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His Excellency
Lech Wałęsa

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Lech Wałęsa in 2009
President of Poland
In office
22 December 1990 – 22 December 1995
Prime MinisterTadeusz Mazowiecki
Jan Krzysztof Bielecki
Jan Olszewski
Waldemar Pawlak
Hanna Suchocka
Waldemar Pawlak
Józef Oleksy
Preceded byWojciech Jaruzelski
(Ryszard Kaczorowski – in Exile)
Succeeded byAleksander Kwaśniewski
Chairperson of Solidarity
In office
14 August 1980 – 12 December 1990
Preceded byPosition established
Succeeded byMarian Krzaklewski
Personal details
Born (1943-09-29) 29 September 1943 (age 81)
Popowo, Poland
Political partySolidarity Electoral Action
SpouseDanuta Gołoś
ProfessionElectrician
Signature

Lech Wałęsa (Polish: [Lech Wałęsa] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)) (Polish: [ˈlɛx vaˈwɛ̃sa] ⓘ, English: /ˌlɛk vəˈwɛnsə/ or /wɔːˈlɛnsə/;[1][2] born 29 September 1943) is a Polish politician, trade-union organizer, and human-rights activist. A charismatic leader, he co-founded Solidarity (Solidarność), the Soviet bloc's first independent trade union, won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1983, and served as President of Poland 1990–95.[3]

Wałęsa was an electrician by trade, with no higher education. Soon after beginning work at the Gdańsk (then, "Lenin") Shipyards, he became a trade-union activist. For this he was persecuted by the Polish communist government, placed under surveillance, fired in 1976, and arrested several times. In August 1980 he was instrumental in negotiations that led to the ground-breaking Gdańsk Agreement between striking workers and the government, and he became a co-founder of the Solidarity trade-union movement. Arrested again after martial law was imposed and Solidarity was outlawed, upon release he continued his activism and was prominent in the establishment of the 1989 Round Table Agreement that led to semi-free parliamentary elections in June 1989 and to a Solidarity-led government.

In 1990 he successfully ran for the newly re-established office of President of Poland. He presided over Poland's transformation from a communist to a post-communist state, but his popularity waned. After he narrowly lost the 1995 presidential election, his role in Polish politics was diminished. His international fame remains, however, and he speaks and lectures in Poland and abroad on history and politics.

Life

Wałęsa was born in Popowo, Poland, on 29 September 1943.[3] His father Bolesław was a carpenter who died shortly after World War II.[3][4][5]

Lech graduated from primary and vocational school in nearby Chalin and Lipno, and did his obligatory stint of military service, attaining the rank of corporal, before beginning work at the Lenin Shipyard in Gdańsk (Stocznia Gdańska im. Lenina, now the Gdańsk Shipyard, Stocznia Gdańska) as an electrician in 1966 or 1967 (sources vary).[3][4][5][6]

On 8 December 1969 he married Danuta Gołoś. The couple have eight children: Bogdan, Sławomir, Przemysław, Jarosław, Magdalena, Anna, Maria-Wiktoria, Brygida.[4][5]

Solidarity

From early on, Wałęsa was interested in workers' concerns; in 1968 he encouraged shipyard colleagues to boycott official rallies that condemned recent student strikes.[4] A charismatic leader,[7] he was an organizer of the illegal 1970 strikes at the Gdańsk Shipyard (the Polish 1970 protests) when workers protested the government's decree raising food prices; he was considered for chairman of the strike committee.[3][4] The strikes' outcome, involving over 30 worker deaths, galvanized his views on the need for change.[4] In June 1976, Wałęsa lost his job at the Gdańsk Shipyards for his continued involvement in illegal unions, strikes and a campaign to commemorate the victims of the 1970 protests.[3][4][5] Afterwards, he worked as an electrician for several other companies, but was continually laid off for his activism and was jobless for long periods.[4] He and his family were under constant surveillance by the Polish secret police; his home and workplace were always bugged.[4] Over the next few years, he was arrested several times for participating in dissident activities.[3]

Wałęsa worked closely with the Workers' Defence Committee (KOR), a group that emerged to lend aid to individuals arrested after 1976 labor strikes and to their families.[3] In June 1978 he became an activist of the underground Free Trade Unions of the Coast (Wolne Związki Zawodowe Wybrzeża).[5] On 14 August 1980, after another food-price hike led to a strike at the Lenin Shipyard in Gdańsk—a strike of which he was one of the instigators—Wałęsa scaled the shipyard fence and, once inside, quickly became one of the strike leaders.[3][4] The strike inspired similar strikes, first at Gdańsk, then across Poland. Wałęsa headed the Inter-Plant Strike Committee, coordinating the workers at Gdańsk and at 20 other plants in the region.[3] On 31 August, the communist government, represented by Mieczysław Jagielski, signed an accord (the Gdańsk Agreement) with the Strike Coordinating Committee.[3] The agreement, besides granting the Lenin Shipyard workers the right to strike, permitted them to form their own independent trade union.[8] The Strike Coordinating Committee legalized itself as the National Coordinating Committee of the Solidarność (Solidarity) Free Trade Union, and Wałęsa was chosen chairman of the Committee.[3][5] The Solidarity trade union quickly grew, ultimately claiming over 10 million members—more than a quarter of Poland's population.[9] Wałęsa's role in the strike, in the negotiations, and in the newly formed independent trade union gained him fame on the international stage.[3][4]

Wałęsa held his position until 13 December 1981, when General Wojciech Jaruzelski declared martial law.[3] Wałęsa, like many other Solidarity leaders and activists, was arrested; he would be incarcerated for 11 months at several eastern towns (Chylice, Otwock, and Arłamów, near the Soviet border) until 14 November 1982.[4][5] On 8 October 1982, Solidarity was outlawed.[10] In 1983 Wałęsa applied to return to the Gdańsk Shipyard as a simple electrician.[4] That same year, he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.[3] He was unable to accept it himself, fearing that Poland's government would not let him back into the country.[3][4] His wife Danuta accepted the prize on his behalf.[3][4]

File:Okragly Stol 1989.jpg
Round-table negotiations, 1989

Through the mid-1980s, Wałęsa continued underground Solidarity-related activities.[6] Every issue of the leading underground weekly, Tygodnik Mazowsze, bore his motto, "Solidarity will not be divided or destroyed."[11] Following a 1986 amnesty for Solidarity activists,[12] Wałęsa co-founded the first overt legal Solidarity entity since the declaration of martial law—the Provisional Council of NSZZ Solidarity (Tymczasowa Rada NSZZ Solidarność).[6] From 1987 to 1990, he organized and led the "semi-illegal" Provisional Executive Committee of the Solidarity Trade Union. In late summer 1988, he instigated work-stoppage strikes at the Gdańsk Shipyard.[6]

After months of strikes and political deliberations, at the conclusion of the 10th plenary session of the Polish United Workers Party, or PZPR (the Polish communist party), the government agreed to enter into Round Table Negotiations that lasted from February to April 1989.[3] Wałęsa was an informal leader of the "non-governmental" side in the negotiations.[5] During the talks, he traveled the length and breadth of Poland, giving speeches in support of the negotiations.[3] At the end of the talks, the government signed an agreement to re-establish the Solidarity Trade Union and to organize "semi-free" elections to the Polish parliament (semi-free since, in accordance with the Round Table Agreement, only members of the Communist Party and its allies could stand for 65% of the seats in the Sejm).[3][9][13][14]

In December 1988, Wałęsa co-founded the Solidarity Citizens' Committee.[5] Theoretically it was merely an advisory body, but in practice it was a kind of political party and won the parliamentary elections in June 1989 (Solidarity took all the seats in the Sejm that were subject to free elections, and all but one seat in the newly re-established Senate).[15] Wałęsa was one of Solidarity's most public figures; though he did not run for parliament himself, he was an active campaigner, appearing on many campaign posters.[3] In fact, Solidarity winners in the Sejm elections were referred to as "Wałęsa's team" or "Lech's team," as all those who won had appeared on their election posters together with him.[16][17]

While ostensibly only chairman of Solidarity, Wałęsa played a key role in practical politics. At the end of 1989 he persuaded leaders of former communist-allied parties to form a non-communist coalition government – the first non-Communist government in the Soviet Bloc. The parliament elected Tadeusz Mazowiecki as prime minister – the first non-communist Polish prime minister in over four decades.[9]

Presidency

Wałęsa (right) with former U.S. Senator Rick Santorum

Following the June 1989 parliamentary elections, Wałęsa was disappointed that some of his former comrades-in-arms were satisfied to govern alongside former communists.[9] He decided to run for the newly re-established office of president, using the slogan, "I don't want to, but I've got no choice" ("Nie chcem, ale muszem.").[3][9] On 9 December 1990, Wałęsa won the presidential election, defeating Prime Minister Mazowiecki and other candidates to become the first democratically elected president of Poland.[4] In 1993 he founded his own political party, the Nonpartisan Bloc for Support of Reforms (BBWR – the initials echoed those of Józef Piłsudski's "Nonpartisan Bloc for Cooperation with the Government," of 1928–35, likewise an ostensibly non-political organization).

During his presidency, Wałęsa saw Poland through privatization and transition to a free-market economy (the Balcerowicz Plan), Poland's 1991 first completely free parliamentary elections, and a period of redefinition of Poland's foreign relations.[3][7] He successfully negotiated the withdrawal of Soviet troops from Polish soil and won a substantial reduction in Poland's foreign debts.[4]

Wałęsa supported Poland's entry into NATO and into the European Union (both these goals would be realized after his presidency, in 1999 and 2004, respectively).[4] In the early 1990s, Wałęsa proposed the creation of a "NATO bis" as a sub-regional security system. The concept, while supported by right-wing and populist movements in Poland, garnered little support abroad; Poland's neighbors, some of whom (e.g., Lithuania) had only recently regained independence, tended to see the proposal as Polish "neo-imperialism."[9][18]

Wałęsa has been criticized for a confrontational style and for instigating "war at the top," whereby former Solidarity allies clashed with one another, causing annual changes of government.[7][9][11][19][20] This increasingly isolated Wałęsa on the political scene.[21] As he lost more and more political allies, he came to be surrounded by people who were viewed by the public as incompetent and disreputable.[11][21] Mudslinging during election campaigns tarnished his reputation.[3][22] The ex-electrician with no higher education was thought by some to be too plain-spoken and too undignified for the post of president.[7][9][23] Others thought him too erratic in his views[9][20][24] or complained that he was too authoritarian – that he sought to strengthen his own power at the expense of the Sejm.[9][20][21][23] Finally, Wałęsa's problems were compounded by the difficult transition to a market economy; while in the long run it was seen as highly successful, it lost Wałęsa's government much popular support.[20][21][25]

Wałęsa's BBWR performed poorly in the 1993 parliamentary elections; at times his popular support dwindled to some 10%, and he narrowly lost the 1995 presidential election, gathering 48.72% of the vote in the run-off against Aleksander Kwaśniewski, who represented the resurgent Polish post-communists (the Democratic Left Alliance, SLD).[3][9][21] Wałęsa's fate was sealed by his poor handling of the media; in the televised debates, he came off as incoherent and rude; at the end of the first of the two debates, in response to Kwaśniewski's extended hand, he replied that the post-communist leader could "shake his leg."[21] After the election, Wałęsa said he was going to go into "political retirement," and his role in politics became increasingly marginal.[19][26][27]

Later years

Since the end of his presidency, Wałęsa has lectured on Central European history and politics at various universities and organizations.[28][29] In 1996 he founded the Lech Wałęsa Institute, a think tank whose mission is to support democracy and local governments in Poland and throughout the world.[4] In 1997 he helped organize a new party, Christian Democracy of the 3rd Polish Republic;[6] he also supported the coalition Solidarity Electoral Action (Akcja Wyborcza Solidarność), which won the 1997 parliamentary elections.[6][9] However, the party's real leader and main organizer was a new Solidarity Trade Union leader, Marian Krzaklewski.[30] Wałęsa ran again in the 2000 presidential election, but received only 1% of the vote.[22] During Poland's 2005 presidential elections, Wałęsa supported Donald Tusk, saying that he was the best candidate.[31]

In 2006 Wałęsa quit Solidarity, citing differences over the union's support of the Law and Justice party, and the rise to power of Lech and Jarosław Kaczyński.[32] On 27 February 2008, at Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, in Houston, Texas, in the United States, Wałęsa underwent a coronary artery stent placement and the implantation of a cardiac pacemaker.[33] In the run-up to the 2009 European Parliament elections, he appeared at a rally in Rome to endorse the pan-European Eurosceptic party Libertas, describing it and its founder Declan Ganley as "a force for good in the world."[34][35] Wałęsa admitted that he had been paid to give the speech but claimed to support Civic Platform, while expressing the hope that Libertas candidates would be elected to the European Parliament.[34]

Over the years, Wałesa has been accused of having been an informer for the Polish secret police in the early 1970s, codenamed "Bolek". On 11 August 2000, the Warsaw Appellate Court, V Wydział Lustracyjny, declared that Wałęsa's lustration statement was true – that he had not collaborated with the communist regime.[36] Nonetheless, periodically the question resurfaces. A 2008 book by historians from the Institute of National Remembrance (IPN), Sławomir Cenckiewicz and Piotr Gontarczyk, received substantial coverage in the media, provoked a hot nation-wide debate, and was noted by the international press.[37][38][39][40] The book is seen as very controversial.[41] Wałęsa himself denies having collaborated with the secret police, and others have noted that the Polish secret police commonly falsified documents.[24][42] In November 2009 Wałęsa sued the then president of Poland, Lech Kaczyński, over his having repeated the collaboration allegations.[43]

He is member of the international advisory council of the Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation.[44]

Views

Wałęsa is a devout Roman Catholic[9] and a staunch opponent of abortion, and has said that he would rather have resigned the presidency twenty times than sign into law a bill permitting abortion in Poland.[45]

He has also said that he is interested in information technology and likes to use new developments in that field. He has claimed to have personally assembled several computers to find out how they work, and has said that he takes a smartphone, a palmtop, and a laptop with him when traveling.[46] Early in 2006 he revealed that he is a registered user of the Polish instant-messaging service Gadu-Gadu, and was granted a new special user number – 1980.[47] Later that year, he also said that he used Skype, his "handle" being lwprezydent2006.[48] It is rumored that around 1980 Gillette offered him $1,000,000 to shave off his trademark moustache in a commercial, but that he refused.[29][49] A couple of years later, though, he surprised the public by shaving off the mustache for personal reasons.[29]

Honors

Main article: List of awards and honors received by Lech Wałęsa

Apart from his 1983 Nobel Peace Prize,[50] Wałęsa has received many other international distinctions and awards.[5] He has been named "Man of the Year" by Time Magazine (1981), The Financial Times (1980) and The Observer (1980).[5] He was the first recipient of the Liberty Medal, on 4 July 1989 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,[51] and that same year received the Presidential Medal of Freedom.[52] He is the third foreigner and the first non-head-of-state to have addressed a joint session of the United States Congress (15 November 1989).[53]

On 8 February 2002, Wałęsa represented Europe, carrying the Olympic flag at the opening ceremonies of the XIX Olympic Winter Games in Salt Lake City, in company with Archbishop Desmond Tutu (Africa), John Glenn (the Americas), Kazuyoshi Funaki (Asia), Cathy Freeman (Oceania), Jean-Michel Cousteau (Environment), Jean-Claude Killy (Sport), and Steven Spielberg (Culture).[54][55] Two years later, on 10 May 2004, Gdańsk International Airport was officially renamed Gdańsk Lech Wałęsa Airport to commemorate a famous Gdańsk citizen, and his signature was incorporated into the airport's logo.[56]

A month later, in June 2004, Wałęsa represented Poland at the state funeral of Ronald Reagan.[57] On 11 October 2006, Wałęsa was keynote speaker at the launch of "International Human Solidarity Day," proclaimed in 2005 by the United Nations General Assembly.[58] In January 2007 Wałęsa spoke at a Taiwan event, "Towards a Global Forum on New Democracies," in support of peace and democracy, along with other prominent world leaders and Taiwan's President Chen Shui-bian.[59]

On 25 April 2007, Wałęsa represented the Polish government at the funeral of Boris Yeltsin, former President of the Russian Federation.[60] On 23 October 2009, he spoke at a conference in Gdańsk of presidents of all European senates, commemorating the 20th anniversary of the first free parliamentary elections in a former communist country – the 1989 elections to the Polish Senate.

Wałęsa has been portrayed in numerous works of popular culture. In Volker Schlöndorff's film Strike, a character based on Wałęsa was played by Polish actor Andrzej Chyra.[61] Wałęsa played himself in Andrzej Wajda's 1981 Golden Palm-winning film about Solidarity, Man of Iron.[62] While this was perhaps his best-known movie appearance, he has played himself in some 20 other productions.[63]

In the 1990s two satirical Polish songs, "Nie wierzcie elektrykom" ("Don't Trust Electricians") by Big Cyc, and "Wałęsa, gdzie moje 100 000 000" ("Wałęsa, Where's My 100,000,000 [złotych]?") by Kazik Staszewski, were major hits in Poland, and another song about Wałęsa was composed in 2009 by Holy Smoke.[64] He also inspired U2's song "New Year's Day" on their War album.[65] Coincidentally the Polish authorities lifted martial law on 1 January 1983, the very day that this single came out.[66] Patrick Dailly's Solidarity, starring Kristen Brown as Wałęsa, was premiered by the San Francisco Cabaret Opera in Berkeley and Oakland, California, in September and October 2009.[67]

Wałęsa has been the subject of dozens of books and articles.[68][69][70][71][72] He himself has authored three books: Droga nadziei (The Road of Hope, 1987), Droga do wolności (The Road to Freedom, 1991), and Wszystko, co robię, robię dla Polski (All That I Do, I Do for Poland, 1995).[6]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Wałęsa | Define Wałęsa at Dictionary.com
  2. ^ "Walesa", The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition, retrieved 17 December 2010.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y "CNN Cold War – Profile: Lech Wałęsa". CNN. Archived from the original on 15 April 2008. Retrieved 19 August 2007.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s A Biographical Note, Lech Wałęsa Institute
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k ON THE FOUNDER, Lech Wałęsa Institute
  6. ^ a b c d e f g Template:Pl icon Wałęsa Lech, Encyklopedia WIEM
  7. ^ a b c d "Lech Wałęsa," Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 11 January 2010, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/634519/Lech-Walesa
  8. ^ Hunter, Richard J. (1998). From Autarchy to Market: Polish Economics and Politics 1945–1995. Westport, CN: Praeger. p. 51. ISBN 0275962199. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Timothy Garton Ash, Lech Wałęsa, TIME magazine,"The Most Important People of the Century", 13 April 1998
  10. ^ Perdue, William D (1995). Paradox of Change: The Rise and Fall of Solidarity in the New Poland (ebook). Praeger/Greenwood. p. 9. ISBN 0275952959. Retrieved 10 July 2006. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  11. ^ a b c Timothy Garton Ash, "Poland After Solidarity," The New York Review of Books, vol. 38, no. 11 (13 June 1991).
  12. ^ "Negotiations and the big debate (1984–88)". BBC News. Retrieved 10 July 2006.
  13. ^ "Half-free and far from easy: Poland's election," The Economist, 27 May 1989.
  14. ^ Lewis Pauk, "Non-Competitive Elections and Regime Change: Poland 1989," Parliamentary Affairs, 1990, 43: 90–107.
  15. ^ POLAND. Parliamentary Chamber: Sejm. Elections held in 1989. Inter-Parliamentary Union. Last accessed 28 January 2010.
  16. ^ Template:Pl icon Grażyna Zwolińska, Historyczne wybory 4 czerwca 1989: Zwycięstwo drużyny Lecha ("Historic Elections of 4 June 1989: Victory of Lech's Team", Gazeta Lubuska, 6 June 2009.
  17. ^ Template:Pl icon Jarosław Osowski, "Warszawska drużyna Lecha Wałęsy" ("Lech Wałęsa's Warsaw Team"), Gazeta Wyborcza, 4 June 2009.
  18. ^ Monika Wohlefeld, 1996,"Security Cooperation in Central Europe: Polish Views. NATO," 1996.
  19. ^ a b From "Walesa, Lech," Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia, 2001.
  20. ^ a b c d Jane Perlez, "Walesa, Once atop a High Pedestal, Seems to Stand on a Slippery Slope", New York Times, 6 July 1994.
  21. ^ a b c d e f Voytek Zubek, "The Eclipse of Walesa's Political Career," Europe-Asia Studies, vol. 49, no. 1 (January 1997), pp. 107–24.
  22. ^ a b Wojtek Kosc, "Here He Comes Again: The Predicted Re-election of Kwaśniewski," Central Europe Review, vol. 2, no. 35, 16 October 2000.
  23. ^ a b "Lech Wałęsa (1943– )," A Guide to the 20th century: Who's Who, Channel 4.
  24. ^ a b "Economist article". Economist article. 22 September 1990. Retrieved 21 April 2009.
  25. ^ Danielle Lussier, "From Solidarity to Division: An Analysis of Lech Wałęsa's Transition to Constituted Leadership", working paper, UC Berkeley.
  26. ^ Wojtek Kosc, "Here He Comes Again: Poland: Heating Up for the Presidency," Central Europe Review, vol. 2, no. 10, 13 March 2000.
  27. ^ "Europe: Poland: Walesa In Polystyrene," New York Times, 17 December 2003.
  28. ^ Jane Perlez, "Out of a Job, Walesa Decides to Take to the Lecture Circuit," New York Times, 29 February 1996.
  29. ^ a b c Etgar Lefkovits, Walesa: World needs to combat Iranian threat, The Jerusalem Post, 15 Jan 2008
  30. ^ .Krzysztof Jasiewicz, "The 2000 presidential election in Poland," The National Council for Eurasian and East European Research, 2001.
  31. ^ Judy Dempsey, "Warsaw Mayor Is Poised to Win Runoff in Poland," New York Times, 24 October 2005.
  32. ^ "Lech Wałęsa Quits Solidarity," Wikinews, Tuesday, 22 August 2006.
  33. ^ Nichols, Bruce (4 March 2008). "Walesa leaves Texas hospital after heart treatment Reuters". Uk.reuters.com. Retrieved 21 April 2009.
  34. ^ a b Gibbons, Fiachra (7 May 2009). "Libertas, Lech and some odd bedfellows". France24. France 24, RADIO FRANCE INTERNATIONALE. Retrieved 11 May 2009.
  35. ^ Jarosław Walesa, Poland, One to watch – 25 May 2009, France 24, RADIO FRANCE INTERNATIONALE
  36. ^ Template:Pl icon Piotr Gontarczyk, Sławomir Cenckiewicz, "Jak lustrowano prezydenta Wałęsę" ("How President Wałęsa Was Lustrated"), rp. pl, 18-06-2008.
  37. ^ Template:Pl icon "SB a Lech Wałęsa. Przyczynek do biografii (The SB and Lech Wałęsa: A Biographical Contribution)". Instytut Pamięci Narodowej (Ipn.gov.pl). 16 February 2006. Retrieved 21 April 2009.
  38. ^ "Row over Lech Wałęsa's Alleged Collaboration with Communists Escalates," Wikinews, Friday, 20 June 2008.
  39. ^ Michael Szporer, "SB a Lech Wałęsa: Przyczynek do biografii (review)," Journal of Cold War Studies, vol. 11, no. 2, Spring 2009, pp. 119–121. Online
  40. ^ Roger Boyes, "Lech Wałęsa was a Communist spy, says new book," The Times, 25 June 2008.
  41. ^ "'Positive Proof' Lech Wałęsa Was a Communist Spy: Interview with Historian Slawomir Cenkiewicz," Der Spiegel, 23 June 2008.
  42. ^ Wojciech Czuchnowski (19 June 2008). "Gazeta Wyborcza: How the SB produced false documents on Wałęsa". Wiadomosci.gazeta.pl. Retrieved 21 April 2009.
  43. ^ Nicholas Kulish, EUROPE; Poland: Former Leader Sues President, New York Times, 25 November 2009
  44. ^ "International Advisory Council". Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation. Archived from the original on 20 May 2011. Retrieved 20 May 2011.
  45. ^ Former Polish president: I would have resigned the presidency rather than legalize abortion. Catholic News Agency, 21 May 2009.
  46. ^ Template:Pl icon Jarosław Rybus (20 February 2006). "Wywiad z Lechem Wałęsą (Interview with Lech Wałęsa)". GG Network S.A. Retrieved 19 August 2007.
  47. ^ Template:Pl icon Ł. Macheta (20 January 2006). "Nowy numer GG dla Wałęsy (New GG number for Wałęsa)". Mediarun Sp. z o.o. Retrieved 10 January 2010.
  48. ^ Marcin Maj. "Wałęsa na Skype". Dziennik Internautów. Retrieved 10 January 2010.
  49. ^ John Bank, Lech Wałęsa and the Polish Workers' Revolt, Employee Relations, Year: 1981, Volume: 3, Issue: 5, Page: 2 – 8, ISSN: 0142-5455
  50. ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1983: Lech Wałęsa". Nobel Prize Foundation. Retrieved 19 August 2007.
  51. ^ "1989 Recipient Lech Wałęsa – Liberty Medal – National Constitution Center". Constitutioncenter.org. 4 July 1989. Retrieved 21 April 2009.
  52. ^ Maureen Dowd, Envoy; BUSH GIVE WALESA MEDAL OF FREEDOM, New York Times, 14 November 1989
  53. ^ A History of Foreign Leaders and Dignitaries Who Have Addressed the U.S. Congress, The Office of the Clerk
  54. ^ Carter B. Horsley, Opening Ceremony of the Winter Olympic Games: The Greatest Television Program Ever?
  55. ^ Jean-Michel Cousteau (biography), Winter Park Institute, Rollins College
  56. ^ Template:Pl icon Prezydent Lech Wałęsa patronem Portu Lotniczego Gdańsk (President Lech Wałęsa – patron of Gdańsk Airport), 10 maja 2004 r., Gdańsk Airport Website
  57. ^ Fast Facts: Who's Who at Reagan Funeral, Fox News, Friday, 11 June 2004
  58. ^ Lech Wałęsa Welcomes Launch of International Human Solidarity Day at UN, News Blaze, 11 November 2006
  59. ^ "Press Release". Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Tiwan. Retrieved 19 August 2007.
  60. ^ FACTBOX: Dignitaries attending funeral of Boris Yeltsin, Reuters, Tue 24 Apr 2007
  61. ^ Strajk – Die Heldin von Danzig (2006), IMDb
  62. ^ Czlowiek z zelaza (1981), IMDb
  63. ^ Lech Wałęsa, IMDb
  64. ^ Template:Pl icon Anita Zabłocka, "Lech Wałęsa w wersji heavy metal" ("Lech Wałęsa in Heavy Metal"), Wiadomości 24, 19 August 2009.
  65. ^ New Year's Day, U2.com
  66. ^ Mick Wall, Bono: In the Name of Love (London: Andre Deutsche, 2005), 92.
  67. ^ Ken Bullock, SF Cabaret Opera Premieres ‘Solidarity’Ken Bullock, Berkeley Daily Planet, Thursday 24 September 2009
  68. ^ Results of Google Books search for works with "Lech Wałęsa" in title
  69. ^ Results of Worldcat search for works with "Lech Wałęsa" in title
  70. ^ Results of Open Library search for works with "Lech Wałęsa" in title
  71. ^ Template:Pl icon Media o Lechu Wałęsie (Media on Lech Wałęsa), Lech Wałęsa Institute
  72. ^ Template:Pl icon Wywiady Lecha Wałęsy (Interviews of Lech Wałęsa], Lech Wałęsa Institute

Further reading

  • Lech Wałęsa, The Struggle and the Triumph: An Autobiography, with the collaboration of Arkadius Rybicki, translated by Franklin Philip, in collaboration with Helen Mahut, New York, Arcade Publishers, 1992.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lech Wałęsa.
Wikiquote has quotations related to Lech Wałęsa.

Films

Other

Political offices
Preceded by
Wojciech Jaruzelski (in country) and Ryszard Kaczorowski (in exile)
 President of Poland
1990–1995 		Succeeded by

Template:Cold War figures

Template:Persondata

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