Voiced labial–velar nasal
| Voiced labial–velar nasal | |
|---|---|
| ŋ͡m | |
| IPA Number | 119 (114) |
| Audio sample | |
| Encoding | |
| Entity (decimal) | ŋ͡m |
| Unicode (hex) | U+014B U+0361 U+006D |
| X-SAMPA | Nm |
The labial–velar nasal is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ŋ͡m⟩.
The labial–velar nasal is found in West and Central Africa and eastern New Guinea.[citation needed]
Features
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dangme[1] | [example needed] | ||||
| Vietnamese[2] | [[[Vietnamese alphabet|đúng]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ɗʊŋ͡m] | 'correct' | Allophone of /ŋ/ after /u/ and /w/. See Vietnamese phonology | |
Rounded variant
Some languages, especially in Vanuatu, combine this labial–velar nasal with a labial–velar approximant release, hence [ŋ͡mʷ].
In the Banks Islands languages which have it, the phoneme /ŋ͡mʷ/ is written ⟨m̄⟩ in local orthographies, using a macron on the corresponding bilabial. In other languages of Vanuatu further south (such as South Efate, or Lenakel), the same segment is spelled ⟨m̃⟩ with a combining tilde.
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dorig[3] | m̄sar | [ŋ͡mʷsar] | 'poor' | Realized with an approximant release. | |
| Lakon | um̄ä | [uŋ͡mʷæ] | 'house' | ||
| Lenakel[4] | noanəm̃ɨk | [noanəŋ͡mʷɨk] | 'egg yolk' | ||
| Mwesen[5] | tam̄sar | [taŋ͡mʷsar] | 'person' | ||
See also
References
- ^ Kropp Dakubu (1987), p. 13.
- ^ Thompson (1959), pp. 458–461.
- ^ François (2010), p. 430.
- ^ Nehrbass (2012), p. 89.
- ^ François (2013), p. 200.
Bibliography
- François, Alexandre (2010), "Phonotactics and the prestopped velar lateral of Hiw: Resolving the ambiguity of a complex segment", Phonology, 27 (3): 393–434, doi:10.1017/s0952675710000205
- François, Alexandre (2013), "Shadows of bygone lives: The histories of spiritual words in northern Vanuatu", in Mailhammer, Robert (ed.), Lexical and structural etymology: Beyond word histories, Studies in Language Change, vol. 11, Berlin: DeGruyter Mouton, pp. 185–244
- Kropp Dakubu, M. E. (1987), The Dangme Language: An Introductory Survey, London: Macmillan
- Nehrbass, Kenneth, Kievit, Dirk; Huttar, George (eds.), A Comprehensive Comparison of Lexemes in the Major Languages of Tanna (PDF), SIL International, ISBN 978-1-55671-276-0
- Thompson, Laurence (1959), "Saigon phonemics", Language, 35 (3): 454–476, doi:10.2307/411232, JSTOR 411232
