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[[File:Chicken and vegetables.jpg|thumb|right|Chicken and vegetables; foodstuffs compatible with a pollotarian diet]]
[[File:Chicken and vegetables.jpg|thumb|right|Chicken and vegetables; foodstuffs compatible with a pollotarian diet]]


'''Pollotarianism''' (also known as '''pollo-vegetarianism''')<ref>Albala, Ken. (2015). ''The SAGE Encyclopedia of Food Issues, Volume 1''. SAGE Publications. p. 1429. {{ISBN|978-14522-4301-6}}</ref> is the unique practice of adhering to a diet that incorporates [[poultry]] and/or [[Game (hunting)|game birds]] as the only source of meat in an otherwise vegetarian diet.<ref>Lagua, Rosalinda T; Claudio, Virginia S. (2012). ''Nutrition and Diet Therapy Reference Dictionary''. Chapman & Hall. p. 356. {{ISBN|978-94-011-6880-9}}</ref><ref>Chakrabarty, Kaveri; Chakrabarty, A. S. (2019). ''Textbook of Nutrition in Health and Disease''. Springer. p. 296. {{ISBN|978-981-15-0961-2}}</ref> Other [[White meat#Terminology|white meats]], [[seafood]] & [[red meat]] are excluded from the diet.
'''Pollotarianism''' (also known as '''pollo-vegetarianism''')<ref>Albala, Ken. (2015). ''The SAGE Encyclopedia of Food Issues, Volume 1''. SAGE Publications. p. 1429. {{ISBN|978-14522-4301-6}}</ref> is the practice of adhering to a diet that incorporates [[poultry]] or [[Game (hunting)|game]] as the only source of meat in an otherwise vegetarian diet.<ref>Lagua, Rosalinda T; Claudio, Virginia S. (2012). ''Nutrition and Diet Therapy Reference Dictionary''. Chapman & Hall. p. 356. {{ISBN|978-94-011-6880-9}}</ref><ref>Chakrabarty, Kaveri; Chakrabarty, A. S. (2019). ''Textbook of Nutrition in Health and Disease''. Springer. p. 296. {{ISBN|978-981-15-0961-2}}</ref>


⚫
While "pollo" means chicken in Spanish, pollo-vegetarians are known to incorporate different forms of poultry, like duck and turkey in their diet.<ref>Miller, Korin. (2019). [https://archive.today/20200719210640/https://www.womenshealthmag.com/food/a29700788/types-of-vegetarians/ "The 7 Types Of Vegetarian Diets From Lacto-Ovo To Vegan, Explained By A Nutritionist"]. Women's Health. Retrieved October 8, 2020.</ref> A pollo-vegetarian may also eat [[dairy product]]s.<ref>Hogan, Mary Ann; Wane, Daryle. (2002). ''Nutrition and Diet Therapy: Reviews & Rationales''. Prentice Hall. p. 8. {{ISBN|978-0130304599}}</ref> The term "pollovegetarian" was first used in nutritional textbooks in the 1980s to describe a [[Semi-vegetarianism|semi-vegetarian diet]] that incorporates poultry.<ref>Green, Marilyn L; Harry, Joann. (1981). ''Nutrition in Contemporary Nursing Practice''. Wiley. p. 205. {{ISBN|978-0471038924}}</ref><ref>Guthrie, Helen Andrews. (1989). ''Introductory Nutrition''. Times Mirror/Mosby College Publishing. p. 602. {{ISBN|9780801622014}}</ref> Historian Rod Preece describes pollotarians as "those who refrain from mammals but are willing to eat the flesh of birds notably chickens."<ref>Preece, Rod. (2008). ''Sins of the Flesh: A History of Ethical Vegetarian Thought''. UBC Press. p. 14. {{ISBN|978-0-7748-15093}}</ref>
== Etymology & Terminology ==
⚫
Pollotarian is a word blend of “pollo” of “vegetarian”. While the word “pollo" means chicken in both Spanish and Italian, pollo-vegetarians are known to incorporate different forms of poultry, like duck and turkey in their diet.<ref>Miller, Korin. (2019). [https://archive.today/20200719210640/https://www.womenshealthmag.com/food/a29700788/types-of-vegetarians/ "The 7 Types Of Vegetarian Diets From Lacto-Ovo To Vegan, Explained By A Nutritionist"]. Women's Health. Retrieved October 8, 2020.</ref> In Italian [https://en.m.wiktionary.org/wiki/pollame# “poll'''a'''me”] is the word for poultry and [https://en.m.wiktionary.org/wiki/pollaiolo#Italian “poll'''a'''iolo”] means poultry dealer; so it’s possible the spelling “poll'''o'''tarian” may be due to translation errors that were never corrected. Pollo-vegetarians typically eat eggs and they may or may not also eat [[dairy product]]s.<ref>Hogan, Mary Ann; Wane, Daryle. (2002). ''Nutrition and Diet Therapy: Reviews & Rationales''. Prentice Hall. p. 8. {{ISBN|978-0130304599}}</ref> The term "pollovegetarian" was first used in nutritional textbooks in the 1980s to describe a [[Semi-vegetarianism|semi-vegetarian diet]] that incorporates poultry.<ref>Green, Marilyn L; Harry, Joann. (1981). ''Nutrition in Contemporary Nursing Practice''. Wiley. p. 205. {{ISBN|978-0471038924}}</ref><ref>Guthrie, Helen Andrews. (1989). ''Introductory Nutrition''. Times Mirror/Mosby College Publishing. p. 602. {{ISBN|9780801622014}}</ref> Historian Rod Preece describes pollotarians as "those who refrain from mammals but are willing to eat the flesh of birds notably chickens."<ref>Preece, Rod. (2008). ''Sins of the Flesh: A History of Ethical Vegetarian Thought''. UBC Press. p. 14. {{ISBN|978-0-7748-15093}}</ref> In spite of its 1980s coinage, “pollotarian” has not caught on in the western world. It’s still not a well understood word in the English lexicon and has not been included in any mainstream English dictionaries as of the 2020s.

== Prevalence & Relation to other diets ==
The popularity of eating poultry/avian meat but abstaining from all other white meat, seafood and red meat remains unknown as no population surveys have been conducted.

Polls and surveys conducted in the 2010s and 2020s reveal that there has been increasing interest in alternative diets that restrict various [[Animal product|animal products]] but the attention is primarily on meatless diet variations. To a lesser extent, there’s a demand in research regarding the adoption low-meat diets. Two multi-national studies on meat-abstention were conducted in the late 2010s. A 2017 study estimated that global prevalences of [[Veganism|vegan]], [[Vegetarianism|vegetarian]], [[pescetarian]] and [[Semi-vegetarianism|low-meat]] diets were 2%, 5%, 3% & 23%, respectively. A study from the following year estimated the prevalences were 3%, 5%, 3% & 14%, respectively. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ipsos.com/sites/default/files/ct/news/documents/2018-09/an_exploration_into_diets_around_the_world.pdf|title=An exploration into diets around the world|date=August 2018|website=Ipsos|location=UK|pages=2, 10, 11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-09-12|title=Flexitarian diet on trend, says GlobalData|url=https://www.fitnessmag.co.za/flexitarian-diet-on-trend-says-globaldata/|access-date=2021-02-06|website=Fitness Magazine|language=en-US}}</ref> British polls conducted from 2018 to 2021 found that between vegans, vegetarians and pescetarians 12%-to-13.7% of the population has a meat-free diet. The remaining populous was considered to have meat diet.<ref>{{cite news |title=Brits shunning meat trebles to eight million |url=https://www.thesun.co.uk/news/6048909/meat-free-diets-vegetarian-vegan/amp/ |access-date=29 March 2021 |work=The Sun |date=13 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Tatum2018-04-13T14:31:00+01:00 |first1=Megan |title=12% of Brits follow meat-free diet, The Grocer research shows |url=https://www.thegrocer.co.uk/future-of-meat/12-of-brits-follow-meat-free-diet-the-grocer-research-shows/565771.article |website=The Grocer |access-date=29 March 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://media.ahdb.org.uk/media/Default/Consumer%20and%20Retail%20Insight%20Images/PDF%20articles/ConsumerInsights%20WEB_1653_180725.pdf |access-date=29 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=UK diet trends 2021 {{!}} Finder UK |url=https://www.finder.com/uk/uk-diet-trends |website=www.finder.com |access-date=29 March 2021 |archive-url=https://www.finder.com/uk/uk-diet-trends Source: http://web.archive.org/web/20210329211803/https://www.finder.com/uk/uk-diet-trends Analysis conducted by finder.com/uk}}</ref> In 2019 both Canada and the USA explored various dietary restrictions. Many Canadians restricted animal products; 2% were vegan, 5% were vegetarian, 3% were pescetarian and 11% followed low/no-dairy diets. The US results found 9.75% of respondents had a meatless diet: 2.26% vegan, 4.91% vegetarian and 2.58% pescetarian; additionally, another 8.38% ate a flexitarian diet.<ref>{{cite web |title=A significant number of Canadians are considering a more plant-based, less animal-reliant diet, citing concerns over the environment and animal cruelty |url=https://www.insightswest.com/news/2019_canadian_food_diet_trends/?+Contacts+Master+List+All+Canada&utm_term=0_defc3f1b54-28f603b2ae-69587009 |website=Insights West |access-date=13 March 2021 |date=15 August 2019}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|last=Frankovic|first=Kathy|date=January 21, 2020|title=CrunchBox: Interactive Data Visualization|url=https://app.crunch.io/api/public/crunchbox/share/?data=%2F%2Fs.crunch.io%2Fwidget%2Findex.html%23%2Fds%2F6c56c201c71b41f2978e49e0d757987a%2Frow%2F1BeGMCuZkvbMkLdtGXaUog000054%3Fviz%3Ddonut%26cp%3Dpercent%26dp%3D2%26grp%3Dstack|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210206130439/https://app.crunch.io/api/public/crunchbox/share/?data=%2F%2Fs.crunch.io%2Fwidget%2Findex.html%23%2Fds%2F6c56c201c71b41f2978e49e0d757987a%2Frow%2F1BeGMCuZkvbMkLdtGXaUog000054%3Fviz%3Ddonut%26cp%3Dpercent%26dp%3D2%26grp%3Dstack&ref=https%3A%2F%2Ftoday.yougov.com|archive-date=2021-02-06|access-date=2021-02-06|website=app.crunch.io|language=en-US}}</ref>

In all of these studies there was no interest in exploring pollotarian-like diets or red meat abstinence; these diets would be classified into the “regular meat-eater” categories or an “other” category. This lack of interest could be due to; low popularity, low awareness of the diet pattern, not being associated with any particular demographic group and/or pollotarian not being seen as a nutritionally distinct diet group under the [[Semi-vegetarian#Diet pattern|semi-vegetarian]] umbrella.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Forestell|first=Catherine A.|last2=Spaeth|first2=Andrea M.|last3=Kane|first3=Stephanie A.|date=2012-02-01|title=To eat or not to eat red meat. A closer look at the relationship between restrained eating and vegetarianism in college females|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195666311006271|journal=Appetite|language=en|volume=58|issue=1|pages=319–325|doi=10.1016/j.appet.2011.10.015|issn=0195-6663}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Baines|first=Surinder|last2=Powers|first2=Jennifer|last3=Brown|first3=Wendy J.|date=May 2007|title=How does the health and well-being of young Australian vegetarian and semi-vegetarian women compare with non-vegetarians?|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/public-health-nutrition/article/how-does-the-health-and-wellbeing-of-young-australian-vegetarian-and-semivegetarian-women-compare-with-nonvegetarians/1B49FD85C44CCDA7AEF40972F28B29BF|journal=Public Health Nutrition|language=en|volume=10|issue=5|pages=436–442|doi=10.1017/S1368980007217938|issn=1475-2727|doi-access=free}}</ref> Since poultry is always contextually a “meat” it’s common for social researchers to simply categorize it with other [[Omnivores#Behavioral context|‘behavioral omnivore’ diets]] unless the individual’s diet simultaneously fit the criteria of a flexitarian diet.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wozniak|first=Hannah|last2=Larpin|first2=Christophe|last3=Mestral|first3=Carlos de|last4=Guessous|first4=Idris|last5=Reny|first5=Jean-Luc|last6=Stringhini|first6=Silvia|date=2020/10|title=Vegetarian, pescatarian and flexitarian diets: sociodemographic determinants and association with cardiovascular risk factors in a Swiss urban population|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/british-journal-of-nutrition/article/vegetarian-pescatarian-and-flexitarian-diets-sociodemographic-determinants-and-association-with-cardiovascular-risk-factors-in-a-swiss-urban-population/5FF2B3B55AB797E330A96DDFD36C2DC1|journal=British Journal of Nutrition|language=en|volume=124|issue=8|pages=844–852|doi=10.1017/S0007114520001762|issn=0007-1145}}</ref>. It’s possible that pollotarianism may not be viewed as restrictive enough to warrant attention. Chicken is the most popular meat in the United States, beating out both pork and beef, and has an extremely high availability. Poultry’s popularity continuously grows as more of the population limits the amount of red meat they consume.<ref>{{cite web |title=Per capita availability of chicken higher than that of beef |url=https://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/chart-gallery/gallery/chart-detail/?chartId=58312 |website=www.ers.usda.gov |access-date=29 March 2021 |language=en}}</ref> Additionally seafood is a very easy protein food to abstain from eating; after adjusting for food waste/loss it was found that in 2014 most Americans eat ate than one full portion of seafood per week.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seafood was one of the least consumed protein foods in 2014 |url=https://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/chart-gallery/gallery/chart-detail/?chartId=80688 |website=www.ers.usda.gov |access-date=29 March 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

==History==

The concept of pollotarianism is still very new compared to other diets that restrict certain animal products. The [[Vegetarianism#History|history of practicing vegetarian]] diets, [[Veganism#History|vegan]] diets, and [[Pescetarianism#History|pescetarian]] diets traverses across hundreds of years prior to obtaining their terminology. Abstaining from eating meat under the name “vegetarianism” has been around since the [[1800s]] when the term was popularized by the [[Vegetarian Society]] in [[Manchester]] in 1847. In the same century the society popularized the notion that there were several types of vegetarians; the strictest vegetarians abstained from all [[Animal source foods|animal-sourced foods]] ''(later known as “vegans”, who sometimes don’t identify with the vegetarian label)'' and the most lenient vegetarians allowed eggs, dairy and seafood in their diet ''(later known as “pescetarians”; now that vegetarianism is simply defined as not eating animals they are now considered to be separate from true vegetarians).''<ref name=MedicalTimes>{{cite web|title=International Health Exhibition|publisher=The Medical Times and Gazette|date=24 May 1884|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2rdXAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA712|quote=There are two kinds of Vegetarians—one an extreme form, the members of which eat no animal food whatever; and a less extreme sect, who do not object to eggs, milk, or fish. The Vegetarian Society&nbsp;... belongs to the latter more moderate division|access-date=18 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Yeh, Hsin-Yi.|year=2013|title=Boundaries, Entities, and Modern Vegetarianism: Examining the Emergence of the First Vegetarian Organization|journal=Qualitative Inquiry|volume=19|pages=298–309|doi=10.1177/1077800412471516|s2cid=143788478|quote=Moreover, at the early phase of vegetarianism, while some adherents avoided eating flesh of land animals and birds, they ate fish (Newman, 1874)}}</ref>


Pollotarianism lacks organization and social support compared to the other vegetarian and vegetarian-oriented diets. To this day [[List of vegetarian organizations|vegetarian societies]], [[The Vegan Society|vegan societies]], [[Pescetarianism#Judaism|pescetarian societies]] and [[Reducetarian Foundation|flexitarian/reducetarian organizations]] exist that actively advocate for mass adoption of their respective lifestyles in order to improve; public health, industrial farming practices, agricultural sustainability and environmental issues.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Vegetarian Society UK |url=https://vegsoc.org/ |website=Vegetarian Society |access-date=29 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Vegan Society |url=https://www.vegansociety.com/ |website=The Vegan Society |access-date=29 March 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Pescetarian Society |url=https://thepescetariansociety.org/ |website=thepescetariansociety.org |access-date=29 March 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Foundation |first1=The Reducetarian |title=REDUCETARIAN FOUNDATION |url=https://www.reducetarian.org/ |website=REDUCETARIAN FOUNDATION |access-date=29 March 2021}}</ref> Presently, there’s no growing body of research suggesting pollotarianism may have unique health & environmental benefits like vegan, vegetarian, pescetarian and [[Mediterranean diet|Mediterranean]] pattern diets do. Since pollotarianism does not have a strong past history, lacks a current social structure, is disregarded by researchers, and doesn’t have a clear motivations it may; continue to be generally ignored, be perceived simply as a taste preference or be dismissed as a [[fad diet]].


==See also==
==See also==


*[[Chicken as food]]
*[[Chicken as food]]
*[[Pescatarianism]]
*[[Poultry#Poultry as food|Poultry as food]]

*[[Pescetarianism]]
*[[Semi-vegetarianism]]
*[[Vegetarianism]]
==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}

Revision as of 23:10, 29 March 2021

Chicken and vegetables; foodstuffs compatible with a pollotarian diet

Pollotarianism (also known as pollo-vegetarianism)[1] is the practice of adhering to a diet that incorporates poultry or game as the only source of meat in an otherwise vegetarian diet.[2][3]

While "pollo" means chicken in Spanish, pollo-vegetarians are known to incorporate different forms of poultry, like duck and turkey in their diet.[4] A pollo-vegetarian may also eat dairy products.[5] The term "pollovegetarian" was first used in nutritional textbooks in the 1980s to describe a semi-vegetarian diet that incorporates poultry.[6][7] Historian Rod Preece describes pollotarians as "those who refrain from mammals but are willing to eat the flesh of birds notably chickens."[8]

See also

References

  1. ^ Albala, Ken. (2015). The SAGE Encyclopedia of Food Issues, Volume 1. SAGE Publications. p. 1429. ISBN 978-14522-4301-6
  2. ^ Lagua, Rosalinda T; Claudio, Virginia S. (2012). Nutrition and Diet Therapy Reference Dictionary. Chapman & Hall. p. 356. ISBN 978-94-011-6880-9
  3. ^ Chakrabarty, Kaveri; Chakrabarty, A. S. (2019). Textbook of Nutrition in Health and Disease. Springer. p. 296. ISBN 978-981-15-0961-2
  4. ^ Miller, Korin. (2019). "The 7 Types Of Vegetarian Diets From Lacto-Ovo To Vegan, Explained By A Nutritionist". Women's Health. Retrieved October 8, 2020.
  5. ^ Hogan, Mary Ann; Wane, Daryle. (2002). Nutrition and Diet Therapy: Reviews & Rationales. Prentice Hall. p. 8. ISBN 978-0130304599
  6. ^ Green, Marilyn L; Harry, Joann. (1981). Nutrition in Contemporary Nursing Practice. Wiley. p. 205. ISBN 978-0471038924
  7. ^ Guthrie, Helen Andrews. (1989). Introductory Nutrition. Times Mirror/Mosby College Publishing. p. 602. ISBN 9780801622014
  8. ^ Preece, Rod. (2008). Sins of the Flesh: A History of Ethical Vegetarian Thought. UBC Press. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-7748-15093
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