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Bureaucrats and elected officials manage the city affairs and issues. The municipal commissioner and district collector are usually from the [[Indian Administrative Service]] (IAS). The [[Member of Parliament|MP]], MLAs, mayor, corporators constitute the local elected officials. Initiatives such as E-Governance are being put in place to reduce red-tapism, thereby enabling transparency in administration. The Guntur Municipal Corporation is among the select cities (4) across the world where an 'eco-budget' is being implemented. In 1866, the Guntur was constituted into Municipality with a Population of about 25,000. It is one of the oldest municipalities that have been constituted in 1866. From 1891, it was upgraded from III Grade to I Grade till 1917, then to special grade in 1952 and to selection grade in 1960. Later, in 1994 it was declared "Municipal Corporation". In 1995, First Election of Municipal Corporation was held. Bathini Srinivasarao was the first Standing Committee [[Chairman]] of Guntur city.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/former-standing-committee-chief-joins-tdp/article353462.htm|title=Former Standing Committee chief(GMC)|work=The Hindu|date=13 February 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gunturcorporation.org/Contact_Info/General_Infox.html|title=Gunturmunicipalcorporation.org|work=GMC-IT Wing,2002}}</ref><ref name="GMC status upgradation">{{cite web|url=http://www.vgtmuda.gov.in/innerpages/aboutvgtm.aspx|title=VGTM|work=vgtmuda|accessdate=16 April 2014}}</ref>
Bureaucrats and elected officials manage the city affairs and issues. The municipal commissioner and district collector are usually from the [[Indian Administrative Service]] (IAS). The [[Member of Parliament|MP]], MLAs, mayor, corporators constitute the local elected officials. Initiatives such as E-Governance are being put in place to reduce red-tapism, thereby enabling transparency in administration. The Guntur Municipal Corporation is among the select cities (4) across the world where an 'eco-budget' is being implemented. In 1866, the Guntur was constituted into Municipality with a Population of about 25,000. It is one of the oldest municipalities that have been constituted in 1866. From 1891, it was upgraded from III Grade to I Grade till 1917, then to special grade in 1952 and to selection grade in 1960. Later, in 1994 it was declared "Municipal Corporation". In 1995, First Election of Municipal Corporation was held. Bathini Srinivasarao was the first Standing Committee [[Chairman]] of Guntur city.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/former-standing-committee-chief-joins-tdp/article353462.htm|title=Former Standing Committee chief(GMC)|work=The Hindu|date=13 February 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gunturcorporation.org/Contact_Info/General_Infox.html|title=Gunturmunicipalcorporation.org|work=GMC-IT Wing,2002}}</ref><ref name="GMC status upgradation">{{cite web|url=http://www.vgtmuda.gov.in/innerpages/aboutvgtm.aspx|title=VGTM|work=vgtmuda|accessdate=16 April 2014}}</ref>
SGDJEHD


===Law and order===
===Law and order===

Revision as of 06:37, 9 December 2014

Guntur
గుంటూరు
Garthapuri[1]
City
Clockwise from Top: Vignan University, Greater Guntur Municipal Corporation,Guntur Medical College,Mirchi Yard,the Andhra Christian College Estd. 1885,Kuchipudi Dance show.
Clockwise from Top: Vignan University, Greater Guntur Municipal Corporation,Guntur Medical College,Mirchi Yard,the Andhra Christian College Estd. 1885,Kuchipudi Dance show.
CountryIndia
StateAndhra Pradesh
RegionCoastal Andhra
DistrictGuntur
Named forTank Village[2]
Government
 • BodyGuntur Municipal Corporation[3]
 • MayorNone
 • Municipal CommissionerSmt.P.Nagaveni[4]
 • Member of ParliamentGalla Jayadev
Area
[5]
 • City45.71 km2 (17.65 sq mi)
Elevation
30 m (100 ft)
Population
 (2011)[6]
 • City651,382
 • Rank65th
 • Density14,000/km2 (37,000/sq mi)
 • Metro
[7]
743,354
Languages
 • OfficialTelugu
Time zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)
PIN
522 xxx
Telephone code91-863
Vehicle registrationAP 07
Sex ratio1016[8] ♂/♀
Lok Sabha constituencyGuntur
Planning agencyGuntur Municipal Corporation, VGTMUDA
Websitewww.gunturcorporation.org

Guntur (pronunciationⓘ); located 40 miles (64 km) to the west of the Bay of Bengal, is a city and a municipal corporation in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is the administrative capital of Guntur district and the third most populous city in Andhra Pradesh after Visakhapatnam and Vijayawada with a population of 651,382.[6] In the year 2012, the city limits were expanded by merging ten surrounding villages into the municipal corporation and the Urban agglomeration population is 743,354.[7][9]

It is the centre for Education and is the administrative capital of Guntur district, which is the home for historical significances like Amaravati, Undavalli caves, Kondavid Fort and Sitanagaram monuments. The city is also a centre for Business,E-Commerce industry,[10] and Agriculture. The region is identified as a major industrial region in India along the corridor up to Visakhapatnam.[11] The city is famous for its exports, including chillies, Cotton, and Tobacco.It is the largest producer of spice(chilies) in India.[12] The city is slated to be part of 'Twin Cities' combining the nearby Vijayawada.Recently,Thullur region nearby Guntur city has been declared as the administrative capital of Andhra Pradesh by the state cabinet.The new capital region in Guntur District would come up with the government identifying 30,000 acres across 17 villages for building the required infrastructure for various public utilities,besides the Secretariat and the Assembly.[13][14]

History

An old temple at Garthapuri
Inscriptions at Sivalayam

The earliest recorded reference of Guntur comes from the Idern plates of Ammaraja I (922–929 CE), the Vengi Chalukyan king[citation needed]. The city was founded in the mid-eighth century by the French who ruled the city until it was ceded permanently to the British in 1788. French astronomer, Pierre Janssen observed the Solar eclipse of 18 August 1868 and discovered helium, from Guntur in Madras State, British India.[15][16] A part of the city, which was once the small village of 'Ramachandrapuram Agraharam', is said to be much older than Guntur as mentioned in an inscription from 1296 on a pillar in Mandapam of the Lakshminarayana Swamy Temple. The Sanskrit (ancient Vedic culture/tradition) name for Guntur was Garthapuri, a place surrounded by water ponds (garta/gunta) as per the writings in the old Agastyeshwara-Sivalayam (temple of the old city). There are inscriptions in the temple on stones in 'Naga Lipi' (an ancient script) dating back to about 1100 CE. It is considered one of the most famous temples in the city. It is said that Agastya built the temple in the last Treta Yuga around the swayambhu linga and hence it has this name. The 'Nagas' were said to have ruled the region at that time. The region has been historically known for Buddhism and the first Kalachakra ceremony performed by Gautama Buddha himself.[17][18] The place of Sitanagaram and the Guttikonda caves are referred in the ancient texts (Vedic puranas) going back to the Treta Yuga and Dwapara Yuga (Traditional time scale).

Medieval period

With the arrival of the Europeans the city attained national and international significance. The French shifted their headquarters from Kondavid Fort to here in 1752, probably because of the ample availability of water due to the two large tanks. This settlement formed the nucleus of the modern city. The Nizams and Hyder Ali also ruled the city until it came under the British in 1788. It was made the headquarters of a district named after it that was abolished in 1859, only to be reconstituted in 1904. The city rapidly became a major market for agricultural produce from the surrounding countryside due to the opening of the railway link in 1890. The expansion continued post independence as well and was concentrated in what is now called "New Guntur", with many urban areas such as Brodipet, Arundalpet and suburban areas like Pattabhipuram, Chandramouli Nagar, Sita Rama nagar, Brindavan Gardens, etc.

Geography

Guntur Region from a Satellite

Guntur Plains: Guntur is located at 16°12′N 80°16′E / 16.20°N 80.27°E / 16.20; 80.27.[19] It has an average elevation of 33 m (108 ft) and is situated on the plains. There are a few hills in the surrounding suburban areas. The city is located around 40 miles (64 km) to the west of the Bay of Bengal on the east coast of India. The Krishna delta lies partly in the Guntur district. There are other smaller rivers and channels in the region such as Guntur Channel, Chandravanka, Naagileru, Guntur Branch Canal[20] etc.

As quoted in NASA's website[21] "it is typical of the wider deltas along the southeast coast of India (known as the Coromandel Coast). The braided stream channels, broad floodplain, and extensive sandbars suggest that this part of the Krishna River flows through relatively flat terrain and carries a substantial amount of sediment, especially during the monsoon season." Image Website of NASA of the Guntur City and District/Region of India. With the ocean on the top portion of the image, the actual location of the city is on the bottom right side portion of the image.

Climate

As per Köppen-Geiger climate classification system the climate in Guntur is tropical. The average temperature is warm to hot year round. The summer season (especially during May/June) has the highest temperatures, but these are usually followed by summer monsoon rains. The winter season (from October to February) is the most enjoyable with a pleasant climate. Winter months may feature more rainfall than summer but there are dry spells during the winter season. The wettest month is July. The average annual temperature is 28.5 C and annual rain fall is about 905 mm. Rain storms and hurricanes are common in the region during the rainy season, which starts with the monsoons in early June. Hurricanes may occur any time of the year, but occur more commonly between May and November.

Climate data for Guntur City
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 29.8
(85.6) 		32.2
(90.0) 		34.7
(94.5) 		36.9
(98.4) 		39.3
(102.7) 		37.5
(99.5) 		33.2
(91.8) 		32.9
(91.2) 		32.8
(91.0) 		31.7
(89.1) 		30.3
(86.5) 		29.2
(84.6) 		33.4
(92.1)
Daily mean °C (°F) 24.4
(75.9) 		26.2
(79.2) 		28.7
(83.7) 		31.4
(88.5) 		33.6
(92.5) 		32.6
(90.7) 		29.4
(84.9) 		29.2
(84.6) 		29
(84) 		27.9
(82.2) 		25.7
(78.3) 		24
(75) 		28.5
(83.3)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 19
(66) 		20.3
(68.5) 		22.8
(73.0) 		25.9
(78.6) 		28
(82) 		27.7
(81.9) 		25.6
(78.1) 		25.5
(77.9) 		25.3
(77.5) 		24.2
(75.6) 		21.1
(70.0) 		18.9
(66.0) 		23.7
(74.6)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 1
(0.0) 		4
(0.2) 		6
(0.2) 		14
(0.6) 		56
(2.2) 		115
(4.5) 		172
(6.8) 		160
(6.3) 		151
(5.9) 		158
(6.2) 		58
(2.3) 		10
(0.4) 		905
(35.6)
Source: Climate-Data.org, altitude: 1m[22]

Demographics

In the 1961 census, Guntur had a population of 187,122 and increased to 516,461 in 2001, which shows a considerable growth during the last 5 decades. As of 2011[needs update] census, the city had a population of 651,382, constituting 323,151 males and 328,231 females —a sex ratio of 1016 females per 1000 males, higher than the national average of 940 per 1000.[6][23] 59,486 children are in the age group of 0–6 years, of which 30,307 are boys and 29,179 are girls—a ratio of 963 per 1000. The average literacy rate stands at 81.11% (male 86.28%; female 76.04%) with 480,068 literates, significantly higher than the national average of 73.00%.[6][24]

The Urban agglomeration had a population of 673,952.[25] The city was expanded and the population stands at 743,354, of which males constitute 371,727, females constitute 371,612 —a sex ratio of 999 females per 1000 males.[7]

Civic administration

File:GntGov.jpg
Administrative
City Court
File:GntGreen.jpg
Green Motto
File:GntLumbini.jpg
LumbiniVanam
Sanakara Eye Hospital

Municipal corporation

Bureaucrats and elected officials manage the city affairs and issues. The municipal commissioner and district collector are usually from the Indian Administrative Service (IAS). The MP, MLAs, mayor, corporators constitute the local elected officials. Initiatives such as E-Governance are being put in place to reduce red-tapism, thereby enabling transparency in administration. The Guntur Municipal Corporation is among the select cities (4) across the world where an 'eco-budget' is being implemented. In 1866, the Guntur was constituted into Municipality with a Population of about 25,000. It is one of the oldest municipalities that have been constituted in 1866. From 1891, it was upgraded from III Grade to I Grade till 1917, then to special grade in 1952 and to selection grade in 1960. Later, in 1994 it was declared "Municipal Corporation". In 1995, First Election of Municipal Corporation was held. Bathini Srinivasarao was the first Standing Committee Chairman of Guntur city.[26][27][28] SGDJEHD

Law and order

Guntur is the regional headquarters of the Andhra Pradesh Police Department with its own Inspector General covering three nearby districts (including Guntur district). The High Court was in Guntur briefly after the separation from the erstwhile Madras State,[29] which was later moved to the current state capital after the formation of AP. There is a demand for setting up of High Court bench at Guntur, for the coastal districts.[30] Guntur also hosts one of the Indian Army recruitment and training centres.[31]

Conservation

Green Guntur, is a social forestry project for Guntur which aims to make the Guntur region greener;[32] (since only about 35% of the forest in the district has survived as per available statistics, a common issue throughout India). The government is closely working with corporations like ITC,[33] which has been actively associated with Guntur for many years, due to the presence of Indian Leaf Tobacco Development (ILTD) Division. The government and ITC have coordinated to plan projects which have helped the government in meeting the goals of Green Guntur.[34] As a part of this Green Guntur project, one crore saplings have been planted in the city. The city's Urban Development Authority is also developing many medium and large scale parks throughout the city.

Health care

Main article: Healthcare in Guntur

The region of Guntur is one of the medical hubs in India. It offers wide access to top medical care at reasonable prices and has a variety of charity hospitals that serve as a safety net for the destitute. It boasts major medical facilities (super speciality hospitals) and related research institutions. The General Hospital provides free health care to people across the coastal districts. The Sankar Eye Hospital,[35] Kugler Hospital, and St. Joseph Hospital are just a few of the many premier hospitals in the region. A new medical facility VIMS [1] is established at Viswanagar to serve the people in the rural areas that are to the south and west of the city.

Culture and diversity

File:GNTnavami.jpg
Festival Parade

Culture and traditions of ageless Sanatana Dharma/Ancient Vedic Civilization (known as Hinduism)File:GntSivalayam.jpg and its principles (Sarvē Janā Sukhinō Bhavantu), the city has a place for its diverse culture with many religions, castes, sects and creeds. One of the purportedly lost tribes of Israel called Bene Ephraim, has a presence in Guntur, with even a Jewish synagogue. Religious faiths such as Islam and Christianity lead a harmonious, peaceful existence.

Language and festivals

Street Fireworks

Telugu is the main language of communication in the city. One of the earlier forms of Telugu language can be noticed in this region.[36] The famous Mahakavi Tikkana (1205–1288) was born in this region. Most of the Muslims in the city speak Urdu as their mother tongue,[37] though they are fluent in Telugu. The culture is vibrant with many festivals (that have been celebrated over thousands of years). Those festivals observed in Guntur with great pomp and splendour are: Deepavali, Krishna-Ashtami, Rama Navami, Sankranti, Sivaratri, Ugadi, Vijaya Dasami, Vinayaka-Chaviti, Ekadasi, Karthika Purnima. Also, noticeable are festivals including Christmas, Eid ul-Fitr, Muharram, Ramadan. The 30th International Kalachakra festival was held at Amaravati near Guntur.

City lifestyle

The city's lifestyle has a mixture of both urban and rural with some cosmopolitan element. The majority of the population is from middle class and lower-middle-class families. With a reasonable cost of living and most basic amenities readily available, the city attracts people from other regions. Guntur is known for its fusion of traditional Indian and Western cultures. Guntur's residents wear both Indian style and Western style clothing. The common traditional clothing for women is a Saree, Salwar and for men formally, a Dhovathi.

Local cuisine

South Indian Breakfast

Local cuisine includes typical south Indian style varieties namely Idli, dosa, vada etc. Other famous items in the city are pickles namely Roselle leaves (gongura) pickle, mirchi bajji, Mango (aavakaaya) pickle, with traditional Andhra style meals.[38] There are many top quality restaurants that offer varieties of food items (from several regions of India). The common masala stands, jilebi push-carts, and sugar cane juice sellers can be noticed in every corner of the city. Locally famous fruits and vegetables include Sapodilla(sapota/chikoo), Mango, Custard apple, and Cucumber.

Economy

Farming and vegetation

File:GntOutskirts.jpg
Farming outside city

The outskirts of the city is mainly based on agriculture with the River Krishna flowing a few miles away, the farmlands and paddy fields grow wide variety of paddy, food grains, and other crops. The Guntur Branch Canal (GBC) and other smaller rivers serve water to the farmlands in the region.

Commercial exports

File:GmainMarket.JPG
Main Market

Guntur is a major commercial center for exports of Cotton, tobacco and chilli to different parts of the world. The city hosts the largest Asian market[39] for red chillies. The Tobacco Board, India, a part of the Government of India, is headquartered in Guntur. The chilies that are grown in this region are the spiciest.[40] One of the first of its kind, a global 'Spice Park' is currently being set up in the area.[41] Cotton produced is used in making some of the finest sarees in India.[42]

The 'Patnam Bazar' area of the city is famous for its wholesale market of many consumer goods.[43]

Industrialization

The industrial development in the Guntur Region is of medium scale. On a positive note, the region has minimal industrial and related pollution as compared to other major cities in the country. It has a large skilled and educated workforce. Some of the industries in the area are: textile mills, silk, dairy, cement, chemical and Biotechnology, fertilizers, jute, granite, diamond and other ore processing (Hindustan Zinc Limited). There are many small to medium scale industries such as Bharathi Soap Works, Tulasi Seeds, Crane Group, Nuziveedu Seeds Limited under the name NSL Textiles with spinning mills at Edlapadu, Ginning mills at Gurazla and Garmenting at Budampadu. Eastern Condiments has Chillies processing centre at Narakoduru. Textile Hub is being developed on the southwestern side of the city,[44] and the government is also encouraging the setting up of new industries. Another ongoing project is an 8.50 billion IT park in Guntur outskirts.[45] Possible future plans include a large scale Biotechnology Park, as well as a knowledge park.

Port trade

Main article: Guntur Coast

Coastline, located about 40 miles (64 km) from the city, it has abundant opportunity for trade, transport, and tourism. Though the exports from Guntur region mainly depend on Chennai harbour, there is a push to bring back one of its shore points as a harbour, with a chemical park also under consideration.[46] Guntur Container Terminal near Marripalem is an ICD (Inland Container Depot), facilitating port operations in Guntur Region.

Resources

Solar power generation is emerging as a power house for the city with the government and private establishments showing interest in tapping the solar power. The Guntur Municipal Corporation has a combined solar power generation of 110 Mega Watt, including street lighting in parks, walking tracks, high level water reservoirs, traffic junctions. A new initiative, Net Metering of Solar Rooftop Photo voltaic Power (SPV) Systems- is being introduced shortly under which excess power generated on rooftops on households, industries and commercial buildings could be fed into the grid. In return, Discom would pay to customers.[47]

Recreation

File:GntCinePlex.JPG
A Cineplex
ExpCamelOnRide

Entertainment and events includes motion pictures, which are a common form of entertainment in the city with many 3 Dimensional screens, multiplexes for Telugu, English, and Hindi movies. Traditional drama and theatrical events also have their presence in the city.[48] The Guntur Nataka Rangam, and Guntur Cultural Association are premier organisations in the state that promote and conduct theatrical events. During the early summer season there are festivals and fairs that take place in the city, many types of rides, shows, novelties and food. There are numerous places of interest and parks in and around the city for entertainment.

Transportation

Main article: Transportation in Guntur

Roadways

See also: APSRTC
NTR Bus Terminus

The city is well connected to all the major cities of the country through various national and state highways. NH 5 that runs from Kolkata to Chennai, passes through city, is a part of Golden Quadrilateral Project under taken by NHAI. This national highway is also a part of AH 45 which comes under the Asian Highway Network.

The Hyderabad – Nalgonda – Guntur SH 2 is a state highway connecting the state capital with the city. It passes through Nagarjuna Sagar, a famous tourist destination. The city is served by the state owned APSRTC buses. NTR Bus Terminus in the city is largest in the district, serving many passengers to the nearby towns and districts.

Railways

See also: Guntur Junction railway station
File:Gst.jpg
Guntur Railway Station

Guntur junction is one of the Divisional headquarters (Guntur division) and a major transit point of the Indian Railways System. All four metro cities and most state capitals can be accessed through this transit point. Proposed Greater Guntur has the following stations: the Main Station (near Arundelpet and Railpet) and the others at Nallapadu, University-Center (Namburu), New Guntur (Reddipalem).[citation needed] Two other major transit points close to Guntur are: Tenali and Vijayawada with a future plan of running suburban trains in the suburban region.

Airports

There is no airport in the city. The nearest International airport is at Hyderabad. The nearest domestic airport is Vijayawada. There has been proposal to build a more practical airport for the residents on the south-west side of the city.[49]

Tourism

Main article: Guntur Tourism
File:GntMuseum.jpg.JPG
Archaeological museum, Guntur
Bird Sanctuary

The tourism in and around the city includes parks, museums, nature conservation sites, forts, resorts and caves etc. Certain landmark places for tourist includes Uppalapadu Nature Conservation, situated in the southern part of the Guntur city which provides shelter to a number of endangered species of birds of Painted Storks and Spot-Billed Pelicans. Viswa Nagar is located to the South - West of the city close to Chowdavaram. This is the place of Viswayogi Viswamji and the Universal Integration Pillar. Kondaveedu Fort, at a distance of 25 km from the city is considered as impregnable with 24 bastions and spread across 30 hillocks was ruled by Gajapathis.

Sringeri Mutt in Sampath Nagar of the city is a Spiritual Center, encompasses within its complex many temples. Kondaveedu Fort is an ancient fort and temple structure located eight miles west of the city. Also, there are many parks, Jinnah Tower in the city, Theme parks at Haailand, Manasa Sarovar and Kakani temple are areas located near to the city.

Education and research

Main article: Education in Guntur
File:GntMedC.jpg
The Campus of a medical institute in the city
College Transport

Guntur is famous for its quality education providing graduation and graduate programs. The Acharya Nagarjuna University is one of the largest universities in the country, and covers various institutions from three districts. There are a number of graduate schools, colleges, and high schools providing basic and higher education in the fields of agricultural, arts, bio-med, engineering, management, medical, nursing, pharmaceutical, sciences, technology etc. The Vedic University near Guntur specialises in the teaching of Vedic Sciences, other related philosophies, and the Vedanta.

  • Vignan University, a Deemed University, Estd u/s 3 of UGC Act of 1956.
  • Vedic University at Sitanagaram of Jeeyar Educational Trust
  • Science & Management Colleges: A.C College, Hindu College, AM, JKC College, TJPS College, Mahatma Gandhi Degree College, GVR&S Institute of Professional Studies, SIMS College of Life Science
  • Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences at Lam
  • Government Institute of Textile Technology (Nallapadu)
  • Commerce college: MAGNAZEAL for CA/CWA/MEC,Brodipet

Research Centers

  • Regional AGMARK laboratory[50]
  • Agricultural Research Center, Lam of ANGRAU
  • Regional Station of Central Tobacco Research Institute (CTRI) of Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)

Sports and stadiums

File:GntParadeGround.jpg
Parade Ground

The city has hosted several national and international level sporting events for various sports. It is one of the places in India to host the International Grandmaster Chess tournaments. Cricket is the most common and well followed sporting event, there are other sports such as kabbadi, volleyball, basketball, tennis, badminton, and table tennis hosted regularly. Certain sports stadiums in and around the city include,[51] Brahmananda Reddy Stadium, Prakasam Stadium, Krishna Cricket Academy, ACA Women Cricket Academy[52][53]

Media

News sources, in Telugu, such as Sakshi, Eenadu, Vaartha and those in English, such as The Hindu (newspaper), Indian Express, Deccan Chronicle are widely used. Many newspaper headquarters are located within the city.

See also

References

  1. ^ "Guntur History". National Informatics Centre. Retrieved 27 July 2014.
  2. ^ "About Guntur". Vijayawada: VGTM Urban Development Authority. Retrieved 3 August 2014.
  3. ^ "Governing body". Guntur Municipal Corporation. Retrieved 10 June 2014.
  4. ^ "GMC Commissioner". Guntur Municipal Corporation. Retrieved 28 July 2014.
  5. ^ "MUNICIPAL CORPORATION, GUNTUR. CITY PROFILE [As on 27-07-2011]" (pdf). Guntur Municipal Corporation. Retrieved 10 October 2014.
  6. ^ a b c d "Cities having population 1 lakh and above" (PDF). The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 1 August 2014.
  7. ^ a b c "Guntur city population is 7,43,354 as per 2011 Census". The Hindu. Guntur. 26 May 2013. Retrieved 12 October 2014.
  8. ^ "Sex Ratio" (PDF). 4 September 2007.
  9. ^ "Greater status" (PDF). City limits expanded. 12 July 2012.
  10. ^ "Guntur region listed a major E-Commerce in the country". Deccan Chronicle. 16 August 2013.
  11. ^ "Industrial Corridor". Retrieved 16 May 2014.
  12. ^ "Chilli Production,Business Standard". Mumbai. 11 January 2011.
  13. ^ "Vijayawada, Guntur to be twin cities:Central Government". Hyderabad. 29 May 2014. Retrieved 15 September 2014.
  14. ^ "AP Capital to come up in Guntur,The Hindu". Hyderabad. 30 October 2014.
  15. ^ Leggett, Hadley (18 August 2009), Aug. 18, 1868: Helium Discovered During Total Solar Eclipse, wired.com, retrieved 18 March 2010.
  16. ^ "Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des sciences", C. R. Hebd. Acad. Sci. Paris, 67: 836–41, 1868.
  17. ^ H. Hoffman (1970). Buddha's Preaching of the Kalachakra Tantra at the Stupa of Dhanyakataka (Vol. I ed.). Varanasi: German Scholars on India. pp. 136–140. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  18. ^ Taranatha; http://www.kalacakra.org/history/khistor2.htm
  19. ^ "Falling Rain Genomics-Guntur". Falling Rain Genomics Inc.
  20. ^ "Guntur irrigation". Government of India.
  21. ^ "Coastal formations". NASA.
  22. ^ "Climate: Guntur – Climate graph, Temperature graph, Climate table". Climate-Data.org. Retrieved 24 January 2014.
  23. ^ "Sex Ratio". The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 3 September 2014.
  24. ^ "Chapter–3 (Literates and Literacy rate)" (PDF). Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India. Retrieved 3 September 2014.
  25. ^ "Cities having population 1 lakh and above, Census 2011" (pdf). The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. p. 11. Retrieved 12 October 2014.
  26. ^ "Former Standing Committee chief(GMC)". The Hindu. 13 February 2009.
  27. ^ "Gunturmunicipalcorporation.org". GMC-IT Wing,2002.
  28. ^ "VGTM". vgtmuda. Retrieved 16 April 2014.
  29. ^ "Former High Court July 06, 1954". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 6 July 2004.
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External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Guntur.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Guntur City.
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