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For the Internet appliance line, see Linksys iPhone.

iPhone
File:IPhoneSeattle.jpg
ManufacturerApple Inc.
Compatible networksQuad band GSM 850 900 1800 1900 GPRS/EDGE
3G also includes: Tri band UMTS/HSDPA 850, 1900, 2100, A-GPS[1]
Availability by regionOriginal: June 29, 2007[2]
3G: July 11, 2008[3]
RelatediPod touch
Form factorCandybar Smartphone
DimensionsOriginal:
4.5 in (115 mm) (h)
2.4 in (61 mm) (w)
0.46 in (11.6 mm) (d)
3G:
4.5 in (115.5 mm) (h)
2.4 in (62.1 mm) (w)
0.48 in (12.3 mm) (d)
WeightOriginal: 135 g (4.8 oz)
3G: 133 g (4.7 oz)
Operating systemiPhone OS 2.1 (Build 5F136)
CPU620 MHz ARM 1176,[4] underclocked to 412 MHz[5]
GPU: PowerVR MBX Lite 3D[6]
Memory128 MB DRAM[7]
StorageFlash memory 4, 8, or 16 GB
Battery1400 mAh Lithium-ion polymer battery [8]
Display480×320 px, 3.5 in (89 mm), color LCD, 3:2 aspect ratio
Rear camera2.0 megapixel
ConnectivityDock connector (with USB & FireWire adapter cables, FireWire for charging only)
Headphone jack
Wi-Fi (802.11b/g)
Bluetooth 2.0+EDR
Data inputs4 hardware buttons and Multi-touch touchscreen

The iPhone is an internet-connected multimedia smartphone designed and marketed by Apple Inc. with a flush multi-touch screen and a minimal hardware interface. The device does not have a physical keyboard, so a virtual keyboard is rendered on the touch screen. The iPhone's functions include those of a camera phone and portable media player (equivalent to the iPod) in addition to text messaging and visual voicemail. It also offers Internet services including e-mail, web browsing, and local Wi-Fi connectivity. The first generation phone hardware was quad-band GSM with EDGE; the second generation also adds UMTS with HSDPA.[10]

Apple announced the iPhone on January 9, 2007.[11] The announcement was preceded by rumors and speculation that circulated for several months.[12] The iPhone was initially introduced in the United States on June 29, 2007 and is in the process of being introduced worldwide. It was named Time magazine's Invention of the Year in 2007.[13] On July 11, 2008, the iPhone 3G was released and supported faster 3G data speeds and Assisted GPS.[10]

Hardware

Rear view of an original iPhone. The back is made of metal and black plastic.
A highlighted view of the proximity and ambient light sensors on the first-generation iPhone.
The proximity and ambient light sensors on the iPhone 3G.

Screen and interface

The 9 cm (3.5 in) liquid crystal display (320×480 px at 6.3 px/mm, 160 ppi) HVGA touchscreen with scratch-resistant glass[14] is specifically created for use with a finger, or multiple fingers for multi-touch sensing. Because the screen is a capacitive touchscreen, bare skin is required; a stylus or a normal glove prevents the necessary electrical conductivity.[15][16][17][18]

Almost all input is given through the touch screen, which understands complex gestures using multi-touch. The iPhone's interaction techniques enable the user to move the content itself up or down by a touch-drag motion of the finger. For example, zooming in and out of web pages and photos is done by placing two fingers on the screen and spreading them farther apart or bringing them closer together. Similarly, scrolling through a long list in a menu works as if the list is pasted on the outer surface of a wheel: the wheel can be "spun" by sliding a finger over the display from bottom to top (or vice versa). In either case, the list continues to move based on the flicking motion of the finger, slowly decelerating as if affected by friction. In this way, the interface simulates the physics of a real 3D object. There are other visual effects, such as horizontally sliding sub-selections and co-selections from right and left, vertically sliding system menus from the bottom (e.g. favorites, keyboard), and menus and widgets that turn around to allow settings to be configured on their back sides.

The display responds to three sensors. A proximity sensor shuts off the display and touchscreen when the iPhone is brought near the face to save battery power and to prevent inadvertent inputs from the user's face and ears. An ambient light sensor adjusts the display brightness which in turn saves battery power. A 3-axis accelerometer senses the orientation of the phone and changes the screen accordingly.[19] Photo browsing, web browsing, and music playing support both upright and left or right widescreen orientations. [20]

A software update allowed the first generation iPhone to use cell towers and Wi-Fi networks to locate itself despite lacking a hardware GPS. The iPhone 3G includes A-GPS but also uses cell towers and Wi-Fi for location finding.

A single "home" hardware button below the display brings up the main menu. Subselections are made via the touchscreen. The iPhone utilizes a full-paged display, with context-specific submenus at the top and/or bottom of each page, sometimes depending on screen orientation. Detail pages display the equivalent of a "Back" button to return to the parent menu.

The iPhone has three physical switches on its sides: wake/sleep, volume up/down, and ringer on/off. These are made of plastic on the original iPhone and metal on the iPhone 3G. All other multimedia and phone operations are done via the touchscreen. The iPhone 3G features a full plastic back to increase GSM signal strength.[21] It also comes in white exclusively for the 16GB model.

Audio

The iPhone's headphones are similar to those of most current smartphones, incorporating a microphone. A multipurpose button in the microphone can be used to play or pause music, skip tracks, and answer or end phone calls without touching the iPhone. The 3.5 mm TRS connector for the headphones is located on the top left corner. The headphone socket on the original iPhone is recessed into the casing. The recess is narrow when compared to many headphone jacks, making them incompatible without the use of an adapter.[22] The iPhone 3G has a flush mounted headphone socket.

Wireless earpieces that use Bluetooth technology to communicate with the iPhone are sold separately. It does not support stereo audio.

The loudspeaker is used both for handsfree operations and media playback.

Composite or component video at up to 576i and stereo audio can be output from the dock connector using an adapter sold by Apple.[23]

Unlike many similar phones, the iPhone requires third party software to support voice recording.

Battery

The iPhone features a built-in rechargeable battery that is not user-replaceable, similar to existing iPods, but dissimilar to most existing cellular phones.[24][25] If the battery prematurely reaches the end of its life, the phone can be returned to Apple and replaced for free while still in warranty,[26] one year at purchase and extended to two years with AppleCare. The cost of having Apple provide a new battery and replace it when the iPhone is out of warranty is, in the United States, US$79 and US$6.95 for shipping.[27]

Since July 2007 third party battery packs have been available[28] at a much lower price than Apple's own battery replacement program. These kits often include a small screwdriver and an instruction leaflet, but as with many newer iPod models the battery in the original iPhone has been soldered in. Therefore a soldering iron is required to install the new battery. This is not the case with the iPhone 3G as it uses a different battery fitted with a connector.[29]

The original iPhone's battery was stated to be capable of providing up to seven hours of video, six hours of web browsing, eight hours of talk time, 24 hours of music or up to 250 hours on standby.[14] Apple's site says that the battery life "is designed to retain up to 80% of its original capacity after 400 full charge and discharge cycles",[30] which is comparable to the iPod batteries.

The iPhone 3G's battery is stated to be capable of providing up to seven hours of video, six hours of web browsing on Wi-Fi or five on 3G, ten hours of 2G talk time, or five on 3G, 24 hours of music, or 300 hours of standby.[1]

The Foundation for Taxpayer and Consumer Rights, a consumer advocate group, has sent a complaint to Apple and AT&T over the fee that consumers have to pay to have the battery replaced.[31] Though the battery replacement service and its pricing was not made known to buyers until the day the product was launched,[31][32] a similar service had been well established for the iPods by Apple and various third party service providers.

SIM card

The original iPhone's SIM card slot shown as open, with ejected SIM card.

The SIM card is located in a slot at the top of the device, which can be ejected with a paperclip or a SIM card ejection tool which is included with the iPhone 3G.[33] In most countries, the iPhone is usually sold with a SIM lock preventing the use of SIM cards from different mobile networks.

See also: iPhone SIM Lock removal

Storage

The iPhone was initially released with two options for internal storage size; either a 4 GB or 8 GB flash drive (manufactured by Samsung) model was available. On September 5, 2007, Apple announced they were discontinuing the 4 GB models.[34] On February 5, 2008, Apple announced the addition of a 16 GB model to the iPhone lineup.[35] The iPhone does not contain any memory card slots for expanded storage.

Included items

Both the iPhone and the iPhone 3G came with a series of included accessories and items when purchased.

Items common to both versions
  • Documentation
  • Stereo headset with microphone
  • Dock connector to USB cable (standard USB cable for connection)
  • Cleaning/polishing cloth
Original iPhone
  • Dock
  • Standard USB power adapter
iPhone 3G
  • SIM ejector tool
  • Mini USB power adapter (North America)
  • Standard USB power adapter (Everywhere except North America)

Software

Main article: iPhone OS

iPhone OS is the operating system that runs on the iPhone and iPod Touch. It is based on a variant of the same basic Mach kernel that is found in Mac OS X. iPhone OS includes the software component "Core Animation" from Mac OS X v10.5 which, together with the PowerVR MBX 3D hardware, is responsible for the smooth animations used in its user interface. The operating system takes up less than half a GB of the device's total 8 GB or 16 GB storage.[36] It is capable of supporting bundled and future applications from Apple, as well as applications written by third-party developers and published through the iTunes Store.

Like an iPod, the iPhone is managed with iTunes version 7.3 or later, which is compatible with Mac OS X version 10.4.10 or later, and 32-bit Windows XP or Vista.[37] The release of iTunes 7.6 expanded this support to include 64-bit versions of XP and Vista,[38] and a workaround has been discovered for previous 64-bit Windows operating systems.[39]

The iPhone's applications cannot simply be copied from Mac OS X and have to be written and compiled specifically for the iPhone. Additionally, the Safari web browser supports web applications written with AJAX.

Applications

See also: iPhone OS § iPhone SDK
The photo display application

There are several applications located on the Home screen: Text (SMS messaging), Calendar, Photos, Camera, YouTube, Stocks, Maps (Google Maps), Weather, Clock, Calculator, Notes, Settings, and iTunes (store). Four other applications, docked at the base of the screen, delineate the iPhone's main purposes: Phone, Mail, Safari, and iPod.[40]

The YouTube application streams videos over Wi-Fi, 2G, or 3G after encoding them using the open H.264 codec, to which YouTube has converted about 10,000 videos. As a result, the YouTube application on iPhone can currently view only a certain selection of videos from the site.[41]

At WWDC 2007 on June 11, 2007 Apple announced that the iPhone would support third-party "applications" via the Safari web browser that share the look and feel of the iPhone interface. On October 17, 2007, Steve Jobs, in an open letter posted to Apple's "Hot News" weblog, announced that a software development kit (SDK) would be made available to third-party developers in February 2008. Due to security concerns and Jobs' praise of Nokia's digital signature system, it was suggested that Apple would adopt a similar method. The SDK has also allowed application development for the iPod touch.[42] The iPhone SDK was officially announced on March 6, 2008, at the Apple Town Hall facility.[43] The SDK will allow developers to develop native applications for the iPhone and iPod touch, as well as test them in an "iPhone simulator". However, loading an application onto the devices is only possible after paying a Apple Developer Connection membership fee. Developers are free to set any price for their applications to be distributed through the App Store, of which they will receive a 70 percent share[44]. Developers can also opt to release the application for free and will not pay any costs to release or distribute the application beyond the membership fee. The SDK was made available immediately, while the launch of applications had to wait until the firmware update which was released on July 11, 2008.[45] This update is free for iPhone users and there is a charge for iPod touch owners.

Once a developer has submitted an application to the App Store, Apple holds firm control over its distribution. For example, Apple can halt the distribution of applications it deems inappropriate as has happened with a $1000 program that has as sole purpose to demonstrate the wealth of its user.[46] More strikingly, Apple also installs a kill switch in the programs it distributes through the App store: all applications can be remotely disabled at Apple's command. [46].

Many third-party Safari "applications" and unsigned native applications are also available.[47] The ability to install native applications onto the iPhone outside of the App Store will not be supported by Apple. Such native applications could be broken by any software update, but Apple has stated it will not design software updates specifically to break native applications other than applications that perform SIM unlocking.[48] As of September 15, 2008, iPhone software version 2.1 is still "exploitable" by the same method that enabled unsigned applications in software versions as early as version 1.1.3, indicating that Apple is making good on their promise not to intentionally cripple unofficial development.

Software updates

Main article: iPhone OS version history

Apple provides free updates to the iPhone's operating system through iTunes, in a similar fashion to the way that iPods are updated.[36] Security patches, as well as new and improved features, are released in this fashion.[49]

Features

The iPhone allows audio conferencing, call holding, call merging, caller ID, and integration with other cellular network features and iPhone functions. Voice dialing and video calling are not supported by the iPhone.

The iPhone includes a visual voicemail feature allowing users to view a list of current voicemail messages on-screen without having to call into their voicemail. Unlike most other systems, messages can be listened to and deleted in a non-chronological order by choosing any message from an on-screen list. AT&T, O2, T-Mobile Germany, and Orange modified their voicemail infrastructure to accommodate this new feature designed by Apple. A lawsuit has been filed against Apple and AT&T by Klausner Technologies Inc. claiming the iPhone's visual voicemail feature infringes two patents.[50][dead link]

A music ringtone feature was introduced in the United States on September 5, 2007. For a fee equal to the price of the song on iTunes, the user is allowed to create their custom ringtones. It is not yet available in all countries where the iPhone has been released. The ringtones can be from 3 to 30 seconds in length of any part of a song, can include fading in and out, can pause from half a second to five seconds when looped, and never expire. All customizing can be done in iTunes, and the synced ringtones can also be used for alarms on the iPhone. Custom ringtones can also be created using Apple's GarageBand software 4.1.1 or later (available only on Mac OS X)[9] and third-party tools.[51]

Multimedia

The layout of the music library is similar to iPods and current Symbian S60 phones, with the sections divided more clearly alphabetically, and with a larger font. Just like iPods, the iPhone can sort its media library by songs, artists, albums, videos, playlists, genres, composers, podcasts, audiobooks, and compilations. Cover Flow, like that on iTunes, shows the different album covers in a scroll-through photo library. Scrolling is achieved by swiping a finger across the screen.

The iPhone supports gapless playback.[52]

Like the fifth generation iPods introduced in 2005, the iPhone can play video, allowing users to watch TV shows and films. Unlike other image-related content, video on the iPhone plays only in the landscape orientation, when the phone is turned sideways. Double tapping switches between wide-screen and full-screen video playback.

The iPhone allows users to purchase and download songs from the iTunes Store directly to their iPhone over Wi-Fi with the iTunes Wi-Fi Music Store, but not over the cellular data network.[53]

Internet connectivity

File:Wikipedia-English Main Page on iPhone landscape.jpg
Wikipedia Main Page on iPhone's Safari in landscape mode

Internet access is available when the iPhone is connected to a local area Wi-Fi or a wide area GSM or EDGE network, both second-generation (2G) wireless data standards. The iPhone 3G supports third-generation UMTS and HSDPA, but not HSUPA networks. Steve Jobs had stated in September 2007 that 3G would need to become more widespread in the United States and 3G chipsets would need to become much more energy efficient before inclusion in the iPhone.[16][54] The iPhone's HSDPA data access operates at 3.6 Mbit/s.[55] By default, the iPhone will ask to join newly discovered Wi-Fi networks and prompt for the password when required, while also supporting manually joining closed Wi-Fi networks.[56] When Wi-Fi is active, the iPhone will automatically switch from the EDGE network to any nearby previously approved Wi-Fi network.[57] 802.1X is supported by the iPhone OS version 2.0, which is used by many university and corporate Wi-Fi networks.[58]

The ubiquitous Internet connection offered by the iPhone has been widely utilized by users. According to Google, the iPhone generates 50 times more search requests than any other mobile handset.[59] According to Deutsche Telekom CEO René Obermann, "The average Internet usage for an iPhone customer is more than 100 MBytes. This is 30 times the use for our average contract-based consumer customers."[60]

The iPhone is able to access the World Wide Web via a modified version of the Safari web browser. Web pages may be viewed in portrait or landscape mode and supports automatic zooming by pinching together or spreading apart fingertips on the screen, or by double-tapping text or images.[61] The web browser displays complete web pages similar to a desktop web browser and supports zooming by double-tapping the screen.[62]

The iPhone does not support Flash[63] nor Java technology[64]. However, starting in firmware version 2.1, the iPhone supports SVG and the HTML Canvas. The SVG support currently features scripting but no SMIL animation.

According to AT&T, the iPhone 3G has a maximum download rate of 1.4 Mbp/s.[65]

Apple developed an iPhone application for accessing Google's maps service in map, satellite or hybrid form, a list of search results, or directions between two locations, while providing optional real-time traffic information. During the product's announcement, Jobs demonstrated this feature by searching for nearby Starbucks locations and then placing a prank call to one with a single tap.[66][67] Though Flash isn't supported in Safari on the iPhone, Apple also developed a separate application to view YouTube videos on the iPhone, similar to the system used for the Apple TV.

E-mail

The iPhone also features an e-mail program that supports HTML e-mail, which enables the user to embed photos in an e-mail message. PDF, Word, Excel, and Powerpoint attachments to mail messages can be viewed on the phone.[68] Apple's MobileMe platform offers push email, which emulates the functionality of the popular BlackBerry email solution, for an annual subscription. Yahoo! offers a free push-email service for the iPhone. IMAP (although not Push-IMAP) and POP3 mail standards are also supported, including Microsoft Exchange[69] and Kerio MailServer.[70] In the first versions of the iPhone firmware, this was accomplished by opening up IMAP on the Exchange server. Apple has also licensed Microsoft ActiveSync and now supports the platform (including push email) with the release of iPhone 2.0 firmware.[71][45] The iPhone will sync e-mail account settings over from Apple's own Mail application, Microsoft Outlook, and Microsoft Entourage, or manually configured using the device's Settings tool. With the correct settings, the e-mail program can check almost any IMAP or POP3 account.[72]

Camera

The iPhone features a built in 2.0 megapixel camera located on the back for still digital photos. It has no optical zoom, flash or autofocus, and does not support video recording.

The iPhone includes software that allows the user to upload, view, and e-mail photos. The user zooms in and out of photos by "unpinching" and "pinching" them through the multi-touch interface. The software interacts with iPhoto and Aperture software on the Mac and Photoshop software in Windows. In version 2.0 of the iPhone OS, users can choose to allow location data to be embedded in the pictures producing geocoded photographs (geotagging).

Others

The built-in Bluetooth 2.x+EDR supports wireless earpieces, which requires the HSP profile, but notably does not support stereo audio (requires A2DP), laptop tethering (requires DUN and SPP), or the OBEX file transfer protocol (requires FTP, GOEP, and OPP). The lack of these profiles prevent iPhone users from exchanging multimedia files with other bluetooth-enabled cell phones, including pictures, music and videos.

Text messages are presented chronologically in a mailbox format similar to Mail, which places all text from recipients together with replies. Text messages are displayed in speech bubbles (similar to iChat) under each recipient's name. The iPhone currently has built-in support for e-mail message forwarding, drafts, and direct internal camera-to-e-mail picture sending. However, it does not yet have capabilities for delivery reports, MMS, or copy/cut/paste.[73] Support for multi-recipient SMS was added in the January 2008 (v1.1.3) software update.

Text input

File:IPhone keyboard unblured.jpg
Virtual keyboard on the original iPhone's touchscreen.

For text input, the device implements a virtual keyboard on the touchscreen. It has automatic spell checking and correction, predictive word capabilities, and a dynamic dictionary that learns new words. The predictive word capabilities have been integrated with the dynamic virtual keyboard so that users will not have to be extremely accurate when typing—i.e. touching the edges of the desired letter or nearby letters on the keyboard will be predictively corrected when possible. The keys are somewhat larger and spaced farther apart when in landscape mode, currently available using the Safari web browser and certain third-party applications with Landscape Mode support. A lack of focus on text-messaging is widely considered a chief weakness of the iPhone, although a large number of users evidently have no issue using the device for this purpose.[74] The lack of a physical keyboard allows for the keyboard to be optimized for different applications and languages via software changes only, instead of requiring a costly additional fabrication process.

Accessibility

According to Apple's accessibility statement "effective use of the iPhone 3G requires a minimal level of visual acuity, motor skills, and an ability to operate a few mechanical buttons. Use of iPhone 3G by someone who relies solely on audible and tactile input is not recommended." The iPhone 3G can be used with external TDD/TTY devices using a separately purchased adaptor cable. The iPhone 3G has not been rated under the United States Federal Communication Commission guidelines for hearing aid compatibility at either level M3 or T3.[75]

History and availability

Main article: History of the iPhone
iPhone quarterly sales
iPhone 3G availability around the world (Official):
  Available now
  Available later

The genesis of the iPhone began with Apple CEO Steve Jobs' direction that Apple engineers investigate touchscreens.[66] Apple created the device during a secretive and unprecedented collaboration with AT&T Mobility—Cingular Wireless at the time of the phone's inception—at a development cost of US$150 million by one estimate. During development, the iPhone was codenamed "Purple 2".[76] The company rejected an early "design by committee" built with Motorola in favor of engineering a custom operating system and interface and building custom hardware.

The iPhone went on sale in the United States on June 29, 2007. Apple closed its stores at 2:00 pm local time to prepare for the 6:00 pm iPhone launch, while hundreds of customers lined up at stores nationwide.[2] Apple sold 270,000 iPhones in the first 30 hours on launch weekend.[77] The original iPhone was subsequently made available in five other countries: Ireland, the UK, France, Germany, and Austria.

On July 11, 2008, Apple released the iPhone 3G in twenty-two countries, including the original six. Forty-eight more are expected to follow in the months afterwards.[78] The first iPhone 3G in the world was sold in Auckland, New Zealand to Jonny Gladwell, a 22-year-old student, at one minute past midnight NZST.[79] On August 22, 2008, Apple partnered with Singapore Telecommunications (Singtel) to launch the iPhone 3G in Singapore.[80] In the United States, many units initially failed to activate because Apple's iTunes servers were overloaded.[81] Apple sold 1 million iPhone 3Gs in its first 3 days on sale.[82]

On October 21, 2008 Apple announced sales of 6.89 million iPhones in the fourth quarter of 2008, totaling 13 million iPhones to date.[83] They also noted that this quarter's iPhone sales surpassed RIM's Blackberry sales of 5.2 million untis and becoming the third largest mobile phone manufacturer in terms of revenue after Nokia and Samsung.[84] Within Apple's fiscal fourth quarter, up to September 30, 2008, the iPhone represented the 39 percent (4.6 billion) of the company's total quarterly revenues. Yet, the company has the practice to defer the account of such quarterly revenues.[85]

Specifications

Size comparison, from top to bottom, between:
-a first generation iPod Nano
-a first generation iPhone
-a fourth generation iPod

Features common to both versions

Original model

  • 4 GB model (discontinued after two months), 8 GB model or 16 GB model
  • Size: 4.5 inches (115 mm) (h) × 2.4 inches (61 mm) (w) × 0.46 inch (11. mm) (d)
  • Weight: 135 g (4.8 oz)
  • Battery has up to 8 hours of talk, 6 hours of Internet use, 7 hours of video playback, and up to 24 hours of audio playback, lasting over 250 hours on standby.[14]
  • Headphone jack (recessed)
  • Digital SAR of 0.974 W/kg[87][88]

3G model

  • Color: Black (8 GB or 16 GB) or white (16 GB)
  • Size: 4.5 inches (115.5 mm) (h) × 2.4 inches (62.1 mm) (w) × 0.48 inch (12.3 mm) (d)
  • Weight: 133 g (4.7 oz)
  • Headphone jack (non-recessed)
  • Battery has up to 10 hours of 2G talk, 5 hours of 3G talk, 5 (3G) or 6 (Wi-Fi) hours of Internet use, 7 hours of video playback, and up to 24 hours of audio playback, lasting over 300 hours on standby.[1]
  • 3G for broadband data speeds (Tri band UMTS / HSDPA: UMTS 850 / 1900 / 2100)
  • Assisted GPS, with preference to location based on Wi-Fi or cell towers
  • Digital SAR Rating: 1.38 W/kg

Patents, copyrights, and trademarks

Apple has filed more than 300 patents related to the technology behind the iPhone.[89][90]

LG Electronics claimed the iPhone's design was copied from the LG Prada. Woo-Young Kwak, head of LG Mobile Handset R&D Center, said at a press conference, “We consider that Apple copied Prada phone after the design was unveiled when it was presented in the iF Design Award and won the prize in September 2006.”[91]

On September 3, 1993, Infogear filed for the U.S. trademark "I PHONE"[92] and on March 20, 1996 applied for the trademark "IPhone".[93] "I Phone" was registered in March 1998,[92] and "IPhone" was registered in 1999.[93] Since then, the I PHONE mark had been abandoned.[92] Infogear's trademarks cover "communications terminals comprising computer hardware and software providing integrated telephone, data communications and personal computer functions" (1993 filing),[92] and "computer hardware and software for providing integrated telephone communication with computerized global information networks" (1996 filing).[94] Infogear released a telephone with an integrated web browser under the name iPhone in 1998.[95] In 2000, Infogear won an infringement claim against the owners of the iphones.com domain name.[96] In June 2000, Cisco Systems acquired Infogear, including the iPhone trademark.[97] On December 18, 2006 they released a range of re-branded Voice over IP (VoIP) sets under the name iPhone.[98]

In October 2002, Apple applied for the "iPhone" trademark in the United Kingdom, Australia, Singapore, and the European Union. A Canadian application followed in October 2004 and a New Zealand application in September 2006. As of October 2006 only the Singapore and Australian applications had been granted. In September 2006, a company called Ocean Telecom Services applied for an "iPhone" trademark in the United States, United Kingdom and Hong Kong, following a filing in Trinidad and Tobago.[99] As the Ocean Telecom trademark applications use exactly the same wording as Apple's New Zealand application, it is assumed that Ocean Telecom is applying on behalf of Apple.[100] The Canadian application was opposed in August 2005 by a Canadian company called Comwave who themselves applied for the trademark three months later. Comwave have been selling VoIP devices called iPhone since 2004.[97]

Shortly after Steve Jobs' January 9, 2007 announcement that Apple would be selling a product called iPhone in June 2007, Cisco issued a statement that it had been negotiating trademark licensing with Apple and expected Apple to agree to the final documents that had been submitted the night before.[101] On January 10, 2007 Cisco announced it had filed a lawsuit against Apple over the infringement of the trademark iPhone, seeking an injunction in federal court to prohibit Apple from using the name.[102] More recently, Cisco claimed that the trademark lawsuit was a "minor skirmish" that was not about money, but about interoperability.[103]

On February 2, 2007, Apple and Cisco announced that they had agreed to temporarily suspend litigation while they hold settlement talks,[104] and subsequently announced on February 20, 2007 that they had reached an agreement. Both companies will be allowed to use the "iPhone" name[105] in exchange for "exploring interoperability" between their security, consumer, and business communications products.[106]

Restrictions

SIM Lock removal

While initially iPhones were only sold on the AT&T network with a SIM lock in place, various hackers have found methods to "unlock" the phone; more recently some carriers have started to sell unlocked iPhones.[107] More than a quarter of iPhones sold in the United States were not registered with AT&T. Apple speculates that they were likely shipped overseas and unlocked.[108] AT&T has stated that the "iPhone cannot be unlocked, even if you are out of contract".[109]

Unlocked iPhone firmware version 2.0 using GrameenPhone Network in Bangladesh

On November 21, 2007, T-Mobile in Germany announced it would sell the phone unlocked and without a T-Mobile contract, caused by a preliminary injunction against T-Mobile put in place by their competitor, Vodafone.[110] On December 4, 2007, a German court decided to grant T-Mobile exclusive rights to sell the iPhone with SIM lock, overturning the temporary injunction.[111] In addition, T-Mobile will voluntarily offer to unlock customers' iPhone after the termination of the contract.[112]

On carriers where removal of the iPhone's SIM lock is allowed the carrier can submit a request to Apple which will then remove the carrier locking on the next restore of the iPhone through iTunes. Customers of the carriers Optus and Vodafone in Australia, and Netcom in Norway, have so far been successful in unlocking their phones to work on any network.[citation needed] Note that in certain countries, where unlocked phones are required to be available by law, the iPhone is sold without a contract and without a SIM lock; on average, such units carry prices of US$700+ for the 8GB model. Examples include Hong Kong,[113] Italy,[114] and Russia.[115][116] Optus in Australia officially supports SIM unlocking for customers on post-paid contracts at no additional charge.[117]

Activation

The iPhone normally prevents access to its media player and web features unless it has also been activated as a phone with an authorized carrier. On July 3, 2007, Jon Lech Johansen reported on his blog that he had successfully bypassed this requirement and unlocked the iPhone's other features with a combination of custom software and modification of the iTunes binary. He published the software and offsets for others to use.[118]

Unlike the original, the 3G iPhone must be activated in the store in most countries.[119] This need for in-store activation, as well as the huge number of first-generation iPhone and iPod Touch users upgrading to iPhone OS 2.0, caused a worldwide overload of Apple's servers on July 11, 2008, the day on which both the iPhone 3G and iPhone OS 2.0 updates were released. After the update, devices were required to connect to Apple's servers to authenticate the update, causing many devices to be temporarily unusable.[120]

However, on the O2 network in the United Kingdom, users can buy the phone online and activate it via iTunes, as with the previous model.[121] Likewise, in Australia, iPhones purchased as a pre-paid kit do not require in-store activation, but require activation online at the Optus website and iTunes.[122] On the Movistar network in Spain, users can activate it via iTunes also. However for their convenience, shops usually offer to activate it for them.

Third party applications

The iPhone's operating system is designed to only run software that has an Apple-approved cryptographic signature. This restriction can be overcome by "jailbreaking" the phone,[123] which involves replacing the iPhone's firmware with a slightly modified version that does not enforce the signature check. Doing so may be a circumvention of Apple's technical protection measures,[124] which in the United States would be legal under special provisions of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act that allows for circumvention for the purpose of connecting a wireless telephone to a wireless telephone communication network.[125]

See also

References

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  116. ^ http://www.mobile-review.com/articles/2008/iphone-russia.shtml "Важно. Все телефоны на рынке будут не блокированными, будут работать с SIM-картой любого оператора."
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  121. ^ Pay Monthly - iPhone - O2
  122. ^ Optus iPhone Pre-Paid - Start Up Guide
  123. ^ iPhone jailbreak for the masses
  124. ^ Legal or Not, IPhone Hacks Might Spur Revolution
  125. ^ Exemption to Prohibition on Circumvention of Copyright Protection Systems for Access Control Technologies

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