Kirshenbaum
Kirshenbaum, sometimes called ASCII-IPA or erkIPA, is a system used to represent the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) in ASCII. This way it allows typewriting IPA-symbols by regular keyboard. It was developed for Usenet, notably the newsgroups sci.lang and alt.usage.english. It is named after Evan Kirshenbaum, who led the collaboration that created it.
The system uses almost all lower-case letters to represent the directly corresponding IPA character, but unlike X-SAMPA, has the notable exception of the letter 'r'. Examples where the two systems have a different mapping between characters and sounds are:
| Sound | IPA | X-SAMPA | Kirshenbaum |
|---|---|---|---|
| alveolar trill | r | r |
r<trl>
|
| alveolar approximant | ɹ | r\ |
r
|
| near-open front unrounded vowel | æ | { |
&
|
| open back rounded vowel | ɒ | Q |
A.
|
| open-mid central unrounded vowel | ɜ | 3 |
V"
|
| primary stress | ˈ | " |
'
|
| secondary stress | ˌ | % |
,
|
Kirshenbaum charts of consonants and vowels
This chart is based on information provided in the Kirshenbaum specification.[1][2] It may also be helpful to compare it to the SAMPA chart or X-SAMPA chart.
Consonant chart
| Place of articulation → | Labial | Coronal | Dorsal | Laryngeal | Alveolar laterals | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bilabial | Labio‐ dental |
Dental | Alveolar | Retro‐ flex |
Palato‐ alveolar |
Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Labio‐ velar |
Pharyn‐ geal |
Glottal | ||
| Manner of articulation ↓ | |||||||||||||
| Nasals | m
|
M
|
n[
|
n
|
n.
|
n^
|
N
|
n"
|
n<lbv>
|
||||
| Stops | p b
|
t[ d[
|
t d
|
t. d.
|
c J
|
k g
|
q G
|
t<lbv> d<lbv>
|
?
|
||||
| Fricatives | P B
|
f v
|
T D
|
s z
|
s. z.
|
S Z
|
C C<vcd>
|
x Q
|
X g"
|
w<vls> w
|
H H<vcd>
|
h<?>
|
s<lat> z<lat>
|
| Approximants | r<lbd>
|
r[
|
r
|
r.
|
j
|
j<vel>
|
g"
|
w
|
h
|
||||
| Laterals | l[
|
l
|
l.
|
l^
|
L
|
||||||||
| Trills | b<trl>
|
r<trl>
|
r"
|
||||||||||
| Flaps | *
|
*.
|
*<lat>
| ||||||||||
| Ejectives | p`
|
t[`
|
t`
|
c`
|
k`
|
q`
|
|||||||
| Implosives | b`
|
d`
|
d`
|
J`
|
g`
|
G`
|
|||||||
| Clicks | p!
|
t!
|
c![3]
|
c![3]
|
k!
|
l!
| |||||||
The IPA consonant chart, for comparison, uses many symbols that are less widely supported:
Vowel chart
| Kirshenbaum simplified chart of vowels (the paired signs are unrounded/rounded vowels; symbols in parentheses designate vowels that exist in some oral languages, but do not have IPA signs) | ||||
| Front | Central | Back | Rhotic | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i y
|
i" u"
|
u- u
|
|
| Near-close | I I.
|
(U-) U
|
||
| Close-mid | e Y
|
@<umd> @.
|
o- o
|
R<umd>
|
| Mid | @
|
R
| ||
| Open-mid | E W
|
V" O"
|
V O
|
|
| Near-open | &
|
&"
|
(no symbols) | |
| Open | a.
|
(a" A".)
|
A A.
|
|
The IPA vowel chart, by comparison, uses many symbols that are less widely supported:
| IPA: Vowels | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Legend: unrounded • rounded |
Vowel modifiers and diacritics
Modifiers and diacritics follow the symbol they modify.
| Modifier/diacritic | Meaning |
|---|---|
~
|
Nasalized |
:
|
Long |
-
|
Unrounded |
.
|
Rounded |
"
|
Centralized |
<?>
|
Murmured |
<r>
|
Rhoticized |
Stress is indicated by ' for primary stress, and , for secondary stress, placed before the stressed syllable.
Background
The Kirshenbaum started developing in August 1992 through a usenet group, after "being fed up with describing the sound of words by using other words".[4] It should be usable for both phonemic and narrow phonetic transcription.
- It should be possible to represent all symbols and diacritics in the IPA.
- The previous guideline notwithstanding, it is expected that (as in the past) most use will be in transcribing English, so where tradeoffs are necessary, decisions should be made in favor of ease of representation of phonemes which are common in English.
- The representation should be readable.
- It should be possible to mechanically translate from the representation to a character set which includes IPA. The reverse would also be nice.[5]
The developers decided to use the existing IPA alphabet, mapping each segment to a single keyboard character, and adding extra ASCII characters optionally for IPA diacritics.
An early (1993), different set in ASCII was derived from the pronunciation guide in Merriam-Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary, which uses straight letters to describe the sound.[6]
References
- ^ http://www.kirshenbaum.net/IPA/ascii-ipa.pdf
- ^ "Hewlett Packard Labs".
- ^ a b Kirshembaum assigned ⟨c!⟩ to IPA ⟨ʗ⟩, which he used indifferently for both alveolar ⟨ǃ⟩ and palatal ⟨ǂ⟩ clicks.
- ^ "Usenet IPA/ASCII transcription".
- ^ Usenet IPA/ASCII transcription
- ^ "FAQ: Summary of IPA/ASCII transcription for English".
External links
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