 1969;[32] Maestretti was acquired by Roussel Uclaf[33] which became part of Sanofi.

See also


References

  1. ^ "FDA-sourced list of all drugs with black box warnings (Use Download Full Results and View Query links.)". nctr-crs.fda.gov. FDA. Retrieved 22 Oct 2023.
  2. ^ Freche, C (1975). "Study of an anxiolytic, clobazam, in otorhinolaryngology in psychosomatic pharyngeal manifestations". Semaine des Hôpitaux. Thérapeutique. 51 (4): 261–3. PMID 5777.
  3. ^ "Clobazam in Treatment of Refractory Epilepsy: The Canadian Experience. A Retrospecti". Epilepsia. 32 (3): 407–16. 1991. doi:10.1111/j.1528-1157.1991.tb04670.x. PMID 2044502.
  4. ^ Arya, R; Anand, V; Garg, SK; Michael, BD (Oct 4, 2014). "Clobazam monotherapy for partial-onset or generalized-onset seizures". The Cochrane database of systematic reviews. 10: CD009258. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009258.pub2. PMID 25280512.
  5. ^ Epilepsy Ontario (2005). "Clobazam". Medications. Retrieved 2006-03-04.
  6. ^ Larrieu, JL; Lagueny, A; Ferrer, X; Julien, J (1986). "Epilepsy with continuous discharges during slow-wave sleep. Treatment with clobazam". Revue d'electroencephalographie et de neurophysiologie clinique. 16 (4): 383–94. PMID 3103177.
  7. ^ Gastaut, H; Tinuper, P; Aguglia, U; Lugaresi, E (1984). "Treatment of certain forms of status epilepticus by means of a single oral dose of clobazam". Revue d'electroencephalographie et de neurophysiologie clinique. 14 (3): 203–6. PMID 6528075.
  8. ^ "Frisium Press Kit". Aventis Pharma India. Archived from the original on 2005-03-05. Retrieved 2006-08-02.
  9. ^ Shimizu, H; Kawasaki, J; Yuasa, S; Tarao, Y; Kumagai, S; Kanemoto, K (2003). "Use of clobazam for the treatment of refractory complex partial seizures". Seizure. 12 (5): 282–6. doi:10.1016/S1059-1311(02)00287-X. PMID 12810340.
  10. ^ Epilepsy New Zealand (2000). "Antiepileptic Medication". Archived from the original on 24 April 2005. Retrieved 11 July 2005.
  11. ^ a b c sanofi-aventis (2002). "Frisium Tablets 10 mg, Summary of Product Characteristics from eMC". electronic Medicines Compendium. Medicines.org.uk. Retrieved 11 July 2005.
  12. ^ "FDA Approves ONFI™ (clobazam) for the Adjunctive Treatment of Seizures Associated with Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome in Patients Two Years and Older" (Press release). Lundbeck. Retrieved 2011-10-25.
  13. ^ Isojärvi, JI; Tokola, RA (1998). "Benzodiazepines in the treatment of epilepsy in people with intellectual disability". Journal of intellectual disability research. 42 (Suppl 1): 80–92. PMID 10030438.
  14. ^ Monjanel-Mouterde, Suzanne; Antoni, Michel; Bun, Hot; Botta-Frindlund, Danielle; Gauthier, André; Durand, Alain; Cano, Jean Paul (1994). "Pharmacokinetics of a Single Oral Dose of Clobazam in Patients with Liver Disease". Pharmacology & Toxicology. 74 (4–5): 345–50. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0773.1994.tb01371.x.
  15. ^ Authier, N.; Balayssac, D.; Sautereau, M.; Zangarelli, A.; Courty, P.; Somogyi, A.A.; Vennat, B.; Llorca, P.-M.; Eschalier, A. (2009). "Benzodiazepine dependence: Focus on withdrawal syndrome". Annales Pharmaceutiques Françaises. 67 (6): 408–13. doi:10.1016/j.pharma.2009.07.001. PMID 19900604.
  16. ^ Clobazam label Last updated December 2014
  17. ^ FDA. December 3rd, 2013 FDA Drug Safety Podcast: FDA warns of serious skin reactions with the anti-seizure drug Onfi (clobazam) and has approved label changes
  18. ^ a b Fruchtengarten L Inchem - Clobazam. Created July 1997, Reviewed 1998.
  19. ^ Thiébot, Marie-Hélène; Bihan, Claudine; Soubrié, Philippe; Simon, Pierre (1985). "Benzodiazepines reduce the tolerance to reward delay in rats". Psychopharmacology. 86 (1–2): 147–52. doi:10.1007/BF00431700. PMID 2862657.
  20. ^ WHO Review Group (1983). "Use and abuse of benzodiazepines". Bull World Health Organ. 61 (4). World Health Organisation: 551–562. PMC 2536139. PMID 6605211.
  21. ^ Loiseau, P (1983). "Benzodiazepines in the treatment of epilepsy". L'Encephale. 9 (4 Suppl 2): 287B–292B. PMID 6373234.
  22. ^ Robertson, MM (1986). "Current status of the 1,4- and 1,5-benzodiazepines in the treatment of epilepsy: the place of clobazam". Epilepsia. 27 Suppl 1: S27–41. doi:10.1111/j.1528-1157.1986.tb05730.x. PMID 3527689.
  23. ^ MacKinnon, Glenda L.; Parker, William A. (1982). "Benzodiazepine Withdrawal Syndrome: A Literature Review and Evaluation". The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse. 9 (1): 19–33. doi:10.3109/00952998209002608. PMID 6133446.
  24. ^ Shorvon SD. Drug treatment of epilepsy in the century of the ILAE: the second 50 years, 1959-2009. Epilepsia. 2009 Mar;50 Suppl 3:93-130. PMID 19298435 Free full text
  25. ^ a b Ochoa, Juan G. (2005). "Antiepileptic Drugs: An Overview. GABA Receptor Agonists". Drugs and Diseases. Medccape. Retrieved 10 July 2005.
  26. ^ Nakajima, Hiroyuki (2001). "A pharmacological profile of clobazam (Mystan), a new antiepileptic drug". Folia Pharmacologica Japonica. 118 (2): 117–22. doi:10.1254/fpj.118.117. PMID 11530681.
  27. ^ Wildin, JD; Pleuvry, BJ; Mawer, GE; Onon, T; Millington, L (1990). "Respiratory and sedative effects of clobazam and clonazepam in volunteers". British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 29 (2): 169–77. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.1990.tb03616.x. PMC 1380080. PMID 2106335.
  28. ^ McKernan, R. M.; Rosahl, T. W.; Reynolds, D. S.; Sur, C.; Wafford, K. A.; Atack, J. R.; Farrar, S.; Myers, J.; et al. (2000). "Sedative but not anxiolytic properties of benzodiazepines are mediated by the GABA(A) receptor alpha1 subtype". Nature Neuroscience. 3 (6): 587–92. doi:10.1038/75761. PMID 10816315.
  29. ^ Nakamura, Fumihiro; Suzuki, Setsuo; Nishimura, Shigeko; Yagi, Kazuichi; Seino, Masakazu (1996). "Effects of Clobazam and Its Active Metabolite on GABA-Activated Currents in Rat Cerebral Neurons in Culture". Epilepsia. 37 (8): 728–35. doi:10.1111/j.1528-1157.1996.tb00643.x. PMID 8764810.
  30. ^ Contin, Manuela; Sangiorgi, Simonetta; Riva, Roberto; Parmeggiani, Antonia; Albani, Fiorenzo; Baruzzi, Agostino (2002). "Evidence of polymorphic CYP2C19 involvement in the human metabolism of N-desmethylclobazam". Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. 24 (6): 737–41. doi:10.1097/00007691-200212000-00009. PMID 12451290.
  31. ^ Cui, D.; Tran, A; Rey, E; Vincent, J; Tréluyer, JM; Pons, G (2004). "In vitro characterization of clobazam metabolism by recombinant cytochrome P450 enzymes: importance of CYP2C19". Drug Metabolism and Disposition. 32 (11): 1279–86. doi:10.1124/dmd.32.11.1279. PMID 15483195. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |doi_brokendate= ignored (|doi-broken-date= suggested) (help)
  32. ^ Hanks GW. Clobazam: pharmacological and therapeutic profile. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1979;7 Suppl 1:151S-155S. Review. PMID 35198 PMC 1429523
  33. ^ Giuliano Zirulia. L'industria delle Medicine. EDRA LSWR, 2014. ISBN 9788821439049 Ebook page


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