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List of equipment of the Syrian Army

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This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Rebell44 (talk | contribs) at 00:56, 8 June 2024 (→Tanks: the source article was disputed due to unreliable sourcing of info and deleted). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

This is an inventory of military equipment of the Syrian Arab Army.[1] The organization and military doctrine of the Syrian Armed Forces followed a mix of French and Western influences as the Soviet Union closely guarded its operational principles and never shared them with client states. The Syrian Arab Army has traditionally relied on the Russian Federation and its predecessor the Soviet Union as its main supplier of military equipment. As a result of the Syrian Civil War, many vehicles and much heavy equipment has been destroyed or captured, with some stores being partially replenished from Russian stocks. Accurate numbers for equipment in the Army's inventory are difficult to ascertain. The numbers listed below should be regarded as optimistic estimates. Some armored vehicles were lost in past decades without being accounted for, while many others were not operational (or even beyond repair) at the start of the Syrian Civil War due to being in long-term storage with minimal or no maintenance. Given these factors, it has been estimated that more realistic estimates would be about 33% lower than what is listed below.[2]

Individual equipment

Name Photo Origin Type Quantity Notes
Camouflage & Uniforms
Lizard  France Combat uniform N/A Former standard combat uniform of Syrian Army during the 1960s and 1970s.[3]
DPM pattern  United Kingdom Combat uniform N/A Locally made copy.[4]
ERDL pattern  United States Combat uniform N/A Standard combat uniform for the Syrian Army since the 1990s. Locally produced as the Leaf Pattern. Used as main camouflage pattern during the Syrian civil war.[4]
M81 Woodland  United States Combat uniform N/A Locally made copy.[4] Standard combat uniform for the Syrian Army since 2005.
EMR Desert  Russia Combat uniform N/A Delivered by Russia since 2023. Used by Republican Guard and special forces.[5][6]
MultiCam  Russia Combat uniform N/A Delivered by Russia since 2023. Used by 25th SMF Division.[7]
Helmets
JK 96 helmet
 China Combat helmet N/A Standard combat helmet.[8]
Advanced Combat Helmet
 Iran Combat helmet N/A Iran made copy. Used by Republican Guard and special forces.[9]
FAST
 United States
 Russia		 Combat helmet N/A Russian LShZ 1+ variant. Used by Republican Guard and special forces.[10]
6B7
 Russia Combat helmet N/A Supplied by Russia since 2015.
6B47
 Russia Combat helmet N/A Some units of the Syrian Army were equipped with Ratnik since 2016.[11][12]
SSh-60  Soviet Union Combat helmet N/A For the reserve forces.[13]
SSh-68  Soviet Union Combat helmet N/A For the reserve forces.[14]
Hełm wz. 50  Polish People's Republic Combat helmet N/A Possibly in storage.[15]
Hełm wz. 67  Polish People's Republic Combat helmet N/A For the reserve forces.[16]
Protective gear
TAT-BA-7  China Ballistic vest N/A China/Syria made copy. Standard issue for regular infantry.
Ruyin-3  Iran Ballistic vest N/A Used by Republican Guard and special forces.[17]
6B45[18]
 Russia Ballistic vest N/A Supplied by Russia.[11]
6B46
 Russia Plate carrier N/A Supplied by Russia.[11]
6Sh117
 Russia Load bearing vest N/A Supplied by Russia.[11]
Protection against chemical contamination
GP-5 gas mask  Soviet Union Gas mask N/A
PMK gas mask
 Soviet Union Gas mask N/A
PMK-4
 Russia Gas mask N/A

Pistols

Name Photo Origin Cartridge Notes
Makarov PM  Soviet Union 9×18mm Makarov 8-round magazine. Main service pistol of the Syrian Army. 65,000 units.
PB Besshumnyy  Soviet Union 9×18mm Makarov 8-round magazine.
Tokarev TT-33  Soviet Union 7.62×25mm Tokarev 8-round magazine.
Stechkin-APS  Soviet Union 9×18mm Makarov 20-round detachable magazine.
GSh-18  Russia 9×19mm Parabellum 18-round detachable magazine. Used by Syrian Armed Forces and Police. 12,000 units.
MP-446 Viking  Russia 9×19mm Parabellum 18-round magazine. Used by 25th Special Mission Forces Division. 23,000 units.[19][20]
Browning Hi-Power  Belgium 9×19mm Parabellum 13-round magazine. Main police service pistol.
Girsan Regard Compact  Turkey 9x19mm Parabellum 15-round magazine. Copy of the Beretta 92F. Brought from Turkey before 2011.[21]

Carbines

Name Photo Origin Cartridge Notes
AKS-74U  Soviet Union 5.45×39mm M74 30-round magazine. Main service carbine.[22]
9A-91  Russia 9×39mm 20-round magazine. Limited usage by the Syrian Army. Seen during the Rif Dimashq offensive (March–August 2013) in Qaboun.[23]
AK-104  Russia 7.62×39mm M43 30-round magazine. With the arrival of Russian military advisors in late 2015, some Syrian Army units were equipped with AK-104s attached with telescopic sights.[24]
AK-105  Russia 5.45×39mm 30-round magazine. Used by some Syrian special forces.[25]

Battle rifles

Name Photo Origin Cartridge Notes
SKS  Soviet Union 7.62×39mm M43 Used by the Syrian honour guard for ceremonial purposes.[26]
FN FAL[27]  Belgium 7.62×51mm NATO 20 or 30-round detachable box magazine.

Assault rifles

Name Photo Origin Cartridge Notes
AKM / AKMS  Soviet Union 7.62×39mm M43 30-round magazine, main service rifle. 75,000-80,000 units.
Type 56  People's Republic of China 7.62×39mm M43 30-round magazine, used mostly by National Defence Force. 12,000 units.[28]
AK-47[29]  Soviet Union 7.62×39mm M43/M67 30-round magazine, used mostly by National Defence Force.
AK-74
AKS-74
 Soviet Union 5.45×39mm Moderate usage. Most of them given to the Syrian Army by Russian forces.[22]
AK-74M  Russia 5.45×39mm M74 30-round magazine, widely used by Airborne Special Forces and regular military units.[30][31] Also AK-74M UUK variant.[32]
AK-103  Russia 7.62×39mm 30-round detachable box magazine. Captured from rebels, used by the Syrian Army.[30][33]
AK-9  Russia 9×39mm 20-round detachable box magazine. Used by the Syrian Army and Police.
AK-12  Russia 5.45×39mm 30-round detachable box magazine. Supplied by Russia in 2023. Used by 25th SMF Division.[34]
Type 58 / Type 68  North Korea 7.62×39mm 30-round magazine. Supplied by North Korea before the war.[35][36]
Type 81  People's Republic of China 7.62×39mm 30-round magazine, captured from militants.[37]
Norinco CQ  People's Republic of China 5.56×45mm NATO 30-round box magazine, captured from militants.[38]
Zastava M70  Yugoslavia 7.62×39mm M43 30-round magazine, moderate usage by Syrian Army.
MPi-KM[39]  East Germany 7.62×39mm M43 30-round magazine, moderate usage by Syrian Army.
PM md. 63[39] Romania Socialist Republic of Romania 7.62×39mm 30-round detachable box magazine.
FB Tantal  Polish People's Republic 5.45×39mm Limited usage, captured from rebels.[40]
Sa vz. 58[39]  Czechoslovakia 7.62×39mm M43 30-round magazine.
AK-63[39] People's Republic of Hungary 7.62×39mm 10, 20 or 30-round magazine. Captured from militants.
AMD 65[41] People's Republic of Hungary 7.62×39mm M43 30-round magazine.
VHS  Croatia 5.56×45mm NATO 30-round magazine. Supplied by Iraq in 2013.[42]
FAMAS  France 5.56×45mm NATO 25-round detachable box magazine. FAMAS F1 variant. Moderate usage by Syrian Army.[43]
M16A1
M16A2
 United States 5.56×45mm NATO 20, 30, 40-round detachable box magazine. Captured from dead militants and in one instance defecting fighters.[44] Moderate usage. Used by special forces.[45][46]

Sniper rifles

Name Photo Type Origin Cartridge Notes
Dragunov SVD[47] Sniper rifle  Soviet Union
 Russia		 7.62×54mmR 10-round magazine, main sniper rifle. SVDS supplied by Russia in 2023.[48][49]
PSL Sniper rifle Romania Socialist Republic of Romania 7.62×54mmR 10-round magazine.
Zastava M91 Sniper rifle Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Federal Republic of Yugoslavia 7.62×54mmR 10-round magazine. Captured from the Syrian Democratic Forces.
Zastava M93[50] Anti-material rifle Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Federal Republic of Yugoslavia 12.7×108mm 10-round magazine.
Steyr SSG 69[27] Bolt action sniper rifle  Austria 7.62×51mm NATO 5-round magazine.
AWM Bolt action sniper rifle  United Kingdom .338 Lapua Magnum 5-round box magazine. Supplied by Russia in 2015. Used by special forces.[51]
AWSM Bolt action sniper rifle  United Kingdom .338 Lapua Magnum 5-round detachable box magazine. Supplied by Russia in 2015. Used by special forces.[52]
Orsis T-5000 Bolt action sniper rifle  Russia 7.62×51mm NATO 5-round magazine. In late 2015, Russia supplied the Syrian Army with the Orsis T-5000.[53]
MTs-116M Bolt action sniper rifle  Russia 7.62×54mmR 5- to 10-round magazine. Used by Syrian Republican Guard[54][55]
SV-98 Bolt action sniper rifle  Russia 7.62×51mm NATO 10-round magazine. Used by Syrian Republican Guard and 25th SMF.[56]
ASVK Anti-material rifle  Russia 12.7×108mm 10-round detachable box magazine, moderate usage.[57]
OSV-96 Anti-material rifle  Russia 12.7×108mm 5-round magazine. Used by Syrian Republican Guard.[58]
VSK-94 Designated marksman rifle  Russia 9x39mm 20-round detachable box magazine. Used by Syrian Republican Guard and special forces.[59]
VSS Vintorez

Designated marksman rifle  Soviet Union 9x39mm 10 or 20-round detachable box magazine. Used by the Syrian Army and NDF.[60]
Heckler & Koch G3

Designated marksman rifle  Germany 7.62×51mm NATO 10, 20 or 40-round detachable box magazine. G3A3 and G3A4 variants. Used by Syrian Republican Guard.[61]
FN FAL

Designated marksman rifle  Belgium .308 Winchester 20 or 30-round detachable box magazine. 12,000 rifles were bought in 1957.[62] Syria produced 7.62×51mm cartridges[62] and acquired FALs from other sources.[62] Standard designated marksman rifle of SAA.[61]
Tabuk Sniper Rifle[63]
 Designated marksman rifle  Iraq 7.62×39mmR 30-round box magazine. Supplied by Iraq.
Sayyad-2 Anti-material rifle  Iran .50 BMG Single shot bolt-action. Copy of Austrian HS .50. Supplied by Iran.
Golan S-01 Anti-material rifle  Syria 12.7×108mm Single shot bolt-action. Copy of Austrian HS .50. In service with Syrian Army and special forces.[61]
By 2018, Syria start to produce it under the Golan S0-1 name.[64] CERS has upgraded the Syrian produced Golan S-01 in 2023.[65] New model introduced a new stock, box magazine, and scope.

Shotguns

Name Photo Origin Cartridge Notes
Vepr-12  Russia 12 Gauge 20- or 25-round detachable drum magazine. VPO-205-03 variant. Supplied by Russia.[66]

Light machine guns

Name Photo Origin Cartridge Notes
RPK  Soviet Union 7.62×39mm M43 40-round or 75-round magazine. Main service LMG of the Syrian Army.
RPD  Soviet Union 7.62×39mm M43 100-round drum magazine, former main service LMG.
Type 73[67] File:Type 73 light machine gun.jpg  North Korea 7.62×54mmR 40-round magazine. Main service LMG of the Syrian Army.[68]
FN Minimi  Belgium 5.56×45mm 100 or 200-round belt. Rare, captured from dead militants.[69]

Medium machine guns

Name Photo Origin Cartridge Notes
DS-39 Degtyaryov  Soviet Union 7.62×54mmR 250-round belt. Limited service, mostly in reserve.
SG-43 Goryunov  Soviet Union 7.62×54mmR 200 or 250-round belts. Limited service, most common variant SGMT is mounted on T-55 tanks.[70]

Heavy machine guns

Name Photo Origin Cartridge Notes
NSV  Soviet Union 12.7×108mm 50-round belt, main service HMG of the SAA.[71]
DShKM  Soviet Union 12.7x108mm 50-round belt, moderate usage.
KPV  Soviet Union 14.5×114mm 40-round belt, moderate usage.
Kord  Russia 12.7×108mm 50-round belt, limited usage, mostly used by Syrian Police.[57]
W85  China 12.7×108mm 60-round belt, moderate usage.[72]

General-purpose machine guns

Name Photo Origin Cartridge Notes
PKM  Soviet Union 7.62×54mmR 100-round magazine, main service machine gun of the Syrian Army.
Pecheneg machine gun[73][74]  Russia 7.62×54mmR 100 and 200-round belt magazine. SP and Bullpup variants. Used by Republican Guard, special forces.[75] Moderate usage by regular units.
Type 67  People's Republic of China 7.62×54mmR 100 and 250-round belt. Limited usage.[76][77]
Type 80 China People's Republic of China 7.62×54mmR 100-round magazine. Moderate usage.
M240B
 United States 7.62×51mm NATO Extremely rare. 2 were captured from defecting Maghawir Thawra fighters.[44][78]

Submachine guns

Name Photo Origin Cartridge Notes
MAT-49  France 9×19mm Parabellum 20-round magazine, main service SMG of the SAA.
FB PM-63  Polish People's Republic 9×19mm Parabellum 25-round magazine. Supplied by Poland before 1989.[79]
PP-19 Vityaz  Russia 9×19mm Parabellum 30-round box magazine. Supplied by Russia.[80]

Grenades

Name Photo Type Origin Diameter Notes
F-1 Hand grenade  Soviet Union 55 mm 4-meter kill radius, 3.5- to 4-second fuse.
RGD-5 Hand grenade  Soviet Union 58 mm Propels ~350 fragments, 5-meter kill radius, 3.2- to 4-second fuse.
RGN Hand grenade  Soviet Union 60 mm 4 meter kill radius, 3.8-second fuse.
RGO Hand grenade  Soviet Union 60 mm 6 meter kill radius, 3.8-second fuse.
RPG-43 Anti-tank grenade  Soviet Union 95 mm 75 mm RHA penetration, hard impact activates impact fuse.
RKG-3 Anti-tank grenade  Soviet Union 170 mm RHA penetration, impact fuse.

Grenade launchers

Name Photo Type Origin Cartridge Notes
GP-25/GP-30M/GP-34[30] Grenade launcher  Soviet Union 40x53mm grenade Single shot under-barrel grenade launcher.
AGS-17 Automatic grenade launcher  Soviet Union 30×29mm grenade Belt fed with 29-round drums, high rate of fire. Seen in use by the Syrian Republican Guard.[81]
RG-6 grenade launcher Automatic grenade launcher  Russia 40x53mm grenade (GP-25) Belt fed with 6-round drums. Seen in use by the Syrian Republican Guard and special forces.

Flamethrowers

Name Photo Type Origin Cartridge Notes
LPO-50 Flamethrower  Soviet Union 3 x 14.5mm nozzles Maximum firing range 70m. Upgraded by Syria.[82]

Mines

Name Photo Type Origin Detonation Notes
PMN mine[83] Anti-personnel mine  Soviet Union Pressure ~240g TNT, anti-personnel blast mine.
PMD series mines Anti-personnel mine  Soviet Union Pressure Wooden box with a slot and detonator.
TM-35 mine Anti-tank mine  Soviet Union Pressure 2.8 kg of TNT.
TM-38 mine Anti-tank mine  Soviet Union Pressure Detonates when there is 440 lbs of pressure.
TM-41 mine Anti-tank mine  Soviet Union Pressure 3.9 kg of Amatol or TNT, short cylinder with the entire top surface being used as a pressure plate.
TM-44 mine Anti-tank mine  Soviet Union Pressure 5.4 kg of Amatol, broadly similar to the earlier, smaller, TM-41 mine.
TM-46 mine Anti-tank mine  Soviet Union Pressure 5.7 kg of TNT.
TM-57 mine Anti-tank mine  Soviet Union Pressure 6.3 kg of TNT.
TM-62 series of mines Anti-tank mine  Soviet Union Pressure 7.5 kg of TNT.
TM-72 mine Anti-tank mine  Russia Magnetic influence fuse 100 mm RHA penetration, cylindrical metal-cased anti-tank mine.
TM-83 mine Anti-tank mine  Russia Seismic sensors 9.6 kg of TNT.
TM-89 mine Anti-tank mine  Russia Seismic sensors 6.7 kg of TNT.
TMA-3 mine Anti-tank mine  Yugoslavia Pressure 6.5 kg of TNT.
TMA-4 mine Anti-tank mine  Yugoslavia Pressure 5.5 kg of TNT.
TMA-5 mine Anti-tank mine  Yugoslavia Pressure 5.5 kg of TNT.
M18A2[84] Anti-personnel mine  Iran Pressure 2,7kg TNT, directional anti-personnel blast mine.

Anti-tank

Name Photo Type Origin Caliber Quantity Notes
RPG-2 Recoilless rifle  Soviet Union 82mm PG-2 (82 mm) ammunition.
RPG-7 Rocket-propelled grenade  Soviet Union 40mm Ammunition: PG-7V (85 mm) PG-7VL (93 mm) PG-7VR (64/105 mm) OG-7V (40 mm).
RPG-18 Disposable rocket-propelled grenade  Soviet Union 64mm
RPG-22 Disposable rocket-propelled grenade  Soviet Union 72.5mm Captured from militants.[85]
RPG-26 Disposable rocket-propelled grenade  Soviet Union 72.5mm Supplied by Russia.[86]
RPG-27 Disposable rocket-propelled grenade  Soviet Union 105mm Captured from rebel groups.[87]
RPG-29[88] Rocket-propelled grenade  Soviet Union 105mm 65 mm & 105 mm ammunition. Russia sold the RPG-29 to Syria between 1990-1999.[89]
RPG-30 Rocket-propelled grenade  Russia 105mm Supplied by Russia.[90]
RPG-75 Disposable rocket-propelled grenade  Czechoslovakia 68 mm 68 mm projectile and range 300 m. Caliber 68 mm. Supplied by Czechoslovakia before 1990.[91]
M79 Osa Anti-tank rocket launcher  Yugoslavia 90mm Hundreds were captured from rebel groups.[92]
RPO-A Shmel[93] Anti-tank missile launcher  Soviet Union 93 mm 20 m – 1000 m (sighting range is 600 m). RPO-M is 1700 m (sighting range is 800 m).
SPG-9 Recoilless rifle  Soviet Union 73 mm
B-10[94] Recoilless rifle  Soviet Union 82 mm
B-11[94] Recoilless rifle  Soviet Union 107 mm
M40[95] Recoilless rifle  Iran 106 mm
SS.11 Anti-tank missile  France 486
HOT[94] Anti-tank missile  France
 West Germany 		1000 Supplied by France in 1981.
MILAN Anti-tank guided missile  France
 West Germany 		~1500[96] Syria ordered about 200 launchers and 4,000 missiles, which were delivered by France in 1978-1979.[97] Additional captured from rebel groups.[98][99]
APILAS Anti-tank guided missile  France N/A Moderate usage.[98] Captured from militants.[100]
3M6 Shmel (AT-1 Snapper) Anti-tank missile  Soviet Union 486 Possibly in storage.[1]
3M11 Falanga (AT-2 Swatter) Anti-tank missile  Soviet Union 200 In storage.
9M14 Malyutka (AT-3 Sagger) Anti-tank guided missile  Soviet Union 410 Used during the Syrian Civil War.[101]
9K111 Fagot (AT-4 Spigot) Anti-tank guided missile  Soviet Union 150[1]
9M113 Konkurs (AT-5 Spandrel) Anti-tank guided missile  Soviet Union 40[1]
9K115 Metis (AT-7 Saxhorn) Anti-tank guided missile  Soviet Union N/A
9M120 Ataka (AT-9 Spiral-2) Anti-tank guided missile  Soviet Union N/A Used on the BMPT-72 Terminator 2.
9M117 Bastion (AT-10 Stabber) Anti-tank guided missile  Soviet Union 800[1] Used also on T-55(A)MV and T-62M.[102]
9M119 Svir/Refleks (AT-11 Sniper) Anti-tank guided missile  Russia N/A
9K115-2 Metis-M (AT-13 Saxhorn-2) Anti-tank guided missile  Russia N/A Supplied by Russia in early 2000s.[89] Presence confirmed by use of looted 9K115-2 systems by rebels.[103]
9M133 Kornet (AT-14 Spriggan) Anti-tank guided missile  Russia 2500 at least [1] About 1,500 received between 2002 and 2006 from Russia.[104]
9M133M Kornet-EM Anti-tank guided missile  Russia N/A[1] Supplied by Russia in 2020. Widely used by the Syrian Army.[105]
KM-1M Krasnopol-M2 High precision laser-guided artillery system  Russia 155 mm N/A Supplied by Russia in 2020.[106] Used as Howitzer ammunition.[107]
HJ-8[108] Anti-tank wire-guided missile  People's Republic of China 120 mm N/A Captured from rebel groups.[98]
RAAD Anti-tank guided missile  Iran N/A Iranian copy of the 9M14 Malyutka. I-RAAD-T version.[109]
Toophan Anti-tank guided missile  Iran N/A Iranian copy of the BGM-71 TOW.[110] Multiple variants used.[111]
Saegheh Anti-tank guided missile  Iran N/A Iranian copy of the M47 Dragon. Saeghe-1, Saeghe-2 variants.[109]
M72 LAW[112] Anti-tank rocket launcher  United States 66 mm N/A Captured from rebel groups.[113]
BGM-71 TOW Anti-tank guided missile  United States N/A Captured from rebel groups.[114]

MANPADS

Name Photo Origin Quantity Notes
9K32 Strela-2 (SA-7)  Soviet Union 4,000+[1]
9K34 Strela-3 (SA-14)  Soviet Union 100[1]
9K38 Igla-1 (SA-16)  Soviet Union N/A[115]
9K38 Igla (SA-18)  Russia N/A[1] Delivered by Russia.
9K338 Igla-S (SA-24)  Russia N/A[94] Delivered by Russia.
9K333 Verba (SA-29 Gizmo)  Russia N/A Delivered by Russia.[116]
KRL Anza  Pakistan N/A Anza Mk. II variant in limited service. Captured from rebels.[117]
FN-6  People's Republic of China ~100 Captured from rebel groups.[118]
HT-16PGJ  North Korea N/A Delivered by North Korea in 2004.[119]
Misagh-1  Iran N/A Delivered by Iran.[120]
Misagh-2  Iran N/A Delivered by Iran.[121]

Vehicles

Tanks

Name Photo Quantity Origin Notes
T-55A/AM/AMV/M/MV[122] 1200+[2] (as of 2020)  Soviet Union 2,000 received from the Soviet Union.[2] A and AMV variants have been upgraded with Kontakt-1 armor and 9M117 Bastion.[102] More than 682 claimed destroyed or captured by armed groups since March 2011.[2] 200 T-55s were upgraded to MV standard by Ukraine in 1997 and AM variant by North Korea in 1980s.[123] Some T-55s upgraded with locally developped Viper thermal imager, assembled from foreign components.[124]
T-62A/ obr. 1972/ obr. 1975 /K/M/MV ~634 (2017)[2]
750+ (as of 2020) 		 Soviet Union 1,000 in service as of 2010, more than 366 claimed captured/destroyed by rebels. At least several dozens of T-62M with 9M117 Bastion delivered by Russia since 2017.[125][126] Up to 100 would have been sent.[127] In 2018 and 2019, Russia reactivated and field-tested T-62M/MV variants with Kontakt-1 ERA from war stores and transported them to Syria.[128]
T-72 Ural/A/AVS/S/M/M1/M1M/M1S/ B obr. 1989/B3/Adra/[129] Shafrah[130] ~700[2][131](2020)
750+ (as of 2023)		  Soviet Union
 Czechoslovakia
 Russia		 More than 1500 in 2010, some upgraded by Russia. 124 T-72M1s and T-72AVs were upgraded to T-72M1S standard between 2003 and 2006 by Italy.[132] With Galileo Avionica TURMS-T computerized FCS, infrared cameras, improved gun stabilisation, stabilised sights for the gunner and the commander, added 9M119 Refleks launcher.[133] More than 850 claimed destroyed / captured by rebels.[2] Approximately 300 in 2014. T-72Bs as well as ones with Kontakt-5 were delivered by Russia in 2015–2016.[134] At least few dozens of T-72B3 in Syrian service as of 2023.[135][136]

T-72A/AV/M upgraded with locally assembled Viper thermal imager and Kontakt-1.[137]

T-90 obr. 1992/A/AM/S[138] ~30[139][140]
(as of 2020)		  Russia Russia supplied 30 T-90 obr. 1992 and T-90As equipped with Shtora-1 and Kontakt-5 in late 2015.[141][139] Russia has supplied T-90 tanks to the 25th Special Mission Forces Division, 4th Armoured Division and Republican Guard.[142] 3 were captured during the Syrian Civil War, two by HTS rebels and one by ISIS fighters. Another 10 were hit.[139]

Infantry fighting vehicles

Name Photo Quantity Origin Notes
BMP-1P[125] 1,044[2] (2017)
1100+ (2020)		  Soviet Union 2,000 as of 2011. Around 956 destroyed, damaged and captured by armed groups since March 2011.[2] Additional units delivered by Russia.[143]
BMP-2 obr. 80/obr. 84/obr. 86 74[2] (2017)
100+ (2020)[144] 		 Soviet Union 100 as of 2011. 26 destroyed, damaged and captured by armed groups. Additional units delivered by Russia between 2015–19.[144]

Armoured personnel carriers

Name Photo Origin Quantity Notes
BTR-50  Soviet Union 550 During the war, some BTR-50s have been reactivated and issued to the mechanized infantry.[145]
BTR-60PB/PU-12  Soviet Union 650 Most were scrapped. Others are used by police and security forces.[146]
BTR-70  Soviet Union N/A BTR-70M variant.[147] Supplied by Russia between 2017 and 2022.[148][149][150]
BTR-80  Soviet Union
 Russia		 40+ Several BTR-80s were given by Russia between 2013 and 2017.[151]
BTR-82A  Russia 30+ More BTR-82As delivered by Russia in 2015.[152][151]
BTR-152  Soviet Union 289 Mostly used by Law enforcement in Syria, 7 lost in the civil war.
MT-LBM  Soviet Union N/A Additional units delivered by Russia.[153]
BMPT-72 Terminator 2  Russia N/A[154] Chassis from Soviet T-72 tank. Supplied by Russia in 2017.[155]
GAZ-2975 Tigr  Russia N/A Used by the Republican Guard and 25th Special Mission Forces Division.[156][157]
GAZ-39371 Vodnik  Russia N/A Supplied by Russia in 2017. Used by 25th SMF Division and 5th Corps.[158]
BPM-97  Russia N/A Dozor and Vystrel-M variants.[159] Supplied by Russia.[160][161]
OT-64 SKOT  Czechoslovakia
 Polish People's Republic		 N/A 300 OT-64A ordered from Czechoslovakia in 1976 and delivered between 1977 and 1979, some captured by rebels.[162] As of 2018 still in use.[163]
Otokar Cobra  Turkey ~3 Syrian Army captured an Otokar Cobra from ISIS during the East Aleppo Offensive.[164] Before that, ISIS captured it from the Turkish military during the Battle of al-Bab. Used by special forces.[165]
FNSS ACV-15  Turkey 1 Captured from ISIL after it captured the vehicle from the Turkish Army.[164]

Reconnaissance vehicles

Name Photo Type Origin Quantity Notes
BRM-1K Armoured reconnaissance vehicle  Soviet Union N/A Supplied by Russia between 2017–18.[126]
PRP-4A Argus Artillery reconnaissance vehicle  Russia N/A Supplied by Russia between 2015–17.[126]
BRDM-2 Scout car  Soviet Union
 Russia 		700 Some armed with 9K11 Malyutka and Strela-1 ATGM.
1,200 received from the Soviet Union by 1975. Around 20 lost in the civil war.[166] 2MS variant delivered by Russia in 2022.[167]

Tank destroyers

Name Type Quantity Origin Photo Notes
Kornet-D Mobile anti-tank guided missile system N/A[168]  Russia Based on the GAZ-2975 chassis.[169] Supplied by Russia in 2018.[105]

Military engineering

Name Type Quantity Origin Photo Notes
BREM-1[170] Armoured recovery vehicle 100  Soviet Union Deployed in the Rif Dimashq Governorate campaign in Syrian Civil War. 4 BREM-1 lost in the civil war.
BREM-2[171] Amphibious Armoured recovery vehicle 100  Soviet Union Deployed in the Rif Dimashq Governorate campaign in Syrian Civil War. 4 BREM-2 lost in the civil war.
IMR-2 Combat engineering vehicle N/A  Soviet Union M1, M2 variants supplied by Russia in 2016.[172]
UR-77 Meteorit Mine clearing vehicle/Explosive charge thrower N/A  Soviet Union It was deployed during Operation Damascus Steel, the explosive charge was used to destroy trenches and enemy firing positions.[173]
PTS Amphibious tracked transport carrier N/A  Soviet Union
MTU-20[94] Armoured vehicle-launched bridge N/A  Soviet Union
MTU-72 Armoured vehicle-launched bridge N/A  Soviet Union
MT-55A/KS Armoured vehicle-launched bridge N/A  Czechoslovakia Supplied by Czechoslovakia before 1990.[174]
VT-55KS Armoured recovery vehicle N/A  Czechoslovakia Supplied by Czechoslovakia before 1990.[175]

Military ambulances

Name Type Quantity Origin Photo Notes
BVP-1 AMB-S Tracked armored ambulance 50  Czechoslovakia Supplied by Czechoslovakia before 1990.[176] Variant of the BMP-1. Deployed in the Rif Dimashq Governorate campaign, some were lost.
GAZ Sobol Protected military ambulance N/A  Russia Supplied by Russia before the war.[177]

Logistics vehicles

Name Type Quantity Origin Photo Notes
MAZ-6317 [de] 6×6 utility truck N/A  Belarus
 Syria		 Utility truck. Produced under license in Syria by SSRC.[178]
MAZ-7310 8×8 artillery truck 200  Soviet Union Main role is to carry the Scud-type ballistic missiles.
BAZ-5921 [ru] 6×6 artillery truck N/A  Soviet Union Main role is to carry OTR-21 Tochka ballistic missiles.[179]
Ural-375D 6×6 4.5 ton truck 350  Soviet Union Transport or fuel tanker vehicle, another use as a BM-21 MLRS.[180]
Ural-4320 4×4
6×6 off-road truck		 ~900  Soviet Union 25 Ural-4320-31 armored trucks were given by Russia to secure transport of Syria's chemical weapons.[181] Additional delivered in 2017.[181] Also Ural-43206 4×4 variant.
ZIL-130 4×2 4.3 ton truck N/A  Soviet Union Cargo truck.
ZIL-131 6×6 3.5 ton truck 300  Soviet Union Cargo truck or mobile workshop, also can become a BM-21 multiple rocket launcher.[182][180]
ZIL-135 Artillery truck 84  Soviet Union Main role is to carry the FROG-7 ballistic missile.
ZIL-157 6×6 2.5 ton truck 84  Soviet Union Transport vehicle for motorized infantry or mobile workshop.[182]
GAZ-66 4×4 off-road truck 200  Soviet Union Transport vehicle for motorized infantry.
KrAZ-255 6×6 off-road truck N/A  Soviet Union Brought from Soviet Union before 1991.[183]
KrAZ-6322 6×6 off-road truck ~70  Ukraine Brought before the war.[184]
GAZ-3308 Sadko 4×4 utility truck 300+[185]  Russia Supplied by Russia before the war in 2005.[186] Transport vehicle for motorized infantry.
KamAZ-4350 4×4 rough terrain truck N/A  Russia Supplied by Russia between 2015 and 2019.[187]
KamAZ-5350 6×6 side truck N/A  Russia Supplied by Russia between 2022 and 2023.[188] Used by 25th SMF Division.[189] Also used as chassis of the M-46 W-SPG.[190]
KamAZ-43114 6×6 side truck 100+  Russia Supplied by Russia before the war. 50 were given to secure transport of Syria's chemical weapons arsenal.[191]
KamAZ-43118 6×6 side truck N/A  Russia Supplied by Russia in 2018. Transport vehicle for heavy cargo.
Praga V3S[95] 6×6 utility truck N/A  Czechoslovakia Supplied by Czechoslovakia before 1990.[192] Transport vehicle for infantry or cargo.
Tatra 148[95] 6×6 utility truck N/A  Czechoslovakia VNM variant. Supplied by Czechoslovakia before 1990.[193] Transport vehicle for infantry.
Tatra 815[95] 6×6 utility truck N/A  Czechoslovakia S3, V24 and V26 variants.[194][195] Supplied by Czechoslovakia before 1990.[196] Transport vehicle for infantry.
Mercedes-Benz Actros 8×4 off road truck N/A  Germany Chassis of the M-46 W-SPG.[197][190]
Iveco Trakker 8×8 off road truck N/A  Italy Chassis of the M-46 W-SPG.[197][190]
Sinotruk Howo 4×4 side truck
6×6 utility truck		 N/A  People's Republic of China Transport vehicle for motorized infantry.[198]

Utility vehicles

Name Type Quantity Origin Photo Notes
UAZ-452 Van N/A  Soviet Union Supplied by Soviet Union before 1991.[183]
UAZ-469 Military All-terrain vehicle N/A  Soviet Union UAZ-3151 and UAZ-31512 variants.[199] New vehicles delivered by Russia in 2023.
BJ2022 Military All-terrain vehicle N/A  People's Republic of China Brought from China in 2015.[200][201]
Land Rover Series III Military All-terrain vehicle N/A  United Kingdom
Safir Jeep Multipurpose military vehicle N/A  Iran Seen in use with Syrian military.[202]
Humvee Light armored vehicle 20+  United States Captured from ISIL and other terrorists.
Toyota Land Cruiser Utility vehicle N/A  Japan Model 70 is the most popular model in use. Widely used as a Technical.[203]
Toyota Hilux Utility vehicle N/A  Japan Widely used as a Technical.[204]
Iveco Rys LMV Infantry mobility vehicle N/A  Italy
 Russia		 Syrian Army operates Rys variant supplied by Russia in 2015–18.[205][206]

Artillery

Mortars

Name Photo Quantity Notes
HM 12  Iran N/A 60 mm mortar.
L16 81mm mortar  United Kingdom N/A 81 mm mortar.
PM-37  Soviet Union 200 82 mm mortar. Also M-37M variant.[207]
2B14 Podnos[208]  Soviet Union N/A 82 mm mortar.
2B9 Vasilek  Soviet Union N/A 82 mm mortar. 2B9 and 2B9M variants.[209]
M1938  Soviet Union 200 120 mm mortar.
PM-43[210]  Soviet Union 700 120 mm mortar.
M1943  Soviet Union 100 160 mm mortar.
M-160 mortar[102]  Soviet Union 200 160 mm mortar.
M-240  Soviet Union 30 240 mm mortar. 3F2 Gagara and 3O8 Nerpa ammunition. It was deployed during Operation Damascus Steel against militant groups in East Ghouta.[211]

Field artillery

Name Photo Quantity[94] Origin Type Notes
ZIS-3 N/A  Soviet Union Anti-tank gun 76 mm.
D-44 N/A  Soviet Union Anti-tank gun 85 mm.
D-48 N/A  Soviet Union Anti-tank gun 85 mm.
BS-3 N/A  Soviet Union Anti-tank gun 100 mm.
T-12 20+  Soviet Union Anti-tank gun 100 mm.
D-74 400  Soviet Union Field gun 122 mm. Supplied by Russia in 2015.[95]
M-46 800+  Soviet Union Field gun 130 mm. Also Iranian HERA[190] and Chinese BEE4 BB/RAP projectiles in use since 2007.[212] Mobile version in service.[213][197] More units supplied by Russia in 2023.[214]
M-30 150  Soviet Union Howitzer 122 mm. 21 additional M-30s were delivered by Russia to Syria in May 2017.[126]
A-19 100  Soviet Union Howitzer 122 mm. As of 2000, in storage. Syrian Army reactivated several units and used them against rebel forces in late 2016.
D-1 20  Soviet Union Howitzer 152 mm. Probably decommissioned.
D-20 20[210]  Soviet Union Howitzer 152 mm. Krasnopol laser-guided projectile. Supplied by Russia in 2015.[95]
D-30 600+  Soviet Union Howitzer 122 mm. Chinese BEE4 BB/RAP projectiles in use since 2007.[212] More units supplied by Russia in 2023.[214]
ML-20 50  Soviet Union Howitzer 152 mm. Used against ISIS in September 2016.
Msta-B[215] N/A  Soviet Union Howitzer 152 mm. Krasnopol laser-guided projectile. Supplied by Russia between 2015 and 2016.[216][217]
S-23 20[218]  Soviet Union Howitzer 180 mm. VOF28 round with RAP projectile OF-23.[219] Used by Syrian Army in 2013 and 2015.[220]

Self-propelled field artillery

Name Type Quantity Origin Photo Notes
2S1 Gvozdika Self-propelled howitzer 206[2]  Soviet Union 122 mm. 300 as of 2011. 94 lost in the civil war.[2]
2S3 Akatsiya 89[2] 152 mm, Krasnopol laser-guided projectile.[106] 11 lost in the civil war.[2]
2S4 Tyulpan[221] Mortar carrier 24 240 mm.
2S9 Nona[222] N/A 120 mm. Delivered by Russia in 2017.[144]

Multiple launch rocket systems

Name Type Quantity Origin Photo Notes
BM-11 Multiple rocket launcher 100  North Korea 122 mm. Supplied by North Korea.[102]
BM-14 N/A  Soviet Union 140 mm. BM-14M and MM variants.[223]
BM-21 Grad 300+ 122 mm, 4 BM-21 and 1 2B5 lost in the civil war. Also 9K55 Grad 1 variant supplied by Russia.[224]
BM-27 Uragan 36 220 mm. Spotted in November 2014 during the Syrian Civil War, most likely delivered by Russia, 1 lost. Also known as "Ra'ad".[225]
BM-30 Smerch N/A 300mm. Presence confirmed by use of the 9M55K cluster munition used by the system.[226] Syria received several BM-30s from either Belarus or more likely Russia in early 2014.[227]
TOS-1A Thermobaric multiple rocket launcher 8+  Russia 220 mm, some TOS-1As were delivered by Russia in 2015.[228]
Type 63 / Fajr-1[210] Multiple rocket launcher N/A  Iran
 China		 107 mm.
Fajr-3[229] N/A  Iran 240 mm.
Fajr-5[230] N/A 333mm.
Falaq-1[231] N/A 240 mm.
Falaq-2[231] N/A 333mm.
Khaibar-1[232] N/A  Syria 302mm. 150km range.[233] Produced as M-302 by SSRC in Syria.[234]
S-11 Burkan[235] N/A 107 mm, 122mm, 220mm and 300mm variants. HE-Fragmentation, anti-personnel cluster. Used on Shams platform.[235] Produced by SSRC in Syria.
Golan-65[236] N/A Produced by SSRC in Syria.
Golan-250[236] N/A Produced by SSRC in Syria.
Golan-300[236] N/A Produced by SSRC in Syria.
Golan-400[236] N/A 122 mm. Produced by SSRC in Syria.
Golan-500[237] N/A 130 mm. Produced by SSRC in Syria.
Golan-1000[238] 25+ 500mm.[239] Produced by SSRC in Syria.

Anti-ship missile systems

Model Image Type Origin Quantity Notes
C-802[94] Anti-ship cruise missile  People's Republic of China (CSS-N-8 Saccade)[240]
Noor Anti-ship cruise missile  Iran 10 systems Delivered between 2009 and 2010.[241]
K-300P Bastion-P / P-800 Yakhont[242][243] Mobile anti-ship and surface-to-surface missile system  Russia 4 systems (SS-C-5 Stooge)
P-5 Pyatyorka Cruise missile  Soviet Union 4 systems (SS-C-1 Sepal)
P-15M/P-22[94] Anti-ship missile  Soviet Union 6 systems (SS-C-3 Styx)

Anti-air guns and systems

Towed anti-aircraft artillery

Name Type Quantity Origin Photo Notes
KS-19 Anti-aircraft gun 100+  Soviet Union
100 mm. Mounted on technicals.
61-K Anti-aircraft gun N/A
37 mm, 2 barrels. Mounted on technicals.
ZPU Anti-aircraft gun 1,500+
14.5mm single, twin and quad mount. Also mounted on technicals.
ZPU-4 Anti-aircraft gun N/A 14.5×114mm. Mostly mounted on technicals.
ZU-23-2[244] Anti-aircraft gun 650+
23 mm, 2 barrels. Mounted on technicals.
M1939 Anti-aircraft gun 300+
37 mm. Mounted on technicals.
S-60 Anti-aircraft gun 880+
57 mm. Mounted on KamAZ-43114.[245] More units supplied by Russia in 2023.[214]

Towed air defence

Name Type Quantity Origin Photo Notes
S-75 Dvina (SA-2) Strategic surface-to-air missile system 320[246]  Soviet Union
 Russia		 S-75 Dvina and S-75M Volga obr. 1995 variants.
S-125 Neva/Pechora (SA-3 Pechora + Pechora-2M) 148[246] +30 2M[247]
Pechora-2M supplied by Russia in 2013. Additional 2M's delivered in 2023.
S-200 (SA-5) 2 defense regiment comprising 2 divisions including 2 batteries S-200 (44 launchers) in service as of 2010 and 2014.[248][249] 3 regiments as of 2023.[250]  Soviet Union S-200VE variant brought from USSR in 1983. Modified by SSRC.[251] Command post S-300 can manage in any combination the elements of S-200 and S-300.[252][253][254]

Self-propelled air defence

Name Type Quantity Origin Photo Notes
ZSU-23-4 Shilka Self-propelled anti-aircraft gun 400[1] (in 2010)

250[2] (in 2020)

 Soviet Union 23 mm, often used in urban areas against rebel forces.
ZSU-57-2 Sparka 10[1] Most in storage, some units were reactivated during the Syrian Civil War.[94]
2K12 Kub (SA-6) Self-propelled surface-to-air missile system 195–200 (As of 2012)[246][255]
9K33 Osa (SA-8) 14–60,[1][256] 14 batteries (60 launchers – autonomous war machines)[citation needed] 9K33M3 Osa-AK and Osa-AKM variants. Two were captured by Liwa al-Islam.
9K31 Strela-1 (SA-9) 20[1]
9K35 Strela-10 (SA-13) 30[1]
Buk-M1-2 (SA-11) 20[1]
Tor-M1 (SA-15) N/A  Russia Modified Tor-M1 "Dezful" variant. Supplied by Iran in 2018.[257]
9K37M2E Buk-M2E (SA-17) Up to 40 Observed in use at Al-Mezzah.[258]
9M311-1M Tunguska (SA-19) Self-propelled air-defence system 6[259]  Soviet Union
S-300 (S-300 SA-20A / SA-20B) Surface-to-air missile system 24 S-300PM2[260]  Russia 49 pieces of equipment were delivered by Russia around October 7, 2018, not confirmed when they will become operational [261]
Pantsir-S1 (SA-22) Self-propelled SAM system 57+[262] In 2016, +1RL-123E Early detection radar, +command posts. (+10 Pantsir S-2)[263]
Bavar-373 Long Range Mobile SAM N/A  Iran File:Bavar 373.jpg Sayyad-4B missile. Delivered in 2022.[264][265]
Khordad-3 Mid- Range Mobile SAM N/A Taer 2 and Sayad missile. Delivered between 2019 and 2022.[264]
Khordad-15 Long Range Mobile SAM N/A Sayyad-3 missile. Delivered in 2023.[264][265]
Mersad Short- to Mid- Range Mobile SAM N/A Shahin missile. Delivered between 2019 and 2021.[264][265]

Electronic warfare systems

Name Type Quantity Origin Photo Notes
Groza-S Mobile electronic countermeasure system N/A  Belarus Supplied by Belarus in 2018.[266][267]

Missiles

Ballistic missiles

Name Type Quantity Origin Photo Notes
9K52 Luna-M[268] Tactical ballistic missile ≈18 mobile launchers[269]  Soviet Union SRBM. Unknown number of missiles. First supplied from USSR in 1974.[270]
Scud-B/Hwasong-5[268] Tactical ballistic missile ≈42 mobile launchers[269]  Soviet Union
 North Korea		 SRBM. ≈200 missiles. Supplied from USSR and North Korea.[271] Produced in Syria by SSRC.[272]
OTR-21 Tochka/Hwasong-11[268] Tactical ballistic missile ≈12 mobile launchers[269]  Soviet Union
 North Korea		 SRBM. ≈100 missiles.[269] OTR-21 Tochka (Scarab-A) received from USSR. Russia sent 50 additional Tochka-U (Scarab-B) missiles in February 2017 to Tartus.[273] KN-02 Toksa variant supplied by North Korea.[274]
Hwasong-6[268] Tactical ballistic missile ≈160 missiles[269]  North Korea
 Syria
SRBM. North Korean Scud-C version produced and modified in Syria by SSRC.[272][274]
Hwasong-7[268] Strategic ballistic missile N/A[269]  North Korea
 Syria
MRBM. North Korean Scud-D version produced and modified in Syria by SSRC.[272]
Hwasong-9[268] Strategic ballistic missile ≈100 missiles[269]  North Korea
 Syria		 MRBM. North Korean Scud-ER version produced in Syria by SSRC.[272][274]
Golan-1/Golan-2 Tactical ballistic missile N/A[269]  Syria SRBM. Versions of Scud-B/C/D developed and produced in Syria by SSRC.[272]
Maysaloun[268] Tactical ballistic missile N/A[269]  Syria SRBM. Three versions with different ranges and characteristics. Syrian variant of Zelzal-2. Developed and produced in Syria by SSRC.[272]
Fateh-110[268] Tactical ballistic missile 900+ missiles[269]  Iran
 Syria		 SRBM. Local designation M-600 or Tishreen.[275] Produced under license in Syria by SSRC.[276]
Fateh-313 Tactical ballistic missile N/A[269]  Iran
 Syria		 SRBM. Supplied by Iran.[277][278] Variant produced and modified under license in Syria by SSRC.[279]
Shahab-1 Tactical ballistic missile N/A  Iran
 Syria		 SRBM. Produced under license in Syria by SSRC.[280]
Shahab-2 Tactical ballistic missile N/A  Iran
 Syria		 SRBM. At least one used in February 2014. Produced under license in Syria by SSRC.[280][281]
Zelzal-1[282] Tactical ballistic missile N/A  Iran SRBM. Supplied by Iran. Produced by SSRC.[283]
Zelzal-2[282] Tactical ballistic missile N/A SRBM. Modified and produced by SSRC.[284]
Zelzal-3 Tactical ballistic missile N/A SRBM. Modified and produced by SSRC.[284]

Cruise missiles

Name Type Quantity Origin Photo Notes
P-800 Oniks Super-sonic cruise missile N/A  Russia Missile can perform anti-ship role & also can be deployed from land or air.[285]

Command posts

Higher level command posts

Name Type Quantity Origin Notes
Senezh-M1E[286] General-purpose self-acting[287] higher level command post N/A[255]  Soviet Union As an option, with the use of higher level command post, management of all types of air defense systems, the Air Force and all kinds of radar air defense forces. Effective radius of 1,600 km for 77 fired targets[288] May receive data order to send target indication for different systems.[289]
Polyana-D4 Upper level command post for air defence N/A[255]  Russia Supplied by Russia in 2018.[290]

Unmanned aerial vehicles

Non-combat unmanned air vehicles

Name Type Quantity Origin Photo Notes
Tu-143 Unmanned aerial vehicle N/A  Soviet Union Received VR-3s in 1984.[291] Reconnaissance drone, in service as target drone.[292]
Orlan-10 Unmanned aerial vehicle N/A  Russia Medium-range reconnaissance/surveillance drone. Used since 2020.[293]
Ababil-2 Kamikaze unmanned aerial vehicle N/A  Iran Medium-range kamikaze drone. Used during the Syrian Civil War since mid 2012.[294]
Ababil-3 Unmanned aerial vehicle N/A Medium-range reconnaissance/surveillance and short/medium-range attack drone. Produced under license in Syria by SSRC.[94]
Mohajer-2 Unmanned aerial vehicle N/A Reconnaissance drone. Used before the Syrian Civil War.[294]
Mohajer-4 Unmanned aerial vehicle N/A Reconnaissance drone. Used during the Syrian Civil War since late 2012.[294]
Yasir Unmanned aerial vehicle N/A Reconnaissance drone. Used during the Syrian Civil War since late 2013.[295]

Combat unmanned air vehicles

Name Type Quantity Origin Photo Notes
Mohajer 6 Unmanned combat aerial vehicle N/A  Iran Multirole ISTAR/combat drone. Used during the Syrian Civil War since late 2019.[296]

Bibliography

  • Campbell, David (16 June 2016). Israeli Soldier vs Syrian Soldier: Golan Heights 1967–73. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4728-1331-2.
  • Zaloga, Steven J. (20 July 2011). Unmanned Aerial Vehicles: Robotic Air Warfare 1917–2007. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84603-786-3.

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Works cited

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