Jump to content

Bernie Sanders

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by 209.6.114.98 (talk) at 18:48, 21 August 2015 (→‎Tenure: citations). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Bernie Sanders
Sanders's official Senate portrait
United States Senator
from Vermont
Assumed office
January 3, 2007
Serving with Patrick Leahy
Preceded byJim Jeffords
Chairman of the Senate Committee on Veterans' Affairs
In office
January 3, 2013 – January 3, 2015
Preceded byPatty Murray
Succeeded byJohnny Isakson
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Vermont's At-large district
In office
January 3, 1991 – January 3, 2007
Preceded byPeter Smith
Succeeded byPeter Welch
Mayor of Burlington, Vermont
In office
April 6, 1981 – April 1989
Preceded byGordon Paquette
Succeeded byPeter Clavelle
Personal details
Born
Bernard Sanders

(1941-09-08) September 8, 1941 (age 82)
Brooklyn, New York, U.S.
Political partyIndependent
Other political
affiliations		Liberty Union (1971–1979)
Vermont Progressive (affiliated) Democratic (caucusing)
Spouse(s)Deborah Shiling (1964–1966)
Jane (O'Meara) Driscoll (1988–present)
ChildrenLevi (with Susan Mott)
3 stepchildren
Alma materUniversity of Chicago
Signature
WebsiteSenate website
Presidential campaign website
Bernie Sanders in March 2020 This article is part of a series about
Bernie Sanders
Mayor of Burlington
U.S. Representative from
Vermont's at-large district
U.S. Senator from Vermont
Presidential campaigns
Published works

Bernie Sanders's signature

Bernard "Bernie" Sanders (born September 8, 1941) is the junior United States Senator from Vermont and a candidate for the Democratic Party's nomination for President in the 2016 U.S. presidential election.[3][4][5]

Sanders is the longest-serving independent in U.S. congressional history. A self-described democratic socialist,[6][7][8][9] he favors policies similar to those of social democratic parties in Europe, particularly those instituted by the Nordic countries.[10][11][12] He caucuses with the Democratic Party and has been the ranking minority member on the Senate Budget Committee since January 2015.[13]

Born in Brooklyn, New York, Sanders attended Brooklyn College before transferring to and graduating from the University of Chicago, where he was a member of the Young People's Socialist League, and active in the Civil Rights Movement as a student protest organizer for the Congress of Racial Equality and the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee.[14][15] In 1963, he participated in the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom.

Sanders settled in Vermont in 1968, and ran unsuccessfully for Governor and U.S. Senator in the early to mid-1970s as a member of the Liberty Union Party. As an independent supported by the Vermont Progressive Party, Sanders was elected mayor of Burlington, Vermont's most populous city, in 1981. He was reelected to three more two-year mayoral terms before being elected to represent Vermont's at-large congressional district in the United States House of Representatives in 1990. He served as a congressman for 16 years before being elected to succeed the retiring Republican-turned-independent Jim Jeffords in the U.S. Senate in 2006. In 2012, he was reelected by a large margin, capturing almost 71% of the popular vote.

Since his election to the Senate, Sanders has emerged as a leading progressive voice on issues such as income inequality,[7] universal healthcare, parental leave, climate change,[16] LGBT rights, and campaign finance reform.[17] He rose to national prominence on the heels of his 2010 filibuster[18][19] of the proposed extension of the Bush-era tax rates for the wealthy. Sanders is also outspoken on civil rights and civil liberties, and has been particularly critical of mass surveillance policies such as the USA PATRIOT Act,[20] as well as racial discrimination in the criminal justice system. He has long been critical of U.S. foreign policy, and was an early and outspoken opponent of the Iraq War.

Early life and education

Sanders was born in Brooklyn, the son of Eli and Dorothy (Glassberg) Sanders.[21][22] His father was a Jewish immigrant from Poland whose family was killed in the Holocaust,[14][21][23] while his mother was born to Jewish parents in New York City.[24][25] Sanders has said that he became interested in politics at an early age, due to his Jewish heritage:

"A guy named Adolf Hitler won an election in 1932. He won an election, and 50 million people died as a result of that election in World War II, including 6 million Jews. So what I learned as a little kid is that politics is, in fact, very important.”[26]

Sanders attended elementary school at P.S. 197, where he won a state championship on the basketball team. He attended Hebrew school in the afternoons and had his bar mitzvah in 1954. Sanders attended James Madison High School, where he was captain of the track team.[27] While at Madison, Sanders lost his first election, finishing last out of three for the student body presidency. Sanders's mother died in June 1959 at the age of 46 shortly after Sanders graduated from high school.[23]

Sanders went to Brooklyn College for a year before transferring to the University of Chicago. He was a member of the Young People's Socialist League, the youth affiliate of the Socialist Party of America.[28]

While attending the University of Chicago, he was active in the Civil Rights Movement, and a student organizer for the Congress of Racial Equality and the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee.[14][15] One of the actions he took was the coordination of sit-in protests against segregated campus housing, for which he was arrested.[29] Sanders also participated in the 1963 March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom.[30]

In 1964, Sanders graduated from the University of Chicago with a bachelor of arts degree in political science, married his first wife, Deborah Shiling, and bought a summer home in Vermont. Over the next few years he took various jobs in New York and Vermont and spent several months on an Israeli kibbutz. By 1968, he was living in Vermont year-round.[28]

Early political career

Main article: Electoral history of Bernie Sanders

Liberty Union campaigns

Sanders began his political career in 1971 as a member of the Liberty Union Party, which originated in the anti-war and people's party movement. He ran as the Liberty Union candidate for governor in 1972 and 1976 and as a candidate for senator in 1972 and 1974.[31] In the 1974 race, Sanders finished third (5,901; 4.1%) behind the victor, 33-year-old Chittenden County State's Attorney Patrick Leahy (D, VI; 70,629; 49.4%), and two-term incumbent U.S. Representative Dick Mallary (R; 66,223; 46.3%).[32][33] In 1979, Sanders resigned from the party and worked as a writer and the director of the nonprofit American People's Historical Society.[34] While with the APHS, he made a 30-minute documentary about American Socialist leader and presidential candidate Eugene V. Debs.[28][35]

Mayor of Burlington

In 1981, at the suggestion of his close friend Richard Sugarman, a professor of religion at the University of Vermont, Sanders ran for mayor of Burlington and defeated six-term Democratic incumbent Gordon Paquette by 10 votes in a four-way contest.[36] Sanders won three additional terms, defeating both Democratic and Republican candidates in successive elections. In his final run for mayor in 1987, Sanders defeated Paul Lafayette, a Democrat endorsed by both major parties.[37]

During Sanders's first term, his supporters, including the first Citizens Party City Councilor Terry Bouricius, formed the Progressive Coalition, the forerunner of the Vermont Progressive Party.[38] The Progressives never held more than six seats on the 13-member city council but had enough votes to keep the council from overriding Sanders's vetoes. Under Sanders, Burlington became the first city in the country to fund community-trust housing.[39]

In 1985, Burlington City Hall hosted a foreign policy speech by Noam Chomsky. In his introduction, Sanders praised Chomsky as "a very vocal and important voice in the wilderness of intellectual life in America" and said he was "delighted to welcome a person who I think we're all very proud of."[40]

Sanders's administration balanced the city budget, and drew a minor league baseball team, the Vermont Reds, to Burlington.[21] The Sanders administration also "sued the local cable franchise and won reduced rates for customers."[21]

As mayor, Sanders "undertook ambitious downtown revitalization projects"; one of his signature achievements was the improvement of Burlington's Lake Champlain waterfront.[21] In 1981, Sanders campaigned against the unpopular plans by Tony Pomerleau, a Burlington developer, to convert the then-industrial[41] waterfront property owned by the Central Vermont Railway into expensive condominiums, hotels, and offices.[42] Sanders ran under the slogan "Burlington is not for sale" and successfully supported a plan that redeveloped the waterfront area into a mixed-use district featuring housing, parks, and public space.[42] This was greatly assisted by a 1989 Vermont Supreme Court ruling that under a legal provision, Central Vermont Railroad could only use the land for "railroad, wharf, and storage purposes"; 35 acres of railroad land reverted to the city.[42] Today the waterfront area includes many parks and miles of public beach and bike paths, a boathouse and science center,[42] and Burlington is reported to be one of the most livable cities in the nation. [43] [44] In 2015, Sanders announced his candidacy for president at Waterfront Park.[41]

After serving four terms, Sanders chose not to seek reelection in 1989. He briefly taught political science at Harvard University's Kennedy School of Government that year and at Hamilton College in 1991.[45]

U.S. House of Representatives

Elections

In 1988, incumbent Republican Congressman Jim Jeffords decided to run for the U.S. Senate, vacating Vermont's at-large congressional district. Republican Lieutenant Governor Peter Smith won the House election with a plurality, securing 41% of the vote. Sanders, who ran as an independent, placed second with 38% of the vote, while Democratic State Representative Paul N. Poirier placed third with 19% of the vote.[46] In 1990, Sanders ran for the seat again and this time defeated Smith by a margin of 56% to 40%. Sanders became the first independent elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 40 years,[47] the last having been Frazier Reams of Ohio. Thereafter Sanders continually won reelection with high margins, with his closest bid in 1994 during the Republican Revolution, when he won by 3.3 percentage points with 49.8% of the vote.[48]

Tenure

Sanders in 1991

In 1991, Sanders co-founded the Congressional Progressive Caucus, and chaired the grouping of mostly liberal Democrats for its first eight years. In 1993, Sanders voted for a National Rifle Association (NRA)-supported bill to restrict lawsuits against gun manufacturers[49] and against the Brady Bill.[50]

Sanders voted against the resolutions authorizing the use of force against Iraq in 1991 and 2002, and opposed the 2003 invasion of Iraq. He voted for the initial 2001 Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists[51] that has been cited as the legal justification for controversial military actions since the September 11 attacks.[52]

Sanders has been a consistent critic of the Patriot Act. As a member of Congress, he voted against the original Patriot Act legislation.[53] After its 357 to 66 passage in the House, Sanders sponsored and voted for several subsequent amendments and acts attempting to curtail its effects,[54] and voted against each reauthorization.[55]

Sanders voted for a non-binding resolution expressing support for troops at the outset of the invasion of Iraq, but gave a floor speech criticizing the partisan nature of the vote and the George W. Bush administration's actions in the run-up to the war. About the investigation of what turned out to be a leak of CIA agent Valerie Plame's identity by a State Department official, Sanders said, "The revelation that the President authorized the release of classified information in order to discredit an Iraq war critic should tell every member of Congress that the time is now for a serious investigation of how we got into the war in Iraq and why Congress can no longer act as a rubber stamp for the President."[56]

In June 2005, Sanders proposed an amendment to limit provisions that allow the government to obtain individuals' library and book-buying records. The amendment passed the House by a bipartisan majority but was removed on November 4 that year in House-Senate negotiations and never became law.[57] On November 2, 2005, Sanders voted against the Online Freedom of Speech Act, which would have exempted the Internet from the restrictions of the McCain–Feingold Bill.[58]

In March 2006, after a series of resolutions passed in various Vermont towns calling for him to bring articles of impeachment against George W. Bush, Sanders stated it would be "impractical to talk about impeachment" with Republicans in control of the House and Senate.[59] Still, Sanders made no secret of his opposition to the Bush Administration, which he regularly criticized for its cuts to social programs.[60][61][62]

Sanders was a critic of Alan Greenspan; in June 2003, during a question-and-answer discussion with the then-Federal Reserve Chairman, Sanders told Greenspan that he was concerned that Greenspan was "way out of touch" and "that you see your major function in your position as the need to represent the wealthy and large corporations."[63][64] Sanders said in 1998 that investment banks and commercial banks should remain separate entities.[65] In October 2008 Greenspan admitted to Congress that his economic ideology was flawed.[66]

U.S. Senate

Elections

Main articles: United States Senate election in Vermont, 2006 and United States Senate election in Vermont, 2012
Sanders being sworn in by Vice President Dick Cheney

Sanders entered the race for the U.S. Senate on April 21, 2005, after Senator Jim Jeffords announced that he would not seek a fourth term. Chuck Schumer, Chairman of the Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee, endorsed Sanders, a critical move as it meant that no Democrat running against Sanders could expect to receive financial help from the party. Sanders was also endorsed by Senate Minority Leader Harry Reid of Nevada and Democratic National Committee Chairman and former Vermont Governor Howard Dean. Dean said in May 2005 that he considered Sanders an ally who "votes with the Democrats 98% of the time."[67] Then-Senator Barack Obama also campaigned for Sanders in Vermont in March 2006.[68] Sanders entered into an agreement with the Democratic Party, much as he had as a congressman, to be listed in their primary but to decline the nomination should he win, which he did.[69][70]

In the most expensive political campaign in Vermont's history,[71] Sanders defeated businessman Rich Tarrant by an approximately 2-to-1 margin. Many national media outlets projected Sanders the winner before any returns came in. He was reelected in 2012 with 71% of the vote.[72]

Tenure

Sanders testifying to Congress, 2014

Polling conducted in August 2011 by Public Policy Polling found that Sanders's approval rating was 67% and his disapproval rating 28%, making him then the third-most popular senator in the country.[73] Both the NAACP and the NHLA have given Sanders 100 percent voting scores during his tenure in the Senate.[74]

Budget

On September 24, 2008, Sanders posted an open letter to Treasury Secretary Henry Paulson decrying the initial bank bailout proposal; it drew more than 8,000 citizen cosigners in 24 hours.[75] On January 26, 2009, Sanders and Democrats Robert Byrd, Russ Feingold and Tom Harkin were the sole majority members to vote against confirming Timothy Geithner as United States Secretary of the Treasury.[76]

On December 10, 2010, Sanders delivered an 8½-hour speech against the Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010, the proposed extension of the Bush-era tax rates that eventually became law, saying "Enough is enough! ... How many homes can you own?"[77] (A long speech such as this is commonly known as a filibuster, but because it didn't block action, it was not technically a filibuster under Senate rules.[19]) In response to the speech, hundreds of people signed online petitions urging Sanders to run in the 2012 presidential election and pollsters began measuring his support in key primary states.[78] Progressive activists such as Rabbi Michael Lerner and economist David Korten publicly voiced their support for a prospective Sanders run against President Barack Obama.[78]

Sanders's "filibuster" was published in February 2011 by Nation Books as The Speech: A Historic Filibuster on Corporate Greed and the Decline of Our Middle Class, with authorial proceeds going to Vermont nonprofit charitable organizations.[79]

Senate Budget Committee

In January 2015, Sanders became the ranking minority member of the Senate Budget Committee.[13] He appointed economics professor Stephanie Kelton, a distinguished modern monetary theory scholar and self-described "deficit owl," the chief economic advisor of the committee's Democratic minority[80] and presented a report aimed at helping "rebuild the disappearing middle class," which includes proposals to raise the minimum wage, boost infrastructure spending, and increase Social Security payments.[81]

Committee assignments

2016 presidential campaign

Main article: Bernie Sanders presidential campaign, 2016

Template:2016candidate

Sanders campaigning in Arizona

Sanders announced his intention to seek the Democratic Party's nomination for president on April 30, 2015, in an address on the Capitol lawn.[3][4][5] His campaign was officially launched on May 26 in Burlington.[4]

In his announcement, Sanders said, "I don't believe that the men and women who defended American democracy fought to create a situation where billionaires own the political process."[3][4] His entry into the race was welcomed by Senator Elizabeth Warren, saying "I'm glad to see him get out there and give his version of what leadership in this country should be." Warren has resisted calls to become a candidate herself.[82]

Unlike other presidential candidates, Sanders stated he will not pursue funding through a "Super PAC", instead focusing on small individual donations.[83] Sanders's presidential campaign raised $1.5 million within 24 hours of his official announcement.[84] After four days, Sanders's campaign had raised $3 million from small donors, with an average of $43 per donation.[85] On July 2, the campaign announced it had raised $15 million from 250,000 donors.

Sanders speaking in Minneapolis

Sanders has used social media to help his campaign gain momentum.[86] Along with posting content on Twitter and Facebook, he held an "Ask Me Anything" on Reddit on May 19. Sanders has also gained a large grassroots organizational following online. A July 29 meetup organized online brought 100,000 supporters to more than 3,500 simultaneous events nationwide.[87]

On June 25, 2015, The New York Times noted that Sanders was "running right alongside [Clinton] in a statistical dead heat for the 2016 Democratic presidential nomination" in the New Hampshire primaries, citing a CNN/WMUR poll.[88] The Guardian pointed out that when Clinton and Sanders made public appearances within days of each other in Des Moines, Iowa, Sanders drew the larger crowds, although he had already made numerous stops around the state while it was Clinton's first visit of the year.[89]

Sanders's campaign events in June 2015 drew "overflow crowds" around the country, to his surprise.[90][91][92] On July 1, 2015, Sanders's campaign stop in Madison, Wisconsin, drew the largest crowd of any 2016 presidential candidate to that date, with an estimated turnout of 10,000.[93][94] On July 18, he drew an even larger crowd in Arizona, with an estimated turnout of over 11,000.[95] On August 8, Sanders drew an estimated 15,000 in Seattle at the University of Washington's arena.[96] A day later, some 28,000 people attended a Sanders rally in Portland, Oregon.[97]

Political positions

Main article: Political positions of Bernie Sanders

Sanders is a self-described democratic socialist who admires the Nordic model of social democracy and is a proponent of workplace democracy.[6][12][98] He focuses on economic issues such as income and wealth inequality,[7][99] raising the minimum wage,[100] universal healthcare,[101] reducing the burden of student debt,[102] making public colleges and universities tuition-free by taxing financial transactions,[103] and expanding Social Security benefits.[104] Sanders has become a prominent supporter of laws requiring companies to provide their workers paternity leave, sick leave, and vacation time, noting that such laws have been adopted by almost every developed country.[105] Sanders also advocates bold action to reverse global warming and infrastructure investment in the United States, with "energy efficiency and sustainability" as a prominent goal.[106][107] He is opposed to the Trans-Pacific Partnership.[108]

Sanders has advocated for more democratic participation by citizens, campaign finance reform and the overturn of Citizens United.[109][110] He has decried institutional racism, called for criminal justice reform to reduce the number of people in prison and advocates a crackdown on police brutality and prison privatization.[111] He is an advocate of comprehensive financial reforms and favors breaking up "too big to fail" financial institutions and restoring Glass–Steagall.[112][113] Sanders was a strong opponent of the U.S. invasion of Iraq and has been critical of a number of policies instituted during the War on Terror, particularly mass surveillance and the USA PATRIOT Act.[114][115] He takes a liberal approach to social issues, advocating for LGBT rights and lobbying against the Defense of Marriage Act, and maintains a pro-choice stance on abortion, opposing the defunding of Planned Parenthood.[116][117]

Personal life

Sanders married his "college sweetheart" Deborah Shiling in Baltimore in 1964. They had no children and divorced in 1966. His son, Levi Sanders, was born in 1969 to Susan Campbell Mott. In 1988 Sanders married Jane (O'Meara) Driscoll, a former president of Burlington College, in Burlington, Vermont.[118] With her he has three stepchildren, whom he considers his own.[28][119]

Sanders's brother, Larry Sanders, was a Green Party County Councillor representing the East Oxford division on Oxfordshire County Council, in England, until his retirement in 2013.[120][121] Larry Sanders ran as a Green Party candidate for Oxford West and Abingdon in the 2015 British general election and came in fifth.[122][123]

Religion

Sanders has said he is "proud to be Jewish", but "not particularly religious."[2] Sanders credits his Jewish identity with teaching him "in a very deep way what politics is about," explaining that "a guy named Adolf Hitler won an election in 1932. He won an election, and 50 million people died as a result of that election in World War II, including 6 million Jews. So what I learned as a little kid is that politics is, in fact, very important."[2]

Sanders has frequently expressed admiration for Pope Francis, saying: "the leader of the Catholic Church is raising profound issues. It is important that we listen to what he has said." Sanders often quotes Francis on economic issues and has described him as "incredibly smart and brave."[24][124]

See also

References

  1. ^ Sanders, Bernie. "Press Package". Sanders.Senate.gov. Retrieved June 5, 2015.
  2. ^ a b c Feldmann, Linda (June 11, 2015). "Bernie Sanders: 'I'm Proud to be Jewish'". Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved June 13, 2015. 'I'm proud to be Jewish,' the Independent from Vermont – and candidate for the Democratic presidential nomination – responded Thursday at a press breakfast hosted by the Monitor. Though, he added, 'I'm not particularly religious.' As a child, Sanders said, being Jewish taught him 'in a very deep way what politics is about. A guy named Adolf Hitler won an election in 1932,' the senator said. 'He won an election, and 50 million people died as a result of that election in World War II, including 6 million Jews. So what I learned as a little kid is that politics is, in fact, very important.'
  3. ^ a b c Kane, Paul; Rucker, Philip (April 30, 2015). "An unlikely contender, Sanders takes on 'billionaire class' in 2016 bid". The Washington Post. Retrieved April 30, 2015.
  4. ^ a b c d Rappeport, Alan (April 29, 2015). "Bernie Sanders Announces He Is Running for President". The New York Times. Retrieved April 30, 2015.
  5. ^ a b Cogan, Marin (April 30, 2015). "Bernie Sanders Is Officially Running for President — That Doesn't Mean You Can Ask Him About Hillary Clinton". New York magazine. Daily Intelligencer. Retrieved July 18, 2015.
  6. ^ a b Dreier, Peter (May 5, 2015). "Bernie Sanders' Socialism Is as American as Apple Pie". The Huffington Post. Retrieved May 5, 2015.
  7. ^ a b c "Bernie Sanders confirms presidential run and damns America's inequities". The Guardian. Associated Press. April 30, 2015. Retrieved June 19, 2015.
  8. ^ Lerer, Lisa (July 16, 2009). "Where's the outrage over AIG bonuses?". The Politico. Retrieved April 19, 2010.
  9. ^ Powell, Michael (November 6, 2006). "Exceedingly Social But Doesn't Like Parties". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 26, 2012.
  10. ^ Sanders, Bernie (May 26, 2013). "What Can We Learn From Denmark?". The Huffington Post. Retrieved August 19, 2013.
  11. ^ Issenberg, Sasha (January 9, 2010). "Sanders a growing force on the far, far left". Boston Globe. Retrieved August 24, 2013. You go to Scandinavia, and you will find that people have a much higher standard of living, in terms of education, health care, and decent paying jobs.
  12. ^ a b McMurry, Evan (May 3, 2015). "Bernie Sanders: America Should Look More Like Scandinavia". Mediaite. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
  13. ^ a b Needham, Vicki (December 12, 2014). "Senate Democrats lock in key committee memberships". The Hill. Retrieved July 19, 2015.
  14. ^ a b c Kelly, Amita (April 29, 2015). "5 Things You Should Know About Bernie Sanders". NPR. Retrieved July 19, 2015.
  15. ^ a b Nichols, John (July 6, 2015). "Bernie Sanders Speaks". The Nation. Retrieved July 19, 2015.
  16. ^ Totten, Shay (January 15, 2007). "Sanders to push global warming legislation in Senate". Vermont Guardian. Retrieved August 4, 2009. Sen. Bernie Sanders, I-VT, said Monday he was making good on at least one of a handful of campaign promises — introducing a bill designed to cut U.S. contributions to global greenhouse gas emissions in the next decade. ... Sanders added that construction of new power plants is "extraordinarily expensive" and he would prefer to see federal funding support used to expand the development of sustainable energy, as well as biofuels.
  17. ^ Sanders, Bernie (March 22, 2015). "If We Don't Overturn Citizens United, The Congress Will Become Paid Employees of the Billionaire Class". Huffington Post. Retrieved July 18, 2015.
  18. ^ "Senator Sanders Filibuster". C-SPAN. December 10, 2010. Retrieved June 1, 2015.
  19. ^ a b Memoli, Michael A. (December 10, 2010). "Sen. Bernie Sanders ends filibuster". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 1, 2011.
  20. ^ Tau, Byron (May 7, 2015). "Rand Paul, Bernie Sanders Revel in NSA Ruling". The Guardian. Retrieved August 19, 2015.
  21. ^ a b c d e Leibovich, Mark (January 21, 2007). "The Socialist Senator". The New York Times. Retrieved July 18, 2015.
  22. ^ Theis, Paul Anthony; Henshaw, Edmund Lee, eds. (1991). Who's Who in American Politics. Vol. 2. Bowker. Retrieved December 4, 2013 – via Google Books.
  23. ^ a b Stone, Kurt (2010). The Jews of Capitol Hill: A Compendium of Jewish Congressional Members. Scarecrow Press. p. 483.
  24. ^ a b Gaudiano, Nicole (April 28, 2015). "6 things to know about Bernie Sanders". OnPolitics. USA Today. Retrieved July 19, 2015.
  25. ^ van Zuylen-Wood, Simon (June 21, 2014). "I'm Right and Everybody Else Is Wrong. Clear About That?". National Journal Magazine. Retrieved July 18, 2015.
  26. ^ http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/monitor_breakfast/2015/0611/Bernie-Sanders-I-m-proud-to-be-Jewish
  27. ^ Felsenthal, Carol (May 4, 2015). "Bernie Sanders Found Socialism at the University of Chicago". Chicago magazine. Retrieved July 18, 2015.
  28. ^ a b c d Kruse, Michael (July 9, 2015). "Bernie Sanders Has a Secret: Vermont, his son and the hungry early years that made him the surging socialist he is today". Politico. Retrieved July 18, 2015.
  29. ^ Zaid Jilani (July 20, 2015). 20 Examples of Bernie Sanders' Powerful Record on Civil and Human Rights Since the 1950s. Alternet. Retrieved July 21, 2015.
  30. ^ Sanders, Bernie. "News August 25". Senate.gov. Retrieved June 17, 2015.
  31. ^ Sen. Bernard Sanders (I-Vt.) RollCall.com. Retrieved August 19, 2015.
  32. ^ "Election Results Search: 1974 Election Results", sec.state.vt.us; further: pdf for "1974GEUSSen.xls". Citation for votes (total for Leahy and percentages calculated from spreadsheet). Retrieved May 2, 2015.
  33. ^ Nelson, Garrison, "Jim Jeffords: Reluctant Rebel" Section: "1974: Changing the Congressional Guard", vtdigger.org, September 14, 2014. Citation for other candidate's full names and brief bios. Retrieved May 2, 2015.
  34. ^ Arena Profile: Sen. Bernie Sanders. Politico. Retrieved August 19, 2015.
  35. ^ Bernard Sanders (1979). Eugene V. Debs: Trade Unionist, Socialist, Revolutionary, 1855-1926 - Introduction on YouTube. Retrieved July 13, 2015.
  36. ^ "Bernie Sanders Time Line: 2016 presidential campaign, U.S. senator, primary elections, socialist". Seven Days. September 17, 2014. Retrieved August 19, 2015.
  37. ^ "Re-election easy for Socialist mayor". Spokane Chronicle. Burlington, Vermont. March 4, 1987. p. A6.
  38. ^ "Senator Bernie Sanders". Vermont Progressive Party. Retrieved June 8, 2015.
  39. ^ Peter Dreier and Pierre Clavel (June 4, 2015). "Bernie's Burlington: What Kind of Mayor Was Bernie Sanders?". Huffington Post. Retrieved August 6, 2015.
  40. ^ "Chomsky Speech at Burlington City Hall - 1985". YouTube. Retrieved August 21, 2015.
  41. ^ a b Thomas, Ken (May 26, 2015). "Vermont's Sanders Kicks Off 2016 Bid From Clinton's Left". The New York Times. Associated Press. Retrieved August 19, 2015.
  42. ^ a b c d Reynolds, David (1997). Democracy Unbound: Progressive Challenges to the Two Party System. South End Press. p. 162.
  43. ^ http://www.kiplinger.com/slideshow/real-estate/T006-S003-10-great-places-to-live-2013/index.html
  44. ^ http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2015/08/20/bernie-sanders-is-the-uncola-of-american-politics/
  45. ^ "WSJ Sanders Profile". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved January 18, 2013.
  46. ^ "VT At-Large Race – Nov 08, 1988". ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved February 17, 2013.
  47. ^ Pertman, Adam (November 11, 1990). "'The Times Caught Up' To Vermont Socialist". The Boston Globe.
  48. ^ Vermont State archives, Race – 1994, ret. June 18, 2015
  49. ^ "Final Vote Results for Roll Call 534". Office of the Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives. Retrieved July 18, 2007.
  50. ^ "Final Vote Results for Roll Call 614". US House of Representatives. Office of the Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives. Retrieved November 17, 2014.
  51. ^ "Final Vote Results for Roll Call 342". Office of the Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives. Retrieved October 13, 2014. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
  52. ^ Johnsen, Gregory D. (January 16, 2014). "60 Words And A War Without End: The Untold Story Of The Most Dangerous Sentence In U.S. History". Buzzfeed. Retrieved October 13, 2014.
  53. ^ "Final Vote Results for Roll Call 398". Office of the Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives. Retrieved May 19, 2015.
  54. ^ Hudson, David L., Jr. (May 25, 2004). "Patriot Act". Libraries and First Amendment. First Amendment Center. Retrieved May 19, 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  55. ^ Sanders, Bernie (May 7, 2015). "Bernie Sanders: It's Time To End Orwellian Surveillance of Every American". Time. Retrieved July 19, 2015.
  56. ^ Yost, Pete (April 7, 2006). "Libby: Bush, Cheney OK'd leak campaign". Associated Press. Retrieved July 18, 2007.
  57. ^ "Sanders' Freedom to Read Language Dropped from Spending Bill". American Library Association Washington Office Newsline. 14 (107). November 4, 2005. Archived from the original on June 4, 2006.
  58. ^ "H.R.1606 - Online Freedom of Speech Act: Final Vote Results For Roll Call 559". Congress.gov. November 2, 2005.
  59. ^ "Vermont Town Votes to Impeach President". Associated Press. March 8, 2006. Retrieved July 19, 2015. Sanders said in a statement that although the Bush administration 'has been a disaster for our country, and a number of actions that he has taken may very well not have been legal,' given the reality that the Republicans control the House and the Senate, 'it would be impractical to talk about impeachment.'
  60. ^ Office of Bernie Sanders (May 20, 2004). "Sanders Blasts Bush's Housing Secretary on Housing Cuts in Vermont". US House of Representatives. Archived from the original on September 26, 2006. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
  61. ^ Sanders, Bernie (June 24, 2005). "Have They No Shame?". TPMCafe.com. Archived from the original on November 14, 2007. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
  62. ^ "(VIDEO) Bernie Speaks Out Against The President's Attempt to Eliminate Critical Program Providing Food to Low-Income Seniors". Internet Archive: Wayback Machine. February 20, 2006. Archived from the original on September 26, 2006. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
  63. ^ "Statement of Congressman Sanders on 7/16/2003 regarding: Congressman Sanders' Questioning of Federal Reserve Chairman Greenspan". Archived from the original on September 26, 2006. Retrieved August 29, 2010 – via Web.archive.org.
  64. ^ Bernie Sanders vs. Alan Greenspan (Best Video Quality). C-SPAN video on YouTube, retrieved June 20, 2015.
  65. ^ "News Sept 24 – Newsroom: U.S. Senator Bernie Sanders (Vermont)". Senate.gov. September 24, 2008. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
  66. ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WJaW32ZTyKE
  67. ^ "Transcript for May 22 – Meet the Press, online at MSNBC". MSNBC. May 22, 2005. Retrieved August 1, 2011.
  68. ^ Krieg, Gregory (July 9, 2015). "Watch Young Senator Barack Obama Campaign for Bernie Sanders in 2006". mic.com. Retrieved July 20, 2015. Back in March 2006, the future president traveled to Vermont to headline a rally and fundraiser for then-Rep. Bernie Sanders, an independent running for Senate, and Pete Welch, a Democrat seeking election to Sanders' House seat.
  69. ^ Taylor, Jessica (June 24, 2015). "This Quirky New Hampshire Law Might Keep Bernie Sanders Off The Ballot". NPR. Retrieved July 20, 2015. He did appear on the Democratic primary ballot in Vermont for the Senate in both 2006 and 2012, winning their primary, but he declined the nomination both times so he could run as an independent.
  70. ^ Nichols, John (May 26, 2015). "'Don't Underestimate Me': Bernie Sanders Knows a Thing or Two About Winning". The Nation. Retrieved July 20, 2015. When Vermont Senator Jim Jeffords, a Republican who turned independent in his last term, announced that he was stepping down in 2006, Sanders jumped into a race that a number of Democrats would have liked to run. He won the Democratic primary and then declined the nomination, mounting an audacious independent run that was not supposed to be easy.
  71. ^ Ring, Wilson (November 7, 2006). "Sanders, Welch are winners in Vermont". Boston Globe. Associated Press. Retrieved January 25, 2007.
  72. ^ "Vermont Election Results". Decision 2012. NBC News. Retrieved April 21, 2013.
  73. ^ Easley, Jason (August 2, 2011). "Americans Love Socialism: Bernie Sanders Is The 3rd Most Popular US Senator". Politics USA. Retrieved July 18, 2015.
  74. ^ Ackerman, Seth (June 29, 2015). "Give the People What They Want". Jacobin. Retrieved July 19, 2015.
  75. ^ "(Video) Bailout Petition Statement". Senate.gov. September 24, 2008. Archived from the original on October 14, 2008. Retrieved August 29, 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  76. ^ "U.S. Senate: Legislation & Records Home – Votes – Roll Call Vote". Senate.gov. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
  77. ^ Burleigh, Nina (October 25, 2011). "Bernie Sanders' war on the banks". Salon.com. Retrieved July 19, 2015. 'Enough is enough!' he cried out at one point 'How many homes can you own?'
  78. ^ a b Nichols, John (December 29, 2010). "That 'Sanders for President' Talk is Real Enough, But Bernie's Not Going There". The Nation.
  79. ^ "Sen. Bernie Sanders' 8 1/2-hour Speech to be Sold in Book Form". Burlington Free Press. January 20, 2011. Retrieved January 20, 2011.
  80. ^ Lawler, Joseph (December 26, 2014). "Sanders names 'deficit owl' his chief economist". Washington Examiner. Retrieved July 18, 2015.
  81. ^ Resnikoff, Ned (February 19, 2015). "Bernie Sanders, mulling presidential run, adopts novel stance on deficit". Al Jazeera. Retrieved March 25, 2015.
  82. ^ Pointdujour, Prisca (May 2, 2015). "Elizabeth Warren praises Bernie Sanders prez bid". Boston Herald. Retrieved May 3, 2015.
  83. ^ Bradner, Eric (April 30, 2015). "Sanders doesn't want billionaires' backing". CNN. Retrieved May 4, 2015.
  84. ^ Thomas, Ken (May 1, 2015). "Sanders raises $1.5M after announcing presidential bid". Yahoo News. Associated Press. Retrieved July 19, 2015.
  85. ^ Krieg, Gregory (May 7, 2015). "Bernie Sanders Raised $3 Million From Small Donors in the First Four Days of His Campaign". Mic. Retrieved May 7, 2015.
  86. ^ Corasaniti, Nick (May 18, 2015). "Seeking the Presidency, Bernie Sanders Becomes Facebook Royalty Through Quirky Sharing". The New York Times. Retrieved May 21, 2015.
  87. ^ Lisa Lerer (July 30, 2015). More than 100,000 people participated in a mega-grassroots Bernie Sanders event. Business Insider. Retrieved August 19, 2015.
  88. ^ Seelye, Katherine Q. (June 25, 2015). "New Hampshire Poll Shows Bernie Sanders in Dead Heat With Hillary Clinton". The New York Times. Retrieved June 26, 2015.
  89. ^ Jacobs, Ben (June 25, 2015). "Bernie Sanders closes on Hillary Clinton in New Hampshire Democrats poll". The Guardian. Retrieved July 2, 2015.
  90. ^ Sofia Tesfaye (June 16, 2015). America is feeling the Bern: Bernie Sanders draws overflow crowds — and surges in the polls. Salon.com. Retrieved June 16, 2015.
  91. ^ John Wagner (June 15, 2015). Meet the people coming to see Bernie Sanders in Iowa. The Washington Post. Retrieved June 16, 2015.
  92. ^ Tamara Keith (June 15, 2015). Bernie Sanders 'Stunned' By Large Crowds Showing Up For Him. NPR. Retrieved June 16, 2015.
  93. ^ Seitz-Wald, Alex. "Bernie Sanders draws biggest crowd of any 2016 candidate yet". MSNBC. Retrieved July 2, 2015.
  94. ^ Reilly, Mollie. "Bernie Sanders Draws His Biggest Crowd Yet In Progressive Stronghold". Huffington Post. Retrieved July 2, 2015.
  95. ^ Wagner, John (July 19, 2015). "Bernie Sanders draws his biggest crowd yet — in Arizona of all places". The Washington Post. Retrieved July 21, 2015.
  96. ^ Connelly, Joel (August 8, 2015). "Bernie Sanders draws 15,000 people at UW, state's biggest political crowd since 2010 Obama visit". Seattle PI. Retrieved August 9, 2015.
  97. ^ Chris Cillizza (August 10, 2015). This Bernie Sanders crowd shot should make Hillary Clinton a little jittery. The Washington Post. Retrieved August 10, 2015.
  98. ^ Ben Schreckinger and Jonathan topaz (July 6, 2015). The socialist surge. Politico. Retrieved August 18, 2015.
  99. ^ "On the Issues: Income and Wealth Inequality". BernieSanders.com. Retrieved August 19, 2015.
  100. ^ Samantha Lachman (July 22, 2015). Bernie Sanders Introduces $15 Minimum Wage Bill As Federal Contract Workers Strike. The Huffington Post. Retrieved August 18, 2015.
  101. ^ Jaffe, Sarah (July 14, 2009). "Sanders Schools McCain on Public Healthcare". The Nation. Retrieved October 16, 2013. Senator Bernie Sanders is one of the Senate's fiercest advocates for real healthcare reform that puts Americans, not private insurance companies, first. Recently, Sanders told The Nation's Katrina vanden Heuvel, '[I]f you are serious about real healthcare reform, the only way to go is single-payer.'
  102. ^ Dash, Stephen (April 22, 2015). "What Is Bernie Sanders' Endgame for College Affordability and Student Loans?". The Huffington Post. Retrieved August 18, 2015.
  103. ^ Resnikoff, Ned (May 19, 2015). "Bernie Sanders unveils plan for tuition-free public colleges". Al Jazeera America. Retrieved August 18, 2015.
  104. ^ Sanders Files Bill to Strengthen, Expand Social Security. Senate.gov. March 12, 2015.
  105. ^ "FAMILY VALUES AGENDA: PAID FAMILY LEAVE, PAID SICK LEAVE, PAID VACATION" (PDF). Retrieved August 18, 2015.
  106. ^ Bernie Sanders at People’s Climate March: To Stop Global Warming, Get Dirty Money Out of Politics. Democracy now! September 22, 2014.
  107. ^ Ashley Halsey III (January 27, 2015).Bernie Sanders wants to spend $1 trillion on infrastruture. The Washington Post. Retrieved August 18, 2015.
  108. ^ Sanders, Bernie (May 21, 2015). "The TPP Must Be Defeated". The Huffington Post. Retrieved August 18, 2015.
  109. ^ "Legislation – Campaign Finance: Bernie Sanders – U.S. Senator for Vermont". Senate.gov. Retrieved February 17, 2013.
  110. ^ Sanders, Bernie (March 22, 2015). "If We Don't Overturn Citizens United, The Congress Will Become Paid Employees of the Billionaire Class". Huffington Post. Retrieved August 18, 2015.
  111. ^ Issues: Racial Justice. BernieSanders.com. Retrieved August 18, 2015.
  112. ^ Sanders, Bernie (May 7, 2015). "Break Up Big Banks". The Huffington Post. Retrieved August 18, 2015.
  113. ^ Everett, Burgess. "Bernie Sanders backs big bank breakups, in contrast with Hillary Clinton". Politico. Politico. Retrieved August 18, 2015.
  114. ^ Flashback: Rep. Bernie Sanders Opposes Iraq War Official Senate Site
  115. ^ Krieg, Gregory (May 7, 2015). Bernie Sanders Rips NSA Spying and Pushes for End to Mass Surveillance. Mic.com. Retrieved August 18, 2015.
  116. ^ Lyons, Kim (April 29, 2015). "Bernie Sanders' Views on Gay Marriage Show He's Been a Supporter for a Long Time". Retrieved August 19, 2015.
  117. ^ Paige Lavender (July 29, 2015). Bernie Sanders: GOP Efforts To Defund Planned Parenthood 'An Attack On Women's Health'. The Huffington Post. Retrieved August 18, 2015.
  118. ^ Greenhouse, Emily (May 12, 2015). "Getting to Know Jane Sanders, Wife of Bernie". Bloomberg. Retrieved August 19, 2015.
  119. ^ CNN Library (May 27, 2015). "Bernie Sanders Fast Facts". CNN. Retrieved August 19, 2015. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  120. ^ "Election results for East Oxford". Oxfordshire County Council. June 4, 2009. Retrieved May 19, 2014.
  121. ^ "Green County Councillor Retires". Oxfordshire Green Party. June 8, 2013. Retrieved July 18, 2015.
  122. ^ Hansen, Lauren (May 8, 2015). "Bernie Sanders' brother lost his longshot bid for British Parliament". The Week. Retrieved May 8, 2015.
  123. ^ Collinson, Stephen (May 7, 2015). "Bernie Sanders' brotherly love". CNN. Retrieved May 8, 2015.
  124. ^ Sanders, Bernie (February 15, 2015). "Pope Francis". Senate.gov. Retrieved June 13, 2015.

Further reading

  • Rice, Tom W. (Summer 1985). "Who Votes for a Socialist Mayor?: The Case of Burlington, Vermont". Polity. 17 (4). Palgrave Macmillan Journals: 795–806. doi:10.2307/3234575. JSTOR 3234575.
  • Rosenfeld, Steven (1992). Making History in Vermont: The Election of a Socialist to Congress. Wakefield, NH: Hollowbrook Publishing. ISBN 978-0893416980.
  • Soifer, Steven (1991). The Socialist Mayor: Bernard Sanders in Burlington, Vermont. Westport, CT: Praeger. ISBN 978-0897892193.
  • Sanders, Bernie (2012). The Speech: A Historic Filibuster on Corporate Greed and the Decline of Our Middle Class. CreateSpace Independent Publishing. ISBN 978-1468178470.
  • Sanders, Bernie (1998). Outsider in the House. Contributions by Huck Gutman. Verso. ISBN 978-1859841778.
Wikiquote has quotations related to Bernie Sanders.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bernie Sanders.
Political offices
Preceded by
Gordon Paquette
 Mayor of Burlington
1981–1989 		Succeeded by
U.S. House of Representatives
Preceded by Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Vermont's At-large congressional district
1991–2007 		Succeeded by
Party political offices
Preceded by Democratic nominee for U.S. Senator from Vermont
(Class 1)
Affiliated
2006, 2012 		Most recent
U.S. Senate
Preceded by U.S. Senator (Class 1) from Vermont
2007–present
Served alongside: Patrick Leahy 		Incumbent
Preceded by Chairman of the Senate Veterans' Affairs Committee
2013–2015 		Succeeded by
U.S. order of precedence (ceremonial)
Preceded by United States Senators by seniority
37th 		Succeeded by
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bernie_Sanders&oldid=677194727"