Voiced dental and alveolar lateral flaps
| Voiced alveolar lateral flap | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ɺ | |||
| l̆ | |||
| IPA Number | 181 | ||
| Audio sample | |||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | ɺ | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+027A | ||
| X-SAMPA | l\ | ||
| Braille |   | ||
| |||
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The voiced alveolar lateral flap is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɺ⟩, a fusion of a rotated lowercase letter ⟨r⟩ with a letter ⟨l⟩. Approved in 1928, the symbol represented a sound intermediate between [d] and [l][1][2] or between [r] and [l][3][4] until 1979 when its value was redefined as an alveolar lateral flap.[5]
Some languages that are described as having a lateral flap actually have a flap that is indeterminate with respect to centrality, and may surface as either central or lateral, either in free variation or allophonically depending on surrounding vowels and consonants.[6]
Features
Features of the voiced alveolar lateral flap:
- Its manner of articulation is tap or flap, which means it is produced with a single contraction of the muscles so that one articulator (usually the tongue) is thrown against another.
- Its place of articulation is alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a lateral consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream over the sides of the tongue, rather than down the middle.
- Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
Dental
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chaga[7] | [example needed] | Laminal dental.[7] | |||
Alveolar
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Japanese[8] | 六 roku | [ɺo̞kɯ̟ᵝ] | 'six' | Allophonically [ɾ]. See Japanese phonology | |
| 心 kokoro | 'heart' | ||||
| Kasua[9] | hilila | [hiɺiɺɑ] | 'heavy' | Never used at the beginning nor the end of a word.[9] | |
| Pirahã | toogixi | [tòːɺ͡ɺ̼ìʔì] | 'hoe' | Only used in some types of speech | |
| Wayuu | püülükü | [pɯːɺɯkɯ] | 'pig' | Contrasts with /r/ | |
See also
Notes
- ^ Association phonétique internationale (1928).
- ^ International Phonetic Association (1949), p. 14.
- ^ Association phonétique internationale (1932).
- ^ Association phonétique internationale (1952).
- ^ International Phonetic Association (1978).
- ^ Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 243.
- ^ a b Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 213.
- ^ Akamatsu (1997), p. 106.
- ^ a b Logan, Tommy (July 2003). "Organised Phonology Data" (PDF). SIL International. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-07-09. Retrieved 2018-07-09.
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References
- Akamatsu, Tsutomu (1997). Japanese Phonetics: Theory and Practice. München: Lincom Europa. ISBN 3-89586-095-6.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Association phonétique internationale (1928). "desizjɔ̃ ofisjɛl" [Décisions officielles]. Le Maître Phonétique. Troisième série. 6 (23): 51–53. JSTOR 44704266.
{{cite journal}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Association phonétique internationale (1932). "The International Phonetic Alphabet (revised to 1932)". Le Maître Phonétique. Troisième série. 10 (37). Supplement. JSTOR 44749172.
{{cite journal}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Association phonétique internationale (1952). "The International Phonetic Alphabet (revised to 1951)". Le Maître Phonétique. Troisième série. 30 (97). Front matter. JSTOR 44748475.
{{cite journal}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - International Phonetic Association (1949). "The Principles of the International Phonetic Association". Le Maître Phonétique. Troisième série. 27 (91). Supplement. JSTOR i40200179.
{{cite journal}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - International Phonetic Association (1978). "The International Phonetic Alphabet (Revised to 1979)". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 8 (1–2). Supplement. JSTOR 44541414.
{{cite journal}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19815-6.
