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Miss Universe 2018

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Miss Universe 2018
Catriona Gray, Miss Universe 2018
Date17 December 2018[a]
Presenters
EntertainmentNe-Yo
VenueImpact, Muang Thong Thani, Nonthaburi Province, Thailand
BroadcasterInternational:
Official broadcaster:
Entrants94
Placements20
Debuts
Withdrawals
Returns
WinnerCatriona Gray
 Philippines
CongenialityOrnella Gunesekere
 Sri Lanka
Best National CostumeOn-anong Homsombath
 Laos
PhotogenicHelena Heuser
 Denmark
← 2017
2019 →

Miss Universe 2018, the 67th Miss Universe pageant, was held on 17 December 2018[a] at IMPACT Arena, Muang Thong Thani in Nonthaburi Province, north of Bangkok, Thailand.[1][2] Demi-Leigh Nel-Peters of South Africa crowned her successor Catriona Gray of the Philippines at the end of the event. This is the fourth time that the Philippines has won Miss Universe after winning in 2015.

The show was hosted by comedian Steve Harvey and supermodel Ashley Graham, while television personality Carson Kressley and runway coach Lu Sierra provided commentary and analysis throughout the event.[3] American singer-songwriter Ne-Yo performed during the competition.[4]

Contestants from 94 countries and territories participated in this year's pageant, surpassing the previous record of 92 contestants in 2017 and marking the biggest turnout to date for Miss Universe as of 2024.[5] Ángela Ponce of Spain became the first openly transgender contestant to compete for the Miss Universe title.[6][7]

Background

Location

Nong Nooch Tropical Botanical Garden venue for national costume round.
Impact Arena, Muang Thong Thani, the Final venue of Miss Universe 2018.

The Miss Universe Organization (MUO) was in talks to host the Miss Universe 2018 competition in China. Negotiations collapsed after the Chinese refused to broadcast the pageant live, due to the large time difference between China and the United States. Afterwards, the MUO opened negotiations with the Philippines, after they had previously hosted 2016.[8]

In April 2018, then-Secretary of Tourism Wanda Tulfo Teo spoke with President of the Philippines Rodrigo Duterte regarding the possibility of hosting the pageant in Boracay in November 2018, which by then will be newly rehabilitated after being closed to tourists for six months.[8] On 6 May, Tulfo-Teo announced that the Philippines had a "90% chance" of hosting the pageant and also disclosed that the tourism department would be looking for sponsors, since the LCS Holdings Inc. of Chavit Singson, the major sponsor of the Miss Universe 2016 had declined financing the 2018 pageant.[9] On 18 May 2018, Tulfo's successor Bernadette Romulo-Puyat announced that the country dropped the hosting bid due to budget constraints and other concerns. Romulo-Puyat also pointed out that the Philippines had hosted the pageant recently, and had no reason to do so again so soon.[10]

On 31 July 2018 it was announced by MUO President Paula Shugart, in a live press conference at Bangkok Art and Culture Centre, that the 2018 pageant would be held in Bangkok, Thailand on 17 December. The city has hosted the Miss Universe pageant twice, in 1992 and 2005. Current Miss Universe Demi-Leigh Nel-Peters, along with two former Miss Universes Apasra Hongsakula (Miss Universe 1965) and Natalie Glebova (Miss Universe 2005), participated in the announcement.[11]

Selection of participants

Delegates representing 94 countries and territories were selected to compete in the pageant; six of these delegates were appointed to their titles after an audition process or other internal selection (British Virgin Islands, China, Denmark, Hungary, Laos, and Uruguay),[12][13] three were appointed as replacements after the original titleholder was unable to compete because of commitments to Miss World 2018 and had placed as runners-up in the national pageant (Belgium, France, and Poland),[14][15][16] and the remainder were selected as the winners of national pageants. However, reports have been unclear regarding whether Begimay Karybekova of Kyrgyzstan won a national title or was appointed to her title after an internal selection.[17][18] The 2018 edition saw the debuts of Armenia, Kyrgyzstan, and Mongolia, while Belize, Denmark, Greece, Hungary, Kenya, Kosovo, and Switzerland returned to the competition; Greece had not competed since 2015, while the others had not competed since 2016. Austria, Ethiopia, Iraq, Romania, Slovenia, and Tanzania all withdrew from the competition after their franchise owners lost their Miss Universe licenses, or a national pageant was simply not held for another reason.[19][20][21][22] Guyana was disqualified from participating by the Miss Universe Organization due to controversy regarding "nasty emails" and "death threats" sent to the organization over a dispute regarding their delegate in 2017, while Trinidad and Tobago also withdrew after they had announced no pageant would be held, despite Martrecia Alleyne having been crowned Miss Universe Trinidad and Tobago 2018 at their 2017 national pageant.[23][24] Due to visa and transportation issues, Marie Esther Bangura of Sierra Leone arrived in Bangkok after registration had ended and was barred from participating; she was allowed to view the competition in the audience, and was personally invited to compete in Miss Universe 2019.[25]

Ángela Ponce of Spain became the first openly transgender woman to compete in Miss Universe.[6][6][7][26] Although she failed to advance to the top twenty, Ponce was honored by pageant organizers during the competition for the historical importance of her participation.[27] The rules of the pageant were changed to allow transgender women to compete in 2012, after the Miss Universe Organization, owned at the time by Donald Trump, was criticized and threatened with legal action for initially disqualifying Jenna Talackova from the Miss Universe Canada competition after discovering she was transgender.[6][28][29]

Results

Miss Universe 2018 participating countries and territories
Placement Contestant
Miss Universe 2018
1st Runner-Up
2nd Runner-Up
Top 5
Top 10
Top 20

Order of announcements

(Vote?

Pageant

Format

Unlike in recent years, the contestants were trimmed down to 20 semifinalists, compared to 16 in 2017 and 13 in 2016. This semifinal group size was last used in 2006 and continues to be used in 2019. The initial semifinalists were selected through a closed-door interview and a preliminary competition—in swimwear and evening gown—held several days before the finals night. The continental format, introduced in the 2017 edition, remained — consisting of five semifinalists from Europe, five from the Americas, five from Africa and Asia-Pacific, and five wildcards—regardless of continental grouping. The top 20 were then tasked to give an opening statement—a 15-second statement about the contestant—to the judges and viewing public, after which the judges narrowed downed the semifinalists to the top 10, who then competed in both swimsuit and evening gown. After the swimwear and evening gown competitions, the judges then selected the top five to compete in the preliminary question and answer round. After said segment, the judges selected the final three. The top three participated in the final word and final look portions, after which the judges chose Miss Universe 2018 and her two runners-up. For this edition, there was no online voting component for viewers at home.[30]

Selection committee

The seven judges for both the preliminary competition and the final telecast were an all-female panel which included:[31]

Contestants

94 contestants competed for the title.

Country/Territory Delegate Age Hometown Height Continental Group
Albania Albania Trejsi Sejdini[32] 18 Tirana 6 ft 0 in (183 cm) Europe
Angola Angola Ana Liliana Avião[33] 24 Andulo 6 ft 0 in (183 cm) Africa
Argentina Argentina Agustina Pivowarchuk[34][35] 22 Buenos Aires 5 ft 10 in (178 cm) Americas
Armenia Armenia Eliza Muradyan[36] 25 Etchmiadzin 5 ft 5 in (165 cm) Asia
Aruba Aruba Kimberly Julsing [37] 20 Wayaca 6 ft 0 in (183 cm) Americas
Australia Australia Francesca Hung 24 Sydney 5 ft 8 in (173 cm) Oceania
The Bahamas Bahamas Danielle Grant 23 Nassau 5 ft 6 in (168 cm) Americas
Barbados Barbados Meghan Theobalds 27 Christ Church 6 ft 1 in (185 cm) Americas
Belgium Belgium Zoé Brunet[38] 18 Namur 5 ft 9 in (175 cm) Europe
Belize Belize Jenelli Fraser 27 Belize City 5 ft 5 in (165 cm) Americas
Bolivia Bolivia Joyce Prado 21 Santa Cruz 5 ft 11 1/2 in (182 cm) Americas
Brazil Brazil Mayra Dias 27 Itacoatiara 5 ft 9 in (175 cm) Americas
British Virgin Islands British Virgin Islands A’yana Keshelle Phillips[39] 23 Sea Cows Bay 5 ft 8 in (173 cm) Americas
Bulgaria Bulgaria Gabriela Topalova 22 Plovdiv 5 ft 8 in (173 cm) Europe
Cambodia Cambodia Nat Rern 22 Kampong Cham 5 ft 6 in (168 cm) Asia
Canada Canada Marta Stępień 24 Windsor 5 ft 10 in (178 cm) Americas
Cayman Islands Cayman Islands Caitlin Tyson 24 Bodden Town 5 ft 9 in (175 cm) Americas
Chile Chile Andrea Díaz 27[40] Santiago 5 ft 9 in (175 cm) Americas
China China Meisu Qin[41] 24 Anshan 5 ft 10 in (178 cm) Asia
Colombia Colombia Valeria Morales 20 Cali 5 ft 9 in (176 cm) Americas
Costa Rica Costa Rica Natalia Carvajal 28 San Jose 5 ft 8 in (173 cm) Americas
Croatia Croatia Mia Pojatina 23 Nova Gradiška 5 ft 9 in (175 cm) Europe
Curaçao Curaçao Akisha Albert 23 Willemstad 5 ft 10 in (178 cm) Americas
Czech Republic Czech Republic Lea Šteflíčková 20 Prague 5 ft 10 in (178 cm) Europe
Denmark Denmark Helena Heuser 22 Copenhagen 5 ft 11 in (180 cm) Europe
Dominican Republic Dominican Republic Aldy Bernard[42] 23 Laguna Salada 6 ft 0 in (184 cm) Americas
Ecuador Ecuador Virginia Limongi 24 Portoviejo 5 ft 9 in (175 cm) Americas
Egypt Egypt Nariman Khaled 22 Hurghada 5 ft 6 in (168 cm) Africa
El Salvador El Salvador Marisela de Montecristo 26 San Salvador 5 ft 9 1/2 in (177 cm) Americas
Finland Finland Alina Voronkova 23 Helsinki 5 ft 7 in (170 cm) Europe
France France Eva Colas[43] 22 Bastia 5 ft 7 in (170 cm) Europe
Georgia (country) Georgia Lara Yan[44] 25 Telavi 5 ft 9 in (175 cm) Asia
Germany Germany Celine Willers 25 Munich 5 ft 7 in (170 cm) Europe
Ghana Ghana Akpene Diata Hoggar 25 Tefle 5 ft 9 in (175 cm) Africa
United Kingdom Great Britain Dee-Ann Kentish-Rogers 25 Birmingham 5 ft 9 in (175 cm) Europe
Greece Greece Ioanna Bella 22 Veria 6 ft 0 in (183 cm) Europe
Guam Guam Athena Su McNinch 20 Mangilao 5 ft 6 in (168 cm) Oceania
Guatemala Guatemala Mariana García 19 Guatemala City 5 ft 9 in (175 cm) Americas
Haiti Haiti Samantha Colas 26 Port-au-Prince 5 ft 10 in (178 cm) Americas
Honduras Honduras Vanessa Villars 20 Santa Bárbara 5 ft 10 in (178 cm) Americas
Hungary Hungary Enikő Kecskès 21 Budapest 5 ft 7 in (170 cm) Europe
Iceland Iceland Katrín Lea Elenudóttir 19 Reykjavík 5 ft 6 in (168 cm) Europe
India India Nehal Chudasama 22 Mumbai 5 ft 6 in (168 cm) Asia
Indonesia Indonesia Sonia Fergina Citra 26 Tanjung Pandan 5 ft 8 in (178 cm) Asia
Republic of Ireland Ireland Grainne Gallanagh 24 Buncrana 5 ft 9 in (175 cm) Europe
Israel Israel Nikol Reznikov 18 Afula 5 ft 9 in (175 cm) Asia
Italy Italy Erica De Matteis[45] 24 Rome 6 ft 1 in (185 cm) Europe
Jamaica Jamaica Emily Maddison 19 Saint Andrew 5 ft 9 in (175 cm) Americas
Japan Japan Yuumi Kato 22 Aichi 5 ft 6 in (168 cm) Asia
Kazakhstan Kazakhstan Sabina Azimbayeva[46] 18 Almaty 5 ft 10 in (178 cm) Europe
Kenya Kenya Wabaiya Kariuki[47] 22 Nairobi 5 ft 5 in (165 cm) Africa
Kosovo Kosovo Zana Berisha 24 Suhareke 5 ft 7 in (170 cm) Europe
Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyzstan Begimay Karybekova[48] 20 Bishkek 5 ft 10 in (178 cm) Asia
Laos Laos On-anong Homsombath 23 Vientiane Prefecture 5 ft 6 in (168 cm) Asia
Lebanon Lebanon Maya Reaidy 23 Tannourine 5 ft 8 in (173 cm) Asia
Malaysia Malaysia Jane Teoh 21 Penang 5 ft 10 in (178 cm) Asia
Malta Malta Francesca Mifsud 22 Żejtun 5 ft 10 in (178 cm) Europe
Mauritius Mauritius Varsha Ragoobarsing[49] 28 Flacq 5 ft 4 in (163 cm) Africa
Mexico Mexico Andrea Toscano 20 Manzanillo 5 ft 9 in (175 cm) Americas
Mongolia Mongolia Dolgion Delgerjav 27 Ulaanbaatar 5 ft 8 in (173 cm) Asia
Myanmar Myanmar Hnin Thway Yu Aung[50] 22 Yangon 5 ft 6 in (168 cm) Asia
Namibia Namibia Selma Kamanya 21 Windhoek 5 ft 6 in (168 cm) Africa
Nepal Nepal Manita Devkota[51] 23 Gorkha 5 ft 8 in (173 cm) Asia
Netherlands Netherlands Rahima Dirkse 25 Rotterdam 5 ft 11 in (180 cm) Europe
New Zealand New Zealand Estelle Curd 27 Auckland 5 ft 10 in (178 cm) Oceania
Nicaragua Nicaragua Adriana Paniagua 23 Chinandega 5 ft 8 in (172 cm) Americas
Nigeria Nigeria Aramide Lopez 21 Lagos 6 ft 0 in (183 cm) Africa
Norway Norway Susanne Guttorm 22 Karasjok 5 ft 9 in (175 cm) Europe
Panama Panama Rosa Montezuma[52] 25 Alto Caballero 5 ft 6 in (168 cm) Americas
Paraguay Paraguay Belén Alderete 24 Asunción 5 ft 8 in (173 cm) Americas
Peru Peru Romina Lozano[53] 21 Bellavista 5 ft 10 in (178 cm) Americas
Philippines Philippines Catriona Gray 24 Oas 5 ft 10 in (178 cm) Asia
Poland Poland Magdalena Swat 27 Ostrowiec Świętokrzyski 5 ft 8 in (173 cm) Europe
Portugal Portugal Filipa Barroso 20 Setúbal 5 ft 9 in (175 cm) Europe
Puerto Rico Puerto Rico Kiara Ortega 25 Rincón 5 ft 7 in (170 cm) Americas
Russia Russia Yulia Polyachikhina 18 Cheboksary 5 ft 10 in (178 cm) Asia
Saint Lucia Saint Lucia Angella Dalsou 24 Castries 5 ft 5 in (165 cm) Americas
Singapore Singapore Zahra Khanum 23 Singapore City 5 ft 5 in (165 cm) Asia
Slovakia Slovak Republic Barbora Hanová 24 Lučenec 5 ft 8 in (173 cm) Europe
South Africa South Africa Tamaryn Green 24 Paarl 5 ft 9 in (175 cm) Africa
South Korea South Korea Baek Ji-hyun 25 Daegu 5 ft 9 in (175 cm) Asia
Spain Spain Angela Ponce 27 Seville 5 ft 11 in (181 cm) Europe
Sri Lanka Sri Lanka Ornella Gunesekere 26 Mount Lavinia 5 ft 7 in (170 cm) Asia
Sweden Sweden Emma Strandberg 22 Hallstahammar 5 ft 9 in (175 cm) Europe
Switzerland Switzerland Jastina Doreen Riederer 20 Spreitenbach 5 ft 7 in (170 cm) Europe
Thailand Thailand Sophida Kanchanarin 23 Bangkok 5 ft 7 in (170 cm) Asia
Turkey Turkey Tara De Vries 20 Istanbul 5 ft 11 in (180 cm) Asia
Ukraine Ukraine Karyna Zhosan 23 Odessa 5 ft 10 in (178 cm) Europe
United States United States Sarah Rose Summers 24 Omaha 5 ft 5 in (165 cm) Americas
United States Virgin Islands US Virgin Islands Aniska Tonge 27 Charlotte Amalie 5 ft 6 in (168 cm) Americas
Uruguay Uruguay Sofía Marrero 18 Canelones 5 ft 8 in (173 cm) Americas
Venezuela Venezuela Sthefany Gutiérrez 19 Barcelona 5 ft 9 in (176 cm) Americas
Vietnam Vietnam H'Hen Niê[54] 26 Đắk Lắk 5 ft 8 in (172 cm) Asia
Zambia Zambia Melba Shakabozha 23 Lusaka 5 ft 11 in (180 cm) Africa

Notes

  1. ^ a b The event was held at 07:00 local time (UTC+07:00); for the Americas, the day was still 16 December in their local times.

References

  1. ^ "THAILAND here we come!". MUO. 31 July 2018.
  2. ^ "Thailand to host Miss Universe 2018 as pageant returns to Asia after 2 years". ABS-CBN News. 31 July 2018. Retrieved 31 July 2018.
  3. ^ "Our favorite pageant insiders are back! Supermodel & pageant expert Lu Sierra, and TV personality & style guru Carson Kressley also will return to provide analysis and commentary throughout the live telecast". MUO. 17 November 2018.
  4. ^ "Hosts & Performers". MUO. Retrieved 17 November 2018.
  5. ^ "Contestants". MUO. Retrieved 2 December 2018.
  6. ^ a b c d Amy B Wang (17 December 2018). "Miss Spain makes history as first transgender woman to compete in Miss Universe pageant". The Washington Post. Retrieved 18 December 2018. After Talackova threatened legal action, the organization — then owned by Donald Trump — changed the rules to allow transgender contestants in its pageants.
  7. ^ a b Cady Lang (17 December 2018). "Miss Spain Made History as the First Miss Universe Transgender Competitor". Time. Retrieved 18 December 2018.
  8. ^ a b Afinidad-Bernardo, Deni Rose (2 May 2018). "Organizer: Miss Universe Organization preparing for Philippines' 2018 hosting". The Philippine Star. Retrieved 9 May 2018.
  9. ^ "90% chance for another Miss U in PH: Teo". Philippine Canadian Inquirer. Philippine News Agency. 6 May 2018. Archived from the original on 9 May 2018. Retrieved 9 May 2018.
  10. ^ "No Miss Universe hosting for PH this year, says tourism chief". ABS-CBN News. 18 May 2018. Archived from the original on 18 May 2018. Retrieved 18 May 2018.
  11. ^ "Thailand to host Miss Universe 2018 as pageant returns to Asia". ABS-CBN News. 31 July 2018. Retrieved 31 July 2018.
  12. ^ Hạ Huyền (28 April 2018). "Đại diện Trung Quốc ở Hoa hậu Hoàn vũ 2018 bị chê nhan sắc bình thường". news.zing.vn. Vietnam Publication Association. Archived from the original on 1 May 2018. Retrieved 30 April 2018.
  13. ^ "Miss Universe Hungary 2018". Global Beauties. Retrieved 8 June 2019.
  14. ^ "Miss Universe Belgium 2018". 29 September 2018.
  15. ^ "Miss World France 2018". 5 September 2018.
  16. ^ "Miss Universe Poland 2018". 5 September 2018.
  17. ^ "Begimay Karybekova Is Miss Universe Kyrgyzstan 2018". thegreatpageantcommunity.com. 19 May 2018. Archived from the original on 25 May 2018. Retrieved 26 May 2018.
  18. ^ "Begimay Karybekova Crowned Miss Universe Kyrgyzstan 2018". The Times of India. Bennett, Coleman. 13 May 2018. Archived from the original on 26 May 2018. Retrieved 26 May 2018.
  19. ^ "Miss Austria 2018 Dethroned". Global Beauties. 9 October 2018. Retrieved 17 December 2018.
  20. ^ "We regret to announce that Miss Universe Ethiopia will not take place in 2018". Miss Universe Ethiopia. Retrieved 6 November 2018.
  21. ^ "Slovenia don´t compete at the 2018 Miss Universe". Miss Universe Slovenija. Retrieved 12 September 2018.
  22. ^ "Miss Universe Tanzania 2018 will regrettably not take place this year". Miss Universe Tanzania. Retrieved 6 November 2018.
  23. ^ "Guyana barred from participating in Miss Universe pageant". stabroeknews.com. 24 April 2018. Retrieved 19 July 2018.
  24. ^ "Log In or Sign Up to View". www.facebook.com. Retrieved 8 June 2019.
  25. ^ "หนูน้อยบนยอดเขาอันหนาวเหน็บ". www.facebook.com. Retrieved 8 June 2019.
  26. ^ "Miss Universe Spain crowns its first transgender queen, Angela Ponce". GMA News Online. Retrieved 8 June 2019.
  27. ^ Castillo, Jackie (17 December 2018). "Miss Universe 2018: Catriona Gray, from the Philippines, claims crown". CNN Style. Retrieved 17 December 2018.
  28. ^ "Jenna Talackova, transgendered Miss Universe Canada contestant, shines in spotlight". Toronto Star, 18 May 2012.
  29. ^ "21 Transgender People Who Influenced American Culture". Time Magazine.
  30. ^ "'No live voting this year': Catriona Gray details new Miss Universe format". ABS-CBN. 11 December 2018.
  31. ^ "Judges". Miss Universe Organization. Retrieved 12 December 2018.
  32. ^ "Trejsi Sejdini - Pageant Planet". www.pageantplanet.com. Retrieved 23 February 2019.
  33. ^ "Ana Liana Aviao - Pageant Planet". www.pageantplanet.com. Retrieved 23 February 2019.
  34. ^ "Agustina Pivowarchuk crowned Miss Universo Argentina 2018". The Perfect Miss. Retrieved 7 September 2018.
  35. ^ "Agustina Pivowarchuk - Pageant Planet". www.pageantplanet.com. Retrieved 23 February 2019.
  36. ^ "Eliza Muradyan - Pageant Planet". www.pageantplanet.com. Retrieved 23 February 2019.
  37. ^ "Kimberly Julsing - Pageant Planet". www.pageantplanet.com. Retrieved 23 February 2019.
  38. ^ "C'est officiel, je vais représenter la Belgique à Miss Univers". mrsbrunetzoe. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  39. ^ "Miss British Virgin Islands 2018". Global Beauties. Retrieved 8 August 2018.
  40. ^ "Miss Universe Home". Miss Universe. Retrieved 8 June 2019.
  41. ^ "Qin Meisu crowned as Miss Universe China 2018". The Great Pageant Community. 6 May 2018. Retrieved 6 May 2018.
  42. ^ "Miss Dominican Republic Universe 2018 award goes to Aldy Bernard". awardgoesto. Archived from the original on 28 August 2018. Retrieved 26 August 2018.
  43. ^ "Miss Corse et première dauphine de Miss France qui représentera son pays à Miss Universe", Miss France Officiel (in French), retrieved 17 September 2018
  44. ^ "Miss Georgia 2017 Crowned". Global Beauties. Retrieved 11 December 2017.
  45. ^ "Miss Universe Italy 2018 Erica De Matteis". Miss Universe Italy. Retrieved 12 November 2018.
  46. ^ "Sabina Azimbaeva is Miss Universe Kazakhstan 2018". The Great Pageant Community. Retrieved 20 February 2018.
  47. ^ "Miss Universe Kenya 2018 is Wabaiya Kariuki". MissUniverseKenya. Retrieved 4 November 2018.
  48. ^ "Begimay Karybekova is Miss Universe Kyrgyzstan 2018". The Great Pageant Community. Retrieved 19 May 2018.
  49. ^ "Varsha Ragoobarsing crowned as Miss Universe Mauritius 2018". The Great Pageant Community. Retrieved 9 May 2018.
  50. ^ "Hnin Thway Yu Aung crowned as Miss Universe Myanmar 2018". The Great Pageant Community. Retrieved 1 October 2017.
  51. ^ "Manita Devkota crowned as Miss Universe Nepal 2018". The Great Pageant Community. Retrieved 12 April 2018.
  52. ^ "Rosa Iveth Montezuma wins Senorita Panama 2018". The Great Pageant Community. Retrieved 9 June 2018.
  53. ^ "Romina Lozano wins Miss Peru 2018". The Great Pageant Community. Retrieved 1 November 2017.
  54. ^ "H'Hen Nie wins Miss Universe Vietnam 2017". The Great Pageant Community. Retrieved 7 January 2018.
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