List of active separatist movements in Europe: Difference between revisions
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* Proposed state: {{flagicon image| Flag of the Free City of Danzig.svg}} [[Free City of Danzig]] |
* Proposed state: {{flagicon image| Flag of the Free City of Danzig.svg}} [[Free City of Danzig]] |
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** Political organisation: [[Free City of Danzig Government in Exile]] |
** Political organisation: [[Free City of Danzig Government in Exile]] |
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== Portugal == |
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{{flagicon image|Lustania flag.png}} [[Lusitania]] |
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* People: [[Portuguese people|Lusitanians]] |
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** Proposed autonomous area or state: {{flagicon image|Lustania flag.png}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20081225195955/http://plpl.no.sapo.pt/ Lusitania] |
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*** Political party: {{ill|Lusitanian People's Freedom Party|es|Partido de la Libertad del Pueblo Lusitano}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-12-25 |title=Untitled Document |url=http://plpl.no.sapo.pt/ |access-date=2022-07-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081225195955/http://plpl.no.sapo.pt/ |archive-date=25 December 2008 }}</ref> |
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==Romania== |
==Romania== |
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Revision as of 21:35, 17 November 2022
 | This article possibly contains original research. (September 2017) |
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This is a list of currently active separatist movements in Europe. Separatism often refers to full political secession,[1][2][3] though separatist movements may seek nothing more than greater autonomy or to be recognised as a national minority.[4]
What is and is not considered an autonomist or secessionist movement is sometimes contentious. Entries on this list must meet three criteria:
- They are active movements with active members;
- They are seeking greater autonomy or self-determination for a geographic region (as opposed to personal autonomy);
- They are citizens/people of the conflict area and do not come from another country.
Under each region listed is one or more of the following:
- De facto state (de facto entity): for unrecognized regions with de facto autonomy;
- Proposed state: proposed name for a seceding sovereign state;
- Proposed autonomous area: for movements towards greater autonomy for an area but not outright secession;
- De facto autonomous government: for governments with de facto autonomous control over a region;
- Government-in-exile: for a government based outside of the region in question, with or without control;
- Political party (or parties): for political parties involved in a political system to push for autonomy or secession;
- Militant organisation(s): for armed organisations;
- Advocacy group(s): for non-belligerent, non-politically participatory entities;
- Ethnic/ethno-religious/racial/regional/religious group(s).
Various ethnic groups in Europe are seeking greater autonomy or independence. In the European Union (EU), several of these groups are members of the European Free Alliance (EFA). In some cases, the group seeks to unify into a different state – in cases where this does not involve the creation of a new state entity, this is considered to be irredentism. Analogous irredentist movements are included in the list of active irredentist movements.
Azerbaijan
  |
Territory of the former 
Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast
- People: Armenians in Azerbaijan
- De facto state:
Artsakh (recognised by 3 non-UN members)
- Proposed: recognition of Artsakh status based on self-determination principle[5]
- Political organisation: National Assembly
- Military organisation: Artsakh Defense Army
- De facto state:
Territory of the short-lived 
Talysh-Mughan Autonomous Republic
- People: Talysh people
- Proposed: Talysh province with regional administration within the borders of Azerbaijan[6]
- Political organisation: Talysh National Movement
- Government in exile:
Talysh-Mughan Autonomous Republic[7]
- Proposed: Talysh province with regional administration within the borders of Azerbaijan[6]
- Ethnic group: Lezgins
- Proposed: autonomy for
Lezgistan - Political organisation: Federal Lezgian National and Cultural Autonomy[8]
- Proposed: autonomy for
Belgium
 Flemish and French Community |
- Autonomist movements
German-speaking Community[9][10]
- People: Germans
- Autonomous area: Eastern Belgium
- Political parties: ProDG (former EFA member), Party for Freedom and Progress, Christian Social Party
- Autonomous area: Eastern Belgium
- People: Flemish
- Autonomous area: Flanders
- Movements: Flemish Movement
- Autonomous area: Flanders
- People: Walloons
- Autonomous area: Wallonia
- Movements: Walloon Movement
- Autonomous area: Wallonia
- Secessionist movements
Flanders or Flemish Community (the latter includes 
Brussels-Capital Region)
- People: Flemish
- Proposed state:
Flanders, unification with the 
Netherlands
- Political parties: New Flemish Alliance (member of the European Free Alliance), Libertair, Direct, Democratisch, Vlaams Belang and Flemish-Socialist Movement
- Movements: Vlaamse Volksbeweging (VVB), Overlegcentrum van Vlaamse Verenigingen, Taal Aktie Komitee and Voorpost[better source needed]
- Proposed state:
Wallonia or French Community of Belgium (the latter includes Brussels-Capital Region)
- People: Walloons
- Proposed state:
Wallonia, unification with 
France
- Political parties: Walloon Rally, Rassemblement Wallonie France
- Proposed state:
Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Secessionist movements
- People: Serbs of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Proposed: unification with
Serbia
- Political organisation: National Assembly of Republika Srpska (Government of Republika Srpska)
- Political parties: Alliance of Independent Social Democrats, Serbian Democratic Party[11]
- Proposed: unification with
- Autonomist movements
Croatian Community of Herzeg-Bosnia
- People: Croats of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Proposed state:
Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia, as a refounded third entity of Bosnia-Herzegovina
- Political organisation: Croatian National Assembly of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Political parties: Croatian Democratic Union of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatian Democratic Union 1990, Croatian Christian Democratic Union
- Proposed state:
Croatia
- Autonomist movements
- People: Istrians (Croats, Istrian Italians, Istro-Romanians, and Istriot-speakers)
- Proposed: Autonomy for
Istria within Croatia
- Political party: Istrian Democratic Assembly (factions, not officially)[13][14]
- Proposed: Autonomy for
- Ethnic group: Croats
- Proposed: Autonomy for
Dalmatia within Croatia
- Political party: Dalmatian Action
- Proposed: Autonomy for
Cyprus
The northeastern 1/3 territory of island of Cyprus
- People: Turkish Cypriots
- De facto state:
Northern Cyprus (recognized only by Turkey)
- Proposed: re-unification with
Cyprus,[15] or recognition of Northern Cyprus[16] - Political organisation: Government of Northern Cyprus
- Militant organisation: Security Forces Command
- Proposed: re-unification with
- De facto state:
Czech Republic
- Autonomist movements
- People: Moravian
- Proposed autonomous area:
Moravia
- Political party: Moravané (former EFA member), Moravian land movement (EFA member)
- Organisation: Moravian National Community
- Proposed autonomous area:
Denmark
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- People: Faroese
- Proposed state:
Faroe Islands
- Political parties: Republican Party, Progress, People's Party, Centre Party, Self-Government Party
- Movement: Faroese independence movement
- Proposed state:
Minor Movements
- Proposed state:
Bornholm - Proposed autonomous area: Bornholm
- Political party: Bornholm's Self-Government Party
Finland
- People: Åland Swedes
- Proposed state:
Åland
- Political party: Future of Åland (EFA member)
- Proposed state:
France
- Secessionist movements
- People: Alsatians (Allemanics)
- Proposed state:
Alsace
- Political parties: Elsass Zuerst, Unser Land (EFA member)
- Proposed state:
- People: Basque
- Proposed state: unification with the
Basque Country and 
Navarre – Euskal Herria[18][19][20]
- Political parties: Abertzaleen Batasuna (AB), Eusko Alkartasuna (EFA member), Euzko Alderdi Jeltzalea (Basque Nationalist Party).
- Trade unions: Euskal Langileen Alkartasuna, Langile Abertzaleen Batzordeak
- Youth advocacy groups: Gazte Abertzaleak, Segi
- Militant organisations: Irrintzi
- Proposed state: unification with the
Historic Brittany, comprising Brittany (administrative region) and parts of 
Pays de la Loire
- People: Bretons
- Proposed state:
Brittany
- Advocacy groups: Celtic League[21]
- Political parties: Breton Democratic Union, Adsav, Strollad Breizh, Emgann
- Militant organisation: Talbenn Dieubiñ Breizh (Breton Revolutionary Army) (ARB)
- Proposed state:
- People: Corsicans
- Proposed state:
Corsica
- Political party: Corsica Libera, Pè a Corsica
- Militant group: National Liberation Front of Corsica
- Proposed state:
- People: Occitans
- Proposed state:
Occitania
- Political parties: Partit de la Nacion Occitana
- Political movement: Assemblada Occitana, Libertat
- Proposed state:
- People: Flemings
- Proposed state: French Flanders, Pale of Calais and Audomarois and re-unification with West Flanders, East Flanders, Tournaisis and Zeelandic Flanders into an independent Flemish state, unification with the Netherlands (separatist) or
Belgium (autonomist)
- Political party: Flemish movement
- Proposed state:
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- People: Provençals (Occitans)
- Proposed state:
Provence
- Militant group: Front Nacionala Liberacion de Provença
- Proposed state:
- People: Northern Catalans
- Proposed state:
Catalonia or unification with Catalan Countries
- Political parties: Esquerra Republicana- Catalunya del Nord,[24] Oui au Pays Catalan (autonomist)[25]
- Advocacy organisations: Catalunya Nord per la independència,[26] Òmnium Catalunya Nord[27]
- Youth organisations: Joventuts d'Esquerra Republicana (Catalunya Nord)[28]
- Proposed state:
- Autonomist movements
- People: Alsatians (Allemanics)
- Proposed autonomous area: Alsace
- Political parties: Elsass Zuerst, Nationalforum Elsass-Lothringen, Unser Land (EFA member)
- Proposed autonomous area:
- People: Bretons
- Proposed autonomous area: Brittany
- Political party: Unvaniezh Demokratel Breizh (EFA member)
- Proposed autonomous area:
- People: Corsicans
- Proposed autonomous area: Corsica
- Political party: Partitu di a Nazione Corsa (EFA member)
- Proposed autonomous area:
- People: French, Occitans, Italians
- Proposed autonomous area:
County of Nice
- Political party: Partit Nissart (Parti niçois (fr))[29]
- Proposed autonomous area:
- People: Normans
- Proposed autonomous area:
Normandy
- Political party: Mouvement Normand
- Proposed autonomous area:
- People: Savoyans
- Proposed autonomous area:
Savoy
- Political party: Movement Règion Savouè (EFA member)
- Proposed autonomous area:
- People: Occitans
- Proposed autonomous area: Occitania
- Political parties: Partit Occitan (EFA member)
- Proposed autonomous area:
Georgia
Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia
- People: Abkhazians
- De facto state:
Abkhazia[30] (recognized by 6 UN members)
- Political organisation: Government of Abkhazia
- Militant organisation: Abkhazian Armed Forces
- De facto state:
Territory of the former South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast
- People: Ossetians
- De facto state:
South Ossetia[31] (recognized by 5 UN members)
- Political organisation: Government of South Ossetia
- Militant organisation: Armed Forces of South Ossetia
- De facto state:
- Ethnic group: Armenians in Samtskhe–Javakheti
- Proposed: Autonomy for the region
Javakhk (Javakheti) - Political party: United Javakhk Democratic Alliance[32]
- Proposed: Autonomy for the region
Germany
- People: Bavarians, Franconians, Swabians
- Proposed state or autonomous area:
Free State of Bavaria
- Political party: Bavaria Party (EFA member)[33]
- Proposed state or autonomous area:
- People: Frisians
- Proposed autonomous area:
Frisia, unification with foreign states: 
- Political party: South Schleswig Voters' Association (EFA member) and The Frisians
- Proposed autonomous area:
- People: Sorbs
- Proposed autonomous area:
Lusatia
- Political party: Lusatian Alliance
- Proposed autonomous area:
- Proposed state or autonomous area:
Saxony
- Political party: Free Saxony
- Political party:
Italy
- People: French, Italian
- Proposed state: Aosta Valley/Valdosta
- Political parties: Valdostan Union, Centre-right coalition, For the Autonomy, Edelweiss, Lega Nord Valle d'Aosta
- Proposed state: Aosta Valley/Valdosta
- People: Friulians
- Proposed state:
Friuli
- Political parties:
- Secessionist parties: Res Publica Furlane-Parlament Furlan,[34] Patrie Furlane, Friulian Front,[35]
- Autonomist parties: Pact for Autonomy
- Political parties:
- Proposed state:
- Proposed state:
Free Territory of Trieste
- Proposed state:
Republic of Lombardy
- Political parties (autonomist): Lega per l'Autonomia – Alleanza Lombarda
- Political parties (secessionist): Pro Lombardy Independence, Lega Lombarda[39]
- Proposed state:
Padania
- Political parties (autonomist): Lega Nord, Great North
- Political parties (secessionist): Lega Nord (formerly), Lega Padana, Padanian Union, Alpine Padanian Union
- Proposed state:
Mezzogiorno[40]
- Political parties (secessionist and autonomist):[41] We the South, Great South
- Political parties (secessionist): Autonomy South, Force of the South and I the South
- People: Sardinians
- Proposed state:
Republic of Sardinia
- Political parties (autonomist): Fortza Paris, Sardinian Reformers
- Political parties (secessionist): Sardinian Action Party, Sardinia Nation, Independence Republic of Sardinia, Project Republic of Sardinia, Party of Sardinians, others
- Proposed state:
- People: Sicilians
- Proposed state:
Sicily
- Political parties (autonomist): Sicilian Socialist Party, Party of the Sicilians
- Political parties (secessionist): Free Sicilians[42]
- Groups: Sicilian National Front,[43] Sicilia Nazione,[44] Sicilian National Liberation Movement.[45]
- Proposed state:
- Proposed state: unification with
Tyrol (
Austria)
- Political parties: Die Freiheitlichen, South Tyrolean Freedom, Citizens' Union for South Tyrol
- Ethnic group: Tuscans
- Proposed: greater autonomy for
Tuscany - Political party: Tuscan Autonomist Movement[46]
- Proposed: greater autonomy for
- Proposed state:
Republic of Venice
- Political parties (autonomist): Liga Veneta, Veneto for Autonomy
- Political parties (secessionist): Party of Venetians, Venetian Independence, We Are Veneto, Liga Veneta Repubblica, Venetian People's Unity, Venetian Left
Kosovo
North Kosovo/Ibar Kolašin[47][48]
- People: Kosovo Serbs
- Proposed state:
Community of Serb Municipalities within 
Kosovo or re-unification with Serbia[49]
- Political organisations: Assembly of the Community of Municipalities (status unknown), Serb List
- Proposed state:
Malta
- People: Gozitan
- Proposed autonomous area:
Gozo
- Political organisation: People's Party (Malta), Gozo Party (Defunct)
- Proposed autonomous area:
Moldova
.svg){kind=spacer}
- Breakaway state
- People: Equal proportions of Russians, Ukrainians and Moldovans
- De facto state:
Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic
- Political organisation: Government of Transnistria
- Militant organisation: Army of Transnistria
- De facto state:
- Proposed secessionist movements
- People: Gagauz
- Proposed state:
Republic of Gagauzia
- Political organisation: Gagauzian People's Assembly, Gagauz Halkı (Banned)
- Proposed state:
Netherlands
- People: Frisians, West Frisians
- Proposed autonomous area: West Frisia, or unification with foreign states
: Frisia
- Political party: Frisian National Party, (EFA member)
- Status: Democratic movement seeking greater autonomy for Frisian-speaking people in Friesland[51]
- Proposed autonomous area:
- People Limburgish
- Proposed autonomous area:
Limburg (Netherlands)
- Political party: Party New Limburg
- Proposed autonomous area:
- People Brabantines
- Proposed autonomous area:
North Brabant
- Political party: Brabant Party
- Proposed autonomous area:
- People Zeelanders
- Proposed autonomous area:
Zeeland
- Political party: Party for Zeeland
- Proposed autonomous area:
Poland
- People: Silesians
- Proposed autonomous area or state:
Silesia
- Political party: Silesian Autonomy Movement[52]
- Proposed autonomous area or state:
- People: Kashubians
- Proposed autonomous area or state:
Kashubia[53]
- Political party: Kashubian Association
- Proposed autonomous area or state:
- Proposed state:
Free City of Danzig
- Political organisation: Free City of Danzig Government in Exile
Portugal
- People: Lusitanians
- Proposed autonomous area or state:
Lusitania
- Political party: Lusitanian People's Freedom Party[54]
- Proposed autonomous area or state:
Romania
Transylvania and 
Banat[55][56][57]
Location of Transylvania (left) and Banat (right)
- People: Romanians, Hungarians, Transylvanian Saxons
- Proposed autonomous area or state: Transylvania or Banat
- Political organisations: Liga Transilvania-Banat,[58]
- Advocacy organisations: Liga Pro Europa,[58] Provincia,[58] Autonomy for Transylvania[59] Székely-Hungarian National Guard,[60][61][62] Democratic League of Transylvania (Liga Transilvania Democrată),[55][63] League of Banat (Liga Bănățeană)[56][64]
- Proposed autonomous area or state: Transylvania or Banat
- People: Székelys
- Proposed autonomous area: Székely Land
- Political organisations: Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania, the demand for Hungarian autonomy has been part of their program since 1993.[65] Hungarian Civic Party, they signed a settlement with the Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania about cooperation and joint support for Hungarian autonomy.[66] Hungarian People's Party of Transylvania (PPMT), the party proposes the establishments of Transylvanian parliament and government and supports the case of Székely autonomy in Székely Land.[67] It also advocates territorial autonomy for Partium.[68]
- Advocacy organisations: Szekler National Council[69]
- Proposed autonomous area: Székely Land
- People: Hungarians
- Proposed autonomous area: Partium
- Advocacy organisations: Hungarian National Council of Transylvania[70]
- Proposed autonomous area: Partium
Russia
 | This section possibly contains unsourced predictions, speculative material, or accounts of events that might not occur. Information must be verifiable and based on reliable published sources. |
| This section possibly contains original research. (December 2021) |
 | This section's factual accuracy is disputed. (December 2021) |
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- Autonomist movements
- People: Komi and Komi-Permyaks
- Proposed federal subject:
Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug
- Proposed federal subject:
- People: Russians, Izhorians, Ingrians, Votes
- Proposed federal subject:
Ingria
- Advocacy movement: Free Ingria
- Proposed federal subject:
- Ural Federal District
- People: Russians
- Proposed state:
Ural Republic
- Advocacy groups: Ural Democratic Foundation, Free Ural
- Proposed state:
- Volga Federal District
- People: Bashkirs, Chuvash, Erzya, Mari, Mokshas, Tatars, Udmurts
- Proposed state:
Idel-Ural Republic
- Advocacy group: Free Idel-Ural.
- Proposed state:
- People: Tatars
- Militant organisation: All-Tatar Public Center
- Advocacy groups: The Union of Tatar Youth, Tatar Patriotic Front Altyn Urda, Tatar Social Center
- Government in exile: Tatar Government in Exile
- Organisation: Ittifaq Party
- Proposed state:
Tatarstan
- Militant organisation: All-Tatar Public Center
- People: Udmurts
- Proposed state:
Udmurtia
- Movement: Congress of the Peoples of Udmurtia
- Advocacy groups:Udmurt Kenesh, Udmurt National Centre, Udmurt National Progress, Odmort
- Political parties: Udmurt Republican National Party, Udmurt National Progress
- Proposed state:
- People: Bashkir
- Advocacy groups: Bashkort Public Organization, Bashkir Human Rights Movement, Council of Aksakals of Bashkortostan, Bashkir Social Movement
- Political party: The Heavenly Wolf
- Proposed state:
Bashkortostan
- Advocacy groups: Bashkort Public Organization, Bashkir Human Rights Movement, Council of Aksakals of Bashkortostan, Bashkir Social Movement
- People: Chuvash
- Proposed state:
Chuvashia
- Movements: Chuvash National Movement, Chuvash Republican Youth
- Organisation: Chuvash Ireklekh Society of National-Cultural Rebirth
- Proposed state:
- Northwestern Federal District
- People: Komi
- Proposed state:
Komi Republic
- Political organisations: Komi Republican Organization
- Advocacy movements: Komi Voityr, Finno-Ugric Peoples Consultative Committee
- Organisation: Komi People's Congress
- Proposed state:
- People: Karelian, Vepsians
- Proposed state:
Karelia or unification with 
Finland
- Advocacy movement: Karelian Republican Movement
- Proposed state:
- People: Russian, Germans, Poles, Lithuanians, Old Prussian Descendants
- Proposed state:
- Regionalist:
Kaliningrad[85] - Pro-German / Nationalist (especially Prussian revivalists):
Prussia (region) (
East Prussia), unification with 
Germany. - Pro-Baltic:
Prussia (region)
- Movement: Kaliningrad Public Movement
- Organisation: Prussia Reborn (Preußen Wiedergeboren)
- Regionalist:
- Proposed state:
Pomor Republic[86][87][88][89]
- People: Pomors
- Proposed state:
Pomor Republic
- Southern Federal District
- People: Kalmyk people
- Proposed state:
Kalmykia - Advocacy group: Oirat-Kalmyk People's Congress
- Proposed state:
- People: Kuban Cossacks
- Advocacy movements: Klin-Yar, Kuban Cossack Host,
- Political parties: Lapin
- Proposed state:
Kuban People's Republic (proclaimed in 1918), Kuban Republic (attempted to proclaim in 1991 as part of Union of Cossack Republics in Southern Russia in Union of Sovereign States that never founded both). Currently asking for federalisation (Now consists of Krasnodar Krai and accommodates the republics of Adygea, Karachay-Cherkessia, and parts of Stavropol Krai).
- Advocacy movements: Klin-Yar, Kuban Cossack Host,
- People: Don Cossacks
- Proposed state:
Don Republic / Rostov Oblast
- Proposed state:
- People: Crimean Tatars
- Proposed:
Crimean Tatar autonomy within unitary 
Ukraine[97]
- Political organisations: Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People, Qurultay of the Crimean Tatar People
- Proposed:
- North Caucasian Federal District
- People: Chechens
- Militant organisation: Chechen separatists
- Proposed state:
Chechen Republic of Ichkeria (government in exile)[98][99][100] (recognized by UN member: Ukraine)
- Political parties: Vainakh Democratic Party, Party of National Independence, All-National Congress of the Chechen People
- People: Abazins
- Advocacy groups: Abaza Adkilra, Abaza Yurdu, Abzanhara, Unity (Adgylara)
- Organisation: World Congress of Abkhaz-Abazin People
- Proposed state:
Abazinia - Proposed entity: Abazinia, including all ethnic Abazin parts and/or districts of Karachay-Cherkessia, Stavropol Krai and Kabardino-Balkaria or solely the rural locality of Psyzh
- People: Circassians, Cherkesogai
- Movement: Circassian nationalism; Circassian Congress; Circassian Youth Initiative; Adyge Djegi; Adyghe Khase; International Circassian Association (member of UNPO)
- Proposed entity: Circassia, including all regions historically included in Circassia and/or inhabited by Circassians (note: this includes Adygea as well as north Kabardino-Balkaria, north Karachay–Cherkessia, south-east Krasnodar Krai, and south Stavropol Krai)
- People: Balkars, Karachays
- Movement: Various nationalist organisations in Kabardino-Balkaria and Karachay–Cherkessia
- Goals: Autonomy for the
Karachay and 
Balkaria, rather than in biethnic republics where they must share power with Russians and Circassians (division of Kabardino-Balkaria and Karachay–Cherkessia into smaller units, also popular for Circassian nationalists). Then, the unification of Karachay and Balkar units is advocated by some but not all nationalists (see Balkar and Karachai nationalism) - Proposed autonomous republic: Karachay-Balkar Republic (includes south Kabardino-Balkaria and south Karachey-Cherkessia)
File:Flag of the Lezgi people.svg Lezgistan
- People: Lezgins
- Proposed state: File:Flag of the Lezgi people.svg Lezgistan
- Proposed entity: Lezgistan, including all ethnic Lezgin parts and/or districts of Dagestan
- Movement: Lezgin nationalism, Lezgin Movement of Caucasian Albania
- Advocacy movement: Lezgin National Center
- Political party: Lezgin Patriotic Union
- Organisation: Federal Lezgin National Cultural Autonomy (member of UNPO)
- Lezgistan coverage area: Suleiman-Stal, Magaramkent, Kurakh, Dokuzparin, Akhtyn, Derbent
Serbia
Image Note: Republic of Vojvodina within federalized Serbia, proposed by the League of Social Democrats of Vojvodina in 1999 – the map also includes an autonomous Sandžak, Kosovo and the metropolitan area of Belgrade as a distinctive administrative unit as well
- Autonomist movements
- Proposals for Hungarian Regional Autonomy in the northern part of Vojvodina:
- People: Bosniaks of Serbia
- Proposed autonomous province:
Sandžak - Advocacy groups (autonomist): Party of Democratic Action of Sandžak, Islamic Community in Serbia[104]
- Proposed autonomous province:
- Breakaway state
- People: Albanians in Kosovo
- Proposed: Republic of Kosovo, unification with
Albania
- De facto state: Republic of Kosovo (recognised by 50% of UN member states)
- Political organisation: Government of Kosovo
- Movement: Albanian nationalism in Kosovo
- De facto state:
Slovakia
- Autonomist movements
Southern Slovakia:
- People: Hungarians
- Proposed autonomous area: Territorial autonomy for the compact Hungarian ethnic block and cultural autonomy for the regions of Hungarian presence,[105] or unification with
Hungary
- Political parties (autonomist): Party of the Hungarian Community,[106] In 2010, the party renewed their demand for autonomy.[107]
- Proposed autonomous area: Territorial autonomy for the compact Hungarian ethnic block and cultural autonomy for the regions of Hungarian presence,[105] or unification with
Spain
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- Secessionist movements
- People: Andalusian
- Proposed state:
Andalusia
- Political parties (nationalist): Bloque Andaluz de Izquierdas
- Political parties (secessionist): Nación Andaluza, Candidatura Unitaria de Trabajadores
- Proposed state:
- People: Aragonese
- Proposed state
- Socialist:
Aragon - Federalist:
Aragon
- Political party (nationalist): Chunta Aragonesista
- Political party (secessionist): Puyalón de Cuchas,
- Trade union: Sindicato Obrero Aragonés (SOA)
- Socialist:
- Proposed state
- People: Asturians
- Proposed state:
Asturias
- Political parties (autonomist): Partíu Asturianista, Unión Renovadora Asturiana
- Political parties (nationalist): Unidá, Compromisu por Asturies
- Political parties (secessionist): Andecha Astur
- Youth movements: Darréu
- Trade unions: Corriente Sindical d'Izquierda
- Proposed state:
Basque Country (autonomous community)
- People: Basques
- Proposed state: Basque Country (greater region) – Euskal Herria[18]
- Political parties: Euzko Alderdi Jeltzalea (Basque Nationalist Party) (member of the European Democratic Party), Eusko Alkartasuna (EFA member), Bildu, Eusko Abertzale Ekintza (Basque Nationalist Action)
- Trade union: Euskal Langileen Alkartasuna, Langile Abertzaleen Batzordeak
- Youth advocacy groups: EGI, Gazte Abertzaleak, Haika] (illegalised) Segi, Ikasle Abertzaleak
- Proposed state:
- People Castilians
- Proposed state:
Castile
- Political parties (autonomist): Castilian Party
- Political parties (secessionist): Izquierda Castellana
- Youth movements: Yesca
- Proposed state:
- People: Canarians
- Proposed state:
Republic of the Canary Islands
- Political parties (autonomist): Coalición Canaria, Partido Nacionalista Canario, Centro Canario Nacionalista, Nueva Canarias
- Political parties (secessionist): FREPIC-AWAÑAK, Alternativa Nacionalista Canaria, Alternativa Popular Canaria, Unidad del Pueblo
- Trade union: Intersindical Canaria
- Youth movement: Azarug
- Proposed state:
- People: Catalans
- Proposal state: Catalan Republic –
Catalan Countries (i.e. including other Catalan-speaking areas)
- Political parties (independentist): Republican Left of Catalonia (33/135), Together for Catalonia (32/135), Popular Unity Candidacy (9/135), supported by other small parties and civil organisations Corròp
- Political parties (autonomist): Catalunya en Comú–Podem (8/135)
- Civil organisations: Assemblea Nacional Catalana, Òmnium Cultural, Association of Municipalities for Independence, Procés Constituent, Catalunya Acció, Sobirania i Progrés, Committees for the Defense of the Republic, Negres Tempestes
- Trade unions: Intersindical-CSC, Coordinadora Obrera Sindical
- Youth advocacy groups: Arran, La Forja, Jovent Republicà, Joves d'Esquerra Verda, Joventut Nacionalista de Catalunya, Joventut Comunista de Catalunya
- Proposal state:
- People: Galicians
- Proposed state:
Galiza, or unification with 
Portugal
- Political party: Galician Nationalist Bloc (Galician Nationalist Bloc) (souveranist) (EFA member), Anova-Nationalist Brotherhood (independentist, includes the Galician Popular Front), Compromiso por Galicia (centrist federalist), Terra Galega (Centrist autonomist), Galician Coalition (Centrist nationalist Party)
- Unions: Confederación Intersindical Galega (CIG) and Central Unitaria de Traballadores (CUT)
- Youth advocacy groups: Galiza Nova, Xeira, BRIGA and Erguer-Estudantes da Galiza (students)
- Militant organisation: Resistência Galega
- Proposed state:
- People: Leonese
- Proposed autonomous area:
Leonese region
- Political parties: Unión del Pueblo Leonés UPL
- Youth movements: RUCHAR Mocedá Llionesa[108]
- Proposed autonomous area:
- People: Navarran or Navarrese (a subgroup of Basque people)
- Proposed states: unification with the Basque Country – Euskal Herria
- Political parties: Geroa Bai, Bildu, Basque Nationalist Action, Batasuna
- Militant organisations: ETA (Euskadi Ta Askatasuna) (ceasefire since 2011)
- Proposed states: unification with the
- People: Valencians – Catalanics (those with Catalan ancestry)
- Proposed state:
Valencian Country or unification with Catalan Countries
- Political parties: Valencian Nationalist Bloc, Initiative of the Valencian People, Popular Unity Candidates, Republican Left of the Valencian Country, Valencian State, Valencian Nationalist Left, Valencian Left
- Advocacy groups: Pro-Catalan Valencianists (who defend Pan-Catalanism and Fuster's theories) propose the creation of a Valencian State and some type of reconnection with the rest of Catalan-speaking areas. Only a minor tendency within anti-Catalan Valencianism (Blaverism) proposed independence of the Kingdom of Valencia from both Catalonia and Spain.[109][110]
- Youth advocacy groups: Arran
- Proposed state:
- People: Aranese (a subset of Gascon Occitans)
- Proposed autonomous area: Aran Valley – within Catalonia or unification with Occitania
- Proposed autonomous area: Aran Valley – within
- Autonomist movements
- Proposed: extended autonomy for
Cartagena within Murcia
- Political party: Movimiento Ciudadano de Cartagena
Switzerland
-
The seven Jura districts in Switzerland -
The French-speaking part of Switzerland is shown in green on this map
- Autonomist movements
Jura region
- People: Jurassien (French-speaking)
- Proposed autonomous area: unification of the three districts of Bernese Jura and the Laufen District with the
Canton of Jura
- Militant organisations: Mouvement Autonomiste Jurassien (Jurassian Autonomist Movement),[111] Groupe Bélier (Youth activists movement)[112]
- Proposed autonomous area: unification of the three districts of Bernese Jura and the Laufen District with the
- People: Romands (French-speaking Swiss)
- Proposed autonomous area:
Romandy
- Movements: Mouvement romand[113]
- Proposed autonomous area:
- People: Ticinese (Italian/Lombard-speaking Swiss)
- Proposed autonomous area: unification of the Moesa Region with Ticino and stronger bonds with
Lombardy
- Political parties: Lega Sud Ticino[114]
- Proposed autonomous area: unification of the Moesa Region with Ticino and stronger bonds with
Sweden
- Ethnocultural people: Scanians
- Proposed state:
Scania
- Political party: Scania Party
- Proposed state:
Turkey
- Ethnic group: Kurdish
- Proposed state:
Kurdistan - Militant organisations: Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK), Group of Communities in Kurdistan (KCK), Kurdistan Freedom Hawks (TAK), Democrat Party of Kurdistan/North (PDK/Bakur), Revolutionary Party of Kurdistan (PŞK), Communist Party of Kurdistan (KKP)
- Proposed state:
- Ethnic group: Assyrian, Arab Christians
- Proposed state:
Assyria - Political parties: Assyrian Democratic Movement, Assyria Liberation Party
- Militant organisations: Nineveh Plain Protection Units, Dwekh Nawsha
- Advocacy groups: Assyrian General Conference, Assyria Council of Europe
- Proposed state:
Ukraine
Autonomous Republic of Crimea and 
Sevastopol
- People: Russians in Ukraine
- De facto entity:
Republic of Crimea and 
Sevastopol within the 
Russian Federation[116]
- Political organisation: State Council of Crimea, Legislative Assembly of Sevastopol
- De facto entity:
- People: Crimean Tatars
- Proposed: Crimean Tatar autonomy or independence[117] within unitary Ukraine[97]
- Political organisations: Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People, Qurultay of the Crimean Tatar People
- Proposed:
Donetsk Oblast, 
Luhansk Oblast
- People: Russians in Ukraine
- De facto states:
Donetsk People's Republic, 
Luhansk People's Republic (recognized by 3 UN members)
- Proposed: unification with Russia or self-proclaimed Unification within the confederation of
Novorossiya - Political organisations: People's Council of the Donetsk People's Republic, People's Council of the Luhansk People's Republic
- Militant organisation: Russian separatist forces in Donbas
- Proposed: unification with
- De facto states:
Odessa People's Republic[118][119][120]
- Proposed: unification with Russia/ Novorossiya
- Political organisations: Volodymyr Saldo Bloc, Derzhava, Opposition Bloc
- Militant organisation: Russian Ground Forces
Russian Zaporizhzhia, 
Russian Kherson,
Russian Kharkiv[121]
- People: Russians in Ukraine, Russian Ground Forces
- De facto states:
Kherson military–civilian administration,
Zaporizhzhia Military–Civilian Administration
Kharkov military–civilian administration
- Proposed: unification with Russia[122]
- Political organisations: Volodymyr Saldo Bloc, Derzhava, Opposition Bloc
- Militant organisation: Russian Ground Forces
- Proposed: unification with
- De facto states:
Republic Subcarpathian Ruthenia[123][124][125][126]
- People: Russians in Ukraine, Hungarians in Ukraine,
Rusyns[127]
- Proposed: autonomy or independence within unitary Ukraine or unification with Hungary[128][129]
- Political organisations: "Subcarpathian republican party", "Volodymyr Saldo Bloc", "Derzhava", "World Congress of Rusyns[130]", "Opposition Bloc","Russkiy dom", "Subcarpathian Ruthenia movement" "Russkiy Mir Foundation", "Association of Zakarpattia democrats", and other pro-Russian organizations. [131][132][133][134][135][136] "Rusyn separatist movement" led by the Orthodox priest Dimitry Sydor (now Archbishop of Uzhorod, in the Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)) [137][138][139][140]
- Proposed: autonomy or independence within unitary
United Kingdom
- Major movements
- People: English
- Proposed state:
England
- Political parties: English Democrats[141]
- Proposed state:
- People: Irish, Northern Irish (Nationalists)
- Proposed state: Re-unification with
Ireland
- Political parties: Sinn Féin,[142] Fianna Fáil, Éirígí, Social Democratic and Labour Party, Aontú[143][144]
- Advocacy groups: Celtic League[21]
- Militant organisations: RIRA, CIRA[145]
- Proposed state: Re-unification with
- People: Scots
- Proposed state:
Scotland
- Political parties: Scottish National Party (EFA member), Scottish Greens, Scottish Socialist Party, Action for Independence, Alba, Restore Scotland, Red Party of Scotland,[146] Scotland's Independence Referendum Party,[147] Solidarity, Scotia Future, Independence for Scotland Party, Scottish Libertarian Party, Scottish Democratic Alliance, Siol nan Gaidheal
- Advocacy groups: Celtic League,[21] Scottish Independence Convention (Common Weal, People's Voice, Scottish CND, Voice for Scotland, Women for Independence), Yes Scotland, Labour for Independence, Scottish Liberals for Independence
- Proposed state:
- People: Welsh
- Proposed state:
Wales
- Political parties: Gwlad, Plaid Cymru, Propel, Plaid Glyndŵr
- Advocacy groups: Celtic League,[21] YesCymru
- Proposed state:
- Minor movements
- People: Cornish
- Proposed state:
Cornwall
- Political parties: Mebyon Kernow Cornish Nationalist Party
- Advocacy groups: Celtic League[21]
- Proposed state:
- People: Londoners
- Proposed state:
London
- Political parties: Londependence Party
- Proposed state:
- People: Midlanders
- Proposed state:
Mercia
- Advocacy groups: Acting Witan of Mercia, Sovereign Mercia
- Proposed state:
- Proposed state: Northern England, under the name of Northumbria
- Political Parties: Northern Independence Party
- Autonomist movements
- People: Canvey Islanders
- Proposed autonomous area: Canvey Island
- Political Parties: Canvey Island Independent Party[148][149][150]
- Proposed autonomous area: Canvey Island
- People: English
- Proposed autonomous area: England
- Political parties: English Democrats,[151] UKIP[152]
- Advocacy groups: Campaign for an English Parliament
- Proposed autonomous area:
- People: Scots
- Proposed autonomous area: Scotland
- Political parties: Scottish National Party (EFA member)[153]
- Proposed autonomous area:
- People: Welsh
- Proposed autonomous area: Wales
- Political parties: Plaid Cymru
- Proposed autonomous area:
Cornwall (possibly including the Isles of Scilly)
- People: Cornish
- Proposed autonomous area: Cornwall
- Political parties: Green Party of England and Wales,[154] Mebyon Kernow (EFA member), Cornish Nationalist Party, Liberal Democrats[155][156]
- Advocacy groups: Celtic League, Cornish Constitutional Convention, Cornwall 2000, Revived Cornish Stannary Parliament, Wessex Constitutional Convention[157]
- Proposed autonomous area:
- People: People of Shetland
- Proposed autonomous area:
Shetland
- Advocacy group: Wir Shetland
- Proposed autonomous area:
- People: People of Yorkshire
- People: People of North East England
- Proposed autonomous area: North East England
- Political parties: North East Party[164]
- Proposed autonomous area: North East England
- Ethnic group: People of Wessex
- Proposed: autonomy for Wessex
- Political party: Wessex Regionalists
- Advocacy group: Wessex Constitutional Convention[165]
- Proposed: autonomy for Wessex
- Independence movements of dependent territories
- People: Manx
- Proposed State:
Isle of Man
- Political party: Mec Vannin
- Advocacy group: Celtic League[21]
- Autonomist movements of dependent territories
- People: Vaques
- Proposed State:
Alderney[166]
- Advocacy group: States of Alderney
See also
- Lists of active separatist movements
- List of historical separatist movements
- Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization
- List of micro-regional organizations
- List of states with limited recognition
- Independence referendum
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External links
- "Manifest" (PDF), Politiskaprogram [Political program], AX: Ålands framtid, 2011.
- From Spain to Iraq, states have to see that suppressing secession won't work
- Disintegration of Britain and Spain both possible