Walt Disney Animation Studios

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Walt Disney Animation Studios
Type Division of Walt Disney Studios
Industry Motion pictures
Founded October 16, 1923[1]
Founder(s) Walt Disney and Roy O. Disney
Headquarters

Burbank, CA, USA

2100 W Riverside Dr.[2]
Key people Ed Catmull (President)
John Lasseter (Chief Creative Officer)
Andrew Millstein (General Manager)
Products Animated films
Parent The Walt Disney Studios[3]
(The Walt Disney Company)
Divisions DisneyToon Studios[4][5]
Website disneyanimation.com

Walt Disney Animation Studios, headquartered in Burbank, California,[6] and formerly known as Walt Disney Feature Animation and Walt Disney Productions, is an American animation studio which creates animated feature films, short films and TV specials for The Walt Disney Company. The studio is a unit of The Walt Disney Studios. It was founded on October 16, 1923[1] as Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio, but was incorporated as Walt Disney Productions in 1929. The studio has produced 52 feature films,[7] beginning with Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937), and most recently with Wreck-It Ralph (2012).

The animated short subjects and, from 1934 on, feature animation operations, were originally integrated parts of the business, and the Walt Disney Pictures division was established in 1950 for the production of live-action films. During The Walt Disney Company corporate restructuring in 1986, Walt Disney Productions officially became a subsidiary of the company under the name Walt Disney Feature Animation. The studio took on its current name in 2007, when it was folded under the same division as The Walt Disney Company's recently acquired Pixar Animation Studios.

For much of its existence, the studio was recognized as the premiere American animation studio, and developed many of the techniques which became standard practices of traditional animation.[8] The studio's catalog of animated features are among the Disney studio's most notable assets, and the stars of its animated shorts – Mickey Mouse, Donald Duck, Goofy, and Pluto – have gone on to become popular figures in popular culture and mascots of The Walt Disney Company as a whole.

In 2006, Pixar executives Edwin Catmull and John Lasseter assumed the studio as President and Chief Creative Officer,[9] respectively. Since the release of Meet the Robinsons the following year, the studio has had a new logo to make themselves separate from Pixar. The logo features the iconic image of Mickey Mouse in the classic short, Steamboat Willie. Their 53rd feature, Frozen, is currently in production and set for release on November 27, 2013. Their 54th, Big Hero 6, is set for release on November 7, 2014.

Contents

History [edit]

Kansas City, Missouri natives Walt Disney and Roy O. Disney founded the Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio in Los Angeles in 1923, producing a series of silent Alice Comedies short films featuring a live-action child actress in an animated world. The Alice Comedies were distributed by Margaret J. Winkler's Winkler Pictures, which later also distributed a second Disney short subject series, the all-animated Oswald the Lucky Rabbit, through Universal Pictures starting in 1927. The Disney studio was set up in storefront offices on Kingswell Avenue in downtown Los Angeles until moving to a new building built on a lot at 2719 Hyperion Avenue.

After the first year's worth of Oswalds, Walt Disney attempted to renew his contract with Winkler Pictures, but Charles Mintz, who had taken over the business after marrying Margaret Winkler, wanted to force Disney to accept a lower advance payment for each Oswald short. Disney refused, and as Universal rather than Disney owned the rights to Oswald, Mintz set up his own animation studio to produce Oswald cartoons. hiring most of Disney's staff to move over once Disney's contract with Mintz and Universal was done in mid-1928.

Working in secret while the rest of the staff finished the remaining Oswalds on contract, Disney and his head animator Ub Iwerks led a small handful of loyal staffers in producing cartoons starring a new character named Mickey Mouse. The first two Mickey Mouse cartoons, Plane Crazy and The Galloping Gaucho, made only mild impressions when previewed in limited engagements during the summer of 1928. For the third Mickey cartoon, however, Disney produced a sound track, collaborating with musician Carl Stalling and businessman Pat Powers, who provided Disney with his bootlegged "Cinephone" sound-on-film process. Subsequently, the third Mickey Mouse cartoon, Steamboat Willie, became Disney's first cartoon with synchronized sound, and was a major success upon its November 1928 debut at the West 57th Theatre in New York City. The Mickey Mouse series of sound cartoons, distributed by Powers through Celebrity Productions, quickly became the most popular cartoon series in the United States. A second Disney series of sound cartoons, the Silly Symphonies, debuted in 1929 with The Skeleton Dance. Each Silly Symphony was a one-shot cartoon centered around music or a particular theme.

Walt Disney Productions [edit]

In 1930, disputes over finances between Disney and Powers led to Disney's studio, reincorporated on December 16, 1929[ChWDC 1] as Walt Disney Productions, signing a new distribution contract with Columbia Pictures. Powers in return signed away Ub Iwerks, who began producing cartoons at his own studio.

Columbia distributed Disney's shorts for two years before the Disney entered a new distribution deal with United Artists in 1932. The same year, Disney signed a two-year exclusive deal with Technicolor to utilize its new 3-strip color film process. The result was the Silly Symphony Flowers and Trees, the first full-color animated film. Flowers and Trees was a major success, and all Silly Symphonies were subsequently produced in Technicolor. The 1933 Technicolor Silly Symphony Three Little Pigs became a major box office and pop culture success, with its theme song "Who's Afraid of the Big Bad Wolf" becoming a popular hit song.

In 1934, Walt Disney gathered several key staff members and announced his plans to make his first feature animated film. Despite derision from most of the film industry, who dubbed the production "Disney's Folly", Disney proceeded undaunted into the production of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, which would become the first animated feature in English and Technicolor. Considerable training and development went into the production of Snow White, with Silly Symphonies such as The Goddess of Spring (1934) and The Old Mill (1937) serving as experimentation grounds for new techniques. These included the animation of realistic human figures, special effects animation, and the use of the multiplane camera, an invention which split animation artwork layers into several planes, allowing the camera to appear to move dimensionally through an animated scene.

Snow White cost Disney a then-expensive sum of $1.4 million to complete, and was an unprecedented success when released in February 1938 by RKO Radio Pictures, which had assumed distribution of Disney product from Untied Artists in 1937. Snow White was briefly the highest grossing film of all time before the success of Gone With the Wind two years later. The profits from Snow White were used to build a new Disney studio on Buena Vista Street in Burbank, where the Walt Disney Company remains headquartered to this day.

During the production of Snow White, work had continued on the Mickey Mouse and Silly Symphonies series of shorts. Mickey Mouse had switched to Technicolor in 1935, by which time the series had added several major supporting characters, among them Mickey's dog Pluto and his friends Donald Duck and Goofy. All three would begin appearing in series of their own by 1940, and the Donald Duck cartoons would eclipse the Mickey Mouse series in popularity. The Silly Symphonies, which garnered seven Academy Awards for Best Short Subject: Cartoons, ended in 1939, replaced by a series of irregularly releasedWalt Disney Specials shorts.

1940s [edit]

The huge success of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs allowed the studio to produce a new animated features, including Pinocchio (1940) and Fantasia (1940), an experimental film produced to an accompanying orchestral arrangement conducted by Leopold Stokowski. Dumbo (1941) and Bambi (1942) premiered in the following years.[citation needed]

Production of features was temporarily suspended due to World War II, between the releases of Bambi (1942) and Cinderella (1950). This was partly because many of the animators got drafted, partly because the European market was cut off by the war, and partly because a huge amount of what the studio produced was for the army, especially propaganda films. From 1942 to 1943, 95 percent of the studio's animation was for the military.[10] The next several features consisted of package films composed of short subjects, some already pre-existing. These films are Saludos Amigos (1942), The Three Caballeros (1944), Make Mine Music (1946), Fun and Fancy Free (1947), Melody Time (1948) and The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad (1949). Two associated productions, Song of the South (1946) and So Dear to My Heart (1948), were a combination of animated and live-action footage.[citation needed]

1950s [edit]

Production of original features resumed after World War II, leading the release of Cinderella (1950), proving the viability of the animated feature. New films are followed throughout in 50s, including Alice in Wonderland (1951), Peter Pan (1953), Lady and the Tramp (1955) and Sleeping Beauty (1959).[7] In particular, Sleeping Beauty failed to achieve a good box office. The high production costs of the film slate resulted in the studio posting its first annual loss in a decade for fiscal year 1960,[11] and massive layoffs were done throughout the animation department.[12]

1960s [edit]

Although not a box office success, Sleeping Beauty provided a stylistic shift for the studio, leading to renewed interest through the 60s. However, all these features were very expensive undertakings. Some of these films sustained losses and did not recoup their costs until decades after their original releases. In 1962, Walt Disney shut down the corporation's short subject department, focusing its attention mainly on television and feature film production, with the occasional short subject.[citation needed]

One Hundred and One Dalmatians (1961) and The Sword in the Stone (1963) managed to balance the studio with a positive box office. Walt Disney died in 1966, during the production of The Jungle Book (1967).[citation needed]

1970s [edit]

Walt Disney's death coincided with a decline in both revenue and quality of the department's output. The 70s saw a decline in popularity that would spread to the 1980s. Features like The Aristocats (1970), Robin Hood (1973), and The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh (1977) succeeded in obtaining box office pleasant, but it was increasingly clear the creative difficulties that studio passed; The Rescuers (1977) was more superior and a true Disney classic to the previous three features, receiving broad critical acclaim, great commercial success, and an Academy Award nomination; it ended up being the third highest grossing film in 1977 respectively behind Close Encounters of the Third Kind and Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope and the most successful Disney animated film since The Jungle Book, but all that great success of The Rescuers lasted for a short time and some of the famed Disney animators, including Milt Kahl, left Disney because of the new general direction at Disney was dramatically drifting away from what Walt and his brother Roy had established. In 1979, Don Bluth left the studio and created his own studio, producing works that arguably surpassed Disney quality and, for a time, challenged Disney's economic dominance in the field.[citation needed]

1980s [edit]

The proverbial "rock bottom" for the studio came in 1985 when The Black Cauldron failed to break even. It was so poorly received that it would not be released for home viewing more than a decade following its initial theatrical release. But the administration of Michael Eisner, associated with creative leadership of Jeffrey Katzenberg, would see a shift in quality and style in the studios.

Walt Disney Feature Animation (1986–2006) [edit]

Walt Disney Feature Animation logo from 1997 to 2006.

Now renamed Walt Disney Feature Animation, the studio's features soon became bombastic animated musicals, using music as well as high-quality animation to attract audiences. This coincided with the introduction of computer-aided animation techniques, the first of which was CAPS in the late 80s. Also playing a role was Who Framed Roger Rabbit, an associated production film with both live action and animated element that helped respark interest in the studio animation.[citation needed]

A division of the studio, called Walt Disney Feature Animation Florida, opened in 1989 with 40 employees. Its offices were in the Disney-MGM Studios complex of theme parks and visitors were allowed to tour the studio to observe animators at work.[13]

Beginning with Oliver & Company and Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988), the studio released a string of profitable and enduring blockbusters.[citation needed] Referred to as the "Disney Renaissance", the next five films — The Little Mermaid (1989) (Walt Disney Feature Animation first animated film as a fairy tale in 30 years), Beauty and the Beast (1991), Aladdin (1992), The Lion King (1994), and Pocahontas (1995) — would each win the Academy Award for Best Original Score and Best Original Song. Beauty and the Beast was nominated for Best Picture of 1991. The Lion King still stands as the highest-grossing traditionally-animated feature ever made, being the top money-maker among all films in North America in 1994.[citation needed]

On October 7, 1992, the Walt Disney Feature Animation Florida division was incorporated.[14] In April 1996, Disney purchased Dream Quest Images to replace Buena Vista Visual Effects.[15] In October 1999, Dream Quest Images merged with Walt Disney Feature Animation computer-graphics operation to form The Secret Lab[16]

Competition from other studios drove animator salaries to a high level, making traditional animated features even more costly to produce. Beginning in 2000, massive layoffs brought staff numbers down to 600. Following a string of dismal performances, and the rise of studios that relied on computer animation like Pixar, DreamWorks Animation and Blue Sky Studios, Disney converted Walt Disney Feature Animation into a CGI studio, performing more layoffs and selling off its traditional animation equipment. The strategy to transition from traditional, hand-drawn cel animation to CGI was developed by Disney technological executive, Bob Lambert.[17]

In January 2003, Disney initiated a reorganization of its theatrical and animation units to improve resource usage and continued focus on new characters and franchise development. TV Animation was transferred to Disney Channel Worldwide.[18] Feature Animation closed its Paris Office.[19] While Disney MovieToons/Disney Video Premieres unit was transferred from Walt Disney Television Animation to Feature Animation and renamed DisneyToon Studios in June.[5] Additional, Feature Animation was transfered to The Walt Disney Studios.[3]

On November 30, 2003, Roy E. Disney resigned as Chairman of Feature Animation along with his other positions with Disney in opposition to Michael Eisner.[20]

On January 12, 2004, Disney shut down Walt Disney Feature Animation Florida.[13] The Orlando studio was partially turned into a walk-through attraction. The rest of the studio was converted into theme park management offices. What was purported to be the final traditionally-animated feature by Walt Disney Feature Animation was Home on the Range (2004).[citation needed] The first CGI film of the studio was Chicken Little (2005).[19] In 2004, the Disney Circle 7 Animation unit was formed within Feature Animation as a CG animation studio to create Disney-owned Pixar properties sequels.[21][22]

Walt Disney Animation Studios (2006–) [edit]

The transition to CGI was not enough to renew interest in Disney animation, as Walt Disney Feature Animation features were routinely outperformed by those of corporate partner Pixar, who The Walt Disney Company had originally contracted to create CGI films. In response to this, Disney purchased Pixar in 2006.[23] On March 21, 2006, Circle 7 was shut down, and 80% of the studios employees was transferred to Walt Disney Feature Animation.[24] Walt Disney Feature Animation was renamed Walt Disney Animation Studios,[citation needed] and as part of the acquisition, Pixar and Walt Disney Animation Studios continue to maintain separate studios and release their films under separate banners, with former Pixar executives Edwin Catmull and John Lasseter serving as both studios' president and Chief Creative Officer, respectively.[25]

In a change of strategy, Lasseter re-positioned Walt Disney Animation Studios as a traditional animation house. With CAPS dismantled and obsolete, hand-drawn animation moved to the Toon Boom Harmony software suite used by DisneyToon Studios. The Princess and the Frog, the first traditionally-animated film, was released in late 2009, and succeeded in renewing interest in the medium. Also in 2009, Walt Disney Animation Studios produced their first animated TV special, the CGI Prep & Landing for the self-owned over-the-air television entity, ABC.[citation needed]

Walt Disney Animation Studios' 50th animated motion picture, Tangled, its first CGI animated fairy tale, was released in late 2010. Shortly after the film's release, the Los Angeles Times reported that Ed Catmull said the "princess" genre of films was taking a hiatus until, "someone has a fresh take on it ... but we don't have any other musicals or fairytales lined up." He explained that they were looking to get away from the princess era due to the changes in audience composition and preference.[26] However in the Facebook page, Ed Catmull stated that this was just a rumor. Frozen, Disney's second CGI animated fairy tale, will be released in late 2013, further justifying that statement as only a rumor.[citation needed]

Studio [edit]

Management [edit]

John Lasseter, Walt Disney Animation Studios' Chief Creative Officer, with George Lucas in 2009.

From 1985 until his resignation in November 2003, Walt Disney Feature Animation was officially headed by Chairman Roy E. Disney, who exercised much influence within the division. Most decisions, however, were made by the Walt Disney Feature Animation President, who officially reported to Disney but who in practice also reported to the Disney's studio chairman as well as its corporate chairman and CEO, Michael Eisner. The former presidents of Walt Disney Feature Animation were Peter Schneider (1985 – December 1999), Thomas Schumacher (January 2000 – December 2002), and David Stainton (January 2003 – January 2006).[4]

As of May 2006, Ed Catmull serves as president of Walt Disney Animation Studios and Pixar Animation Studios, and John Lasseter serves as the studios' Chief Creative Officer.[25]

In September 2008, Andrew Millstein was named general manager of Walt Disney Animation Studios. Millstein is in charge of the day-to-day running of the studio facilities and products.[27]

Locations [edit]

Walt Disney Animation Studios is headquartered in the Roy E. Disney Animation building in Burbank, California, across the street from The Walt Disney Studios, where its original animated studio was located. Satellite studios were located around the world in Paris, France; Tokyo, Japan; and even at Disney's Hollywood Studios, one of the four theme parks at Walt Disney World, Florida, before being shut down in 2003 and 2004 as a result of the continuing struggles of Disney's animated films at the box office. The Hollywood Studios location survives as a show and tour called The Magic of Disney Animation, which highlights the different stages in animating a feature-length film.[citation needed]

Filmography [edit]

Feature films [edit]

Main article: List of Walt Disney Animation Studios films

Walt Disney Animation Studios has released 52 feature films in what is known as the Disney Animation Canon. Each film is assigned a number that denotes the chronological order that each film was released in. Films in the canon include Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, Fantasia, Cinderella, Lady and the Tramp, The Little Mermaid, Beauty and the Beast, The Lion King, and Aladdin. Recent films released by Disney Animation include Tangled and Winnie the Pooh. The studio's most recent feature is Wreck-It Ralph, a film about the world inside arcade games, released in November 2012. The studio's next project is Frozen, a musical adaptation of the Hans Christian Andersen story, The Snow Queen, scheduled for November 2013.[citation needed]

Short films [edit]

Main article: List of Disney animated shorts

Ever since the Alice Comedies of the 1920s, Disney has produced animated shorts. Shorts often would be part of a series that revolved around a character such as Mickey Mouse, Oswald the Lucky Rabbit, Donald Duck, etc., or a musical theme such as the Silly Symphonies. After the move to Burbank, Walt Disney Animation Studios continued to produce animated shorts. Shorts also provided a medium for the studio to experiment with new technologies that they would use in their filmmaking process such as the synchronization of sound in Steamboat Willie, the integration of the Technicolor process in Flowers and Trees, the multiplane camera in The Old Mill, xerography in Goliath II, and traditional/CGI hybrid animation in Paperman.[citation needed]

Collaborations [edit]

Parks and resorts [edit]

Walt Disney Animation Studios has occasionally joined forces with Walt Disney Imagineering, Pixar and DisneyToon Studios to create attractions for various Disney theme parks and resorts around the world that requires the expertise of Disney animators. Among this select number of attractions are:

Walt Disney Animation Studios and Walt Disney Imagineering also collaborated with the in-house entertainment studios at Disneyland, Disney's Hollywood Studios and Tokyo DisneySea to develop the nighttime Fantasmic! show. The studio and Pixar also joined Walt Disney Creative Entertainment to create World of Color, a nighttime hydrotechnic show at Disney California Adventure Park, and Disney Dreams!, a multimedia nighttime show at Disneyland Park Paris..[citation needed]

Video games [edit]

Walt Disney Animation Studios did the sprites and backgrounds for the Sega Genesis, Commodore, Amiga and PC versions of the video game for Disney's Aladdin, and the Super Nintendo, Genesis, Amiga and PC versions of the video game adaptation of The Lion King.

Animated features [edit]

Walt Disney Animation Studios also provided second-layering traditional animation for the Walt Disney Pictures film The Nightmare Before Christmas.[28] In 1995, Walt Disney Animation Studios provided additional animation and story for Disney Toon Studios' A Goofy Movie.

Achievements [edit]

Question book-new.svg
 This section does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2013)

Walt Disney Animation Studios is noted for creating a number of now-standard innovations in the animation industry, including:

Technical achievements [edit]

Feature achievements [edit]

See also [edit]

Documentary films about Disney animation [edit]

References [edit]

  1. ^ a b http://thewaltdisneycompany.com/disney-companies/studio-entertainment
  2. ^ http://www.disneyanimation.com/aboutus/contact.html
  3. ^ a b Godfrey, Leigh (January 3, 2003). "David Stainton Named President, Disney Feature Animation". AWN News. Retrieved 27 February 2013. 
  4. ^ a b Amidi, Amid (January 24, 2006). "David Stainton Out!". Cartoon Brew. Retrieved December 10, 2012. 
  5. ^ a b Baisley, Sarah (June 16, 2003). "DisneyToon Studios Builds Slate Under New Name and Homes for Needy". Animation World Network. Retrieved 26 February 2013. 
  6. ^ http://www.disneyanimation.com/studio/ourstudio
  7. ^ a b http://www.disneyanimation.com/studio/history
  8. ^ http://www.animationschooldaily.com/?p=889
  9. ^ http://www.nbcnews.com/id/11003466/ns/business-us_business/t/disney-buying-pixar-billion/#.US6qMzAQZqA
  10. ^ Monahan, Kathy. "Wartoons". Archives. The History Channel Club. Retrieved 26 February 2013. 
  11. ^ Thomas, Bob (1976). Walt Disney: An American Original (1994 ed.). New York: Hyperion Press. pp. 294–295. ISBN 0-7868-6027-8. 
  12. ^ Norman, Floyd (August 18, 2008). "Toon Tuesday : Here's to the real survivors". Jim Hill Media. Retrieved February 13, 2010. 
  13. ^ a b Drees, Rich. "Disney Closes Florida Animation Studio". filmbuffonline.com. Retrieved 6 December 2012. 
  14. ^ "WALT DISNEY FEATURE ANIMATION FLORIDA, INC.". Corporation Search. State of Florida, Department of State. Retrieved 24 February 2013. 
  15. ^ "Studio Shakeups". VFX HQ Spotlight. April 1996. Retrieved 23 February 2013. 
  16. ^ McNary, Dave (October 28, 1999). "DISNEY, DQI TO FORM THE SECRET LAB". Daily News (Los Angeles, CA). Retrieved 23 February 2013. 
  17. ^ Verrier, Richard (2012-09-11). "Digital media trailblazer and ex-Disney exec Bob Lambert dies". Los Angeles Times Company Town. Retrieved 2012-10-02. 
  18. ^ Godfrey, Leigh (January 3, 2003). "Disney Streamlines Television Animation Division". AWN News. Retrieved 27 February 2013. 
  19. ^ a b "Disney shutters Florida studio". CNN/Money. January 12, 2004. Retrieved 23 February 2013. 
  20. ^ Swartz, Jon; Michael McCarthy (December 1, 2003). "Disney vice chairman quits, says Eisner should go, too". USA Today. Retrieved 25 February 2013. 
  21. ^ Daly, Steve (Jun 16, 2006). "Woody: The Untold Story". Entertainment Weekly Magazine. Retrieved 21 February 2013. 
  22. ^ Eller, Claudia; Richard Verrier (March 16, 2005). "Disney Plans Life After Pixar With Sequel Unit". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 21 February 2013. "Disney animation chief David Stainton, to whom the sequels unit reports, declined to comment on its plans." 
  23. ^ Eller, Claudia (January 26, 2006). "Deal Ends Quarrel Over Pixar Sequels". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 21 February 2013. 
  24. ^ "Disney Closes Unit Devoted to Pixar Sequels". Los Angeles Times. March 21, 2006. Retrieved October 30, 2011. 
  25. ^ a b "Disney buying Pixar for $7.4 billion". NBC News. AP. January 1, 2006. Retrieved 28 February 2013. 
  26. ^ C. Chmielewski, Dawn; Eller, Claudia (2010-11-21). "Disney Animation is closing the book on fairy tales". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2010-12-14. 
  27. ^ Graser, Marc (2008-09-10). "Millstein to head Disney Animation". Variety. Retrieved 2008-09-10. 
  28. ^ Mark Salisbury, Tim Burton (2006). Burton on Burton. London: Faber and Faber. pp. 115–120. ISBN 0-571-22926-3. 
  1. ^ 1929
    • The Disney Touch, by Ron Grover, 1991.
    • Disneyana: Walt Disney Collectibles, by Cecil Munsey, 1974. Pg. 31.
    • Holliss, Richard; Brian Sibley (1988). The Disney Studio Story. 
    • Building a Company - Roy O. Disney and the Creation of an Entertainment Empire, by Bob Thomas, 1998. Pg. 137.
    • Walt Disney - The Triumph of the American Imagination, by Neal Gabler, 2006. Pg. 330.

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