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Ninoy Aquino International Airport

Coordinates: 14°30′30″N 121°01′11″E / 14.50833°N 121.01972°E / 14.50833; 121.01972
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This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Mastodon554 (talk | contribs) at 09:30, 1 January 2023 (→‎Rehabilitation and decongestion proposals). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

For the current military use of this facility, see Villamor Air Base.
For the former military use of this facility, see Nichols Field.
"Manila Airport" redirects here. For other uses, see Manila Airport (disambiguation).

Ninoy Aquino International Airport

Paliparang Pandaigdig ng Ninoy Aquino
Summary
Airport typePublic / Military
Owner/OperatorManila International Airport Authority
ServesGreater Manila Area
LocationParañaque and Pasay, Metro Manila, Philippines
Opened1948; 76 years ago (1948)
Hub for
Focus city forPhilippines AirAsia
Time zonePHT (UTC+08:00)
Elevation AMSL23 m / 75 ft
Coordinates14°30′30″N 121°01′11″E / 14.50833°N 121.01972°E / 14.50833; 121.01972
Websitewww.miaa.gov.ph
Maps
Map
MNL/RPLL is located in Manila
MNL/RPLL
MNL/RPLL
Location in Manila, Philippines
MNL/RPLL is located in Philippines
MNL/RPLL
MNL/RPLL
MNL/RPLL (Philippines)
MNL/RPLL is located in Southeast Asia
MNL/RPLL
MNL/RPLL
MNL/RPLL (Southeast Asia)
MNL/RPLL is located in Asia
MNL/RPLL
MNL/RPLL
MNL/RPLL (Asia)
Runways
Direction Length Surface
m ft
06/24[note 1] 3,737 12,260 Asphalt
13/31[note 2] 2,258 7,408 Asphalt/Concrete
Statistics (2021)
Passengers7,817,120
Decrease 29.86%
Aircraft movements90,626
Decrease 0.48%
Cargo (in tonnes)588,370.92
Increase 10.19%

Ninoy Aquino International Airport (NAIA /ˈnaɪə/, locally /nɑː.ˈiː.jə/; Filipino: Paliparang Pandaigdig ng Ninoy Aquino or Pandaigdigang Paliparan ng Ninoy Aquino; IATA: MNL, ICAO: RPLL), originally known and still commonly referred to as Manila International Airport (MIA), is the main international airport serving Manila and the metropolitan area of the same name. Located between the cities of Pasay and Parañaque, about 7 kilometers (4.3 mi) south of Manila proper and southwest of Makati, NAIA is the main gateway for travelers to the Philippines and serves as a hub for AirSWIFT, Cebgo, Cebu Pacific, PAL Express, and Philippine Airlines, and as the main operating base for Philippines AirAsia. It is managed by the Manila International Airport Authority (MIAA), an agency of the Department of Transportation (DOTr).[2]

The airport is named after Senator Benigno "Ninoy" Aquino Jr. (1932–1983), who was assassinated at the airport on August 21, 1983.

Officially, NAIA is the only airport serving the Metro Manila area. However, in practice, both NAIA and Clark International Airport, located in the Clark Freeport Zone in Pampanga, serve the metropolis, with Clark catering mostly to low-cost carriers because of its lower landing fees compared to those charged at NAIA. In the recent past, there have been calls for Clark to replace NAIA eventually as the primary airport of the Philippines.[3]

As an effort to reduce congestion in the airport, two new airports are being constructed: the New Manila International Airport, located in Bulacan to serve both Metro Manila and Central Luzon, and Sangley Point Airport, located on reclaimed land in Cavite City.[4] The completion of either two airports would relieve pressure on NAIA's existing infrastructure.

History

Old Nielson Field Terminal Tower.
Nichols Field runway with Manila in the background, taken prior to 1941

Early history

The original airport that served Manila, Grace Park Airfield (also known as Manila North) in Grace Park, Caloocan (then a municipality of Rizal), was opened in 1935. It was the city's first commercial airport and was used by Philippine Aerial Taxi Company (later Philippine Airlines) for its first domestic routes.[5] In July 1937, Nielson Airport, located in the 45-hectare (4,800,000 sq ft) land in Makati, also then in Rizal, was inaugurated and served as the gateway to Manila; its runways now form Ayala Avenue and Paseo de Roxas.[6] Following the end of World War II and Philippine independence from the United States, Grace Park Airfield closed, whereas Nielson Airport continued to operate until 1948, when it was decommissioned and all airport operations were moved to the current site, Nichols Field, due to the easier terrain gradient, expanse of greenfield land, and the USAF base runway (Runway 13/31) which could be used for the airport.[7] The original structure, designed by Frederico Illustre, was built on what is now the site of Terminal 2.

In 1954, the airport's longer international runway (Runway 06/24) and associated taxiways were built, and in 1956, construction was started on a control tower and a terminal building for international passengers. The new terminal was inaugurated on September 22, 1961.[8] On January 22, 1972, a fire caused substantial damage to the original terminal building, which also resulted in six casualties,[9] and a slightly smaller terminal was rebuilt in its place the following year. This second terminal would serve as the country's international terminal until 1981 when it was converted to a domestic terminal, upon the completion and opening of a new, higher-capacity terminal, known today as Terminal 1.[10] The old international terminal was later damaged by another fire in May 1985.

Assassination of Ninoy Aquino and renaming

Main article: Assassination of Benigno Aquino, Jr.

One year after its opening, the present-day Terminal 1 became the scene of a controversial event in Philippine history on August 21, 1983. Benigno "Ninoy" Aquino Jr. was assassinated at the terminal's Gate 8 (now Gate 11) after returning to the Philippines from his self-imposed exile in the United States. Aviation Security Command (AVSECOM) personnel escorted Aquino out of the plane to the tarmac where a van owned by the agency awaited him. A single gunshot was heard, which was then identified as the shot that killed Aquino. Several shots burst out, killing the alleged assassin, Rolando Galman. Seconds later, a barrage of gunfire erupted, causing chaos in the plane, the tarmac, and the terminal. The bodies of Aquino and Galman lay on the tarmac; Aquino's body was loaded onto the van, which then sped away. Ironically, his flight number, China Airlines 811, was the same flight number that was involved in an accident three years ago at the same airport, although the aircraft involved in the 1983 assassination was a Boeing 767-200. Four years after the incident, during the presidency of Ninoy's wife Corazon Aquino in 1987, Republic Act No. 6639 was enacted without executive approval,[11] renaming the airport in Ninoy's honor.[12] Presently, a body mark of Aquino's assassination is on display at the departures area while the spot at Gate 8 where he was killed has a memorial plaque. Due to this event, Terminal 1 has also been nicknamed as "Ninoy Aquino Terminal".

Expansion

Plans for a new terminal were conceived in 1989, when the Department of Transportation and Communications commissioned Aéroports de Paris to conduct a feasibility study to expand capacity. The recommendation was to build two new terminals. The government aims to return services from many of the airlines which cancelled services to Manila as a result of Terminal 1's problems.

Construction of Terminal 2 began in 1995 and was opened in 1999. Terminal 2 was nicknamed the "Centennial Terminal" as its completion in 1998 coincided with the 100th anniversary of the Philippine Declaration of Independence from Spain.

The original proposal for the construction of a third terminal was proposed by Asia's Emerging Dragon Corporation (AEDP).[13] AEDP eventually lost the bid to PairCargo and its partner Fraport AG of Germany, who went on to begin construction of the terminal under the administration of Joseph Estrada. In August 1997, President Fidel V. Ramos led the groundbreaking ceremony of Terminal 3.[13] The structure was mostly completed several years before, and was originally scheduled to open in, 2002. However, a legal dispute between the government of the Philippines and the project's main contractor, Philippine International Air Terminals Co. Inc. (Piatco), over the build-operate-transfer contract, delayed the final completion and opening of the terminal.[14] After several delays, Terminal 3 partially opened on July 22, 2008. Full operations were initially slated to begin by 2010,[15] then pushed back to 2011,[16] and again to 2014. Terminal 3 became fully operational on July 31, 2014.[17]

Terminal 3 controversies

While the original agreement was one in which PairCargo and Fraport AG would operate the airport for several years after its construction, followed by a handing over of the terminal to the Philippine government, the government offered to buy out Fraport AG for $400 million, to which Fraport agreed. However, before the terminal could be fully completed, President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo called the contract "onerous" and therefore formed a committee to evaluate the agreement to buy out Fraport AG. In May 2003, the Supreme Court declared the concession contract and the three supplemental construction and operations contracts as null and void due to various anomalies.[18]

Certain amendments to the original contract caused the contract to be nullified. In December 2004, the Philippine government took over the terminal which led to expropriation proceedings.[19] The government was then in the process of negotiating a contract with the builder of the terminal, Takenaka Corporation, because another factor that delayed the terminal's opening was the ongoing investigation into the collapse of an area of the terminal's ceiling days before its supposed opening in March 2006.[20]

Piatco sued the government before the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC), while its German partner Fraport separately sued the Philippine government at the International Center for the Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID).[21] In 2007, the ICSID case was decided in favor of the Philippine government because of a violation of the Anti-Dummy Law by Fraport. However, this decision was annulled in 2010 due to a violation of Fraport's right to be heard.[22] A new claim by Fraport was filed at the ICSID in March 2011.[23] Piatco formally withdrew its second application to set aside the earlier ICC ruling that dismissed its claims against the Philippine government in December 2011.[24]

The ICC ruling in favor of the Philippine government became final and executory in 2012.[24]

Contemporary history

Cebu Pacific and Philippines AirAsia Airbus A320s at the remote gates of Terminal 3.

Extortion scam reports

Main article: 2015 Ninoy Aquino International Airport bullet planting scandal

In October 2015, reports of an extortion scam concerning bullets planted by airport security officials in airline passengers' luggage (dubbed in the local media as the "tanim-bala scam") spread, creating a scare among travelers.[25] Former Davao City mayor Rodrigo Duterte, then a presumptive presidential candidate in the 2016 Philippine presidential election, further alleged that a syndicate was behind the series of incidents. Duterte said the operation had been going on for more than two years.[26] Malacañang Palace and the Philippine Senate have since conducted an investigation of the incidents. Jose Angel Aquino Honrado, the chairman of MIAA, which manages the airport, is President Benigno Aquino III's first cousin.[27][28] In April 2016, a similar incident occurred.[29]

Rehabilitation and decongestion proposals

On February 12, 2018, a consortium of seven conglomerates consisting of Aboitiz InfraCapital Incorporated, AC Infrastructure Holdings Corporation, Alliance Global Group Incorporated, Asia's Emerging Dragon Corporation, Filinvest Development Corporation, JG Summit Holdings, and Metro Pacific Investments Corporation, submitted a ₱350 billion, or US$6.75 billion, 35-year unsolicited proposal to rehabilitate, expand, operate, and maintain the Ninoy Aquino International Airport.[30][31] The consortium's airport rehabilitation and expansion proposal will be divided into two phases: the improvement and expansion of terminals in the current NAIA land area, and the development of an additional runway, taxiways, passenger terminals, and associated support infrastructure. Changi Airport Consultants Pte. Ltd., a wholly owned subsidiary of Changi Airports International Pte. Ltd., will provide technical support for their unsolicited proposal.[32] Singapore's Changi Airport Group is also eyeing a 30-percent stake in this venture.[33]

On March 1, 2018, Megawide Construction Corporation and its India-based consortium partner GMR Infrastructure, the consortium which revamped the Mactan–Cebu International Airport, submitted a ₱150 billion, or US$3 billion, proposal to decongest and redevelop the airport as well.[34][35] GMR-Megawide, unlike the aforementioned consortium, is not pushing for the construction of a new runway. According to GMR Megawide Mactan–Cebu International Airport Corp. chief executive adviser Andrew Harrison, such a structure would not significantly boost capacity.[35]

The NAIA consortium pulled out of the rehabilitation project in July 2020 due to undisclosed issues, and thus Megawide-GMR took over the project.[36] On December 15, 2020, however, the Manila International Airport Authority revoked the original proponent status (OPS) of Megawide-GMR, who then filed a motion for reconsideration on December 21.[37] MIAA denied the motion for reconsideration filed by Megawide-GMR on January 25, 2021.[38] In August 2022, the Department of Transportation announced a rebidding of the project within the year.[39]

Terminal rationalization

In February 2018, a plan to "rationalize" the airport terminals was announced in an effort to decongest the airport, while transferring some flights to Clark International Airport. Under the rationalization program, Terminals 1 and 3 would be fully allocated to international flights, while Terminals 2 and 4 would be fully allocated to domestic flights.[40] Airlines were initially given 45 days to transfer some of their flights to Clark International Airport, later extended to six months.[41][42]

However, Senator Grace Poe said that the rationalization plan would not ease congestion in the airport, while saying that expanding the airport would be the main solution to decongest the airport.[43]

On July 30, 2018, airport authorities announced the deferral of the rationalization program that was supposed to take place in August of that year. This was deferred due to operational constraints in the airport.[44] The rationalization started in October 2018 when four airlines transferred their operations to Terminal 3 from Terminal 1 starting from that month until January 2019.[45]

Air navigation glitch incident

On January 1, 2023, a problem in the air traffic control took effect on NAIA. Due to the incident, it resulted into power outages and 282 flights were cancelled or diverted and left 56,000 passengers stranded in the airport.[46][47]

Terminal 1

Exterior of Terminal 1

Terminal 1 has an area of 73,000 square meters (790,000 sq ft) and a design capacity of six million passengers per year. It is also known as the "Ninoy Aquino Terminal" since its tarmac was also the place where opposition senator Ninoy Aquino was assassinated in 1983. Being the second oldest terminal at the airport (after the Old Domestic Terminal, now called Terminal 4), Terminal 1 was completed in 1981 and opened in 1982.[10] The terminal currently serves foreign carriers operating in Manila, except for those in Terminal 3 (All Nippon Airways, Cathay Pacific, Delta Air Lines, Emirates, Etihad Airways, KLM, Qantas, Qatar Airways, Singapore Airlines, Turkish Airlines, United Airlines and Saudia Airlines). It also serves Philippine Airlines flights to and from Bali, Indonesia, Canada (Toronto and Vancouver), the Middle East, and the United States.[48]

The development of the Manila International Airport was finally approved through the promulgation of Executive Order No. 381, which authorized the airport's development. In 1973, a feasibility study/airport master plan was done by the Airways Engineering Corporation through a US$29.6 million loan from the Asian Development Bank.[49] The detailed engineering design for the project was done by Renardet-Sauti/Transplan/F.F. Cruz Consultant while the terminal's detailed architectural design was prepared by Leandro Locsin's L.V. Locsin and Associates.[50] In 1974, the detailed designs were adopted by the Philippine Government. The designs were subsequently approved by the ADB on September 18, 1975. The government chose an area close to the original site of the former Manila Airport, deciding on an area of land governed by Parañaque, which was at the time a municipality of Metro Manila. Actual work on the terminal began during the second quarter of 1978.

The terminal reached capacity in 1991, when it registered a total passenger volume of 4.53 million. Since 1991, the terminal has been over capacity and has been recording an annual average growth rate of 11%,[50] but improvements to the airport have increased its capacity from 4.5 million to six million passengers yearly.[51] Compared to international terminals in other Asian countries, Terminal 1 has consistently ranked at the bottom due to limited and outdated facilities, poor passenger comfort, and crowding.[52] From 2011 to 2013, Terminal 1 was on the list of worst airports in Asia and the world by the travel website "The Guide to Sleeping In Airports", ranking on number one.[53]

Transport authorities planned to rehabilitate Terminal 1; the plans were approved by President Benigno Aquino III. The upgrade includes the expansion of the arrival area, addition of parking spaces, and improvement of other terminal facilities.[54] Renovations began on January 23, 2014.[55] The project included the installation of buckling restrained braces to strengthen the structural integrity of the building, and a much-needed improvement in the interior design of the terminal.[56] Ten international airlines operating from Terminal 1 transferred to Terminal 3 from 2014 to 2020, in an effort to decongest the terminal.[57][58][59]

Terminal 2

The airport's control tower in front of Terminal 2.

Terminal 2, also known as the "Centennial Terminal", has an area of 75,000 square meters (810,000 sq ft), and is located at the Old MIA Road. Constructed as part of a master plan that recommended the construction of two new terminals,[50] actual construction work on the terminal begun in December 1995 and was inaugurated on May 1, 1999[60] and began operations in the same year. It has been named the Centennial Terminal in commemoration of the centennial year of the declaration of Philippine independence. The terminal was originally designed by Aéroports de Paris to be a domestic terminal, but the design was later modified to accommodate international flights.[61] It has a capacity of 2.5 million passengers per year in its international wing and five million in its domestic wing. It is able to be modified to accommodate nine million passengers per year if needed.[61]

Terminal 2 is exclusively used by Philippine Airlines and PAL Express for both its domestic and international flights. It is divided into two wings: the North Wing, for international flights, and the South Wing, which handles domestic operations. It currently has 12 jet bridges. There are several cafes and restaurants in the Terminal post-security. There is also a small duty-free section in the north wing. The need for two more terminals was proposed by a Master Plan Review of the Airport that was undertaken in 1989 by Aéroports de Paris (ADP). The study was facilitated by means of a grant from the French Government. The review cost 2.9 million French francs and was submitted to the Philippine Government for evaluation in 1990.[50]

In 1991, the French government granted a 30-million-franc soft loan to the Philippine government, which was to be used to cover the detailed architectural and engineering design of NAIA Terminal 2. ADP completed the design in 1992 and in 1994, the Japanese Government granted an 18.12-billion-yen soft loan to the Philippine Government to finance 75% of the terminal's construction costs and 100% of the supervision costs. Construction of the Centennial Terminal began on December 11, 1995, and was formally turned over to the government of the Philippines on December 28, 1998. The terminal became fully operational by 1999.[62]

In August 2014, a plan to expand Terminal 2 was announced. The plan also incorporated building a structure interconnecting Terminals 1 and 2.[63] It included the demolition of the unused Philippine Village Hotel complex beside the terminal,[64] and the relocation of a fuel depot located between the terminals to make way for the expansion.[65]

The terminal underwent rehabilitation starting in September 2018.[66] On February 16, 2021, the expanded Terminal 2 was inaugurated. The expansion added an additional 2,800 square meters (30,000 sq ft) in the terminal area.[67]

Terminal 3

Terminal 3 apron.

Terminal 3 is the newest and largest among the four terminals in NAIA. The construction of the terminal was also part of the 1989 expansion plan. Construction started in 1997 and was originally planned to open in 2002. Since construction, the terminal has been at the center of legal battles, red tape, and arbitration cases in both the United States and Singapore, as well as technical and safety concerns which delayed its opening several times.[14] The terminal opened on July 22, 2008,[68] increasing the airport's annual handling capacity by 13 million passengers.[69] It is built on a 63.5-hectare (157-acre) lot that sits on Villamor Air Base.

Terminal 3 is used as the main terminal for Cebu Pacific for its domestic and international operations; the airline has operated its flights in the terminal since its opening in 2008. PAL Express (formerly Air Philippines and Airphil Express) used to operate flights at the terminal until it moved to Terminal 2 in 2018.[68] The terminal is also used by the AirAsia Group (and flights operated by Philippines AirAsia) for its international flights.[48] It is also used by foreign airlines that previously operated at Terminal 1.

The US$640 million terminal, designed by Skidmore, Owings and Merrill (SOM), has a total floor area of 182,500 square meters (1,964,000 sq ft) and a total length of 1.2 kilometers (0.75 mi),[61] It has 24 boarding gates consisting of 20 contact gates accessible via jet bridges and four bus gates which transports passengers from the terminal to the plane via apron buses. Its apron area has a size of 147,400 square meters (1,587,000 sq ft) with the ability to service 28 planes at a time, later increased to 32 after the remote parking gates were increased from 8 to 12.[59] The terminal has 70 flight information displays, 314 display monitors, and 300 kilometers (190 mi) of fiber optic I.T. cabling. It also has 29 restroom blocks. The departure area has five entrances all equipped with X-ray machines with the final security check having 18 X-ray machines. Its baggage claim has seven large baggage carousels, each with its own flight display monitor.[61] A four-level shopping mall connects the terminal and parking buildings. The parking building has a capacity of 2,000 cars and the outdoor parking area has a capacity of 1,200 cars. The terminal is capable of servicing 33,000 passengers daily at peak or 6,000 passengers per hour.[70] A 220-meter-long (720 ft) footbridge that opened in April 2017, known as Runway Manila, connects the terminal with Newport City. The bridge contains moving walkways and can accommodate about 2,000 persons at any given time.[71]

All international operations, except for those from PAL, were intended to operate from Terminal 3 in the future, originally proposed to move in the fourth quarter of 2010;[15] however, Cebu Pacific and PAL Express remained the only tenants for the first two years of its operation. Prior to the start of full operations of Terminal 3, the vast majority of international flights operated from Terminal 1. All Nippon Airways became the first foreign-based carrier to operate out of Terminal 3 starting February 27, 2011.[72][73]

The terminal underwent a rehabilitation under the contractor Takenaka Corporation to improve its facilities and utilize the whole terminal. Previously, it only operated at half of its capacity awaiting the completion of the remaining system works.[74] The terminal became fully operational on July 31, 2014,[17] leading to the transfer of five international airlines to Terminal 3 to ease congestion at Terminal 1, starting with Delta Air Lines on August 1,[57] followed by KLM on August 4,[58] Emirates on August 15,[57] Singapore Airlines on September 1,[58] and Cathay Pacific on October 1.[58][59] Both United Airlines and Qantas relocated to Terminal 3 from Terminal 1 on October 28, 2018.[45] Middle Eastern carriers Qatar Airways and Turkish Airlines transferred to Terminal 3 on December 1, 2018, and January 1, 2019, respectively.[75] Etihad Airways was also transferred to Terminal 3 on October 25, 2020.[76]

Terminal 4

Exterior of NAIA Terminal 4

Terminal 4, named as "Manila Domestic Passenger Terminal", and still known as the Old Domestic Terminal, is the oldest of the four existing terminals, having been built in 1948.[77] With an annual capacity of three million passengers,[78] it serves all domestic flights within the Philippines that are operated by Cebgo, Philippines AirAsia (except Caticlan and Cebu),[48] and AirSWIFT, among others. There are no jet bridges and passengers walk to and from the aircraft or are occasionally bussed. Twenty-six check-in counters are located in the terminal. The departure hall has the seating capacity for 969 people at a time. Several food stores and a book and magazine stall are also available. Five baggage carousels are located in the terminal while domestic airline offices, banks, restaurants and a grocery store are also located right beside the domestic passenger terminal.[79] The Domestic Terminal is on the old Airport Road near the north end of Runway 13/31. An old hangar has since been annexed to the terminal.

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and in an effort to reduce operating costs due to low passenger demand, Terminal 4 remained closed while the other three terminals reopened in June 2020 after the enhanced community quarantine in Luzon was lifted. This caused domestic flights that used to operate at Terminal 4 to transfer to Terminal 3.[80] During its closure, the terminal was used as a vaccination site for employees of the airport. After a two-year hiatus, Terminal 4 reopened on March 28, 2022 in an effort to decongest Terminal 3 due to the influx of domestic passengers. Cebgo, Philippines AirAsia, and AirSWIFT returned its domestic operations to the terminal on the same day.[81]

Structure

Runways

NAIA has a primary runway that is 3,737 meters (12,260 ft) long and 60 meters (200 ft) wide,[82] running at 061°/241° (designated as Runway 06/24), and a secondary runway that is 2,258 meters (7,408 ft) long and 45 meters (148 ft) wide,[83] running at 136°/316° (designated as Runway 13/31). The primary runway was oriented at 06/24 in order to harness the southeast and southwest winds. Runway 13/31 is the original runway of the complex during the airport's time as the USAF base Nichols Field. Out of the 550 planes that fly on NAIA daily, 100 of them take the secondary runway. It mostly caters to small private planes, propeller aircraft such as the ATR 72-500, Airbus A320, and Airbus A321 aircraft, and acts as the main runway of the NAIA Terminal 4.[84]

Runway 13/31 was closed in 2020 to give way for its rehabilitation works.[85] The runway was inaugurated and reopened on February 16, 2021, along with a newly constructed taxiway that opened on the same day.[86]

Third runway plan

Former Transportation Secretary Joseph Abaya has proposed a new runway adjacent to the existing Runway 06/24.[87] The proposed runway has a length of 2,100 meters (6,900 ft) that could allow the landing of an Airbus A320 and increase the number of aircraft that the airport can handle from 40 planes per hour to about 60–70.[88] However, according to the consultant hired by the government, building the runway may affect the current operations in the main runway and considering building another terminal to be less disruptive.[89]

Previously, the Japan International Cooperation Agency proposed Sangley Point in Cavite as the site of the new international airport serving the Greater Manila Area, meaning Sangley could serve as NAIA's third runway until the long-term expansion is planned.[90]

Airbus A380 capability

An Airbus A380 parked on its test flight in 2007.

NAIA is one of two airports in the Philippines that meet the infrastructure requirements for the Airbus A380, the other being Clark International Airport. The airport provides MRO services conducted by Lufthansa Technik Philippines. On October 11, 2007, NAIA hosted the debut of the Airbus A380 in the Philippines, after test aircraft MSN009 (registered as F-WWEA) landed on Runway 24. The test flight demonstrated that the A380 could land on existing runways in Asia and that the primary international airport of the Philippines can support aircraft as large as the A380.[91]

However, according to Jose Angel Honrado, who served as MIAA General Manager from 2010 to 2016, NAIA is currently not capable of handling regular commercial flights on the A380, as it would "cause a lot of inconvenience and delay for other scheduled flights" due to the airport's runway and taxiway centerlines not reaching the "wing-tip-to-wing-tip clearance" safety requirement for the aircraft to operate at the airport on a regular basis.[92] Therefore, no airlines have regular commercial flights using this aircraft, although some airlines fly out their A380s to NAIA for maintenance at Lufthansa Technik Philippines. On October 7, 2014, Emirates flew their A380 to NAIA in a one-off commercial flight from and to Dubai to commemorate the transfer of the airline's operations to Terminal 3.[93] In command of the flight was Capt. Franklyn Desiderio, the first Filipino pilot certified to fly the Airbus A380.[94]

Facilities

Lufthansa Technik Philippines

Lufthansa Technik Philippines (LTP) (formerly PAL Technical Center) was founded in 2000 as a joint venture of German firm Lufthansa Technik (51%) and Philippine aviation service provider MacroAsia Corporation (49%). Lufthansa Technik Philippines offers aircraft maintenance, repair and overhaul (MRO) services to customers.

The company focuses on maintenance checks for the Airbus A320 family and A330/A340 aircraft. Seven hangar bays and workshops have been upgraded to the latest industry standards to support aircraft maintenance, major modifications, cabin reconfigurations, engine maintenance and painting for the Airbus A320 family, A330/A340, as well as the Boeing 747-400 and 777 aircraft. A new widebody hangar was recently added to meet the increasing demand for A330/A340 base maintenance checks.

The company also opened an Airbus A380 maintenance hangar to allow the aircraft to be repaired at the airport facility.[95] Lufthansa Technik Philippines opens A380 maintenance hangar. In July 2012, A Qantas Airbus A380 completed its passenger cabin reconfiguration. It is one of the 12 Airbus A380 that was cabin reconfigured in the LTP Manila's facility.[96] It also provides total technical and engineering support for the entire Philippine Airlines, PAL Express fleet and other international airline fleets as well.[97]

Aviation Partnership (Philippines) Corporation

Aviation Partnership (Philippines) Corporation is SIA Engineering's third line maintenance joint venture outside Singapore. The joint venture of SIA Engineering Company (51%) and Cebu Pacific Air (49%) provides line maintenance, light aircraft checks and technical ramp handling as well as other services to Cebu Pacific Air and third-party airline customers.

DHL

The airport also serves as a gateway facility of the logistics company DHL. On March 12, 2006, the company opened its first quality control center at NAIA Terminal 3 to show support in its local market.[98]

Philippine Airlines

Philippine Airlines operates several aviation facilities in the Philippines. These include various training facilities for pilots and cabin crew, catering services, as well as a data center and an A320 flight simulator.[99]

Philippine Airlines also maintains training facilities both for its pilots and other crew, composed of the PAL Aviation School, the PAL Technical Center, and the PAL Learning Center. The PAL Aviation School, located within the premises of Clark Civil Aviation Complex, provides flight training for its own operations and as well as for other airlines, the Philippine government and individual students. It currently operates ten Cessna 172Rs, five of which is fitted with a Glass Cockpit Garmin G1000 for student pilots' training with complete training facilities including simulators for the Airbus A320 and for turboprop aircraft (FRASCA 142). More than 5,000 students graduated from the PAL Aviation School, eventually joining the ranks of pilots at PAL and other airlines.

PAL Learning Center, located in Manila, serves as the integrated center for Philippine Airlines flight deck crew, cabin crew, catering, technical, ticketing and ground personnel. Located at the PAL Maintenance Base Complex in Pasay, the PAL flight simulator, designed to simulate an Airbus A320, can duplicate all flight conditions complete with sound and visual system capability for day, dusk and night operations.

Airlines and destinations

Passenger

AirlinesDestinations
Air China Beijing–Capital
Air Juan Busuanga
Air Niugini Port Moresby
AirAsia Kuala Lumpur–International
AirSWIFT Busuanga, El Nido, Sicogon,[100] Tablas
All Nippon Airways Tokyo–Haneda, Tokyo–Narita
Asiana Airlines Seoul–Incheon
Cathay Pacific Hong Kong
Cebgo Busuanga, Caticlan, Cebu, Legazpi, Masbate, Naga, San Jose (Mindoro), Siargao
Cebu Pacific Bacolod, Bandar Seri Begawan, Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi, Beijing–Capital, Butuan, Cagayan de Oro, Caticlan, Cauayan, Cebu, Cotabato, Davao, Denpasar, Dipolog, Dubai–International, Dumaguete, Fukuoka, General Santos, Guangzhou, Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City, Hong Kong, Iloilo, Jakarta–Soekarno-Hatta, Kalibo, Kota Kinabalu, Kuala Lumpur–International, Legazpi, Melbourne (resumes March 26, 2023),[101] Nagoya–Centrair, Osaka–Kansai, Ozamiz, Pagadian, Puerto Princesa, Roxas, Seoul–Incheon, Singapore, Sydney, Tacloban, Tagbilaran, Taipei–Taoyuan, Tokyo–Narita, Tuguegarao, Virac, Zamboanga
China Airlines Kaohsiung, Taipei–Taoyuan
China Eastern Airlines Hangzhou,[102] Shanghai–Pudong
China Southern Airlines Guangzhou, Shenzhen
Emirates Dubai–International
Ethiopian Airlines Addis Ababa[a]
Etihad Airways Abu Dhabi
EVA Air Taipei–Taoyuan
Gulf Air Bahrain
Hong Kong Airlines Hong Kong
Japan Airlines Tokyo–Haneda, Tokyo–Narita
Jeju Air Seoul–Incheon
Jetstar Asia Singapore
Jetstar Japan Tokyo–Narita[103]
KLM Amsterdam[b]
Korean Air Seoul–Incheon
Kuwait Airways Kuwait City
Malaysia Airlines Kuala Lumpur–International
Oman Air Muscat
PAL Express Bacolod, Basco, Busuanga, Butuan, Cagayan de Oro, Calbayog, Catarman, Caticlan, Cebu, Cotabato, Davao, Dipolog, Dumaguete, Iloilo, Kalibo, Laoag, Legazpi, Naga, Ozamiz, Pagadian, Puerto Princesa, Roxas, San Jose de Buenavista, Siargao, Tacloban, Tagbilaran, Zamboanga
Philippine Airlines Bacolod, Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi, Beijing–Capital, Brisbane, Busan, Cebu, Dammam, Davao, Denpasar, Doha, Dubai–International, Fukuoka, General Santos, Guam, Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City, Hong Kong, Honolulu, Jakarta–Soekarno-Hatta, Kuala Lumpur–International, Los Angeles, Melbourne, Nagoya–Centrair, New York–JFK, Osaka–Kansai, Perth (resumes March 27, 2023),[104] Phnom Penh, Port Moresby, Riyadh, San Francisco, Seoul–Incheon, Singapore, Sydney, Taipei–Taoyuan, Tokyo–Haneda, Tokyo–Narita, Toronto–Pearson, Vancouver, Xiamen (resumes January 13, 2023),[105] Zamboanga
Seasonal: Wuhan[106]
Charter: Yangyang[107]
Philippines AirAsia Bacolod, Bangkok–Don Mueang, Cagayan de Oro, Caticlan, Cebu, Davao, Denpasar, Dumaguete, Guangzhou, Hong Kong, Iloilo, Kalibo, Kaohsiung (resumes January 7, 2023),[108] Kota Kinabalu, Kuala Lumpur–International, Osaka–Kansai, Puerto Princesa, Roxas, Seoul–Incheon, Shanghai–Pudong, Shenzhen, Singapore, Tacloban, Tagbilaran, Taipei–Taoyuan, Tokyo–Narita (begins February 1, 2023),[109] Zamboanga
Platinum Skies Vigan
Qantas Sydney
Qatar Airways Doha
Royal Air Philippines Caticlan, Cebu,[110] Nanjing (begins January 4, 2023),[111] Nanning (begins January 6, 2023)[111]
Royal Brunei Airlines Bandar Seri Begawan
Saudia Jeddah, Riyadh
Scoot Singapore
Singapore Airlines Singapore
SkyJet Airlines Busuanga, San Vicente
Starlux Airlines Taipei–Taoyuan
Sunlight Air Charter: Busuanga, Camiguin, Caticlan, San Vicente, Siargao[112]
Thai Airways International Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi
Turkish Airlines Istanbul
United Airlines Guam, Koror
XiamenAir Xiamen
Notes
  1. ^ Ethiopian Airlines flights from Manila to Addis Ababa make a stop in Hong Kong. However, the airline has no fifth freedom rights to carry passengers solely between Manila and Hong Kong.
  2. ^ KLM flights from Manila to Amsterdam make a stop in Bangkok. However, the airline has no fifth freedom rights to carry passengers solely between Manila and Bangkok.

Cargo

AirlinesDestinations
Air Hong KongHong Kong
Asia Cargo AirlinesSingapore
Asiana CargoSeoul–Incheon
Cathay Pacific CargoHong Kong
China Airlines CargoHong Kong, Penang, Singapore, Taipei–Taoyuan
Donghai AirlinesShenzhen
FedEx ExpressGuangzhou, Hong Kong, Memphis, Shanghai–Pudong, Shenzhen, Sydney
Korean Air Cargo Penang, Seoul–Incheon
MASkargoHong Kong, Kuala Lumpur–International, Kuching, Taipei–Taoyuan
My Indo Airlines Singapore
SF AirlinesShenzhen[113]
YTO Cargo AirlinesHangzhou[114]
Notes
  • Philippine Airlines also maintains integrated airport ground handling services, cargo operations and a full catering service for it and other airlines.[115] This is composed of PAL Airport Services, Philippine Airlines Cargo and the PAL Inflight Center.
  • Based at both the Centennial Terminal (Terminal 2) and International Cargo Terminal of Ninoy Aquino International Airport, PAL Airport Services offers ground handling for seven international airlines calling at Manila, while Philippine Airlines Cargo processes and ships an average of 200 tonnes of Manila publications and 2 tonnes of mail daily throughout the country and 368 tonnes of cargo abroad daily.

Statistics

Data from Airports Council International[116] and the Manila International Airport Authority.[1][117][118]

Annual passenger traffic at MNL airport. See Wikidata query.
Year Passengers % change Aircraft movements % change Cargo volume (in tonnes) % change
2003 12,955,809 Steady — — — —
2004 15,186,521 Increase 17.2 — — — —
2005 16,216,031 Increase 6.8 — — — —
2006 17,660,697 Increase 8.9 — — — —
2007 20,467,627 Increase 15.9 — — — —
2008 22,253,158 Increase 8.7 — — — —
2009 24,108,825 Increase 8.3 186,966 Steady 348,994.25 Steady
2010 27,119,899 Increase 12.5 200,107 Increase 7.03 425,382.71 Increase 21.89
2011 29,552,264 Increase 9.0 217,743 Increase 8.81 410,377.05 Decrease 3.53
2012 31,878,935 Increase 7.9 235,517 Increase 8.16 460,135.15 Increase 12.12
2013 32,865,000 Increase 3.1 237,050 Increase 0.65 457,077.17[a] Decrease 0.66
2014 34,015,169 Increase 3.5 236,441 Decrease 0.26 520,402.63 Increase 13.85
2015 36,681,601 Increase 7.84 249,288 Increase 5.43 586,890.53 Increase 12.78
2016 39,516,782 Increase 7.73 258,313 Increase 3.62 630,165.69 Increase 7.37
2017 42,022,484 Increase 6.34 258,366 Increase 0.02 662,256.99 Increase 5.09
2018 45,082,544 Increase 7.28 259,698 Increase 0.52 738,697.94 Increase 11.54
2019 47,898,046 Increase 6.25 277,530 Increase 6.87 721,708.09 Decrease 2.30
2020 11,145,614 Decrease 76.73 91,067 Decrease 67.19 533,955.78 Decrease 26.01
2021 7,817,120 Decrease 29.86 90,626 Decrease 0.48 588,370.92 Increase 10.19
Notes
  1. ^ Excluding figures for general aviation.[119]

Ground transportation

Inter-terminal transportation

The Manila International Airport Authority runs a shuttle bus system which connects all four terminals for passengers who have onward connections on flights departing from another terminal.[120] Shuttle buses run every fifteen minutes during daytime hours, but passengers are required to clear immigration and customs to use the system.

Philippine Airlines operates an airside shuttle service between Terminals 1, 2 and 3 for passengers connecting to onward PAL Express flights and vice versa.

External connections

Bus

See also: Premium Point-to-Point Bus Service

Nine city bus routes serve the airport from various points in Metro Manila, eight which go via Epifanio de los Santos Avenue (EDSA), and one via Circumferential Road 5 (C-5). Route 18 or the PITX-NAIA Loop route of the Metro Manila Rationalized Bus Transit also stops at all four airport terminals and connects the airport to the Parañaque Integrated Terminal Exchange.

Ultimate Bus Experience (UBE Express) operates a Premium Airport Bus Service that serves on all NAIA Terminals and hotels and commercial areas located in the cities of Manila, Makati, Muntinlupa, Quezon City, Pasay, and Parañaque, all in Metro Manila, and the city of Santa Rosa in Laguna. It also has stops at JAM Liner, Philtranco and Victory Liner terminals in Pasay for passengers going to/coming from the provinces of Northern and Southern Luzon. These buses pick-up exclusively at Terminal 3 and drop-off at any of the four Terminals.

HM Transport provides an Airport loop shuttle bus and Premium Point-to-point bus service from Taft Avenue MRT Station and Alabang in Muntinlupa to NAIA Terminal 3. Genesis Transport also provides Premium Point-to-point bus service to Clark International Airport from NAIA Terminal 3. Saulog Transit also provides Premium Point-to-point bus service to Sangley Point Airport in Cavite City from NAIA.

Jeepney

All four terminals are also served by local jeepney routes serving Parañaque and Pasay.

Rail

The Nichols railway station with the elevated roads above leading to the airport

The airport is connected, albeit indirectly, by rail: Baclaran station of the Manila LRT Line 1 and Nichols station of the Philippine National Railways both serve the airport complex.

In the future, with the extension of the existing LRT Line 1, a new station, Manila International Airport station, is set to connect the airport, albeit still indirectly, to the LRT-1. A four-station spur extension of the LRT Line 1, directly connecting Terminal 3 to Baclaran, is also proposed.

Under the new LRT Line 6 proposal, a station will be built near Terminal 1. Once approved, it will directly connect Cavite province with NAIA.[121]

A station of the Metro Manila Subway line will connect the airport directly by rail.[122]

Road

Main article: NAIA Expressway
The NAIA Expressway is the first airport expressway in the Philippines.

The NAIA Expressway or NAIA Skyway is the first airport expressway and second elevated tollway in the Philippines. It starts from Sales Interchange of Skyway at the boundary of Pasay and Taguig and ends in Entertainment City, Parañaque. The access ramps of the expressway connects with Terminals 1, 2 and 3 of the airport and also connects with Macapagal Boulevard for motorists and commuters going to/coming from Manila and Manila-Cavite Expressway or CAVITEx for motorists and commuters travelling to/from the province of Cavite.

Renaming proposals

There have been several efforts to rename the airport. In May 2018, Larry Gadon led an online petition at change.org aiming to restore the original name of the airport, Manila International Airport (MIA). Gadon said the renaming of MIA to NAIA in 1987 was "well in advance of the 10-year prescription period for naming public sites after dead personalities".[123]

In June 2020, Deputy Speaker Paolo Duterte, citing the need of the airport to represent the Filipino people, filed a bill seeking to rename the airport to Paliparang Pandaigdig ng Pilipinas. The bill was also authored by Marinduque Representative Lord Allan Velasco and ACT-CIS Representative Eric Go Yap.[124]

In August 2020, Gadon filed a petition before the Supreme Court questioning the validity of Republic Act 6639, the law which renamed the Manila International Airport to Ninoy Aquino International Airport (NAIA). Gadon asserted that Senator Benigno Aquino Jr. is not among the "pantheon" of the country's declared official heroes. A month later, the Supreme Court unanimously denied for lack of merit the petition to declare the law null and void.[125]

In April 2022, Duterte Youth Representative Ducielle Cardema filed a bill renaming the airport to its original name, Manila International Airport, and stressed the name should not have been "politicized in the first place".[126] Cardema refiled a similar bill in July 2022.[127]

In June 2022, Negros Oriental Representative Arnolfo Teves Jr. filed a bill renaming the airport to Ferdinand E. Marcos International Airport. Teves stressed it is "more appropriate to rename it to the person who has contributed to the idea and execution of the said noble project".[128]

Accidents and incidents

  • On July 25, 1971, a Pan American World Airways Boeing 707-321C named "Clipper Rising Sun" was on a cargo flight from San Francisco via Honolulu, Guam and Manila to Saigon. While on a VOR/DME approach to Manila runway 24, the aircraft struck Mount Kamunay at an altitude of 770 meters (2,525 ft). All 4 occupants were killed.[129]
  • On November 15, 1974, an Orient Air System and Integrated Services Douglas C-47A registered RP-C570 was damaged beyond economical repair when a forced landing was made in a paddy field shortly after take-off from Manila International Airport following failure of the starboard engine. One of the eight people on board was killed.[130]
  • On February 7, 1980, a China Airlines Boeing 707 from Taipei Chiang Kai-Shek International Airport operating as Flight 811 undershot the runway on landing and caught fire. Of all the 135 on board, there were only 2 fatalities.[131]
  • On September 15, 1981, a Korean Airlines Boeing 747 originating from Seoul, South Korea, and bound for Zürich, Switzerland, overshot the runway during takeoff and hit the airport perimeter fence, with its nose blocking traffic on the service road of South Luzon Expressway. The plane had a one-hour layover in Manila when the accident happened. Forty out of the 332 passengers and 20 crew were injured.[132][133]
  • On December 13, 1983, a Philair Douglas C-47B registered RP-C287 crashed shortly after takeoff following an engine failure. The aircraft was on a non-scheduled passenger flight. All ten people on board survived.[134]
  • On April 28, 1989, a MATS Douglas C-47A registered RP-C81 crashed shortly after takeoff on a non-scheduled domestic passenger flight to Roxas Airport following an engine failure. MATS did not have a licence to fly passengers. Seven of the 22 passengers were killed. The aircraft had earlier made a forced landing on a taxiway at the airport.[135]
  • On May 6, 1989, a Manila Aero Transport System (MATS) Douglas C-47A registered RP-C82 crashed on takeoff following an engine failure. The aircraft was being used on a domestic non-scheduled passenger flight although it was not licensed to carry passengers. All 18 people on board survived.[136]
  • On July 21, 1989, a Philippine Airlines BAC One-Eleven operating Flight 124 overran a runway in poor visibility and heavy rain. No passengers or crew on board were killed but eight people on the ground were killed when the jet crossed a road.[137]
  • On May 11, 1990, a Philippine Airlines Boeing 737-300 operating Flight 143 suffered an explosion in the center fuel tank near the terminal of the airport while preparing for takeoff. The fire and smoke engulfed the aircraft before it could be completely evacuated. The explosion was similar to what happened to TWA Flight 800 six years later. Eight people died.[138]
  • On May 18, 1990, an Aerolift Philippines Beechcraft 1900C-1 operating a domestic scheduled passenger flight bound for Surigao Airport crashed into a residential area following takeoff. The aircraft reportedly suffered an engine failure. All 21 occupants and 4 people on the ground were killed.[139]
  • On September 4, 2002, an Asian Spirit de Havilland Canada Dash 7-102 operating Flight 897, carrying 49 occupants, was the last flight of the day to Caticlan and departed the Manila domestic airport at 15:36 for a one-hour flight. On approach to Caticlan Airport, the right main gear failed to deploy. The approach was abandoned and the crew decided to return to Manila for an emergency landing. The plane circled for about 35 minutes over Las Piñas to burn off fuel. The crew then carried out an emergency landing with the right gear retracted on Manila's international airport runway 24. After touchdown, the aircraft swerved off the runway onto a grassy area. There were no reported injuries or fatalities, but the aircraft was written off.[140]
  • On November 11, 2002, a Laoag International Airlines Fokker F27 operating Flight 585 took off from Manila runway 31 just after 6 o'clock for a flight to Laoag International Airport. Shortly after takeoff, engine trouble developed in the aircraft's left engine. The pilot declared an emergency and he tried to land the plane but decided at the last minute to ditch it into the sea. The aircraft broke up and sank in the water to a depth of about 18 meters (60 ft). 19 of the 34 occupants were killed.[141]
  • On August 23, 2009, a South East Asian Airlines Dornier 328 registered RP-C6328 operating Flight 624 was hit by strong crosswinds when decelerating after landing on runway 13. The aircraft veered off the runway and came to a stop in the grass. None of the 32 passengers and 3 crews was injured. The airport had to be temporarily closed to tow the aircraft away.[142]
  • On October 17, 2009, a Victoria Air Douglas DC-3, registered RP-C550, crashed shortly after takeoff on a flight to Puerto Princesa International Airport after an engine malfunctioned. The plane crashed near a factory in Las Piñas. All on board died.[143]
  • On December 10, 2011, a Beechcraft 65–80 Queen Air cargo plane en route to San Jose crashed into the Felixberto Serrano Elementary School in Parañaque, Metro Manila. The plane crashed after takeoff straight into the school. The cause of the crash was pilot error. At least 14 people including 3 crew members on board the aircraft died, and over 20 people were injured. Approximately 50 houses in the residential area were set ablaze by the subsequent fire.[144]
  • On August 16, 2018, Xiamen Airlines Flight 8667 crash-landed amidst heavy monsoon rains. The 737-800 skidded off the end of the runway. All 157 passengers and crew were unharmed, however, the aircraft was written off.[145] According to Flightradar24 data, the flight aborted its first landing attempt.[146]
  • On December 14, 2019, Jetstar Japan Flight 40, an Airbus A320 bound for Narita, experienced a runway excursion while positioning for takeoff at Runway 13/31. All 140 passengers and crew evacuated safely.[147]
  • On March 29, 2020, a Lionair IAI Westwind registered RP-C5880 burst into flames on the airport's runway 24 as it was taking off. The plane was conducting a medical evacuation mission bound for Haneda Airport, Japan. All 3 aircraft crew, 3 medical crew, and 2 passengers on board the aircraft, a total of 8 people, died. The cause is still being investigated.[148]
  • On March 8, 2022, Cebgo Flight 6112 from Naga utilizing an ATR 72-600 aircraft experienced a runway excursion while landing. Following the incident, all 46 passengers and crew disembarked safely, and no injuries were reported.[149]
  • On June 20, 2022, Saudia Flight 862 from Riyadh veered off a taxiway after landing. All 420 passengers and crews disembarked the Boeing 777 aircraft with no injuries.[150]

See also

Notes and references

Notes

  1. ^ Runway 06 is 3,557 meters (11,670 ft) long with a displaced threshold of 180 meters (590 ft) and 24 is 3,587 meters (11,768 ft) long with a displaced threshold of 150 meters (490 ft).
  2. ^ Runway 13 is 2,108 meters (6,916 ft) long with a displaced threshold of 150 meters (490 ft).

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Further reading

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ninoy Aquino International Airport.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Ninoy Aquino International Airport.
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