Burj Khalifa: Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox skyscraper |
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| building_name = Burj Khalifa |
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| image = [[File:Burj Dubai-Dubai3214.JPG|180px]] |
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| caption = Burj Khalifa on 23 November 2009. |
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| previous_building= [[Taipei 101]] |
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| surpassed_by_building= |
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| year_highest= 2010 |
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| location = [[Dubai]], [[United Arab Emirates]] |
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| status = Complete |
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| year_started built = 2004 |
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| antenna_spire = {{convert|828|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}<ref name="DubaiOneInauguration"/> |
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| roof = <!--at least {{convert|688|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}--> |
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| top_floor = <!--at least {{convert|688|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}--> |
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| height_of_concrete_section = {{convert|585.7|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}<!--why is this a parameter in the template, when it does not appear in the infobox? Is the infobox being used properly? Is the parameter misentered somehow?--> |
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|floor_count= 160 floors<ref name="Baldwin">{{cite news|url=http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/uae/general/no-more-habitable-floors-to-burj-dubai-1.452275|title=No more habitable floors to Burj Dubai|last=Baldwin|first=Derek|publisher=''Gulfnews''|date=1 May 2008|accessdate=7 January 2010}}</ref> |
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| groundbreaking = 21 September 2004 |
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|opening= 4 January 2010<ref name="opening"/> |
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|use = Mixed-use |
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|floor_area={{convert|334000|m2|sqft|-2|abbr=on}} |
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|cost= $1.5 billion<ref name="USAtoday">{{cite web|url=http://content.usatoday.com/communities/ondeadline/post/2010/01/dubai-opens-world-tallest-building/1|title=Dubai opens world's tallest building|date=January 2, 2010|publisher=[[USA Today]]|accessdate=4 January 2010|location=[[Dubai]]}}</ref> |
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|developer=[[Emaar Properties|Emaar]] |
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|architect=[[Skidmore, Owings and Merrill]] |
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|engineer=[[William F. Baker (engineer)|Bill Baker]] at SOM<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wired.com/culture/design/magazine/15-12/mf_baker|title=Engineer Bill Baker Is the King of Superstable 150-Story Structures|last=Blum|first=Andrew|publisher=''Wired''|date=27 November 2007|accessdate=11 March 2008}}</ref> |
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|contractor=[[Samsung C&T]] (Primary), followed by [[Besix]] and [[Arabtec]]<br /> Supervision Consultant Engineer & Architect of Record [[Hyder Consulting]]<br /> Construction Project Manager [[Turner Construction]]<br />[[Grocon]]<ref name="Contractors">{{cite web|url=http://www.designbuild-network.com/projects/burj/|title=Burj Dubai (Dubai Tower) and Dubai Mall, United Arab Emirates|publisher=''designbuild-network.com''|accessdate=23 March 2009}}</ref><br /> Planning [[Bauer AG]] and [[Middle East Foundations]]<ref name="Contractors"/><br />Lift contractor [[Otis Elevator Company|Otis]]<ref name="Contractors"/><br /> VT consultant [[Lerch Bates]]<ref name="Contractors"/> |
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}} |
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'''Burj Khalifa''' ({{lang-ar|'''برج خليفة'''}} "[[Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan|Khalifa]] Tower"),<ref name="DubaiOneInauguration">{{cite web|url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703580904574638111667658806.html|title=World's Tallest Skyscraper Opens in Dubai |last=Bianchi|first= Stefania|coauthors=Andrew Critchlow|date=2010-01-04|work=The Wall Street Journal|publisher= Dow Jones & Company, Inc|accessdate=4 January 2010}}</ref> formerly known as '''Burj Dubai''', is a [[skyscraper]] in [[Dubai]], [[United Arab Emirates]], and is currently the [[List of tallest buildings and structures in the world|tallest man-made structure]] ever built, at {{convert|828|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}.<ref name="DubaiOneInauguration"/> Construction began on 21 September 2004, with the exterior of the structure completed on 1 October 2009. The building officially opened on 4 January 2010.<ref name="opening">{{cite news|url=http://gulfnews.com/business/property/uae/official-opening-of-iconic-burj-dubai-announced-1.523471|title=Official Opening of Iconic Burj Dubai Announced|publisher=''Gulfnews''|date=4 November 2009|accessdate=4 November 2009}}</ref><ref>{{citeweb|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/8439618.stm|title=World's tallest building opens in Dubai |date=2010-01-04|work=BBC News|accessdate=2010-01-04}}</ref> The building is part of the {{convert|2|km2|acre|-1|abbr=on|adj=on}} flagship development called [[Downtown Burj Khalifa]] at the "First Interchange" along [[Sheikh Zayed Road]], near Dubai's main business district. |
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The tower's architecture and engineering was performed by [[Skidmore, Owings, and Merrill]] of Chicago. [[Adrian Smith (architect)|Adrian Smith]], who worked with Skidmore, Owings and Merrill until 2006, was the chief architect and [[William F. Baker (engineer)|Bill Baker]] was the chief structural engineer for the project.<ref name="Record High">{{cite news|url=http://www.emaar.com/index.aspx?page=press-release-details&id=361|title=Burj Dubai reaches a record high|publisher=''[[Emaar Properties]]''|date=21 July 2007|accessdate=24 November 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.architectmagazine.com/industry-news.asp?sectionID=1006&articleID=385534|title=Adrian Smith Leaves SOM, Longtime Skidmore partner bucks retirement to start new firm|last=Keegan|first=Edward|publisher=''ArchitectOnline''|date=15 October 2006|accessdate=23 March 2009}}</ref> The primary contractor was [[Samsung C&T]] of [[South Korea]], who also built the [[Taipei 101]] and [[Petronas Twin Towers]].<ref name="SkyscraperPage">{{cite web|url=http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=7787|title=Burj Dubai, Dubai – SkyscraperPage.com|publisher=''SkyscraperPage''|accessdate=23 March 2009}}</ref> Major subcontractors included [[Belgium|Belgian]] group [[Besix]] and [[Arabtec]] from the [[UAE]]. [[Turner Construction Company]] was chosen as the construction project manager.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.turnerconstruction.com/international/content.asp?d=3457&p=2372|title=Turner International Projects – Burj Dubai|publisher=''[[Turner Construction]]''|accessdate=23 March 2009}}</ref> Under UAE law, the Contractor and the Engineer of Record are [[Severally liable#Joint and several liability|jointly and severally liable]] for the performance of Burj Khalifa. Therefore, by adoption of SOM's design and by being appointed as Architect and Engineer of Record, [[Hyder Consulting]] is legally the Design Consultant for the tower. |
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The total cost for the Burj Khalifa project was about [[United States dollar|US]]$1.5 billion; and for the entire new "Downtown Dubai", US$20 billion.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dubaitraveldesk.com/what.html|title=What to see|publisher=''Dubai Travel Desk''|accessdate=23 March 2009}}</ref> [[Mohamed Ali Alabbar]], the [[Chairman]] of [[Emaar Properties]], speaking at the [[Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat]] 8th World Congress, said in March 2009 that the price of office space at Burj Khalifa had reached US$4,000 per [[Square foot|sq ft]] (over US$43,000 per [[Square metre|m<sup>2</sup>]]) and that the Armani Residences, also in Burj Khalifa, were selling for US$3,500 per sq ft (over US$37,500 per m<sup>2</sup>).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://zawya.com/story.cfm/sidZAWYA20080305042540|title=Burj Dubai offices to top US$4,000 per sq ft|publisher=''Zawya''|date=5 March 2008|accessdate=23 March 2009}}</ref> The completion of the tower coincided with a worldwide economic slump and overbuilding, causing it to be described as "the latest ... in [a] string of monuments to architectural vacancy."<ref name="monument">{{cite web|url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/culturemonster/2010/01/the-burj-dubai-and-architectures-vacant-stare.html|title=The Burj Dubai and architecture's vacant stare|publisher=Los Angeles Times|accessdate=4 January 2010}}</ref> |
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==Height== |
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===Current records=== |
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* Tallest skyscraper to top of spire: {{convert|828|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} (previously Taipei 101 – {{convert|509.2|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}) |
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<!--*Tallest skyscraper to top of roof: {{convert|824.55|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} (previously Taipei 101 – {{convert|449.2|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}) |
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* Tallest skyscraper to top of antenna: {{convert|824.55|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} (previously the Willis Tower – {{convert|529|m|ft|0|abbr=on}})--> |
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* Tallest structure ever built: {{convert|828|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} (previously [[Warsaw radio mast|Warsaw radio mast]] – {{convert|646.38|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}) |
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* Tallest extant structure: {{convert|828|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} (previously KVLY-TV mast – {{convert|628.8|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}) |
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* Tallest freestanding structure: {{convert|828|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} (previously CN Tower – {{convert|553.3|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}) |
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* Building with most floors: 160 (previously [[Willis Tower]] – 108)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emporis.com/application/?nav=building&lng=3&id=117064|title=Willis Tower|publisher=''[[Emporis]]''|accessdate=6 January 2010}}</ref> |
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* World's highest elevator installation<ref name="tbitw">{{cite web|url=http://www.tallest-building-in-the-world.com/2008/08/19/under-construction/some-interesting-facts-on-the-burj-dubai-the-tallest-building-in-the-world-under-construction.htm|title=Some interesting facts on the Burj Dubai|date=19 August 2008|publisher=''The Tallest Buildings in the World''|accessdate=1 August 2009}}</ref> |
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* World's fastest elevators at speed of {{convert|64|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} or {{convert|18|m/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="tbitw" /> (previously Taipei 101 – 16.83 m/s) |
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* Highest vertical concrete pumping (for a building): {{convert|606|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}<ref name="Putzmeister">{{cite web|url=http://www.putzmeister.de/cps/rde/xchg/SID-3C6E00FC-8269E805/pm_online/hs.xsl/5933_ENU_HTML.htm|title=Putzmeister – Burj Dubai|publisher=''[[Putzmeister]]''|accessdate=23 March 2009}}</ref> (previously Taipei 101 – {{convert|449.2|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}) |
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* Highest vertical concrete pumping (for any construction): {{convert|606|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}<ref name="Putzmeister" /> (previously [[Riva del Garda]] Hydroelectric Power Plant – {{convert|532|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.putzmeister.de/cps/rde/xchg/SID-3C6E00FC-E36E4E4B/pm_online/hs.xsl/3498_ENU_HTML.htm|title=1994 – World record: 532 m high - rise concrete conveying at the power station "Riva del Garda", Italy.|publisher=''[[Putzmeister]]''|accessdate=11 April 2009}}</ref>) |
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* The first [[World's tallest structures|world's tallest structure]] in history to include residential space<ref name="Emporis">{{cite web|url=http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=burjdubai-dubai-unitedarabemirates|title=Burj Dubai, Dubai, at Emporis.com|publisher=''[[Emporis]]''|accessdate=1 March 2007}}</ref> |
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* Highest outdoor [[observation deck]] in the world (124th floor)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.burjdubai.com/observation-deck.aspx|title='At The Top' - Burj Dubai's Observation Deck|publisher=''BurjDubai.com''|accessdate=6 January 2010}}</ref> |
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* World's highest mosque (located on the 158th floor)<ref name= "mosque and pool">{{cite web |url= http://www.ndtv.com/news/world/dubais_skyscraper_has_worlds_highest_mosque.php |title= Dubai's skyscraper has world's highest Mosque |date= 2010-01-05 |author= Landon Thomas Jr |accessdate= 2010-01-05}}</ref> |
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* World's highest installation of an aluminium and glass façade, at a height of {{convert|512|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}<ref name="timeline"/> |
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* World's highest [[swimming pool]] (76th floor)<ref name= "mosque and pool" /> |
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===History of height increases=== |
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[[File:BurjKhalifaHeight.svg|thumb|Burj Khalifa compared to some other well-known tall structures]] |
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[[File:BurjDubaidawn.JPG|thumb|right|A visual comparison of Burj Khalifa's (far right) height with that of surrounding buildings at dusk]] |
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There are unconfirmed reports of several planned height increases since its inception. Originally proposed as a virtual clone of the {{convert|560|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} [[Grollo Tower]] proposal for [[Melbourne]], [[Australia]]'s [[Melbourne Docklands|Docklands waterfront development]], the tower was redesigned with an original design by Skidmore, Owings and Merrill (SOM) discussed below.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/02/26/1046064104215.html|title= Grollo tower to go ahead, in Dubai|publisher=''[[The Age]]''|first=Paul|last=Robinson|date=27 February 2003|accessdate=6 January 2010}}</ref> [[Marshall Strabala]], an SOM architect who worked on the project until 2006, late 2008 said that Burj Khalifa was designed to be {{convert|808|m|ft|abbr=on}} tall.<ref name="Height Revealed">{{cite news|url=http://www.arabianbusiness.com/540205-secret-of-burj-dubai-height-revealed|title=Architect reveals Burj Dubai height|publisher=''[[Arabian Business]]''|date=3 December 2008|accessdate=3 December 2008}}</ref> |
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The design architect, Adrian Smith, felt that the uppermost section of the building did not culminate elegantly with the rest of the structure, so he sought and received approval to increase it to the current height.{{fact}} It has been explicitly stated that this change did not include any added floors, which is fitting with Smith's attempts to make the crown more slender.<ref>{{PDFlink|[http://cityscape-online.com/PDF/CityScape_Daily_Day_2.pdf Cityscape Daily News]|264 [[Kibibyte|KiB]]<!-- application/pdf, 270659 bytes -->}} ''Cityscape'', 18 September 2005. Retrieved on 5 May 2006.</ref> |
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===Delay=== |
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[[Emaar Properties]] announced on 9 June 2008 that construction of Burj Khalifa was delayed by upgraded finishes and would be completed only in September 2009.<ref name="Emaar20080617"/> An Emaar spokesperson said "The luxury finishes that were decided on in 2004, when the tower was initially conceptualized, is now being replaced by upgraded finishes. The design of the apartments has also been enhanced to make them more aesthetically attractive and functionally superior."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archive.gulfnews.com/articles/08/06/09/10219878.html|title=Burj Dubai completion delayed by another eight to nine months|last=Das Augustine|first=Babu|publisher=''[[Gulf News]]''|date=9 June 2008|accessdate=21 June 2008}}</ref> A revised completion date of 2 December 2009 was then announced.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.homesoverseas.co.uk/news/Burj_Dubai_opening_date_announced/12072-1002|title=Burj Dubai opening date announced|publisher=''Homes Overseas''|date=31 July 2009|accessdate=1 August 2009}}</ref> However, Burj Khalifa was opened on 4 January 2010.<ref name="opening">{{cite news|url=http://gulfnews.com/business/property/uae/official-opening-of-iconic-burj-dubai-announced-1.523471|title=Official Opening of Iconic Burj Dubai Announced|publisher=''Gulfnews''|date=4 November 2009|accessdate=4 November 2009}}</ref><ref>{{citeweb|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/8439618.stm|title=World's tallest building opens in Dubai |date=2010-01-04|work=BBC News|accessdate=2010-01-04}}</ref> |
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==Architecture and design== |
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[[File:Comparisonfinal001fx7.png|thumb|right|Supertall cross-section comparisons]] |
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[[File:Burj Dubai Under Construction on 25 January 2008.jpg|right |thumb|Photo in January 2008 shows the three-lobed structure]] |
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[[File:Spiderlily.jpg|right|thumb|A [[Hymenocallis]] flower showing six spokes, as pattern for the three-lobed design]] |
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The tower is designed by Skidmore, Owings and Merrill, which also designed the [[Willis Tower]] (formerly the Sears Tower) in [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]] and [[1 World Trade Center]] in [[New York City]], among numerous other famous high-rises. The building resembles the bundled tube form of the Willis Tower, but is not a tube structure. Its design is reminiscent of [[Frank Lloyd Wright]]'s vision for [[The Illinois]], a mile-high skyscraper designed for Chicago. According to Marshall Strabala, an SOM architect who worked on the building's design team, Burj Khalifa was designed based on the 73-floor [[Tower Palace Three Tower|Tower Palace Three]], an all-residential building in [[Seoul]], [[South Korea]]. In its early planning, Burj Khalifa was intended to be entirely residential.<ref name="Height Revealed"/> |
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Subsequent to the original design by Skidmore, Owings and Merrill, Emaar Properties chose [[Hyder Consulting]] to be the Supervision Consultant, Engineer and Architect of Record, for its structural, facade and MEP engineering capability (MEP – mechanical, electrical and plumbing, and encompasses all fire and life safety systems within the building). In this role [[Hyder Consulting]] reengineered structural, facades and MEP systems to suit the contractor's and local authority requirements. [[Hyder Consulting]] was also responsible for the geotechnical design of Burj Khalifa's foundations with Hyder's own geotechnical specialist, Grahame Bunce heading up a design team that included the world-renowned soil mechanics expert Harry Poulos in a peer-review role. Emaar Properties has also engaged [[GHD Group|GHD]],<ref name="GHD Projects">{{cite web|url=http://www.ghd.com.au/aptrixpublishing.nsf/Content/BurjDubaiTower_prj|title=Burj Dubai Tower|publisher=''[[GHD Group|GHD]]''|accessdate=11 April 2009}}</ref> an international multidisciplinary consulting firm, act as an independent verification and testing authority for concrete and steelwork. |
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The design of Burj Khalifa is derived from patterning systems{{Clarify me|date=February 2009}} embodied in [[Islamic architecture]].<!-- Please give details: What "patterning systems", and how used in Burj Khalifa? --> The design architect Adrian Smith has said the triple-lobed footprint of the building was inspired by the flower [[Hymenocallis]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.burjofdubai.com/|title=Burj Dubai Design Based on A Native Flower: Fact or Fiction?|publisher=''Landmark Properties''|accessdate=31 December 2009}}</ref> The tower is composed of three elements arranged around a central core. As the tower rises from the flat desert base, [[Setback (architecture)|setbacks]] occur at each element in an upward spiralling pattern, decreasing the cross section of the tower as it reaches toward the sky. There are 27 terraces in Burj Khalifa. At the top, the central core emerges and is sculpted to form a finishing spire. A Y-shaped floor plan maximizes views of the [[Persian Gulf]]. Viewed from above or from the base, the form also evokes the [[Onion dome#Outside Russia|onion domes]] of Islamic architecture. During the design process, engineers rotated the building 120 degrees from its original layout to reduce stress from prevailing winds. At its tallest point, the tower sways a total of {{convert|1.5|m|ft|1|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/uae/housing-property/burj-dubai-is-the-height-of-success-1.55605|title= Burj Dubai is the height of success|last=Saberi|first=Mahmood|date=19 April 2008|publisher=''[[Gulf News]]''|accessdate=31 December 2009}}</ref> |
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The spire of Burj Khalifa is composed of more than 4,000 tonnes of structural steel. The central pinnacle pipe weighing 350 tonnes was constructed from inside the building and jacked to its full height of 143 metres using a [[strand jack]] system. The spire houses plant and facilitates for communications equipments.<ref name="structure"/> |
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More than 1,000 pieces of art will adorn the interiors of Burj Khalifa, while the residential lobby of Burj Khalifa will have the artwork of 196 [[bronze]] and [[brass]] alloy cymbals representing the 196 countries of the world. The visitors in this lobby will be able to hear a distinct timbre as the cymbals, plated with 18-carat [[gold]], are struck by dripping water, intended to mimic the sound of water falling on leaves.<ref name=dc>[http://www.dubaichronicle.com/news/special-reports/burj-dubai-will-officially-open-for-the-uae-national-day-12755 Burj Dubai will officially open for the UAE National Day]. ''Dubai Chronicle.'' 29 July 2009</ref> |
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The exterior cladding of Burj Khalifa consists of {{convert|142000|m2|sqft|-3|abbr=on}} of reflective [[glazing]], and [[aluminium]] and textured [[stainless steel]] [[spandrel]] panels with vertical tubular fins. The cladding system is designed to withstand Dubai's extreme summer temperatures. Additionally, at its projected height the exterior temperature at the top of the building will be 6 °C (11 °F) cooler than at its base.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newton.dep.anl.gov/askasci/wea00/wea00131.htm|title=Temperature and Elevation|publisher=''[[United States Department of Energy]]''|date=21 May 2002|accessdate=11 April 2009}}</ref> |
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Over 26,000 glass panels were used in the exterior cladding of Burj Khalifa. Over 300 cladding specialists from China were brought in for the cladding work on the tower.<ref name="structure"/> |
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The hotel interior will be decorated by [[Giorgio Armani]]. An [[Armani|Armani Hotel]], the first of four by Armani, will occupy 15 of the lower 39 floors.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hotelmanagement-network.com/projects/Armani/|title=Armani Hotel Burj Dubai, United Arab Emirates|publisher=''hotelmanagement-network.com''|accessdate=11 April 2009}}</ref> Floors through to 108 will have 900 private residential [[apartment]]s (which, according to the developer, sold out within eight hours of being on the market). An outdoor [[zero-entry swimming pool]] will be located on the 76th floor of the tower. Corporate offices and suites fill most of the remaining floors, except for a 122nd, 123rd and 124th floor where the ''At.mosphere'' restaurant, sky lobby and an indoor and outdoor observation deck is located respectively. The outdoor observation deck, opened on 5 January 2010, is the highest in the world, at (about {{convert|440|m|ft|-1|abbr=on}}). Tickets are time stamped at 30-minute intervals, on specific days, in order to carefully manage the daily rush of sightseers. Introductory ticket price is [[United Arab Emirates dirham|AED]] 100 for adults and AED 75 for children up to 12 years.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bayut.com/Property_News/uae_property_news/burj_dubai_observation_deck_opens_t-650.html|title=Burj Dubai Observation Deck Opens to The Public On Jan 5|date=4 January 2010|publisher=''Bayut.com''|accessdate=6 January 2010}}</ref> |
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Burj Khalifa is expected to hold up to 25,000 people at any one time.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.burjofdubai.com/burj-dubai-facts-and-figures/|title=Burj Dubai Facts And Figures|publisher=''Burj of Dubai.com''|accessdate=1 August 2009}}</ref> A total of 57 elevators and 8 escalators are installed,<ref name="structure"/> the fastest rising and descending at up to {{convert|10|m/s|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.otisworldwide.com/c1-projects.html|title=Signature Projects|publisher=''[[Otis Elevator Company|Otis Worldwide]]''|accessdate=4 May 2009}}</ref> Engineers had considered installing the world's first triple-deck elevators, but the final design calls for [[double-deck elevator]]s.<ref name="Emporis"/> |
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The graphic design identity work for Burj Khalifa is the responsibility of [[Brash Brands]], who are based in Dubai. Design of the global launch events, communications, and visitors centers<ref>{{cite web|url= |
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http://brashbrands.com/#/work/Burj_Dubai/|title=Burj Dubai Design work at Brash Brands|publisher=''brashbrands.com''|accessdate=11 June 2009}}</ref> for Burj Khalifa have also been created by [[Brash Brands]] as well as the roadshow exhibition for the [[Armani]] Residences, which are part of the Armani Hotel within Burj Khalifa, which toured Milan, London, Jeddah, Moscow and Delhi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ida.us/winners/zoom2.php?eid=9-2758-08&uid=#|title=Burj Dubai Armani Residences Roadshow Brands|publisher=''ida.us''|accessdate=11 June 2009}}</ref> |
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====Maintenance==== |
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To wash the 24,348 windows, a horizontal track has been installed on the exterior of Burj Khalifa at levels 40, 73 and 109. Each track holds a 1.5 tonne bucket machine which moves horizontally and then vertically using heavy cables. Above level 109, up to tier 27 traditional cradles from [[davit]]s are used. The top of the spire, however, is reserved for specialist window cleaners, who brave the heights and high winds dangling by ropes to clean and inspect the top of the pinnacle.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/uae/general/a-tall-order-burj-dubai-all-set-to-come-clean-1.546504|title=A tall order: Burj Dubai all set to come clean|date=25 August 2009|publisher=''[[Gulf News]]''|accessdate=7 December 2009}}</ref> Under normal conditions, when all building maintenance units will be operational, it will take 36 workers three to four months to clean the entire exterior facade.<ref name="structure">{{cite web|url=http://www.burjdubai.com/the-tower/structure.aspx|title=Structural Elements – Elevator, Spire, and More|publisher=''BurjDubai.com''|accessdate=31 December 2009}}</ref><ref name="cleaning">{{cite news|url=http://www.theage.com.au/travel/so-you-think-your-windows-are-hard-to-keep-clean-20100104-lq5x.html|title=So you think your windows are hard to keep clean?|last=Dobbin|first=Marika|date=5 January 2010|publisher=''[[The Age]]''|accessdate=6 January 2010}}</ref> |
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Unmanned machines will clean the top 27 additional tiers and the glass spire. The cleaning system was developed in Australia at a cost of A$8 million.<ref name="cleaning"/> |
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===Dubai Fountain=== |
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[[File:Dubai Fountain performing "Bassbor Al Fourgakom".jpg|thumb|right|The [[Dubai Fountain]] performing to the song "Bassbor Al Fourgakom"]] |
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{{main|Dubai Fountain}} |
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Outside, and at a cost of Dh 800 million (US$217 million), a record-setting fountain system was designed by [[WET (WET Design)|WET Design]], the [[California]]-based company responsible for the fountains at the [[Bellagio Hotel]] Lake in [[Las Vegas, Nevada|Las Vegas]]. Illuminated by 6,600 lights and 50 coloured projectors, it is {{convert|275|m|ft|abbr=on}} long and shoots water {{convert|150|m|ft|abbr=on}} into the air, accompanied by a range of classical to contemporary Arabic and world music.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.emaar.com/index.aspx?page=press-release-details&id=149|title=Emaar brings world-class water, light and music spectacle to Burj Dubai Lake|publisher=''[[Emaar Properties]]''|date=9 June 2008|accessdate=13 June 2008}}</ref> On 26 October 2008 Emaar announced that based on results of a naming contest the fountain would be called the Dubai Fountain.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.emaar.com/index.aspx?page=press-release-details&id=725|title='Dubai Fountain' is winning name of Emaar's water spectacle in Downtown Burj Dubai|publisher=''[[Emaar Properties]]''|date=26 October 2008|accessdate=26 October 2008}}</ref> |
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==Construction== |
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[[File:Burj Dubai Evolution.ogv|200px|right|thumb|Animation of construction process]] |
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[[File:Burj dubai aerial closeup.jpg|thumb|upright|Burj Khalifa aerial closeup in March 2008]] |
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The tower was constructed by a South Korean company, Samsung Engineering & Construction, which also did work on the [[Petronas Twin Towers]] and [[Taipei 101]].<ref name="Samsung E&C"> {{cite web|url=http://www.secc.co.kr/e_secc/introduction/history.html|title=Samsung E&C Projects|publisher=''[[Samsung Engineering & Construction]]''|accessdate=23 March 2009}}</ref> Samsung Engineering & Construction is building the tower in a joint venture with [[Besix]] from [[Belgium]] and Arabtec from UAE. [[Turner Construction Company|Turner]] is the Project Manager on the main construction contract. |
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The primary structural system of Burj Khalifa is reinforced concrete. Over {{convert|45000|m3|cuyd|-2|abbr=on}} of concrete, weighing more than {{convert|110000|t|ST LT|lk=on}} were used to construct the concrete and steel foundation, which features 192 piles, with each pile is 1.5 metre diameter x 43 metre long buried more than {{convert|50|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} deep.<ref name="Emporis"/> Burj Khalifa's construction used {{convert|330000|m3|cuyd|-2|abbr=on}} of concrete and 55,000 tonnes of steel rebar, and construction took 22 million man-hours.<ref name="Record High"/> |
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A high density, low permeability concrete was used in the foundations of Burj Khalifa. A [[cathodic protection]] system under the mat is used to minimize any detrimental effects from corrosive chemicals in local ground water.<ref name="structure"/> |
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The previous record for pumping concrete on any project was set during the extension of the Riva del Garda Hydroelectric Power Plant in Italy in 1994, when concrete was pumped to a height of {{convert|532|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}. Burj Khalifa exceeded this height on 19 August 2007, and as of May 2008 concrete was pumped to a delivery height of {{convert|606|m|ft|0|abbr=on}},<ref name="Putzmeister" /> the 156th floor. The remaining structure above is built of lighter [[steel]]. |
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Burj Khalifa is highly compartmentalised. Pressurized, air-conditioned refuge floors are located approximately every 35 floors where people can shelter on their long walk down to safety in case of an emergency or fire.<ref name="structure"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.building.co.uk/story.asp?storycode=3123781|title=Burj Dubai: Top of the world|last=Puckett|first=Katie|date=3 October 2008|publisher=''[[Building (magazine)|Building]]''|accessdate=31 December 2009}}</ref> |
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Special mixes of concrete are made to withstand the extreme pressures of the massive building weight; as is typical with reinforced concrete construction, each batch of concrete used was tested to ensure it could withstand certain pressures. |
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The consistency of the concrete used in the project was essential. It was difficult to create a concrete that could withstand both the thousands of tonnes bearing down on it and [[Persian Gulf]] temperatures that can reach {{convert|50|C|F|0|abbr=on|lk=off}}. To combat this problem, the concrete was not poured during the day. Instead, during the summer months ice was added to the mixture and it was poured at night when the air is cooler and the humidity is higher. A cooler concrete mixture cures evenly throughout and is therefore less likely to set too quickly and crack. Any significant cracks could have put the entire project in jeopardy. |
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The unique design and engineering challenges of building Burj Khalifa have been featured in a number of television [[Documentary film|documentaries]], including the ''Big, Bigger, Biggest'' series on the [[National Geographic Channel|National Geographic]] and [[Five (TV channel)|Five]] channels, and the ''Mega Builders'' series on the [[Discovery Channel]]. |
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===Labour controversy=== |
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{{Further|[[Human rights in the United Arab Emirates]]}} |
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Burj Khalifa was built primarily by workers from South Asia.<ref name="Riot">{{cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2006/mar/23/brianwhitaker.mainsection|title=Riot by migrant workers halts construction of Dubai skyscraper|last=Whitaker|first=Brian|publisher=''[[The Guardian]]''|date=23 March 2006|accessdate=25 March 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://beta.thehindu.com/news/international/article74907.ece|title=Burj Dubai opens tomorrow, final height still a secret! |date=3 January 2010|publisher=''[[The Hindu]]''|accessdate=6 January 2010}}</ref> Press reports indicated in 2006 that skilled [[carpentry|carpenters]] at the site earned [[Pound sterling|UK£]]4.34 a day, and labourers earned UK£2.84.<ref name="Riot"/> According to a BBC investigation and a [[Human Rights Watch]] report, the workers were housed in abysmal conditions, their pay was often withheld, their passports were confiscated by their employers, and they were working in hazardous conditions that resulted in an apparently high number of deaths and injuries on site.<ref>{{cite web |publisher= Migrant-Rights.org |url= http://www.migrant-rights.org/2010/01/04/behind-the-glamorous-facade-of-the-burj-khalifa/ |title= Behind the Glamorous Facade of the Burj Khalifa |date= 2010-01-04 |accessdate= 2010-01-06}}</ref> |
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On 21 March 2006, about 2,500 workers, who were upset over buses that were delayed for the end of their shifts, protested, damaging cars, offices, computers, and construction equipment.<ref name="Riot"/> A Dubai Interior Ministry official said the rioters caused almost UK£500,000 in damage.<ref name="Riot"/> Most of the workers involved in the riot returned the following day but refused to work.<ref name="Riot"/> |
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As of 17 June 2008 there were 7,500 skilled workers employed in the construction of Burj Khalifa.<ref name="Emaar20080617"/> |
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===Milestones=== |
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* January 2004: Excavation commences.<ref name="timeline">{{cite web|url=http://www.burjdubai.com/the-tower/construction.aspx|title=Burj Dubai Construction Timeline|publisher=''BurjDubai.com''|accessdate=31 December 2009}}</ref> |
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* February 2004: Piling starts.<ref name="timeline"/> |
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* 21 September 2004: Emaar contractors (Samsung-Besix-Arabtec JV) awarded construction.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6910536.stm|title=Dubai skyscraper world's tallest|date=22 July 2007|publisher=''[[BBC News]]''|accessdate=31 December 2009}}</ref> |
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* March 2005: Structure of Burj Khalifa starts rising.<ref name="timeline"/> |
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* June 2006: Level 50 is reached.<ref name="timeline"/> |
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* February 2007: Surpasses the [[Willis Tower|Sears Tower]] as the [[List of buildings with 100 floors or more|building with the most floors]]. |
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* 13 May 2007: Sets record for vertical [[concrete pump]]ing on any building at {{convert|452|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, surpassing the {{convert|449.2|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} to which concrete was pumped during the construction of [[Taipei 101]], while Burj Khalifa reached 130 floor.<ref name="timeline"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://dubaionline.mconet.biz/index.php?action=fullnews&id=319778&category=990&category_name=dubai_property_news|title=Burj Dubai:Unimix sets record for concrete pumping|publisher=''Dubai News Online''|date=25 May 2007|accessdate=11 April 2009}}</ref> |
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* 21 July 2007: Surpasses Taipei 101, whose height of {{convert|509.2|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} made it the world's tallest building, and level 141 reached.<ref name="timeline"/><ref name="official site">{{cite web|title=Burj Dubai Official Website|url=http://www.burjdubai.com|publisher=''[[Emaar Properties]]''|accessdate=8 March 2008}}</ref> |
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* 12 August 2007: Surpasses the Willis Tower antenna, which stands {{convert|527.3|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}. |
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* 12 September 2007: At {{convert|555.3|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, becomes the world's tallest freestanding structure, surpassing the [[CN Tower]] in [[Toronto]], and level 150 reached.<ref name="timeline"/><ref name="CBC">{{cite news |title=CN Tower dethroned by Dubai building|url=http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2007/09/12/cntower-surpassed.html|publisher=''[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]''|date=12 September 2007|accessdate=13 September 2007}}</ref> |
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* 7 April 2008: At {{convert|629|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, surpasses the [[KVLY-TV mast|KVLY-TV Mast]] to become the tallest man-made structure, level 160 reached.<ref name="timeline"/><ref name=Emaar20080407>{{cite news|url=http://www.emaar.com/index.aspx?page=press-release-details&id=213|title=Burj Dubai surpasses KVLY-TV mast to become the world's tallest man-made structure|publisher=''[[Emaar Properties]]''|date=7 April 2008|accessdate=7 April 2008}}</ref> |
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* 17 June 2008: Emaar announces that Burj Khalifa's height is over {{convert|636|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} and that its final height will not be given until it is completed in September 2009.<ref name="Emaar20080617">{{cite news|url=http://www.emaar.com/index.aspx?page=press-release-details&id=137|title=Emaar increases height of Burj Dubai; completion in September 2009|publisher=''[[Emaar Properties]]''|date=17 June 2008|accessdate=17 October 2008}}</ref> |
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* 1 September 2008: Height tops {{convert|688|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, making it the tallest man-made structure ever built, surpassing the previous record-holder, the [[Warsaw Radio Mast]] in [[Konstantynów (Płock County)|Konstantynów]], [[Poland]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.emaar.com/index.aspx?page=press-release-details&id=83|title=Burj Dubai now a record 688m tall and continues to rise|publisher=''[[Emaar Properties]]''|date=1 September 2008|accessdate=1 September 2008}}</ref> |
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* 17 January 2009: [[Topped out]] at {{convert|828|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}.<ref name=Biz24720090117>{{cite news|url=http://www.business24-7.ae/articles/2009/1/pages/01182009_63dc3a90c9a848219058be301f3f7ded.aspx|title=Burj Dubai all set for 09/09/09 soft opening|publisher=''Emirates Business 24|7''|accessdate=17 January 2009}}</ref> |
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* 1 October 2009: Emaar announces that the exterior of the building is completed.<ref name=Maktoob20091001>{{cite news|url=http://business.maktoob.com/20090000378742/Burj_Dubai_exterior_done_to_open_this_year/Article.htm |title=Burj Dubai exterior done, to open this year|publisher=''Maktoob''|date=1 October 2009|accessdate=1 October 2009}}</ref> |
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* 4 January 2010: Burj Khalifa's official launch ceremony is held and Burj Khalifa is opened. Burj Dubai renamed Burj Khalifa in honour of the current President of the UAE and ruler of Abu Dhabi, [[Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan|Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed al Nahyan]].<ref name="DubaiOneInauguration"/> |
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==Floor plans== |
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The following is a breakdown of floors.<ref name="structure"/> |
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{| class="wikitable" |
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|- |
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! Floors |
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! Use |
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|- |
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| 160 and into the spire |
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| Mechanical |
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|- |
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| 156–159 |
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| Communication and broadcast |
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|- |
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| 155 |
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| Mechanical |
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|- |
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| 139–154 |
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| Corporate suites |
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|- |
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| 136–138 |
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| Mechanical |
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|- |
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| 125–135 |
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| Corporate suites |
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|- |
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| 124 |
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| Observatory |
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|- |
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| 123 |
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| Sky lobby |
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|- |
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| 122 |
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| ''At.mosphere'' restaurant |
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|- |
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| 111–121 |
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| Corporate suites |
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|- |
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| 109–110 |
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| Mechanical |
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|- |
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| 77–108 |
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| Residential |
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|- |
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| 76 |
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| Sky lobby |
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|- |
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| 44–72 |
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| Residential |
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|- |
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| 43 |
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| Sky lobby |
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|- |
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| 40–42 |
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| Mechanical |
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|- |
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| 38–39 |
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| Armani Hotel suites |
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|- |
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| 19–37 |
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| Residential |
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|- |
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| 17–18 |
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| Mechanical |
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|- |
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| 9–16 |
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| Armani residences |
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|- |
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| 1–8 |
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| Armani Hotel |
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|- |
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| Ground |
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| Armani Hotel |
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|- |
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| Concourse |
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| Armani Hotel |
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|- |
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| B1–B2 |
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| Parking, mechanical |
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|} |
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==Opening ceremony== |
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The opening ceremony of the Burj Khalifa was held on 4 January 2010.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Global-News/2010/0105/World-s-tallest-building-What-s-it-worth-to-have-the-Dubai-tower-and-what-should-people-call-it|title=World's tallest building: What's it worth to have the Dubai tower – and what should people call it?|last=Huang|first=Carol|date=5 January 2010|publisher=''[[The Christian Science Monitor]]''|accessdate=6 January 2010}}</ref> The ceremony featured a display of 10,000 fireworks, light beams projected on and around the tower, and further sound, light and water effects.<ref name="details revealed">{{cite news|url= http://www.arabianbusiness.com/577720-burj-dubai-ceremony-details-revealed|title=Burj Dubai ceremony details revealed|first=Andy|last=Sambidge|publisher=''[[Arabian Business]]''|date=3 January 201|accessdate=5 January 2010}}</ref> Using the 868 powerful [[stroboscope]] lights that are integrated into the facade and spire of the tower, different lighting sequences were choreographed, together with more than 50 different combinations of the other effects. |
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The event began with a short film which depicted the story of Dubai and the evolution of the Burj Khalifa. The displays of sound, light, water and fireworks followed.<ref name="details revealed" /> The portion of the show consisting of the various pyrotechnic, lighting, water and sound effects was divided into three. The first part was primarily a light and sound show, which took as its theme the link between desert flowers and the new tower, and was co-ordinated with the [[Dubai Fountain]] and pyrotechnics. The second portion, called 'Heart Beat', represented the construction of the tower in a dynamic light show with the help of 300 projectors which generated a shadow-like image of the tower. In the third act, sky tracers and space cannons enveloped the tower in a halo of white light, which expanded as the lighting rig on the spire activated.<ref name="details revealed" /> |
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The ceremony was relayed live on a giant screen on Burj Park Island, as well as several television screens placed across the [[Downtown Burj Khalifa]] development. Hundreds of media outlets from around the world reported live from the scene.<ref name="details revealed" /> In addition to the media presence, 6,000 guests were expected.<ref name="billions and billions">{{cite news|url=http://business.maktoob.com/20090000413858/Two_billion_to_watch_Burj_Dubai_opening/Article.htm|title=Two billion to watch Burj Dubai opening|publisher=''[[Maktoob|Maktoob Business]]''|date=3 January 2010|accessdate=5 January 2010}}</ref> |
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==Purpose== |
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Burj Khalifa has been designed to be the centrepiece of a large-scale, mixed-use development that will include 30,000 homes, nine hotels such as [[The Address Downtown Burj Khalifa]], {{convert|3|ha|acre|1|abbr=off|lk=on}} of parkland, at least 19 residential towers, the [[Dubai Mall]], and the {{convert|12|ha|acre|abbr=off|lk=off|adj=on}} man-made Burj Khalifa Lake. |
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The building has returned the location of Earth's tallest free-standing structure to the [[Middle East]]{{emdash}}where the [[Great Pyramid of Giza]] claimed this achievement for almost four [[Millennium|millennia]] before being surpassed in 1311 by [[Lincoln Cathedral]] in England. |
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The decision to build Burj Khalifa is reportedly based on the government's decision to diversify from an oil-based economy to one that is service- and tourism-oriented. According to officials, it is necessary for projects like Burj Khalifa to be built in the city to garner more international recognition, and hence investment. "He (Sheikh [[Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum]]) wanted to put Dubai on the map with something really sensational," said Jacqui Josephson, a tourism and VIP delegations executive at [[Nakheel Properties]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2005/oct/13/world/fg-dubai13|title=In Dubai, the Sky's No Limit|last=Stack|first=Megan|publisher=''[[Los Angeles Times]]''|date=13 October 2005|accessdate=26 March 2006}}</ref> |
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==Galleries== |
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===Building under construction=== |
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<gallery> |
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File:Burj2.jpg|1 February 2006 |
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File:20060829_Burj_Dubai.jpg|29 August 2006 |
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File:Burjdubaifeb2107.jpg|21 March 2007 |
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File:Burj Dubai 20071204.jpg|4 December 2007 |
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File:Burj_dubai_3.11.08.jpg|11 March 2008 |
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File:Burj_Dubai_20081019.jpg|19 October 2008 |
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File:2008-10-26 burjdubai.jpg|26 October 2008 |
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File:Burj Dubai 20090104.jpg|4 January 2009 |
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File:BurjDubaiJI3.jpg|20 March 2009 |
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File:Burj Dubai 29 June 2009.jpg|29 June 2009 |
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File:Burj Dubai 20090916.jpg|16 September 2009 |
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</gallery> |
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===Post-construction=== |
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{{expand|section}} |
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<!-- It would be especially useful if the following types of photos could be uploaded: |
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a) Building at night |
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b) The building in front of a Sunrise and/or a Sunset |
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c) Photos from inside the building looking North, South, East, and West (Looking East one can supposedly see Iran). |
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d) Add your own ideas here ..... |
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Happy photography !!! |
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--> |
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<gallery> |
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</gallery> |
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==See also== |
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* [[Downtown Burj Khalifa]] |
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* [[List of development projects in Dubai]] |
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* [[List of tallest buildings in Dubai]] |
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* [[List of tallest buildings and structures in the world]] |
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==References== |
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{{reflist|colwidth=30em}} |
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==External links== |
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<!-- do not add links to blogs or other unofficial pages, there are enough links now --> |
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{{Commons|Category:Burj Dubai|Burj Khalifa}} |
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* [http://www.dubaicityinfo.com/Videos/burj_khalifa_Dubai_map.aspx Burj Location Map] |
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* [http://www.burjdubai.com/ Official website] |
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* [http://www.burjdubaiskyscraper.com/ Burj Dubai Skyscraper.com] |
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* [http://www.som.com/ Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP], architects |
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* [http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=burjdubai-dubai-unitedarabemirates Emporis page on Burj Khalifa] |
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* {{PDFlink|[http://www.structuremag.org/archives/2006/June-2006/SF-Wind-Engineering-Burj-Dubai-Tower-June-06.pdf "The Burj Dubai Tower Wind Engineering"]|597 [[Kibibyte|KiB]]<!-- application/pdf, 611419 bytes -->}} (Irwin, Baker, June 2006) [http://www.structuremag.org STRUCTURE magazine] |
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* {{PDFlink|[http://www.structuremag.org/archives/2006/Nov-2006/F-Burj-Dubai-Tower-Irwin-etal-Nov_06.pdf "The Burj Dubai Tower – Wind Channel Testing of Cladding and Pedestrian Level"]|620 [[Kibibyte|KiB]]<!-- application/pdf, 635029 bytes -->}} (Erwin, etal, November 2006) [http://www.structuremag.org STRUCTURE magazine] |
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* [http://www.otisworldwide.com/c1-projects.html Otis Worldwide, Signature Projects], information on the project's elevators at the Otis Elevator Company |
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* [http://www.rwdi.com/project_profiles/burj_dubai/ Wind and Other Studies] performed by [[RWDI]] |
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* [http://www.crazyengineers.com/small-talk/1-cover-story/69-small-talk-with-mr-william-f-baker-building-the-tallest-sky-buster-burj-dubai CrazyEngineers Small Talk with Mr. William Baker]{{Dead link|date=August 2009}} |
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* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oWVLzVhnYE0 View from the top] |
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* [http://www.2daydubai.com/pages/downtown-burj-dubai.php 2daydubai.com], Burj Khalifa Project Review |
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* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/8438857.stm BBC report on Burj Khalifa opening with video and links] |
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{{start box}} |
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{{s-ach|rec}} |
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{{s-bef|before=[[Warsaw Radio Mast]]<br /><small>646.38 m (2,120.67 ft)</small>}} |
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{{s-ttl|title=World's tallest structure ever built|years=2008 – present}} |
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{{s-inc|rows=5}} |
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{{s-bef|before=[[KVLY-TV mast]]<br /><small>628.8 m (2,063 ft)</small>}} |
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{{s-ttl|title=World's tallest structure|years=2008 – present}} |
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|- |
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{{s-bef|before=[[CN Tower]]<br /><small>553.33 m (1,815.39 ft)</small>}} |
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{{s-ttl|title=World's tallest free-standing structure|years=2007 – present}} |
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|- |
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{{s-bef|before=[[Taipei 101]]<br /><small>509.2 m (1,670.6 ft)</small>}} |
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{{s-ttl|title=World's tallest building|years=2009 – present}} |
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|- |
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{{s-bef|before=[[Willis Tower]]<br /><small>108 floors</small>}} |
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{{s-ttl|title=Building with the most floors|years=2007 – present}} |
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{{end box}} |
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{{Dubai landmarks}} |
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{{Supertall skyscrapers}} |
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{{TBSW}} |
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{{coord|25|11|49.7|N|55|16|26.8|E|region:AE-DU_type:landmark|display=title}} |
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[[Category:2009 architecture]] |
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[[Category:Skyscrapers in Dubai]] |
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[[Category:Building projects]] |
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[[Category:Skyscrapers over 350 meters]] |
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[[Category:Skidmore, Owings and Merrill buildings]] |
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[[ar:برج خليفة]] |
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[[an:Burch Khalifa]] |
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[[bn:বুর্জ খলিফা]] |
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[[be:Бурдж Дубай]] |
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[[be-x-old:Бурдж Халіфа]] |
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[[bg:Бурж Халифа]] |
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[[cs:Burdž Chalífa]] |
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[[de:Burdsch Chalifa]] |
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[[et:Burj Khalīfah]] |
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[[eo:Burĝ Ĥalifa]] |
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[[fa:برج خلیفه]] |
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[[ko:부르즈 할리파]] |
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[[hy:Բուրջ Խալիֆա]] |
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[[hi:बुर्ज ख़लीफ़ा]] |
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[[he:בורג' ח'ליפה]] |
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[[ka:ბურჯ ხალიფა]] |
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[[kk:Бурж Дубай]] |
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[[la:Turris Khalifa]] |
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[[hu:Kalifa-torony]] |
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[[mk:Бурџ Калифа]] |
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[[ml:ബുര്ജ് ഖലീഫ]] |
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Revision as of 18:55, 7 January 2010
Burj Khalifa | |
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File:Burj Dubai-Dubai3214.JPG Burj Khalifa on 23 November 2009. | |
![]() | |
General information | |
Status | Completed |
Location | Dubai, United Arab Emirates |
Opening | 4 January 2010[3] |
Cost | $1.5 billion[4] |
Height | |
Antenna spire | 828 m (2,717 ft)[1] |
Technical details | |
Floor count | 160 floors[2] |
Floor area | 334,000 m2 (3,595,100 sq ft) |
Design and construction | |
Architect(s) | Skidmore, Owings and Merrill |
Developer | Emaar |
Engineer | Bill Baker at SOM[5] |
Burj Khalifa (Arabic: برج خليفة "Khalifa Tower"),[1] formerly known as Burj Dubai, is a skyscraper in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, and is currently the tallest man-made structure ever built, at 828 m (2,717 ft).[1] Construction began on 21 September 2004, with the exterior of the structure completed on 1 October 2009. The building officially opened on 4 January 2010.[3][7] The building is part of the 2 km2 (490-acre) flagship development called Downtown Burj Khalifa at the "First Interchange" along Sheikh Zayed Road, near Dubai's main business district.
The tower's architecture and engineering was performed by Skidmore, Owings, and Merrill of Chicago. Adrian Smith, who worked with Skidmore, Owings and Merrill until 2006, was the chief architect and Bill Baker was the chief structural engineer for the project.[8][9] The primary contractor was Samsung C&T of South Korea, who also built the Taipei 101 and Petronas Twin Towers.[10] Major subcontractors included Belgian group Besix and Arabtec from the UAE. Turner Construction Company was chosen as the construction project manager.[11] Under UAE law, the Contractor and the Engineer of Record are jointly and severally liable for the performance of Burj Khalifa. Therefore, by adoption of SOM's design and by being appointed as Architect and Engineer of Record, Hyder Consulting is legally the Design Consultant for the tower.
The total cost for the Burj Khalifa project was about US$1.5 billion; and for the entire new "Downtown Dubai", US$20 billion.[12] Mohamed Ali Alabbar, the Chairman of Emaar Properties, speaking at the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat 8th World Congress, said in March 2009 that the price of office space at Burj Khalifa had reached US$4,000 per sq ft (over US$43,000 per m2) and that the Armani Residences, also in Burj Khalifa, were selling for US$3,500 per sq ft (over US$37,500 per m2).[13] The completion of the tower coincided with a worldwide economic slump and overbuilding, causing it to be described as "the latest ... in [a] string of monuments to architectural vacancy."[14]
Height
Current records
- Tallest skyscraper to top of spire: 828 m (2,717 ft) (previously Taipei 101 – 509.2 m (1,671 ft))
- Tallest structure ever built: 828 m (2,717 ft) (previously Warsaw radio mast – 646.38 m (2,121 ft))
- Tallest extant structure: 828 m (2,717 ft) (previously KVLY-TV mast – 628.8 m (2,063 ft))
- Tallest freestanding structure: 828 m (2,717 ft) (previously CN Tower – 553.3 m (1,815 ft))
- Building with most floors: 160 (previously Willis Tower – 108)[15]
- World's highest elevator installation[16]
- World's fastest elevators at speed of 64 km/h (40 mph) or 18 m/s (59 ft/s)[16] (previously Taipei 101 – 16.83 m/s)
- Highest vertical concrete pumping (for a building): 606 m (1,988 ft)[17] (previously Taipei 101 – 449.2 m (1,474 ft))
- Highest vertical concrete pumping (for any construction): 606 m (1,988 ft)[17] (previously Riva del Garda Hydroelectric Power Plant – 532 m (1,745 ft)[18])
- The first world's tallest structure in history to include residential space[19]
- Highest outdoor observation deck in the world (124th floor)[20]
- World's highest mosque (located on the 158th floor)[21]
- World's highest installation of an aluminium and glass façade, at a height of 512 m (1,680 ft)[22]
- World's highest swimming pool (76th floor)[21]
History of height increases
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/BurjKhalifaHeight.svg/220px-BurjKhalifaHeight.svg.png)
There are unconfirmed reports of several planned height increases since its inception. Originally proposed as a virtual clone of the 560 m (1,837 ft) Grollo Tower proposal for Melbourne, Australia's Docklands waterfront development, the tower was redesigned with an original design by Skidmore, Owings and Merrill (SOM) discussed below.[23] Marshall Strabala, an SOM architect who worked on the project until 2006, late 2008 said that Burj Khalifa was designed to be 808 m (2,651 ft) tall.[24]
The design architect, Adrian Smith, felt that the uppermost section of the building did not culminate elegantly with the rest of the structure, so he sought and received approval to increase it to the current height.[citation needed] It has been explicitly stated that this change did not include any added floors, which is fitting with Smith's attempts to make the crown more slender.[25]
Delay
Emaar Properties announced on 9 June 2008 that construction of Burj Khalifa was delayed by upgraded finishes and would be completed only in September 2009.[26] An Emaar spokesperson said "The luxury finishes that were decided on in 2004, when the tower was initially conceptualized, is now being replaced by upgraded finishes. The design of the apartments has also been enhanced to make them more aesthetically attractive and functionally superior."[27] A revised completion date of 2 December 2009 was then announced.[28] However, Burj Khalifa was opened on 4 January 2010.[3][29]
Architecture and design
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Comparisonfinal001fx7.png/220px-Comparisonfinal001fx7.png)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Hymenocallis_caroliniana_NRCS-1.jpg/220px-Hymenocallis_caroliniana_NRCS-1.jpg)
The tower is designed by Skidmore, Owings and Merrill, which also designed the Willis Tower (formerly the Sears Tower) in Chicago, Illinois and 1 World Trade Center in New York City, among numerous other famous high-rises. The building resembles the bundled tube form of the Willis Tower, but is not a tube structure. Its design is reminiscent of Frank Lloyd Wright's vision for The Illinois, a mile-high skyscraper designed for Chicago. According to Marshall Strabala, an SOM architect who worked on the building's design team, Burj Khalifa was designed based on the 73-floor Tower Palace Three, an all-residential building in Seoul, South Korea. In its early planning, Burj Khalifa was intended to be entirely residential.[24]
Subsequent to the original design by Skidmore, Owings and Merrill, Emaar Properties chose Hyder Consulting to be the Supervision Consultant, Engineer and Architect of Record, for its structural, facade and MEP engineering capability (MEP – mechanical, electrical and plumbing, and encompasses all fire and life safety systems within the building). In this role Hyder Consulting reengineered structural, facades and MEP systems to suit the contractor's and local authority requirements. Hyder Consulting was also responsible for the geotechnical design of Burj Khalifa's foundations with Hyder's own geotechnical specialist, Grahame Bunce heading up a design team that included the world-renowned soil mechanics expert Harry Poulos in a peer-review role. Emaar Properties has also engaged GHD,[30] an international multidisciplinary consulting firm, act as an independent verification and testing authority for concrete and steelwork.
The design of Burj Khalifa is derived from patterning systems[clarification needed] embodied in Islamic architecture. The design architect Adrian Smith has said the triple-lobed footprint of the building was inspired by the flower Hymenocallis.[31] The tower is composed of three elements arranged around a central core. As the tower rises from the flat desert base, setbacks occur at each element in an upward spiralling pattern, decreasing the cross section of the tower as it reaches toward the sky. There are 27 terraces in Burj Khalifa. At the top, the central core emerges and is sculpted to form a finishing spire. A Y-shaped floor plan maximizes views of the Persian Gulf. Viewed from above or from the base, the form also evokes the onion domes of Islamic architecture. During the design process, engineers rotated the building 120 degrees from its original layout to reduce stress from prevailing winds. At its tallest point, the tower sways a total of 1.5 m (4.9 ft).[32]
The spire of Burj Khalifa is composed of more than 4,000 tonnes of structural steel. The central pinnacle pipe weighing 350 tonnes was constructed from inside the building and jacked to its full height of 143 metres using a strand jack system. The spire houses plant and facilitates for communications equipments.[33]
More than 1,000 pieces of art will adorn the interiors of Burj Khalifa, while the residential lobby of Burj Khalifa will have the artwork of 196 bronze and brass alloy cymbals representing the 196 countries of the world. The visitors in this lobby will be able to hear a distinct timbre as the cymbals, plated with 18-carat gold, are struck by dripping water, intended to mimic the sound of water falling on leaves.[34]
The exterior cladding of Burj Khalifa consists of 142,000 m2 (1,528,000 sq ft) of reflective glazing, and aluminium and textured stainless steel spandrel panels with vertical tubular fins. The cladding system is designed to withstand Dubai's extreme summer temperatures. Additionally, at its projected height the exterior temperature at the top of the building will be 6 °C (11 °F) cooler than at its base.[35]
Over 26,000 glass panels were used in the exterior cladding of Burj Khalifa. Over 300 cladding specialists from China were brought in for the cladding work on the tower.[33]
The hotel interior will be decorated by Giorgio Armani. An Armani Hotel, the first of four by Armani, will occupy 15 of the lower 39 floors.[36] Floors through to 108 will have 900 private residential apartments (which, according to the developer, sold out within eight hours of being on the market). An outdoor zero-entry swimming pool will be located on the 76th floor of the tower. Corporate offices and suites fill most of the remaining floors, except for a 122nd, 123rd and 124th floor where the At.mosphere restaurant, sky lobby and an indoor and outdoor observation deck is located respectively. The outdoor observation deck, opened on 5 January 2010, is the highest in the world, at (about 440 m (1,440 ft)). Tickets are time stamped at 30-minute intervals, on specific days, in order to carefully manage the daily rush of sightseers. Introductory ticket price is AED 100 for adults and AED 75 for children up to 12 years.[37]
Burj Khalifa is expected to hold up to 25,000 people at any one time.[38] A total of 57 elevators and 8 escalators are installed,[33] the fastest rising and descending at up to 10 m/s (33 ft/s).[39] Engineers had considered installing the world's first triple-deck elevators, but the final design calls for double-deck elevators.[19]
The graphic design identity work for Burj Khalifa is the responsibility of Brash Brands, who are based in Dubai. Design of the global launch events, communications, and visitors centers[40] for Burj Khalifa have also been created by Brash Brands as well as the roadshow exhibition for the Armani Residences, which are part of the Armani Hotel within Burj Khalifa, which toured Milan, London, Jeddah, Moscow and Delhi.[41]
Maintenance
To wash the 24,348 windows, a horizontal track has been installed on the exterior of Burj Khalifa at levels 40, 73 and 109. Each track holds a 1.5 tonne bucket machine which moves horizontally and then vertically using heavy cables. Above level 109, up to tier 27 traditional cradles from davits are used. The top of the spire, however, is reserved for specialist window cleaners, who brave the heights and high winds dangling by ropes to clean and inspect the top of the pinnacle.[42] Under normal conditions, when all building maintenance units will be operational, it will take 36 workers three to four months to clean the entire exterior facade.[33][43]
Unmanned machines will clean the top 27 additional tiers and the glass spire. The cleaning system was developed in Australia at a cost of A$8 million.[43]
Dubai Fountain
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Dubai_Fountain_performing_%22Bassbor_Al_Fourgakom%22.jpg/220px-Dubai_Fountain_performing_%22Bassbor_Al_Fourgakom%22.jpg)
Outside, and at a cost of Dh 800 million (US$217 million), a record-setting fountain system was designed by WET Design, the California-based company responsible for the fountains at the Bellagio Hotel Lake in Las Vegas. Illuminated by 6,600 lights and 50 coloured projectors, it is 275 m (902 ft) long and shoots water 150 m (490 ft) into the air, accompanied by a range of classical to contemporary Arabic and world music.[44] On 26 October 2008 Emaar announced that based on results of a naming contest the fountain would be called the Dubai Fountain.[45]
Construction
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Burj_dubai_aerial_closeup.jpg/170px-Burj_dubai_aerial_closeup.jpg)
The tower was constructed by a South Korean company, Samsung Engineering & Construction, which also did work on the Petronas Twin Towers and Taipei 101.[46] Samsung Engineering & Construction is building the tower in a joint venture with Besix from Belgium and Arabtec from UAE. Turner is the Project Manager on the main construction contract.
The primary structural system of Burj Khalifa is reinforced concrete. Over 45,000 m3 (58,900 cu yd) of concrete, weighing more than 110,000 tonnes (120,000 short tons; 110,000 long tons) were used to construct the concrete and steel foundation, which features 192 piles, with each pile is 1.5 metre diameter x 43 metre long buried more than 50 m (164 ft) deep.[19] Burj Khalifa's construction used 330,000 m3 (431,600 cu yd) of concrete and 55,000 tonnes of steel rebar, and construction took 22 million man-hours.[8] A high density, low permeability concrete was used in the foundations of Burj Khalifa. A cathodic protection system under the mat is used to minimize any detrimental effects from corrosive chemicals in local ground water.[33]
The previous record for pumping concrete on any project was set during the extension of the Riva del Garda Hydroelectric Power Plant in Italy in 1994, when concrete was pumped to a height of 532 m (1,745 ft). Burj Khalifa exceeded this height on 19 August 2007, and as of May 2008 concrete was pumped to a delivery height of 606 m (1,988 ft),[17] the 156th floor. The remaining structure above is built of lighter steel.
Burj Khalifa is highly compartmentalised. Pressurized, air-conditioned refuge floors are located approximately every 35 floors where people can shelter on their long walk down to safety in case of an emergency or fire.[33][47]
Special mixes of concrete are made to withstand the extreme pressures of the massive building weight; as is typical with reinforced concrete construction, each batch of concrete used was tested to ensure it could withstand certain pressures.
The consistency of the concrete used in the project was essential. It was difficult to create a concrete that could withstand both the thousands of tonnes bearing down on it and Persian Gulf temperatures that can reach 50 °C (122 °F). To combat this problem, the concrete was not poured during the day. Instead, during the summer months ice was added to the mixture and it was poured at night when the air is cooler and the humidity is higher. A cooler concrete mixture cures evenly throughout and is therefore less likely to set too quickly and crack. Any significant cracks could have put the entire project in jeopardy.
The unique design and engineering challenges of building Burj Khalifa have been featured in a number of television documentaries, including the Big, Bigger, Biggest series on the National Geographic and Five channels, and the Mega Builders series on the Discovery Channel.
Labour controversy
Burj Khalifa was built primarily by workers from South Asia.[48][49] Press reports indicated in 2006 that skilled carpenters at the site earned UK£4.34 a day, and labourers earned UK£2.84.[48] According to a BBC investigation and a Human Rights Watch report, the workers were housed in abysmal conditions, their pay was often withheld, their passports were confiscated by their employers, and they were working in hazardous conditions that resulted in an apparently high number of deaths and injuries on site.[50]
On 21 March 2006, about 2,500 workers, who were upset over buses that were delayed for the end of their shifts, protested, damaging cars, offices, computers, and construction equipment.[48] A Dubai Interior Ministry official said the rioters caused almost UK£500,000 in damage.[48] Most of the workers involved in the riot returned the following day but refused to work.[48]
As of 17 June 2008 there were 7,500 skilled workers employed in the construction of Burj Khalifa.[26]
Milestones
- January 2004: Excavation commences.[22]
- February 2004: Piling starts.[22]
- 21 September 2004: Emaar contractors (Samsung-Besix-Arabtec JV) awarded construction.[51]
- March 2005: Structure of Burj Khalifa starts rising.[22]
- June 2006: Level 50 is reached.[22]
- February 2007: Surpasses the Sears Tower as the building with the most floors.
- 13 May 2007: Sets record for vertical concrete pumping on any building at 452 m (1,483 ft), surpassing the 449.2 m (1,474 ft) to which concrete was pumped during the construction of Taipei 101, while Burj Khalifa reached 130 floor.[22][52]
- 21 July 2007: Surpasses Taipei 101, whose height of 509.2 m (1,671 ft) made it the world's tallest building, and level 141 reached.[22][53]
- 12 August 2007: Surpasses the Willis Tower antenna, which stands 527.3 m (1,730 ft).
- 12 September 2007: At 555.3 m (1,822 ft), becomes the world's tallest freestanding structure, surpassing the CN Tower in Toronto, and level 150 reached.[22][54]
- 7 April 2008: At 629 m (2,064 ft), surpasses the KVLY-TV Mast to become the tallest man-made structure, level 160 reached.[22][55]
- 17 June 2008: Emaar announces that Burj Khalifa's height is over 636 m (2,087 ft) and that its final height will not be given until it is completed in September 2009.[26]
- 1 September 2008: Height tops 688 m (2,257 ft), making it the tallest man-made structure ever built, surpassing the previous record-holder, the Warsaw Radio Mast in Konstantynów, Poland.[56]
- 17 January 2009: Topped out at 828 m (2,717 ft).[57]
- 1 October 2009: Emaar announces that the exterior of the building is completed.[58]
- 4 January 2010: Burj Khalifa's official launch ceremony is held and Burj Khalifa is opened. Burj Dubai renamed Burj Khalifa in honour of the current President of the UAE and ruler of Abu Dhabi, Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed al Nahyan.[1]
Floor plans
The following is a breakdown of floors.[33]
Floors | Use |
---|---|
160 and into the spire | Mechanical |
156–159 | Communication and broadcast |
155 | Mechanical |
139–154 | Corporate suites |
136–138 | Mechanical |
125–135 | Corporate suites |
124 | Observatory |
123 | Sky lobby |
122 | At.mosphere restaurant |
111–121 | Corporate suites |
109–110 | Mechanical |
77–108 | Residential |
76 | Sky lobby |
44–72 | Residential |
43 | Sky lobby |
40–42 | Mechanical |
38–39 | Armani Hotel suites |
19–37 | Residential |
17–18 | Mechanical |
9–16 | Armani residences |
1–8 | Armani Hotel |
Ground | Armani Hotel |
Concourse | Armani Hotel |
B1–B2 | Parking, mechanical |
Opening ceremony
The opening ceremony of the Burj Khalifa was held on 4 January 2010.[59] The ceremony featured a display of 10,000 fireworks, light beams projected on and around the tower, and further sound, light and water effects.[60] Using the 868 powerful stroboscope lights that are integrated into the facade and spire of the tower, different lighting sequences were choreographed, together with more than 50 different combinations of the other effects.
The event began with a short film which depicted the story of Dubai and the evolution of the Burj Khalifa. The displays of sound, light, water and fireworks followed.[60] The portion of the show consisting of the various pyrotechnic, lighting, water and sound effects was divided into three. The first part was primarily a light and sound show, which took as its theme the link between desert flowers and the new tower, and was co-ordinated with the Dubai Fountain and pyrotechnics. The second portion, called 'Heart Beat', represented the construction of the tower in a dynamic light show with the help of 300 projectors which generated a shadow-like image of the tower. In the third act, sky tracers and space cannons enveloped the tower in a halo of white light, which expanded as the lighting rig on the spire activated.[60]
The ceremony was relayed live on a giant screen on Burj Park Island, as well as several television screens placed across the Downtown Burj Khalifa development. Hundreds of media outlets from around the world reported live from the scene.[60] In addition to the media presence, 6,000 guests were expected.[61]
Purpose
Burj Khalifa has been designed to be the centrepiece of a large-scale, mixed-use development that will include 30,000 homes, nine hotels such as The Address Downtown Burj Khalifa, 3 hectares (7.4 acres) of parkland, at least 19 residential towers, the Dubai Mall, and the 12-hectare (30-acre) man-made Burj Khalifa Lake.
The building has returned the location of Earth's tallest free-standing structure to the Middle East—where the Great Pyramid of Giza claimed this achievement for almost four millennia before being surpassed in 1311 by Lincoln Cathedral in England.
The decision to build Burj Khalifa is reportedly based on the government's decision to diversify from an oil-based economy to one that is service- and tourism-oriented. According to officials, it is necessary for projects like Burj Khalifa to be built in the city to garner more international recognition, and hence investment. "He (Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum) wanted to put Dubai on the map with something really sensational," said Jacqui Josephson, a tourism and VIP delegations executive at Nakheel Properties.[62]
Galleries
Building under construction
-
1 February 2006
-
29 August 2006
-
21 March 2007
-
4 December 2007
-
11 March 2008
-
19 October 2008
-
26 October 2008
-
4 January 2009
-
20 March 2009
-
29 June 2009
-
16 September 2009
Post-construction
See also
- Downtown Burj Khalifa
- List of development projects in Dubai
- List of tallest buildings in Dubai
- List of tallest buildings and structures in the world
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(help)
External links
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)
- Burj Location Map
- Official website
- Burj Dubai Skyscraper.com
- Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP, architects
- Emporis page on Burj Khalifa
- Template:PDFlink (Irwin, Baker, June 2006) STRUCTURE magazine
- Template:PDFlink (Erwin, etal, November 2006) STRUCTURE magazine
- Otis Worldwide, Signature Projects, information on the project's elevators at the Otis Elevator Company
- Wind and Other Studies performed by RWDI
- CrazyEngineers Small Talk with Mr. William Baker[dead link]
- View from the top
- 2daydubai.com, Burj Khalifa Project Review
- BBC report on Burj Khalifa opening with video and links